Britain and Norway in the Second World War

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Britain and Norway in the Second World War Britain and Norway in the Second World War Edited by Patrick Salmon LONDON : HMSO Contents Map ii Preface vii Notes on the contributors . viii Participants in the conference xii List of abbreviations xiii Introduction xv I From Neutrality to War 1939-40 1 1 British strategy and Norway 1939-40 3 Patrick Salmon 2 Norwegian neutrality and the challenge of war 15 Magne Skodvin 3 The balance sheet of the Norwegian campaign 18 Maurice Harvey 4 Norway 1940: the balance of interference 26 David Brown 5 Postscript on the campaign in Norway 33 H.F. Zeiner Gundersen Discussion 36 II The Anglo-Norwegian alliance 39 6 Relations between the Norwegian government in exile and the British government 41 Olav Riste 7 Business goes to war: The Norwegian merchant navy in Allied war transport 51 Atle Thowsen 8 Anglo-Norwegian naval cooperation 67 0ivindSchau 9 The build-up and operations of the Royal Norwegian Navy in the period 1940-1945 74 BaardHelle 10 The contribution of the Norwegian air forces 83 WilhelmMohr 11 Operation Jupiter and possible landings in Norway 97 H.P. Willmott 12 Operation Jupiter: a Norwegian perspective 109 Einar Grannes Discussion 116 VI III Intelligence and Resistance 119 13 Norway's role in British wartime intelligence 121 Edward Thomas 14 Norwegian intelligence in the Second World War 129 Ragnar Ulstein 15 Milorg and SOE 141 Amfinn Moland 16 The Linge Company and the British 152 Joachim R0nneberg IV Special Operations 159 17 Britain and Norwegian resistance: clandestine sea transport 161 Sir Brooks Richards 18 Special duty operations to Norway during the Second World War 167 Mark Seaman 19 Norwegian resistance: the Swedish connection 176 Sir Peter Tennant 20 The Spitsbergen operations 1942-3 187 Sir Alexander Glen Discussion 191 V The Liberation and after 195 21 Planning the Liberation: the Norwegian contribution 197 PaalFrisvold 22 Andrew Thorne and the liberation of Norway 206 Sir Peter Thome 23 The Western Allies, the Soviet Union and Finnmark 1944-45 221 Malcolm Mackintosh 24 Between the lines: North Norway 1944-5 232 T0nne Huitfeldt 25 The lessons of war: Norway in post-war Allied strategy 238 Clive Archer Discussion 245 Index 248.
Recommended publications
  • Apalveien 20 - 9
    VennUgst meld adresseforandring VINDEREN HISTORIELAG ISBN 0804-3256 Postboks 90, Vinderen 0319 OSLO Arskontingent kr 100.­ Postgirokonto 0825 0409339 Bankgirokonto 5084.05.24008 14 Telefon 22 14 39 21- Per Henrik Bache Redaktor Finn Holden INNHOLD Redakterens spalte .............................................................. 2. omslagsside Medlemsmote 31. mai .............................................................................. 1 Anders Gogstad: Apalveien 20 - 9. april 1940 ..••..•.•.•.•..•.•.•.•.•••••.••...•••.. 2 VAre falne 1940 - 1945 - Del II................................................................ 4 MEDLEMSBLAD FOR Finn Holden: Milorg D 13 ...................................................................... 7 Are Saastad: Motstandsgruppe pi Gaustad ......................................... 11 Gunnar Sonsteby: Episoder fra motstand under krigen •.•.•.....•.••••.••.. 14 Finn Holden: Den illegale presse ............................................................ 19 . VINDEREN JEA: Fra en illegalist's liv pi Vinderen under krigen .....•••..•••••.•••.•..... 23 Slaget i Thyvannskleiva ............................................................................ 25 Finn Holden: Nazitoppmote i Hippodromen ........................................ 25 Finn Holden: Likvidering for oynene pi Vinderen-elever ......•....•.•.••. 26 lllSTORIELAG Georg Stabell: Skikretsens "Jossinger" ................................................ 29 Arsmelding for Vinderen Historielag •...•.•.•...•.••••.•.•....•.....•...•.•.•.••.•••••••. 31
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    Notes 1 Introduction 1. Donald Macintyre, Narvik (London: Evans, 1959), p. 15. 2. See Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965). 3. Reflections of the C-in-C Navy on the Outbreak of War, 3 September 1939, The Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–45 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 37–38. 4. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 10 October 1939, in ibid. p. 47. 5. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 8 December 1939, Minutes of a Conference with Herr Hauglin and Herr Quisling on 11 December 1939 and Report of the C-in-C Navy, 12 December 1939 in ibid. pp. 63–67. 6. MGFA, Nichols Bohemia, n 172/14, H. W. Schmidt to Admiral Bohemia, 31 January 1955 cited by Francois Kersaudy, Norway, 1940 (London: Arrow, 1990), p. 42. 7. See Andrew Lambert, ‘Seapower 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1994), pp. 86–108. 8. For the importance of Swedish iron ore see Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of Phoney War (Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). 9. Churchill, The Second World War, I, p. 463. 10. See Richard Wiggan, Hunt the Altmark (London: Hale, 1982). 11. TMI, Tome XV, Déposition de l’amiral Raeder, 17 May 1946 cited by Kersaudy, p. 44. 12. Kersaudy, p. 81. 13. Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966), p.
