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A History of English
A History of the English Language PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs A History of the English Language Revised edition Elly van Gelderen Arizona State University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam PAGE/ Philadelphia Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language / Elly van Gelderen. -- Revised edition. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English language--History. 2. English language--History--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1075.G453 2014 420.9--dc23 2014000308 isbn 978 90 272 1208 5 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1209 2 (Pb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 7043 6 (Eb) © 2014 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlandspany John Benjamins North America · PP.O. Boxroofs 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519G com · usa PAGE Publishin Enjamins © John b 2nd proofs Table of contents Preface to the first edition (2006) ix Preface to the revised edition xii Notes to the user and abbreviations xiv List of tables xvi List of figures xix 1 The English language 1 1. The origins and history of English 1 2. -
LCSH Section L
L (The sound) Formal languages La Boderie family (Not Subd Geog) [P235.5] Machine theory UF Boderie family BT Consonants L1 algebras La Bonte Creek (Wyo.) Phonetics UF Algebras, L1 UF LaBonte Creek (Wyo.) L.17 (Transport plane) BT Harmonic analysis BT Rivers—Wyoming USE Scylla (Transport plane) Locally compact groups La Bonte Station (Wyo.) L-29 (Training plane) L2TP (Computer network protocol) UF Camp Marshall (Wyo.) USE Delfin (Training plane) [TK5105.572] Labonte Station (Wyo.) L-98 (Whale) UF Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (Computer network BT Pony express stations—Wyoming USE Luna (Whale) protocol) Stagecoach stations—Wyoming L. A. Franco (Fictitious character) BT Computer network protocols La Borde Site (France) USE Franco, L. A. (Fictitious character) L98 (Whale) USE Borde Site (France) L.A.K. Reservoir (Wyo.) USE Luna (Whale) La Bourdonnaye family (Not Subd Geog) USE LAK Reservoir (Wyo.) LA 1 (La.) La Braña Region (Spain) L.A. Noire (Game) USE Louisiana Highway 1 (La.) USE Braña Region (Spain) UF Los Angeles Noire (Game) La-5 (Fighter plane) La Branche, Bayou (La.) BT Video games USE Lavochkin La-5 (Fighter plane) UF Bayou La Branche (La.) L.C.C. (Life cycle costing) La-7 (Fighter plane) Bayou Labranche (La.) USE Life cycle costing USE Lavochkin La-7 (Fighter plane) Labranche, Bayou (La.) L.C. Smith shotgun (Not Subd Geog) La Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 BT Bayous—Louisiana UF Smith shotgun USE Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 La Brea Avenue (Los Angeles, Calif.) BT Shotguns La Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) This heading is not valid for use as a geographic L Class (Destroyers : 1939-1948) (Not Subd Geog) USE Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) subdivision. -
Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar
Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar Henrique Matheus da Silva Lima Revision: Dr. Olivier Simon Version: !.!9.! IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT LEGAL ISSUES This grammar is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 license. You are free to: Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. You must give appropriate credit, provide a lin to the license, and indicate if changes !ere made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any !ay that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. "ere is the lin for more information# https#$$creativecommons.org$licenses$by$4.0$deed.en %or the elaboration of this grammar, The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English by &r. 'livier (imon !as used. (ome subchapters of this grammar are practically a transcription of 'livier)s book. &r. (imon has given me permission to do so, even considering the license of this book. *)ve also utilized many examples from The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English and others that Dr. Simon made for me. *t)s very important to inform the reader that the language it!elf ! not under a "reat #e "o$$on! l %en!e or anyth ng l ke that, the language is under the traditional Copyright license in !hich &r. 'livier (imon has all property rights. But the language ! free, you can translate your !orks or produce original !orks !ithout the need of &r. -
Real Character’: a New Focus
