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War Economy in Syria Study
War Economy in Syria Study 1 War Economy in Syria Study 1 War Economy in Syria Study .................................................................................................................. ............................ .......... ......................................... ............................ .................................................................................................................... ........................................ ................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ....... ............................................................................................................. .................................................. .................................................................................................... .......................................................................................... ...................... ...................................................................... .............................................................................................. ..................................................................................................... -
Weekly Conflict Summary | 9 - 15 March 2020
WEEKLY CONFLICT SUMMARY | 9 - 15 MARCH 2020 WHOLE OF SYRIA SUMMARY • NORTHWEST | Conflict levels in the northwest remained low the week following a Russian/Turkish ceasefire agreement on 5 March. Protesters blocked a joint Russian/Turkish patrol on the M4 Highway. In Operation Euphrates Shield areas, attacks increased against Turkish-backed opposition armed groups. In the southeast corner of Aleppo Governorate, four alleged ISIS attacks occurred, the first in the area in over 2 years. • SOUTH & CENTRAL | Following Government of Syria (GoS) re- enforcements arriving to southern Syria, attacks against GoS personnel in Daraa Governorate decreased. For the second time in the month, an explosive device detonated in Damascus. In Homs Northern Countryside, gunmen opened fire against a GoS military officer. • NORTHEAST | In addition to shelling exchanges between SDF forces and Turkish-backed opposition groups around Operation Peace Spring area, ACLED reported increases in explosive attacks and looting activity. Attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) personnel and oil infrastructure along the Euphrates River Valley included a suicide attack, only the third in the preceding 12 months. Israeli airstrikes targeted the Abu Kamal area. Figure 1: Dominant actors’ area of control and influence in Syria as of 15 March 2020. NSOAG stands for Non-state Organized Armed Groups. Also, please see the footnote on page 2. Page 1 of 5 WEEKLY CONFLICT SUMMARY | 9 -15 March 2020 NORTHWEST SYRIA1 Conflict levels in northwest Syria decreased in the week following the implementation of a Turkish/Russian ceasefire agreement reached on 5 March. ACLED data recorded no GoS/Russian airstrikes in the northwest this week, and just 13 GoS shelling bombardments on eight locations.2 Hayyat Tahrir al Sham (HTS)-dominated opposition shelled two GoS locations; Qardaha town in Latakia Governorate and the Russian operated Hmeimim Airbase. -
LEBANESE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY the Syrian Conflict: Through the Lens of Realpolitik by Alexander Ortiz a Thesis Submitted in Part
LEBANESE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY The Syrian Conflict: Through the Lens of Realpolitik By Alexander Ortiz A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts in International Affairs School of Arts and Sciences January 2014 To loved ones v Acknowledgments To Professors Salamey, Skulte-Ouasis, and Baroudi. Thank You for everything. Your guidance and help over the length of the program has been much appreciated. To Professor Rowayheb, thank you for being on my thesis board. vi The Syrian Conflict: Through the Lens of Realpolitik Alexander Ortiz Abstract This thesis examines power relations in the security vacuum created by the Syrian conflict. The conflicting nature of Syrian domestic politics has created a political stalemate that needs outside support to be resolved. Inaction on the part of the greater international community has allowed for regional powers to become highly entrenched in the conflict. Regional involvement and the demographics of Syrian parties have been used by popular mediums to describe the conflict as sectarian by nature. The central point of this thesis is to show that the veneer of sectarianism by all parties, both Syrian and regional, is primarily a by-product of competitive self-interest. This is done by showing that the relationships made between Syrian groups and their patrons are based on self-interest and the utility provided in these temporary unions. The seminal political theories of Locke and Hobbes concerning the foundations of political power show the Syrian groups to be acting upon political necessity, not sect. The ambitions of regional powers are analyzed through realist theory to explain power relations in an unregulated political environment both in Syria and in the region. -
