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O.S.S. Operation RYPE: Cutting the Nordland Rail Line in Occupied Norway at Two Points in the North Töndelag Area, April, 1945

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O.S.S. Operation RYPE: Cutting the Nordland Rail Line in Occupied Norway at Two Points in the North Töndelag Area, April, 1945 University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 5-1-1990 O.S.S. Operation RYPE: Cutting the Nordland Rail Line in Occupied Norway at Two Points in the North Töndelag Area, April, 1945 Bruce Heimark University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Heimark, Bruce, "O.S.S. Operation RYPE: Cutting the Nordland Rail Line in Occupied Norway at Two Points in the North Töndelag Area, April, 1945" (1990). Student Work. 378. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/378 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. O.S.S. Operation RYPE: Cutting the Nordland Rail Line in Occupied Norway at Two Points in the North Trondelag Area, April, 1945 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts University of Nebraska at Omaha by Bruce Heimark May , 1990 UMI Number: EP73016 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Bissertartfon Publishing UMI EP73016 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 THESIS ACCEPTANCE Accepted for the faculty of the Graduate College, University of Nebraska, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts, University of Nebraska at Omaha. Committee Name Department f] 0 ( 2 n .........k/) . *■ / I AI 1 A JX^~Kss/~\ ,Cb/'V'V\ <L i Ls ri i— Chairman a Date TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ................................... iv Abstract ........................... vii INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 CHAPTER I ................................................. 19 CHAPTER I I ................................................. 35 CHAPTER III .............................................. 52 CHAPTER I V ................................................. 91 CHAPTER V ..... 115 CHAPTER V I ................................................. 143 CHAPTER VII .............................................. 174 CONCLUSION . ........................... ..... 221 Appendix I ................................................. 229 Appendix II ................ 232 Appendix I I I .............................................. 240 Bibliography .............................................. 242 i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the wonderful people and organizations that supported me in my work toward a Master of Arts degree in history at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. Operation RYPE is the subject of my thesis submitted in partial completion of that work. A hearty thanks should go to the U.S. Air Force, to which I would gladly return if it chooses to recall me out of retirement to active duty. This retirement has given me the opportunity to complete many projects that had been on the "back burner” for years. I am eternally grateful to those in Congress who designed the best scholarship of them all, the Vietnam Era G.I. Bill, which expired on December 31, 1989. Thanks to this scholarship, I was able to complete my thesis on Operation RYPE. The faculty of the Department of History at the University of Nebraska at Omaha have been very supportive. Specific thanks to Professors Harl A. Dalstrom, Dale A. Gaeddert, Bruce M. Garver, Richard A. Overfield, Oliver Poliak, Jacqueline D. St. John, Michael L. Tate, and Tommy R. Thompson for helping me write acceptable graduate school academic papers. A special thanks to my wife, Nancy, for typing those papers, and tolerating the clutter of reference materials in the "office" and on the dining room table for the past few years. A more wonderful and understanding partner in life cannot be found. My thesis committee consisted of professors Bruce M. Garver, Harl A. Dalstrom at UNO, and Audun Ravnan of the Department of Music at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln. I wanted to do a thesis on the Norwegian Resistance Movement, as I found no full accounting in English in any writings on World War II. Dr. Garver thought that subject would be more appropriate for a doctoral dissertation, and suggested my narrowing my topic. Dr. Dalstrom agreed to become a member of my committee as he knew of my interest in a Scandinavian topic. Dr. Ravnan was born in Bergen, Norway: he experienced the German occupation years during World War II. He was my "Norwegian reader." My grateful thanks to these people to helping me turn out a scholarly product. In his Secret War Report of the O.S.S., Anthony Cave- Brown tipped me off about Operation RYPE, the only American-sponsored sabotage operation in German-occupied Norway during World War II. The