Ian Maun 105 Journal of Universal Language 18-2. September 2017, 105-147 DOI 10.22425/jul.2017.18.2.105 eISSN 2508-5344 / pISSN 1598-6381 ‘Real Character’: A New Focus Ian Maun University of Exeter, United Kingdom Abstract This paper gives a brief résumé of the papers thus far published in this series (Maun 2013, 2015, 2016) and goes on to examine a number of questions which will influence the development of a modern-day digital ‘Real Character’. These include translation, lacunae, and idioms. Historical attempts at devising classifications of the world, or ‘ontologies’, are examined. In the light of differences between these attempts, together with the problems posed by translations, lacunae, and idioms, the idea of a universal Real Character is rejected in favour of a focused or tuned version, in which the language and culture of the recipient of a message are taken into account. The system of character composition is retained, but icons containing single characters may be replaced by others with supplementary elements which are necessary for Ian Maun University of Exeter, St. Luke’s Campus, EXETER EX1 2LU, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Received 8 August, 2017; Revised 25 August, 2017; Accepted August 30, 2017 Copyright © 2017 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Inventors and Devotees of Artificial Languages
From SIAM News, Volume 43, Number 5, June 2010 Inventors and Devotees of Artificial Languages In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and The Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build a Perfect Language. By Arika Okrent, Spiegel and Grau, New York, 2009, 352 pages, $26.00. In the Land of Invented Languages is a remarkably entertaining historical survey of artificial languages and their inventors, from the Lingua Ignota of Hildegard von Bingen in the 12th century through Esperanto and, more recently, Klingon. The depth of the research is impressive. The author, Arika Okrent, attended conferences in Esperanto, Loglan, and Klingon, among others; hunted up obscure self-published tomes available only in a few rare book rooms; worked through scores of these languages in enough depth to translate BOOK REVIEW passages into them; and interviewed hundreds of people, both language inventors and enthusiasts, getting to know many By Ernest Davis of them well. One of the book’s two appendices lists 500 artificial languages; the other offers translations of the Lord’s Prayer into 17 languages and of the Story of Babel into another 11. The text contains samples from many more languages, carefully explained and analyzed. Nonetheless, the book wears its learning very lightly; it is delightfully personal, and as readable as a novel. It is in fact as much about the histories of the inventors and devotees of the languages as about the languages themselves; these histories are mostly strange and often sad. Invented languages can be categorized by the purposes of their inventors. -
13, Februar 2012
jurnal inter IAL 世 POSTA MUNDI # 13, februar 2012 http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/posta_Mundi/ CONTENAĴO posta_Mundi, frazo #13 3 Antaŭparolacho de Fantômas Lingua de Fantomas 4 PATRO NOSI Partaka Populido 6 Esce me es vera me? Thomas Schmidt Lingua Franca Nova 7 (Valodnieks) La estetiko de la etiko. Alexandro Xavero Ido 8 Kasanovo Domingo *ILA PROFETO. Khalil Jibran, Ido 11 PRI LA KOMPRADO E LA Partaka VENDADO KA FOXO? NULA PROBLEMO! Partaka Ido 12 Senior Pu Guido Crufio Lingua Franca Nova 14 la Feinoj Charles Perrault, Esperanto 16 Tradukilo de Google Noptidamus kaj Fantomas - da Partaka kaj Rosto; Noptidamus - Latino sine Flexione; Fantomas - Lingua de Fantomas; Eonka - Esperanto. posta_Mundi, frazo #13 Esperanto: Kiam vi naskighis, vi ploris kaj la mondo ghojis. Vivu tiel ke, kiam vi mortos, la mondo ploru kaj vi ghoju. Ido: Kande vu naskis, vu ploris e la mondo joyis. Vivez tale por ke kande vu mortos, la mondo ploros e vu joyos. Interlingua: Quando tu nasceva, tu plorava e le mundo gaudeva. Vive de tal maniera que quando tu morira, le mundo plorara e tu gaudera. Occidental/Interlingue: Quande vu nascet, vu plorat e li mundie esset joyosi. Viv talmen por que, quande vu va morir, li mundie va plorar e vu va esser joyosi. Novial: Kand vu naskad, vu plorad e li monde joyad. Viva talim por ke kand vu ve mori, li monde ve plora e vu ve joya. Idiom Neutral: Kuande vo naskav, vo lakrimav e mund gaudiav. Viva tale ke, kuande vo moriero, mund lakrim e vo gaudi. LFN: Cuando tu ia nase, tu ia plora e la mundo ia joya. -
18 Steps to Fluency in Euro-Glosa Ronald Clark Sports Illustrated Skiing
