Timeline - May 1940
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Late-Medieval France
Late-Medieval France: A Nation under Construction A study of French national identity formation and the emerging of national consciousness, before and during the Hundred Years War, 1200-1453 Job van den Broek MA History of Politics and Society Dr. Christian Wicke Utrecht University 22 June 2020 Word count: 13.738 2 “Ah! Doulce France! Amie, je te lairay briefment”1 -Attributed to Bertrand du Guesclin, 1380 Images on front page: The kings of France, England, Navarre and the duke of Burgundy (as Count of Charolais), as depicted in the Grand Armorial Équestre de la Toison d’Or, 1435- 1438. 1 Cuvelier in Charrière, volume 2, pp 320. ”Ah, sweet France, my friend, I must leave you very soon.” Translation my own. 2 3 Abstract Whether nations and nationalism are ancient or more recent phenomena is one of the core debates of nationalism studies. Since the 1980’s, modernism, claiming that nations are distinctively modern, has been the dominant view. In this thesis, I challenge this dominant view by doing an extensive case-study into late-medieval France, applying modernist definitions and approaches to a pre-modern era. France has by many regarded as one of the ‘founding fathers’ of the club of nations and has a long and rich history and thus makes a case-study for such an endeavour. I start with mapping the field of French identity formation in the thirteenth century, which mostly revolved around the royal court in Paris. With that established, I move on to the Hundred Years War and the consequences of this war for French identity. -
Western Europe 1939-1945: Invasion
WESTERN EUROPE 1939-1945: INVASION INVASION: TASK INSTRUCTIONS The key question: How worried was Britain about invasion 1940-41? Your task In this investigation your task is to study the sources in this box. Decide how worried you think the British government was at the time for each source. You can use a colour code to indicate the extent of the threat (the US government uses this scale today). Use the table to record your views. How worried was Britain about invasion 1940-41? This drawing suggests Britain was confident that Hitler would never be able to invade. But was this just a brave front? This image is a piece of propaganda produced by the British government in the summer of 1940. The basic message is that Hitler is "all talk" and that Britain will easily drive him back if he tries to invade. A caption would have been added later. The question for us in this investigation is whether the British government really was this confident. Look at the other documents here and decide for yourself. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/ Page 1 WESTERN EUROPE 1939-1945: INVASION A drawing produced by the British Ministry of Information in the early stages of the war Catalogue ref: INF 3/1436 Source a http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/ Page 2 WESTERN EUROPE 1939-1945: INVASION Source b What is this source? An artist working for the British Ministry of Information during the war produced this drawing. It might have been used for pamphlets, magazines or posters. The Ministry of Information published thousands of pieces of propaganda during the war. -
Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera: Finding Aid
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8q52v6j No online items Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera: Finding Aid Finding aid prepared by K. Peck. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Rare Books Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 2015 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: 609303 1 Printed Materials and Ephemera: Finding Ai... Overview of the Collection Title: Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera Dates (inclusive): 1902-2010 Bulk dates: 1930-1966 Collection Number: 609303 Compiler: Zoller, Curt J., 1920-2014 Extent: approximately 550 items in 17 boxes, 2 oversized folders, and 1 bound volume. Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Rare Books Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: The Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera contains approximately 550 items related to British statesman Winston Churchill (1874-1965). The items date from 1902 to 2010 and consist of articles from a variety of periodicals by and about Churchill, the text of speeches delivered by Churchill, ephemera, audio and visual materials, and printed World War II propaganda in a variety of languages. Language: Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Luxembourgish, and Norwegian. Note: Finding aid last updated on August 28, 2015. Access The collection is open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. -