    [Show full text]
  • Nordic Narratives of the Second World War : National Historiographies Revisited
    Nordic Narratives of the Second World War : National Historiographies Revisited Stenius, Henrik; Österberg, Mirja; Östling, Johan 2011 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Stenius, H., Österberg, M., & Östling, J. (Eds.) (2011). Nordic Narratives of the Second World War : National Historiographies Revisited. Nordic Academic Press. Total number of authors: 3 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 nordic narratives of the second world war Nordic Narratives of the Second World War National Historiographies Revisited Henrik Stenius, Mirja Österberg & Johan Östling (eds.) nordic academic press Nordic Academic Press P.O. Box 1206 SE-221 05 Lund, Sweden [email protected] www.nordicacademicpress.com © Nordic Academic Press and the authors 2011 Typesetting: Frederic Täckström www.sbmolle.com Cover: Jacob Wiberg Cover image: Scene from the Danish movie Flammen & Citronen, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • A V Jens Chr. Hauge En Patrulje Av Hjemmestyrkene I Distrikt 141 Under Øvelse I Modum
    Stiftelsen norsk Okkupasjonshistorie, 2014 101697 tJMT ILOS A V Jens Chr. Hauge nazifisere Norge og knekke ryg­ kupantens kamp mot illegale Innledning gen vår moralsk. Det var det vepnede grupper og organisa­ Milorg var et utslag av norsk samme grunnlaget! Kampene sjoner hadde alltid meget høy vilje til å overleve som fritt mot tyskerne i Norge i 1940 var prioritet. Det var mange opp­ folk. Det var den samme overle­ en viktig forutsetning for det rullinger, det var mange falne, velsesvilje som ga seg utslag i Milorg. som kom senere. det var mange fangne. kampen mot tyskerne i Norge i Det var i løpet av okkupasjo­ Vi hadde mye å lære. Vi 1940, i Kongens og Regjeringens nens fem lange år i prinsippet hadde en herdningsprosess vi fortsettelse av kampen fra Stor­ en Milorg bygd på ideen om skulle gå igjennom. Det var stor britannia som alliert, i sjøfolke­ vepnet kamp mot Wehrmacht forskjell på Milorg i krigens nes og våre regulære styrkers også innenfra. Det var i praksis første år og i krigens siste år innsats, i nordmenns utferd fra flere Milorg. både når det gjaldt organisa­ det okkuperte Norge for å ta del Gestapo sørget for det. Det sjonsformer, holdning og herd­ i kampen ute, i Høyesteretts var Gestapos oppgave å ut­ ning, trening, utrustning, selv­ nedleggelse av sin virksomhet i rydde Milorg. Der Wehrmacht bevissthet og militær verdi. protest mot okkupasjonsmak­ hersket skulle det ikke være Det utviklet seg etter krigen tens krenkelse av retten, i den norske eller allierte våpen hver­ en Milorg-romantikk. Det var sivile holdningskampen mot ken over eller under jorden.