O.S.S. Papers were on microfiche in our library, as well as the NORSO (Norwegian Special Operations) activities covering Operation RYPE. In v the belief that some of its participants were still alive to be interviewed, I called the Public Relations Department for the Central Intelligence Agency at Langley, Virginia. The C.I.A. referred me to Geoffrey Jones of the Veterans of the O.S.S. in New York City, who forwarded my letter to William E. Colby, a former director of the C.I.A., who was the leader of Operation RYPE. Mr. Colby called me the next evening to invite me to the forthcoming O.S.S. NORSO Group Reunion in El Paso, Texas during February 3-6, 1989. The O.'S.S. NORSO Group took me under their wing: what a great bunch of old soldiers to work with! I want to thank William Lee (Tex) and Florence Coulehan, Adolph Hogfoss, Borge Langeland, Leif Oistad, William E. Colby, Kai Johansen, Harold Nipe, Alf Paulsen, Morten A. Tuftedal and C. Carlmark Larson for their meaningful inputs to my thesis on Operation RYPE. Also thanks should go to my typist, Patricia Hamilton, who also helped straighten out my English prose. Also thanks to Gaelyn Beal, Editor of the Sons of Norway Viking magazine, for taking an interest in my thesis. If I have overlooked anyone, it was not intentional. Bruce H. Heimark ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the conduct of unconventional warfare as performed by one of the many teams of Allied saboteurs parachuted deep behind enemy lines in German-occupied countries during World War II. The team studied as an example of this type of warfare was the Office of Strategic Services Norwegian Special Operations Group (O.S.S. NORSO Group) in Operation RYPE. Its mission was to disrupt German troop movements in Norway. Its effectiveness will be judged tactically and also in the strategic environment of the Allied war effort, of which it was a part. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, after the fall of France to Nazi Germany in June, 1940, established the Special Operations Executive (S.O.E.) to train refugees from German-occupied nations how to conduct sabotage so they could return to their homelands, "to set Europe ablaze." In the U.S.A., William "Wild Bill" Donovan established the office of Coordinator of Information in 1941 (later to become the Office of Strategic Services in 1943), along with Special Operations (S.O.) equivalent to the British S.O.E.) to train both Americans and European refugees ill the United States in unconventional warfare. The O.S.S. NORSO Group was composed of eighty men, including stranded Norwegian mariners, as well as Americans of Scandinavian descent . They trained in the United States and Great Britain in guerrilla warfare before flying from Scotland in March, 1945, to parachute into northern Norway. The air support for Operation RYPE got off to a very bad start. Of the eighty men trained for the mission, thirty-six were chosen to parachute into Norway. Of these, five were accidentally dropped into neutral Sweden! Ten paratroopers and fourteen airmen were killed trying to get into Norway. The field operations of the RYPE mission went quite well. On April 14, 1945, RYPE destroyed the Nordland Railway bridge at Tangen in the North Trondelag District. Ten days later, RYPE destroyed two-and-one half kilometers in a remote area in the Luru Valley. Upon completion of these sabotage operations, the men successfully outskied the pursuing German ski patrols. The RYPE mission was an unqualified success. In conjunction with other Allied sponsored teams in the area, it helped prevent 150,000 German S.S. mountain troops, then retreating in the face of Russian attacks, from returning to a beleaguered fatherland where Nazi Germany was about to collapse. Important lessons were learned by the O.S.S. from the RYPE mission as to its composition for future operations and they are still evident in special forces doctrine as we move into the 1990s. The planners of Operation RYPE did not take Murphy’s Law into consideration: if something can go wrong, it will. Planners o± future special forces operations must anticipate the worst in difficult missions and be cautious in assigning brave men to them. INTRODUCTION GENERAL SUMMARY OF OPERATION RYPE Operation RYPE was one of many successful sabotage actions conducted by Allied teams against the Axis powers during World War II. RYPE (named for the white grouse that would changes its color to brown in summer) was no isolated / case of sabotage. It was part of a grand Allied scheme of unconventional military actions against the Axis,all of which were carefully orchestrated by Allied Joint Commanders from London and Washington. The RYPE team began training in 1943 at Camp Hale, Colorado and completed its missions in Norway in June, 1945.
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