18 Steps to Fluency in Euro-Glosa, 1992, Ronald Clark, 0946540152, 9780946540150, Glosa, 1992 DOWNLOAD http://bit.ly/1dwSNB1 http://www.alibris.co.uk/booksearch?browse=0&keyword=18+Steps+to+Fluency+in+Euro-Glosa&mtype=B&hs.x=19&hs.y=26&hs=Submit Glosa, an international language, is a modification of Interglossa by the late Professor Lancelot Hogben. It is designed to be easy to learn, with no complicated grammar and words which are already internationally familiar. DOWNLOAD http://wp.me/2bdin https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/18-Steps-to-Fluency-in-Euro-Glosa/id448871278 http://bit.ly/1rSlrUy Three Men in a Boat , Jerome K. Jerome, Feb 1, 2009, Fiction, 164 pages. THERE were four of us- George and William Samuel Harris and myself and Montmorency. We were sitting in my room smoking and talking about how bad we were-bad from a medical point. Interglossa a draft of an auxiliary for a democratic world order, being an attempt to apply semantic principles to language design, Lancelot Thomas Hogben, 1943, Interglossa (Artificial language), 285 pages. Gestuno international sign language of the deaf, World Federation of the Deaf. Unification of Signs Commission, 1975, Language Arts & Disciplines, 254 pages. Introducing Euro-Glosa , Wendy Ashby, Ronald Clark, Jan 1, 1990, Foreign Language Study, 36 pages. Eurolengo the language for Europe: a practical manual for business and tourism, Leslie Jones, 1972, Language Arts & Disciplines, 120 pages. Glosa 6000 6000 Greek & Latin words and roots which occur in the Euro-languages & international scientific terminology, Wendy Ashby, Jim Cole, 1983, Language Arts & Disciplines, 48 pages. -
The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia
THE ROUTLEDGE LINGUISTICS ENCYCLOPEDIA The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia is a single- Optimality Theory volume encyclopedia covering all major and Research Methods in Linguistics subsidiary areas of linguistics and applied lin- Slang guistics. The seventy nine entries provide in-depth coverage of the topics and sub-topics of the field. The following entries have been recommissioned Entries are alphabetically arranged and exten- or substantially revised: sively cross-referenced so the reader can see how Animals and Language, Artificial Languages, areas interrelate. Including a substantial intro- Computational Linguistics to Language Engi- duction which provides a potted history of lin- neering, Contrastive Analysis/Contrastive Linguis- guistics and suggestions for further reading, this tics, Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse is an indispensable reference tool for specialists Analysis, Dialectology, Discourse Analysis, Dys- and non-specialists alike. lexia, Genre Analysis, Historical Linguistics, Into- This third edition has been thoroughly revised nation, Language and Education, Language, and updated, with new entries on: Gender and Sexuality, Language Origins, Lan- guage Surveys, Language Universals, Linguistic Attitudes to Language Typology, Metaphor, Pragmatics, Rhetoric, Conversation Analysis Semantics, Semiotics, Sociolinguistics, Stylistics, English Language Teaching Systemic-Functional Grammar, Writing Systems. Gesture and Language Idioms Language and Advertising Kirsten Malmkjær is Professor of Translation Language -
OCCASION This Publication Has Been Made Available to the Public on the Occasion of the 50 Anniversary of the United Nations Indu
OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] m¿ *« 0515/ Diatr. LIMITE]) ID/to. 165/16 23 Hovember 1973 United Nations Industrial Development Organization I ORIODIAL: ENGLISH Meeting on Industrial Development Strategita and Policies in Small Countries Vienna, 26-30 November 1973 OTJÖSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT STBAflCOY AND POLICIESt m EXPERIENCE OP MAURITIUS, 1950-1972 ^ Benoit Arouff • • Hr. -
Cubierta NEOLOGISMOS 14/2/07 10:57 P Gina 1
Cubierta NEOLOGISMOS 14/2/07 10:57 P gina 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K COLECCIÓN COLECCIÓN Fundación Telefónica Fundación Telefónica Fundación Coord. RAMÓN SARMIENTO Y FERNANDO VILCHES Bajo el denominador común de Neologismos y sociedad del conocimiento, se recogen en este volumen análisis CONOCIMIENTO de muy distinta índole y desde diversas vertientes sobre CONOCIMIENTO las transformaciones que sufre la lengua española como DEL consecuencia de la evolución de las nuevas tecnologías. DEL Se constata que el español pugna, como el resto de las otras lenguas de primera línea, por asentarse dentro del fenómeno de la globalización, tendiendo, por una SOCIEDAD parte, hacia la extraterritorialidad (pérdida del dominio SOCIEDAD Y y control por parte del hablante nativo) y, por otra, hacia Y la internacionalización (afluencia de neologismos innecesarios). NEOLOGISMOS NEOLOGISMOS NEOLOGISMOS Y SOCIEDAD DEL CONOCIMIENTO Funciones de la lengua en 492708 Cuaderno la era de