    [Show full text]
  • ANS Summer 2020.Pdf
    1 ANGLO-NORSE REVIEW THE ANGLO-NORSE SOCIETY – LONDON Patrons: H.M.Queen Elizabeth II H.M King Harald V Hon. President: H.E. The Norwegian Ambassador. Chairperson: Dr Marie Wells web: www.anglo-norse.org.uk NORSK-BRITISK FORENING-OSLO Hon.President: H.E. The British Ambassador. Chairman: Michael Brooks Editor: Marie Wells Oslo contact: Elisabeth Solem [email protected] [email protected] Contents Page Editorial 4 XU: Norway’s Secret Sevice during WW II. Sir Richard Dales 4 Elverhøi in 2020. John Bridgeman 9 How I come to be Living in the UK/Norway. The Editor 13 From Ice Cream and Chocolate to Fish & Chips – the Export of Natural Ice from Norway to Britain. Per Norseng 14 From Runners to Wheels. Winter Communications in Norway in the 19th Century. Bjarne Rogan, 19 First Year Report of an Anglo-Norse Scholarship-Holder at NTNU. Hamish Hay 23 Innovation in Salmon Farming Compiled by Tim Gilbert 26 Front cover: Memorial to Arvid Storsveen, Arvid Storsveens Plass at the corner of Hasselhaugveien and Prestegårdsveien, Blindern, Translations of Recent Non-Crime Norwegian Oslo. Photo Kari Anne Rand Fiction. The Editor 28 2 3 Editorial in the reception of Hotel Continental in Oslo, half of which had been taken over by the Nazis, so he was in a good position to eavesdrop. One of the few stories he did pass First and most important, I hope that all our members, their families on to his children was that on the evening of 7 May 1945 a man in plus fours entered and loved ones are well, and have avoided, or survived Covid-19.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forgotten Army
    The Forgotten Army The Norwegian Army-in-exile 1940-1945 Malik Christoffer Olsen Spring 2020 Master's thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies, Department of Archeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo Word Count: 33590 All of us who, by the game of destiny, would become the main actors during the war years will someday be brought before the court of history. This verdict of history is unlikely to be the same as the one we are inclined to render today. The picture of what has happened in these years is incomplete and will continue to be so, but out of all this obscurity rises today and will always rise the image of men who had their own time’s and will have the future’s esteem and love. — Otto Ruge at the funeral of Carl Gustav Fleischer, 23 October 19451 1 “General Fleischers siste ferd”, ​Arbeiderbladet​, 24 October 1945 (my translation). 1 Summary Having been forced to leave Norway in early June 1940, Norwegian authorities decided to continue the fight against the Germans from the UK. The policy the Government settled on, however, was to contribute to the war effort primarily by making use of the naval and air forces at its disposal. Meanwhile, the Army would be given a low priority, barely having reached a size of 4,000 by the end of the war. This thesis looks at the decisions and factors that influenced the creation, organisation and employment of the Norwegian Army-in-exile. The questions it seeks to answer is why the Army remained numerically small in size, why it was barely used in combat operations and whether this was a continuation of Norwegian defence policy in the interwar years.
    [Show full text]
  • CM} Rapportserle J'.T;POLARINS~' NR
    6-11W.....8.-... ~ NORSK POLARINSTITUTT CM} RAPPORTSERlE J'.t;POLARINS~' NR. 54 OSLO 1989 TORE GJELSVIK: PLACE-NAMES OF HEIMEFRONTFJELLA AND LINGETOPPANE, DRONNING MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA NORSK POLARINSTITUTT RAPPORTSERlE NR. 54 OSLO 1989 TORE GJELSVIK: PLACE-NAMES OF HEIMEFRONTFJELLA AND LINGETOPPANE, DRONNING MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA Tore Gjelsvik Norsk Polarinstitutt Rolfstangveien 12 1330 OSLO LUFTHAVN PLACE-NAMES OF HEIMEFRONTFJELLA AND LINGETOPPANE, DRONNING MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA The mountain range Heimejrontfjella,in western Dronning Maud Land, is named in honour of the national resistance organizationswhich opposed the Nazi occupation of Norway from 1940 to 1945. These organizations had various functions: Milorg (the Military Resistance Organization) established secret military groups; Sivorg (the Civil Resistance Organization) was a conglomerate of groups, encouraging and guiding opposition to the Norwegian Nazi Party by organizing civil disobedience, the production of illegal (free) newspapers, and aiding imprisoned patriots and their families. Abbreviations such as HL (Heimefrontleiinga), KK (Koordinasjonskomiteen) and SL (Sentralledelsen) refer to the central bodies in charge of these activities. XV was the name of the largest organization for military intelligence, the most important and dangerous illegal activity during the occupation. The various geographic units in Heimefrontfjella are named after some of the many members of these organizations that made outstanding contributions to the Resistance. Many of them were arrested, tortured, confined in jails or concentration camps and even executed. Jf fortunate, they were able to escape to England or Sweden when hunted by the Gestapo. Particular attention is given to the pioneers of the Resistance. The Ungetoppane mountains (map sheets Schirmacheroasen (L4) and Starheimstind (M4» are named in honour of the members of a company of Norwegian commandos operating behind German lines in Norway during the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Harstad Under Okkupasjon