English Reactions to the Franco-Prussian War Andrew Mcginnis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Honors Program Theses and Projects Undergraduate Honors Program 12-17-2015 A Snapshot in Time: English Reactions to the Franco-Prussian War Andrew McGinnis Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation McGinnis, Andrew. (2015). A Snapshot in Time: English Reactions to the Franco-Prussian War. In BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects. Item 125. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/125 Copyright © 2015 Andrew McGinnis This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. A Snapshot in Time: English Reactions to the Franco-Prussian War Andrew McGinnis Submitted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for Commonwealth Honors in History Bridgewater State University December 17, 2015 Dr. Leonid Heretz, Thesis Director Dr. Thomas Nester, Committee Member Dr. Sarah Wiggins, Committee Member A Snapshot in Time: English Reactions to the Franco-Prussian War Andrew McGinnis 13 December 2015 2 The decade culminating in 1871 was filled with turmoil and forceful politics that united Germany under Prussian control. The major event that completed this process was the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-1871. This war led to a change in the status quo. It both weakened France’s power and strengthened the legitimacy of a unified Germany under Prussia. In the 19th Century, Great Britain was the dominant country in European power politics. -
Allied Relations and Negotiations with Spain A
Allied Relations and Negotiations With Spain A. From Spanish "Non-Belligerency" to Spanish Neutrality1 Shortly after the outbreak of the War in September 1939, Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco released an official decree of neutrality in the conflict, despite his open ideological affinity with the Axis leaders who had provided him with critical support in the Spanish Civil War. Nevertheless, he hovered on the brink of intervention on the side of the Axis through much of 1940 and 1941, and even contributed a force of Spanish volunteers estimated to be as many as 40,000, known as the Blue Division, which served as the German 250th Division on the Russian Front from mid-1941 until October 1943. The possibility of Spanish belligerency was premised on an early German victory over Britain and on German agreement to Spanish territorial expansion in Africa into French Morocco and perhaps even in Europe at the expense its neighbors, Vichy France and neutral Portugal. The United States and Britain joined in a continuing effort to keep Franco's Spain out of the War by providing essential exports like gasoline and grain to prop up the Spanish economy, which had been in a state of collapse since the end of the Spanish Civil War. The close ideological and political ties between the Franco dictatorship and those of Germany and Italy were never misapprehended by the United States and Britain. After 1941 Spain drifted gradually from imminent belligerency toward a demonstratively pro-Axis neutrality. Spain cooperated with the Allies in humanitarian efforts, allowing safe passage through Spain of downed Allied fliers, escaped Allied prisoners, and civilian refugees, including Jews.2 The nature of Spain's neutrality in World War II turned in significant measure on Allied and Spanish perceptions of the danger of German invasion. -
WHO's WHO in the WAR in EUROPE the War in Europe 7 CHARLES DE GAULLE
who’s Who in the War in Europe (National Archives and Records Administration, 342-FH-3A-20068.) POLITICAL LEADERS Allies FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT When World War II began, many Americans strongly opposed involvement in foreign conflicts. President Roosevelt maintained official USneutrality but supported measures like the Lend-Lease Act, which provided invaluable aid to countries battling Axis aggression. After Pearl Harbor and Germany’s declaration of war on the United States, Roosevelt rallied the country to fight the Axis powers as part of the Grand Alliance with Great Britain and the Soviet Union. (Image: Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-128765.) WINSTON CHURCHILL In the 1930s, Churchill fiercely opposed Westernappeasement of Nazi Germany. He became prime minister in May 1940 following a German blitzkrieg (lightning war) against Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. He then played a pivotal role in building a global alliance to stop the German juggernaut. One of the greatest orators of the century, Churchill raised the spirits of his countrymen through the war’s darkest days as Germany threatened to invade Great Britain and unleashed a devastating nighttime bombing program on London and other major cities. (Image: Library of Congress, LC-USW33-019093-C.) JOSEPH STALIN Stalin rose through the ranks of the Communist Party to emerge as the absolute ruler of the Soviet Union. In the 1930s, he conducted a reign of terror against his political opponents, including much of the country’s top military leadership. His purge of Red Army generals suspected of being disloyal to him left his country desperately unprepared when Germany invaded in June 1941. -
World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C. -
Military Operations Netherlands
MILITARY OPERATIONS in the NETHERLANDS from 10th - 17th May, 1940 described by P.L.G. DOORMAN, O.B.E. Colonel of the Dutch General Staff Based upon material and data in the possession of the Netherlands Department of War in London Translated from the Dutch by S.L. Salzedo Published for THE NETHERLANDS GOVERNMENT INFORMATION BUREAU by GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD First published in June 1944 Second impression November 1944 THIS BOOK IS PRODUCED IN COMPLETE CONFORMITY WITH THE AUTHORIZED ECONOMY STANDARDS Printed in Great Britain by Gilling and Sons Ltd., Guildford and Esher CONTENTS PREFACE............................................................................................................. 3 FOREWORD ......................................................................................................... 3 I. THE TASK OF THE NETHERLANDS ARMED FORCES................................................. 4 II. THE FORCES AT THE DISPOSAL OF THE KINGDOM ............................................... 4 III. THE GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTER OF THE NETHERLANDS FROM THE MILITARY STANDPOINT ....................................................................................................... 9 IV. THE NETHERLANDS PLAN OF OPERATIONS ....................................................... 12 V. CONSIDERATIONS IN RELATION TO THE NETHERLANDS PLAN OF OPERATIONS ...... 16 VI. EVENTS SHORTLY BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF THE CONFLICT ............................. 19 VII. THE GERMAN PLAN OF OPERATIONS.............................................................. -