Bulletin De Liaison Et D'information
INSTITUT KUDE RPARD IS E Bulletin de liaison et d’information n°332 novembre 2012 La publication de ce Bulletin bénéficie de subventions du Ministère français des Affaires étrangères (DGCID) et du Fonds d’action et de soutien pour l’intégration et la lutte contre les discriminations (FASILD) ————— Ce bulletin paraît en français et anglais Prix au numéro : France: 6 € — Etranger : 7,5 € Abonnement annuel (12 numéros) France : 60 € — Etranger : 75 € Périodique mensuel Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN Numéro de la Commission Paritaire : 659 13 A.S. ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tél. : 01- 48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01- 48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: [email protected] Bulletin de liaison et d’information de l’Institut kurde de Paris N° 332 novembre 2012 • KURDISTAN D’IRAK : FORCES « DIJLA » CONTRE « HAMRIN », KURDES ET IRAKIENS AU BORD DE LA GUERRE • SYRIE : VERS UNE FORCE MILITAIRE UNIFIÉE DES KURDES ? • TURQUIE : DÉCISION DE JUSTICE STUPÉFIANTE DANS L’AFFAIRE PINAR SELEK • CULTURE : MORT DE SHOKROLLAH BABAN • CINEMA : TROIS FILMS KURDES À L’AFFICHE CULTURE KURDISTAN D’IRAK : FORCES « DIJLA » CONTRE « HEMRIN », KURDES ET IRAKIENS AU BORD DE LA GUERRE peine le conflit sur les région est sous la responsabilité pas reconnaître les forces Dijla ni hydrocarbures tempo - des Conseils provinciaux et les croire à leur succès opérationnel. rairement apaisé, c’est mouvements des forces Dijla À au sujet des régions déstabiliseront la sécurité de Loin de baisser le ton, Maliki a kurdes séparées du cette région et en bouleverseront envenimé la polémique en lan - Gouvernement Régional du la réalité politique. -
Timeline of International Response to the Situation in Syria
Timeline of International Response to the Situation in Syria Beginning with dates of a few key events that initiated the unrest in March 2011, this timeline provides a chronological list of important news and actions from local, national, and international actors in response to the situation in Syria. Skip to: [2012] [2013] [2014] [2015] [2016] [Most Recent] Acronyms: EU – European Union PACE – Parliamentary Assembly of the Council CoI – UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria of Europe FSA – Free Syrian Army SARC – Syrian Arab Red Crescent GCC – Gulf Cooperation Council SASG – Special Adviser to the Secretary- HRC – UN Human Rights Council General HRW – Human Rights Watch SES – UN Special Envoy for Syria ICC – International Criminal Court SOC – National Coalition of Syrian Revolution ICRC – International Committee of the Red and Opposition Forces Cross SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights IDPs – Internally Displaced People SNC – Syrian National Council IHL – International Humanitarian Law UN – United Nations ISIL – Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant UNESCO – UN Educational, Scientific and ISSG – International Syria Support Group Cultural Organization JSE – UN-Arab League Joint Special Envoy to UNGA – UN General Assembly Syria UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for LAS – League of Arab States Refugees NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization UNICEF – UN Children’s Fund OCHA – UN Office for the Coordination of UNRWA – UN Relief Works Agency for Humanitarian Affairs Palestinian Refugees OIC – Organization of Islamic Cooperation UNSC – UN Security Council OHCHR – UN Office of the High UNSG – UN Secretary-General Commissioner for Human Rights UNSMIS – UN Supervision Mission in Syria OPCW – Organization for the Prohibition of US – United States Chemical Weapons 2011 2011: Mar 16 – Syrian security forces arrest roughly 30 of 150 people gathered in Damascus’ Marjeh Square for the “Day of Dignity” protest, demanding the release of imprisoned relatives held as political prisoners. -
REGIONAL ANALYSIS SYRIA Forces Took Control of the Strategic Village of Kasab in Lattakia and Its Border Crossing with Turkey
north and the capital. A week after losing control of Yabroud, the opposition REGIONAL ANALYSIS SYRIA forces took control of the strategic village of Kasab in Lattakia and its border crossing with Turkey. This conflict continues as SAF responded with heavy aerial 04 April 2014 bombardment and the redeployment of troops to the area. Meanwhile ISIL withdrew from many areas in northern and Western Aleppo (Hreitan, Azaz, Part I – Syria Mennegh) and Idleb by the end of February after months of clashes with rival Content Part I This Regional Analysis of the Syria conflict (RAS) fighters. The ISIL fighters have mostly moved to eastern Aleppo (Menbij, Al-Bab is now produced quarterly, replacing the monthly Overview and Jarablus), Ar-Raqqa, and Al-Hasakeh. This withdrawal was coupled with RAS of 2013. It seeks to bring together How to use the RAS? increased violence on the borders with Turkey. information from all sources in the region and Possible developments provide holistic analysis of the overall Syria Main events timeline Access: In early February a group of independent UN experts reported that crisis. Information gaps and data limitations deprivation of basic necessities and denial of humanitarian relief has become a While Part I focuses on the situation within Syria, Operational constraints widespread tactic utilised in the Syrian conflict. This includes deliberate attacks Part II covers the impact of the crisis on Humanitarian profile on medical facilities and staff; cutting off of water supplies and attacks on water neighbouring countries. Map - Conflict developments More information on how to use this document facilities; actions to destroy harvests and kill livestock – all of which obstructs Displacement profile can be found on page 2. -
