Elisa Moretti Pavanello a Aplicação Das Condições

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Elisa Moretti Pavanello a Aplicação Das Condições ELISA MORETTI PAVANELLO A APLICAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS PARÂMETROS DE ZONAS DE PROTEÇÃO PARA A POPULAÇÃO CIVIL EM CONFLITOS ARMADOS: ESTUDO DE POSSIBILIDADES E REFLEXOS NO CASO DA SÍRIA Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Danielle Annoni. Florianópolis 2014 À minha irmã, Paulinha, minha timoneira do início ao fim do mestrado. AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer, primeiramente, a minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Danielle Annoni que aceitou o desafio de orientar esta dissertação. Aprendemos juntas ao longo do caminho e aprendi muito com ela. À minha irmã, Ana Paula, que vem me acompanhando e me ajudando no mestrado, com o seu incentivo e apoio, e me dá força nos meus momentos de fraqueza. Aos meus pais e ao meu cunhado que acreditam em mim. Ao meu sobrinho que, com sua alegria e seu sorriso, ilumina o meu dia. Aos meus colegas do Programa do Mestrado, Belinha, Jeff, Helo, Vicente, Felipe, Maerly e Marília, que me ajudaram a entender o universo das relações internacionais. Ao Rafael que me acolheu um semestre em sua casa e aprendi muito com as nossas conversas. Às pessoas queridas que me ajudaram, tanto no mestrado quanto na dissertação, com suas opiniões, Amandio Sul, Mirian Evanir Fritzke e Rodrigo Carvalho Muller. E, a Anaí Zilio com sua paciência em me ouvir durante todo esse tempo. Aos meus amigos que entenderam o meu momento de reclusão durante a redação da presente dissertação. Você só pode predizer as coisas depois que elas aconteceram. (Eugène Ionesco) RESUMO A dissertação pretende identificar as condições dos parâmetros utilizadas na criação de zonas de proteção para a população civil em conflitos armados. O enfoque da pesquisa é utilizar referidas condições no estabelecimento de zonas de proteção para a população civil no conflito civil na Síria. A teoria de base que auxiliará na identificação daqueleas condições é a teoria construtivista, pois ela permite compreender a construção de normas jurídicas que ocorre através da interação entre os agentes e a estrutura. A combinação da teoria construtivista com o marco teórico, que são as comunidades epistêmicas, proporciona uma análise instrumental das condições dos parâmetros utilizadas na criação de zonas de proteção. A comunidade epistêmica de zonas de proteção iniciou-se em 1929, com George Saint- Paul, sendo que o Comitê Internacional da Cruz Vermelha (CICV) e as Nações Unidas também integraram referida comunidade. Esses membros foram os responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de normas de zonas de proteção que forneceram a base para a elaboração das condições dos parâmetros de zonas de proteção. Assim, o problema de pesquisa é saber quais são as condições dos parâmetros utilizadas no estabelecimento de zonas de proteção para a população civil em conflitos armados. Para responder a esse problema a pesquisa possui dois objetivos. O primeiro é identificar quais são as condições dos parâmetros de zonas de proteção através da análise da emergência, da evolução e da consolidação delas conforme a comunidade epistêmica de zonas de proteção. Referida identificação está no primeiro e no segundo capítulo. Já o segundo objetivo é aplicar as condições dos parâmetros no conflito civil sírio que faz parte do terceiro capítulo. A metodologia empregada para responder ao problema de pesquisa é a descritiva através da análise documental e de casos ilustrativos que serão apresentados ao longo da pesquisa. Espera-se que a aplicação das condições dos parâmetros possam realmente tornar seguras as zonas de proteção para todos aqueles que estão abrigados no interior delas. A conclusão mais perceptível advinda da pesquisa é a imprescindibilidade da obtenção do consentimento de todos os envolvidos no conflito para o estabelecimento das zonas de proteção para a população civil, para que a mesma não seja atacada pelas partes envolvidas no conflito. Palavras-chave: Condições dos parâmetros, zonas de proteção, população civil, conflitos armados. ABSTRACT The research aims to identify the conditions of the parameters used on creating protection zones for civilian population in armed conflicts. The focus of the research is to use those conditions in the establishment of protection zones for civilian population during the civil conflict in Syria. The theoric bases that will assist on identifying those contions are the constructivist theory, because they allow us to understand the construction of legal rules, which occurs through the interaction between agents and structure. The combination of the constructivist theory and the theoretical framework - which are the epistemic communities - provide an instrumental analysis