'They Shall Reap the Whirlwind': How Churchill Harnessed Christianity In
‘They shall reap the whirlwind’: how Churchill harnessed Christianity in the service of war democraticaudit.com /2016/12/20/they-shall-reap-the-whirlwind-how-churchill-harnessed-christianity-in-the- service-of-war/ By Democratic Audit UK 2016-12-20 For centuries the Church of England buttressed a sense of Christian nationhood – which was ably deployed during the second world war by Winston Churchill. In this exclusive extract from his book The Evolution of the West, Nick Spencer explains how Churchill, who lost his faith for a while, nonetheless drew on the Bible to defend ‘Christian civilisation’. Bishop Bell of Chichester, who protested at the bombing of civilian populations in Germany, lost out on the Archbishopric of Canterbury as a result. The ruins of Coventry Cathedral, bombed in the Blitz. Photo: XTrillion via a CC-BY 2.0 licence A deep sense of Christian nationhood is but a vague memory to most people living today, but it is worth noting that it was anything but vague or a memory as recently as 70 years ago. Winston Churchill ended first broadcast to the nation as Prime Minister, on 19 May 1940 with the following words: “Today is Trinity Sunday. Centuries ago words were written to be a call and a spur to the faithful servants of Truth and Justice: ‘Arm yourselves, and be ye men of valour, and be in readiness for the conflict; for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the outrage of our nation and our altar. As the Will of God is in Heaven, even so let it be.” The text he quoted to rouse his people was from 1 Maccabees 3:58-60, a book confined to the English Apocrypha since the Reformation. -
Debating Cannae: Delbrück, Schlieffen, and the Great War Andrew Loren Jones East Tennessee State University
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2014 Debating Cannae: Delbrück, Schlieffen, and the Great War Andrew Loren Jones East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Jones, Andrew Loren, "Debating Cannae: Delbrück, Schlieffen, and the Great War" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2387. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2387 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Debating Cannae: Delbrück, Schlieffen, and the Great War ___________________________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History ________________________________________ by Andrew L. Jones May 2014 ________________________________________ Dr. Stephen G. Fritz, Chair Dr. Dinah Mayo-Bobee Dr. John M. Rankin Keywords: Nationalism, Delbrück, Schlieffen, German War Planning, Germany, Sedan, Moltke, War Enthusiasm, German Wars of Unification, World War I ABSTRACT Debating Cannae: Delbrück, Schlieffen, and the Great War by Andrew L. Jones Debating Cannae: Delbrück, Schlieffen, and the Great War provides the reader a view of the historical struggle between Alfred von Schlieffen and Hans Delbrück. They argued fiercely about the foundation of the German Empire and the use of history. -
The Battle of Britain, 1945–1965 : the Air Ministry and the Few / Garry Campion
Copyrighted material – 978–0–230–28454–8 © Garry Campion 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–28454–8 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. -
The French Military During 1870
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1964 The rF ench military during 1870,: in light of the tradition and strategy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Robert Fernand Forest University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Forest, Robert Fernand, "The rF ench military during 1870,: in light of the tradition and strategy of Napoleon Bonaparte." (1964). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 1519. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1519 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITORY THE FRENCH MILITARY DURING 1870 IN LIGHT OF THE TRADITION AND STRiVTEGY OF NAPOLEON 30NAPi\RTE by Robert F. Forest B.S.E. Westfield State College M.Ed. University of Massachusetts Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. University of Massachusetts, Amherst May, 1964 In the preparation of this paper, I am indebted to my wife, Barbara, for her patience and assistance and to Paul A, Gagnon, whose guidance and suggestions were indispensable for the completion of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. NAPOLEONIC ARMIES ... ' • »••• 3 III. CHANGES FROM NaPOLEON I TO 1870 13 Changes in Prussia 13 Material and Technological Developments ....oo,. •••• 20 Changes in French Military Doctrine Before 1851 26 Changes During the Second Empire , 32 IV.