    Institutt for arkeologi, historie, religionsvitenskap og teologi Harstad under okkupasjon Den sivile og militære motstandsbevegelsen i Harstad 1940–1945 — Anette Holst Masteroppgave i historie His-3900, november 2019 Forord For det første vil jeg takke min veileder, Fredrik Fagertun, for grundige gjennomlesninger, for gode råd og tilbakemeldinger på tekstutkast og ikke minst korrekturlesing av utallige sider. Takk for all tid du har brukt på oppgaven min. Jeg ønsker også å takke de forskjellige arkivene jeg har vært innom på leting etter relevante kilder. Takk til Frode Færøy og resten av dere på arkivet ved Norges Hjemmefrontmuseums for hyggelig mottakelse på arkivet og all hjelp til å finne frem nyttige kilder, og tusen takk for det rause masterstipendet som jeg mottok våren 2019. Jeg vil også takke personene ved Narvikssenterets arkiv og Trondenes Historiske Senters arkiv. Jeg ble møtt av hyggelige og interesserte personer som var mer enn villig til å hjelpe med søken etter kilder. Mine medstudenter på lesesalen på Institutt for arkeologi, historie, religionsvitenskap og teologi, nede i den blå siloen vår, fortjener virkelig en stor takk for alt i disse årene med masterskriving. Et utrolig godt miljø og fellesskap med mye latter og festligheter, lange dager og lange pauser. Jeg setter utrolig stor pris på all hjelp jeg har fått til gjennomlesning og gode og nyttige tilbakemeldinger, og ikke minst for den gode moralske støtten. Dere er en fantastisk flott gjeng! Til slutt vil jeg takke min utrolig flotte familie for alt av korrekturlesing, oppmuntrende og gode ord og generelt sett all støtten jeg har fått hos dere.
    [Show full text]
  • Arkivmagasinet 2/15
    2/15 I N F O R M A S J O N F R Å R I K S A R K I V A R E N TEMA: Frigjering [arkiv] magasinet Arkivmagasinet er eit fagleg tidsskrift frå Arkivverket. Det rettar seg mot eit breitt historieinteressert publikum. Arkivmagasinet skal vere orienterande og debattskapande og spreie kunnskap om arkiva sin eigenart og viktige rolle i samfunnet. Arkivmagasinet ynskjer å stimulere til auka interesse for og bruk av arkivmateriale i Riksarkivet, statsarkiva og i Samisk arkiv. Redaktør Margit Løyland Den vanskelige fredsvåren I redaksjonen 6 Kristin Brattelid, Helena Eriksson, Trond Inge Karlsen, Terje Nomeland, Leif Thingsrud, Tor Weidling og Øyvind Ødegaard Redaksjonen si adresse Riksarkivet, se bakre omslag Design Agendum See Design Layout Morten Hernæs, 07 Media – 07.no Repro og trykk 07 Media – 07.no ISSN 0801-5449 Bidrag til neste utgåve må vere i redaksjonen før 28.08.2015. Laussal: kr 40 Årsabonnement (3 nr.): kr 100 Offentlege institusjonar, museum o.l.: gratis Opplag: 2700 framsidebilete: Knust LP-plate fra NRK. Riksarkivet (PA-1820 Gard Holtskog). indre omslag: Lossing av murstein 1947. Foto Leif Ørnelund. Orig. Oslo Museum, OB.Ø47/0372b. Lasta ned frå Digitalt museum. ill. s. 3 og 5: Den røde armé/Sør-Varanger museum, Riksarkivet/PA-1820 Gard Holtskog, Bergen rådhus 1764 av J. J. Reichborn i Hildebrant Meyers manuskripter/ Bergen Byarkiv, foto i privat eige. Innhald 6 Den vanskelige fredsvåren 15 I skyggen av Den røde armé 20 Regnskapets time 23 Arkivet etter Gard Holtskog TEMA: FRIGJERING 6 Den vanskelige fredsvåren 11 Skolebarns minner om krig og fred 15 I skyggen av Den røde armé 20 Regnskapets time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Luther Skald
    The Luther Skald Vol. 1 No. 2 February 2013 Mortality and Medical Aging.…………………………………………………………………2 Laurie Medford Resistance: Empowering Norwegians and Creating Solidarity under Nazi Occupation.……35 Cassie Holstad The ‘Savage Oppressors’ of the Catholic Church: Creating Identity and Securing Authority at the Expense of the ‘Usurious’ Jew……………………...……………………………………54 Cate Anderson Using Lutherans for Doctrinal Homogeneity in New Spain………………………………….66 Andrew Ruud February 2013 The Luther Skald 2 MORTALITY AND MEDICAL AGING Laurie Medford “I OFTEN HEARD HIM SAY HIS HEALTH WAS BROKEN WHILE IN THE ARMEY”: THE SOCIAL PROFILE AND MEDICAL AGING OF WISCONSIN VETERANS “I DON’T THINK HE HAS BEEN HALF THE MAN SINCE THE WAR” In 1889, J. E. Murha, MD recalled medical experiences of some soldiers who served in the Eighth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. As the Assistant Surgeon for the regiment, Murha was asked to provide his knowledge of the circumstances of Private Daniel Wyman’s illness and the medical treatment Murha offered. His account, a brief affidavit, provides the first view into the health experience of an ordinary Union soldier. During the Fall of 1861 the 8th Regt Wis Infty Made a March from Pilot Knob Mo [Missouri] to the Arkansas Line, while on the March Measles broke out among men. I was then Asst [Assistant] Surgeon, there was no [unclear: “attendants”?] to care for so many sick. Cohort tents and exposed to cold of frosty night; [caused] to many [to] suffer from Pneumonia. Bronchitis. among them was D. Wyman of Co. C 8th Regt On the return of the Regt he was sent to the Post Hospital at Ironton Mo.1 A fellow member of Company “C,” Eighth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, Francis Schmidtmayer, amplifies Wyman’s story in his affidavit: “…Said Wyman rejoined his regiment while stationed at Sulphur Spring Mo.
