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Tuhoe and the Government in the 1890S Resulted in the Urewera

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Tuhoe and the Government in the 1890S Resulted in the Urewera Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Tuboe and the Gooernment: A Question of Autonomy Nicola Bright A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History Massey University 1997 Abstract Tuhoe were the last iwi to experience substantially the institutions of government authority. The negotiations between Tuhoe and the government in the 1890s resulted in the Urewera District Native Reserve Act, 1896 through which, as a matter of expediency the govemment appeared to grant Tuhoe a measure of autonomy. For Tuhoe the 1896 Act seemed to be a measure which would enable them to retain their autonomy, improve their economy, and adapt to the increasing contact with Pakeha society and institutions on their own terms. Tuhoe agreed to the 1896 Act because they understood it would benefit them. However, their expectations, and the promise of the Act remained unfulfilled. The 1896 Act became the means by which the government was able to extend government authority to the rohe, and eventually to alienate Te Urewera land. This thesis studies the pressures, expectations and actions of both Tuhoe and the govemment, and is an account of the Tuhoe struggle to remain autonomous, and the way in which the govemment failed to fulfill Tuhoe aspirations. 'He kotahi na Tuhoe ka kata te po' Acknowledgements Ko Taiarabia Te Maunga, Ko Ohinemataroa Te Awa, Ko Maaatua Te Vaka, Ko Tuhoe Te lwi I would like to express my thanks to the people without whom I would not have finished this thesis. I am especially indebted to my thesis supervisor Hazel Riseborough for her encouragement and assistance in the form of suggestions and corrections to my thesis drafts. I am also obliged to Ralph Johnson and Kate Riddell for their comments and editing skills. Thank youto Noel Hanis for the great map, and to Aroha Waetford who helped with all the last minute details. And finally I would like to acknowledge the support and patience of my family and friends who have made this task easier to complete. Table of Contents Abstract I Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iii Maps iv Abbreviations v Introduction I Chapter One: Adjusting to a Foreign Culture l3 Chapter Two: Legal Recognition of Tuhoe Autonomy 32 Chapter Three: Pressures and True Intentions: 47 The 'Opening Up' of Te Urewera Chapter Four: Expectations and Consequences: The Urewera District Native Reserve 69 Conclusion 103 Bibliography 106 lll Maps Urewera District Native Reserve and Surroundine Area 79 Urewera District Native Reserve Block Boundaries. 1907 88 lv Abbreviations AGGHB Agent General Government, Hawke's Bay AJHR Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives AJLC Appendices to the Journals of the Legislative Council DOSLI Department of Survey and Land Information doc document CL Crown Law IA Internal Affairs Justice Department LE Leeislative LS Lands and Survey M Marine MA Maori Affairs NZ Gazette New Zealand Government Gazette NZIH New Zealand Journal of History NZ Jur (NS) SC New Zealand Jurist Reports, New Series, Supreme Court NZPD New Zealand Parliamentary Debates T Tourist Department Wai Waitanei Tribunal Introduction The right to Maori self-govemment or tino rangatiratanga, has been continually undermined by the government since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. As soon as Pakeha were in a position to enforce their laws they did so to the detriment of Maori traditional authorities. The wars of the 1860s and 1870s saw the government attempting to impose their authority over Maori by force in order to control the land. The 1880s and 1890s were decades of rapid change which saw a rethinking of Maori-Pakeha relationships by both peoples. In Te Rohe Potae o Tuhoe, political activity both within and outside of the rohe, the ways other iwi were dealing with colonisation, and the pressing need to secure their land and their future influenced the way Tuhoe reacted to pressure from the government to 'open' their lands.' A distinctive kind of leadership, one based on a group concept rather than a single leader, made the Tuhoe relationship with the government a unique one.' Before the 1870s, Pakeha had shown little interest in settling or utilising land in Te Rohe Potae o Tuhoe. Then, when it seemed profitable to have access to Te Urewera to exploit resources and settle the outer lands the government began to pressure Tuhoe to 'open' the rohe. However, there was no practical or 'safe' way of achieving this until the govemment passed special legislation in 1896. The Urewera District Native Reserve Act, 1896 provided the basic means of entry for government authorities into Te Urewera. The 