of the conditions of the parameters used in the creation of protection zones. The protection zones’ epistemic community began in 1929 with George Saint-Paul, with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the United Nations integrating that community as well. Those members were responsible for the development of standards in protection zones, which provided the basis for the elaboration of the protection zones’ conditions of the parameters. Thus, the research problem is to know which the conditions of the parameters used in the establishment of protection zones for civilian population in armed conflicts. In order to answer this problem the research has two main objectives. The first objective is to identify the protection zones’ conditions of the parameters by analyzing their emergence, evolution and consolidation as protection zones’ epistemic communities. This objective is in the first and second chapters.The second objective is to apply these conditions in the Syrian civil conflict that is the third chapter. The methodology used to answer the research problem is the descriptive one, based on analysis of documents and illustrative cases presented throughout the research. It expects that the application of the conditions of the parameters can actually make the protection zones safe for all those who are sheltered within them. The most notable conclusion resulting from the research is the indispensability of obtaining the consent of all parties involved in the conflict for the establishment of protection zones for civilian population, in order not to be attacks by the parties involved in armed conflicts. Keywords: Conditons of the parameters, protection zones, civilian population, armed conflicts. LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURAS: Figura 1 – Mapa da localização da Zona Jacquinot...............................49 Figura 2 – Visão micro do entorno da localização da Zona de Nanquim.................................................................................................52 Figura 3 – Visão macro do entorno da localização da Zona de Nanquim.................................................................................................53 Figura 4 - Hotel King David, Jerusalém, 1948.......................................67 Figura 5 - Sinalização com a bandeira da Cruz Vermelha e do Crescente Vermelho na Zona Neutra de Segurança no Hotel King David em Jerusalém (1948)....................................................................................68 Figura 6 - Mapa da Localização dos ORCs e dos ORSCs no Sri Lanka......................................................................................................99 Figura 7 - Placa de Sinalização do ORC no Santuário de Madhu........103 Figura 8 - Os Refúgios Seguros Criados pela Operação Prover Conforto e os Centros Humanitários e Subescritórios das Nações Unidas (UNHUCs) pelo Memorando de Entendimento no Iraque...................110 Figura 9 - Rotas Azuis no Memorando de Entendimento....................116 Figura 10 - Comunidade Local de Srebrenica na Municipalidade de Srebrenica na Bósnia-Herzegovina......................................................125 Figura 11 – Delimitação Territorial da Zona Humanitária Segura.......138 Figura 12 - Mapa das 14 Províncias Sírias...........................................143 Figura 13 – Localização da Zona de Proteção de Daraa......................144 Figura 14 – Localização da Zona de Proteção de Esal El-Ward..........145 Figura 15 – Localização Zona de Proteção Al-Bawdah.......................146 Figura 16 – Fronts dos Grupos Rebeldes no Conflito Civil na Síria...159 Figura 17 – Composição Étnico-Religiosa Síria..................................175 Figura 18 – Confrontos Próximos de Esal El-Ward.............................181 Figura 19 – Mapa das Estradas na Síria...............................................185 Figura 20 – Mapa das Linhas Férreas na Síria.....................................187 Figura 21 – Mapa do Relevo Sírio.......................................................188 Figura 22 – Mapa da Vegetação Síria..................................................190 Figura 23 – Mapa dos Rios na Síria.....................................................192 Figura 24 – Localização dos Wadis perto de Esal El-Ward................193 Figura 25 – Mapa das Rotas dos Oleodutos e de Gás na Síria.............195 Figura 26 – Terras Férteis na Síria.......................................................196 Figura 27 – Mapa da Densidade Populacional na Síria........................199 Figura 28 - Áreas de Domínio das Forças Armadas Sírias e das Forças dos Grupos Rebeldes............................................................................202 Figura 29 – Presença do Free Syria Army na Província de Daraa.......204
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