    [Show full text]
  • Ian Herrington November 2002
    DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY, LEICESTER THE SPECIAL OPERATIONS EXECUTIVE IN NORWAY 1940-1945: POLICY AND OPERATIONS IN THE STRATEGIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES BY IAN HERRINGTON June 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.……………………………………………………………………..i Acknowledgements.………...……………………………………………….ii Abbreviations.……..………………………………………………………. iii Maps………..…………………………………………………………..viii-xii CHAPTERS Introduction……..… ………………………………………………….1 1. The Formation of SOE and its Scandinavian Section: A New Strategic Tool and a Nordic Opportunity …………………………………….. .26 2. SOE’s Policy in Norway 1940-1945: The Combination of Short and Long-Term Aims …………………………………….……………... 55 3. SOE and the Norwegian Government and its Military Authorities 1940-1945: Control through Collaboration………….………….……84 4. SOE and the Military Resistance in Norway 1940-1945: Direction, Separation and finally Partnership…………………………………..116 5. SOE and the other New Organisations Operating in Norway 1940- 1945: A Military Alliance..………………………………………….146 6. SOE and the Regular Armed Forces Operating in Norway 1940-1945: an Unexpected Partnership…………………………………….……185 7. SOE Operations in Norway 1940-1944: The Combination of Sabotage and the Organisation of a Clandestine Army ……………………….221 8. SOE and the Liberation of Norway 1944-1945: Operations in the Shadow of Overlord....……………………………………………..257 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..289 APPENDICES Appendix A: List
    [Show full text]
  • Filmen Om Max Manus Som Historieformidling
    Filmen om Max Manus som historieformidling Marie Bratlie Masteroppgave i historie ved Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie, IAKH. UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2011 II III Filmen om Max Manus som historieformidling Marie Bratlie Masteroppgave i historie ved Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie, IAKH. Universitetet i Oslo Våren 2011 IV © Forfatter: Marie Bratlie År: 2011 Tittel: Manus til manus. Filmen om Max Manus som historieformidling Forfatter: Marie Bratlie http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo V Sammendrag Denne oppgaven er en studie av den norske filmen Max Manus. Jeg ønsker å vurdere om filmen kan fungere som historieformidling, og eventuelt hvordan. For å komme frem til en konklusjon på dette, har jeg undersøkt fire forskjellige temaer. I kapittel 2 tar jeg for meg hvordan film kan fungere som historieformidling generelt. Dette er et tema som stadig får større oppmerksomhet i internasjonal sammenheng. Det diskuteres hvilke krav en må sette til god historieformidling på film. I kapittel 3 er det selve filmen Max Manus som står i sentrum. Her tar jeg for meg plottet, karakterene, budskapet og tendensen i filmen og undersøker hvilken sjanger Max Manus hører hjemme under. Til slutt ser jeg på hvordan arbeidet med historiske konsulenter har foregått. Kapittel 4 handler om fortolkningsfellesskapet og hvordan grunnfortellingen har blitt fortalt de siste 65 årene. Minnekulturen og kollektivtradisjonen kommenteres også. I kapittel 5 er det debatten som oppsto da Max Manus kom på kino som står i sentrum. Kapittel 6 er en oppsummering av oppgaven hvor jeg gir en konklusjon på problemstillingen min. VI Forord Når jeg uteksamineres fra Universitetet i Oslo våren 2011 har jeg gått fem år på Lektorprogrammet og er utdannet til å undervise i historie og norsk.
    [Show full text]