1896 Act was portrayed by the government as a concession to Tuhoe and their desire to retain their autonomy, however, it merely put in place the processes that would in the future provide for the alienation of Te Urewera land. This thesis will explore the factors that prompted the creation of the Urewera District Native Reserve Act, 1896, the purpose and effects of the Act, and its eventual repeal. In doing so the See W. Milroy and H. Melbourne, 'Te Roi O Te Whenua' Tuhoe Claims under the Treaty before the Waitangi Tribunal (Wai 36 record of documents, doc A4), on the evolution of the Tuhoe identity and the formation of Te Rohe Potae o Tuhoe, pp.82-84. ln the nineteenth century the iwi was commonly referred to as Tuhoe or Urewera. Te Urewera is also the name of the area known as Te Rohe Potae o Tuhoe. thesis will show that the 1896 Act guaranteed to Tuhoe merely the illusion of autonomy in exchange for land and acceptance of government authority. The 1896 Act supposedly conferred local autonomy within Te Urewera, but the government only tolerated this limited power for as long as it took to acquire direct control over the land. Even so, the factors that motivated the creation of this Act cannot be identified in a simple 'cause and effect' scenario. Tuhoe were not passive observers as the government decided their future for them, and in contrast with treatment given to other iwi, the concessions that Tuhoe gained were groundbreaking for the time. The struggle of Tuhoe with the government to retain the rangatiratanga promised them by the Treaty of Waitangi may be compared to the situation in the King Country. Here the govemment made concessions to Ngati Maniapoto in order to begin surveys of the rohe, but any benefits the iwi might have expected were temporary and merely a prelude to land loss.' A combination of primary and secondary sources are used to support this thesis. Archival records including private, unpublished texts have been used in conjunction with official published sources to interpret events. The value of these sources is that despite the fact that the majority are based on the observations of government officials, the very prejudices of these officials and the lines of policy they supported are enlightening, and clarify the often vaguely defined concems of the average colonial,o and of Tuhoe to a certain degree. One can also tell as much from what the officials do not say, as from what they do, when the documents are read in conjunction with the records of Tuhoe correspondence and meetings with such officials in the form of letters, memos, petitions and telegrams, and when taken in context with the social, economic, and political pressures shaping events. It is the contention of this thesis that a picture of government policy conceming Te Urewera and Tuhoe, with some representation of what Tuhoe themselves aspired to in terms of their autonomy and their land, can be constructed from these sources.'The thesis interprets the actions of Tuhoe as far T. Adams, N. Te Uira, and A. Parsonson, "'Behold A Kite Flies Towards You": The Kingitanga and the "Opening" of the King Country', NZJH, vol. 31, No.l, April 1997, p. I15. In this context. 'colonial'refers to Pakeha settlers. Generally there have always been exceptions where an individual's views have not matched those of the rest of settler society, or vice versa, of Maori society. This thesis recognises those as they can be determined without the benefit of oral sources. Relatively few works have been written that focus solely on the Urewera region. The historiography to date has come from such writers as Elsdon Best, Judith Binney, and Peter Webster. The most recent additions are in the form of reports by Wharehuia Milroy and others, submitted to the Waitangi Tribunal in support of claims. The approach taken to writing in these works has changed over time as perceptions have changed, more information has become available, and certain issues have proved to be worthy of more in depth research. The viewpoints range from Elsdon Best's observations as an early twentieth century Pakeha ethnographer,6 to those of Wharehuia Milroy as a Tuhoe researcher and writer of the history of claims of injustice committed by the Crown.T Few Maori, and even fewer Tuhoe historians have published work on the history of Te Urewera. It is essential that Tuhoe participate in the rediscovery of their history so that a more comprehensive and accurate picture can be formed. The approach taken in the writing of this thesis differs from that of previous works because of its focus, and the organisation of the issues. The purpose of the thesis is not to determine the internal workings of Tuhoe authority, but to explore the issue of autonomy in the framework of the Tuhoe relationship with the government.
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