Syria-Rising-Child-Abandonment
Syria: Rising Child Abandonment, Poverty is the Leading Cause www.stj-sy.org Syria: Rising Child Abandonment, Poverty is the Leading Cause 43 infants were reportedly found abandoned between the beginning of 2019’s second half and the end of the 2020’s first half Page | 2 Syria: Rising Child Abandonment, Poverty is the Leading Cause www.stj-sy.org Executive summary Child abandonment has risen in several areas of the province of Idlib and northern rural Aleppo, which are controlled by armed opposition groups. From the beginning of the second half of 2019 until 20 July 2020, STJ field researchers documented 43 child abandonment cases.1 The children, who were mostly newborns, were found dumped on street sides or near mosques or hospitals or in garbage dumps. Child abandonment became one of the phenomena that those areas are beset with. Never a month or two passes without a report of two or three cases of this kind. Worse still, the death of some of those children as a result of being found late or owing to extreme weather conditions. Poverty is the main reason which leads many Syrians to abandon their children, especially those in displacement camps, for not being able to meet expenses of supporting them. Marriage of minors is another reason for the spread of this phenomenon (STJ is preparing a detailed report on this issue). In Idlib, which is mainly controlled by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), most of the abandoned children were fostered by families from the city, since adoption is abandoned in Islam. Accordingly, it is not allowed to register those children on the names of the families fostered them, in the civil records of Idlib, which adhere to the Islamic law. -
Sectarianism in the Middle East
Sectarianism in the Middle East Implications for the United States Heather M. Robinson, Ben Connable, David E. Thaler, Ali G. Scotten C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1681 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9699-9 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims attend prayers during Eid al-Fitr as they mark the end of the fasting month of Ramadan, at the site of a suicide car bomb attack over the weekend at the shopping area of Karrada, in Baghdad, Iraq, July 6, 2016. REUTERS/Thaier Al-Sudani Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. -
“I Lost My Dignity”: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in the Syrian Arab Republic
A/HRC/37/CRP.3 Distr.: Restricted 8 March 2018 English and Arabic only Human Rights Council Thirty-seventh session 26 February – 23 March 2018 Agenda item 4 Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention. “I lost my dignity”: Sexual and gender-based violence in the Syrian Arab Republic Conference room paper of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic Summary Sexual and gender-based violence against women, girls, men, and boys has been a persistent issue in Syria since the uprising in 2011. Parties to the conflict resort to sexual violence as a tool to instil fear, humiliate and punish or, in the case of terrorist groups, as part of their enforced social order. While the immense suffering induced by these practices impacts Syrians from all backgrounds, women and girls have been disproportionally affected, victimised on multiple grounds, irrespective of perpetrator or geographical area. Government forces and associated militias have perpetrated rape and sexual abuse of women and girls and occasionally men during ground operations, house raids to arrest protestors and perceived opposition supporters, and at checkpoints. In detention, women and girls were subjected to invasive and humiliating searches and raped, sometimes gang- raped, while male detainees were most commonly raped with objects and sometimes subjected to genital mutilation. Rape of women and girls was documented in 20 Government political and military intelligence branches, and rape of men and boys was documented in 15 branches. Sexual violence against females and males is used to force confessions, to extract information, as punishment, as well as to terrorise opposition communities. -
Trade Without Religion Between Turkey and Syria