la globalización 3 Composici n Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 1 Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 2 Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 3 NEOLOGISMOS Y SOCIEDAD DEL CONOCIMIENTO FUNCIONES DE LA LENGUA EN LA ERA DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 4 Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 5 NEOLOGISMOS Y SOCIEDAD DEL CONOCIMIENTO FUNCIONES DE LA LENGUA EN LA ERA DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN Ramón Sarmiento y Fernando Vilches (coordinadores) COLECCIÓN Fundación Telefónica Neologismos_Dos+dos 9/2/07 11:57 Página 6 Esta obra ha sido editada por Ariel y Fundación Telefónica y en colaboración con Editorial Planeta,que no comparten necesariamente los contenidos expresados en ella.Dichos contenidos son responsabilidad exclusiva de sus autores. -
I, a Language Inventor
I, a Language Inventor Viktor Medrano Index I, a Language Inventor..........................................................................................................................1 It All Started on a Pacific Island......................................................................................................2 Was It Finland or Canada?..............................................................................................................3 Esperanto Was Really My Hobby Catalyst......................................................................................4 I Was a Teenager Once Again.........................................................................................................6 How an Esperantist Became a Heretic............................................................................................7 My Hobby Started to Explode.........................................................................................................7 Was I Somewhere in Africa?...........................................................................................................9 Was I an Eskimo, Amerindian, or Aborigine?..............................................................................10 Iom per Esperanto...........................................................................................................................11 Back to English...............................................................................................................................13 Da Oktogrok Viu ov Laif................................................................................................................14 -
Respectus Philologicus
ISSN 1392–8295 mokslo darbai transactions RESPECTUS PHILOLOGICUS 2008 Nr. 13 (18) A RESPECTUS PHILOLOGICUS Nr. 13 (18) A MOKSLINIS TÆSTINIS LEIDINYS Leidþia Vilniaus universiteto Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas ir Jano Kochanovskio Ðventojo Kryþiaus akademijos Humanitarinis fakultetas Kielcuose ONGOING ACADEMIC PUBLICATION Published by Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities and Holy Cross Academy n. a. Jan Kochanovski Faculty of Humanities in Kielce Referuojamas ir atspindimas tarptautinëse duomenø bazëse / Abstracted and indexed by the interna- tional databases: Balcan Rusistics (2004) http://www.russian.slavica.org Russian Language, Literature and Cultural Studies CEEOL (2005) http://www.ceeol.com Central and Eastern European Online Library EBSCO (2006) Humanities International Complete http://www.ebsco.com Current Abstracts Humanities International Index TOC Premier MLA (2007) http://www.mla.org/ Modern Language Association International Bibliography Redakcijos adresas / Address of the editorial office: Þurnalas „Respectus Philologicus“ Vilniaus universitetas Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas Muitinës g. 8, Kaunas LT-44280, Lietuva Tel.: (370–37) 42 26 04 El. paðtas / E-mail: [email protected] Interneto svetainë / Homepage: http://filologija.vukhf.lt Redagavo / Edited by: Gabija Bankauskaitë-Sereikienë (lietuviø kalba / the Lithuanian language), Jurga Cibulskienë (anglø kalba / the English language), Viktorija Makarova (rusø kalba / the Russian language) Pagrindinë redaktorë / Publishing editor: Viktorija Makarova ISSN 1392-8295 © Vilniaus universiteto Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas, 2008 © Akademia Úwiætokrzyska im. Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach – Wydziaù Humanistyczny, 2008 REDAKTORIØ KOLEGIJA / EDOTORIAL BOARD Eleonora Lassan VU KHF profesorë, habil. dr. (04H), Lietuva, vyriausioji redaktorë Professor (04H), Vilnius University (Kaunas Faculty of Huma- nities), Lithuania, editor-in-chief Kazimierz Luciñski Jano Kochanovskio Ðventojo Kryþiaus akademijos Kielcuose profe- sorius, habil. dr.