Éditoriaux de l’Ifri 24 March 2017 Trade without Religion between Turkey and Syria Samir AÏTA A saying claims that trade has no religion; it even adapts to a war situation, as demonstrated by the real-time reorganisation of trade Samir Aïta is an channels at the Turkish-Syrian border. economist and a former student of This editorial, which focuses on the increase in Turkish exports to Syria École polytechnique, President of the during the civil war, is based on official Turkish statistics and estimates Circle of Arab available from Syrian economists. Unlike in the past, these exports are Economists, and President of the made up of basic consumer products, destined for all of Syria and not Association just areas controlled by the opposition. As a result of the sanctions “Democracy and Mutual Aid in Syria, imposed on Syria, Turkish exports have played a part in the creation of Ghosn Zeitoun.” a trade network specific to the war economy. New cities have emerged as economic platforms at the nodes of this network, as well as “border” The opinions expressed trading cities between the government, opposition, Islamic State (IS), in this text are the sole and the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD). responsibility of the author. Turkish exports to Syria despite the war ISBN: 978-2-36567- 705-9 In 2015, a figure caught the attention of observers, particularly Turks.1 © All rights reserved, Turkish exports to Syria have returned to their pre-crisis level. Paris, Ifri, 2017. According to the Turkish statistics office,2 these exports have reached $ 1.8 billion in 2014, or the same as 2010, which was an exceptional How to cite this publication: year for these exports (Figure 1). -
Protecting the Syrian Resistance, Achieving a Democratic Outcome
Arab Reform Initiative 1 Empowering the Democratic Resistance in Syria September 2013 EMPOWERING THE DEMOCRATIC RESISTANCE IN SYRIA Bassma KODMANI Félix LEGRAND Arab Reform1 Initiative Beirut- Paris www.arab-reform.net Arab Reform Initiative 2 Empowering the Democratic Resistance in Syria About the Arab Reform Initiative The Arab Reform Initiative (ARI) is a consortium of regional policy analysis institutes that strives to mobilize research capacity to advance knowledge and nurture home-grown and responsive programs for democratic reform in the Arab World. ARI seeks to generate, facilitate, and disseminate knowledge by and for Arab societies. It engages political actors and social movements on democratic transformation. In the quest to build free, just and democratic societies, ARI focuses on the current revolutionary processes in the Arab world, the new patterns of interaction between political forces, governments and societies, political, socio-economic and cultural transformations, and social justice. It opens a space for diverse voices and brings in the key actors in the transformation processes at play: intellectuals and activists, women and representatives of civil society, human rights groups, social movements and political parties, the private sector, the media, etc. As an Arab organization with partner institutes across the region, ARI is an interlocutor and partner for governments and think tanks in other regions of the world. ARI produces research and policy analysis, supports networks and young scholars, provides neutral space for debate between diverse political groups, convenes policy dialogues and organizes regional platforms on critical issues relted tot the transition processes. About the Authors BASSMA KODMANI is the director of the Arab Reform Initiative and a founding member of the Paris based NGO Initiative for a New Syria. -
Elisa Moretti Pavanello a Aplicação Das Condições
ELISA MORETTI PAVANELLO A APLICAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DOS PARÂMETROS DE ZONAS DE PROTEÇÃO PARA A POPULAÇÃO CIVIL EM CONFLITOS ARMADOS: ESTUDO DE POSSIBILIDADES E REFLEXOS NO CASO DA SÍRIA Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Danielle Annoni. Florianópolis 2014 À minha irmã, Paulinha, minha timoneira do início ao fim do mestrado. AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer, primeiramente, a minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Danielle Annoni que aceitou o desafio de orientar esta dissertação. Aprendemos juntas ao longo do caminho e aprendi muito com ela. À minha irmã, Ana Paula, que vem me acompanhando e me ajudando no mestrado, com o seu incentivo e apoio, e me dá força nos meus momentos de fraqueza. Aos meus pais e ao meu cunhado que acreditam em mim. Ao meu sobrinho que, com sua alegria e seu sorriso, ilumina o meu dia. Aos meus colegas do Programa do Mestrado, Belinha, Jeff, Helo, Vicente, Felipe, Maerly e Marília, que me ajudaram a entender o universo das relações internacionais. Ao Rafael que me acolheu um semestre em sua casa e aprendi muito com as nossas conversas. Às pessoas queridas que me ajudaram, tanto no mestrado quanto na dissertação, com suas opiniões, Amandio Sul, Mirian Evanir Fritzke e Rodrigo Carvalho Muller. E, a Anaí Zilio com sua paciência em me ouvir durante todo esse tempo. Aos meus amigos que entenderam o meu momento de reclusão durante a redação da presente dissertação. Você só pode predizer as coisas depois que elas aconteceram.