Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. I Mārama te Rironga ko a te Kuīni The Waipukurau Purchase and the Subsequent Consequences on Central Hawke’s Bay Māori to 1900. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University Manawatū, New Zealand Michael Allan Hunter 2019 i Abstract In 1820s and 1830s Māori from Central Hawke’s Bay came into contact with Pākehā for the first time and they began to trade. From this contact they began to see the benefits of Pākehā. So they requested the government to establish a Pākehā settlement and offered land for sale. Land was purchased at Waipukurau on 4 November 1851. Donald McLean made sweeping promises of benefits and riches when the deed was signed however these benefits and riches would never come to the Māori of Central Hawke’s Bay. The Waipukurau purchase opened the door for more purchases. The Māori of Central Hawke’s Bay began alienating their land. First through direct purchasing with Donald McLean then through the Native Land Court. Māori would soon find themselves in debt which would lead to the Hawke’s Bay Native Lands Alienation Commission 1873. Central Hawke’s Bay Māori emerged as leaders of the Repudiation Movement of the 1870s and then the Kotahitanga Māori Parliament of the 1890s in order to fight for their lost lands. In 2015 Māori of Central Hawke’s Bay along with Heretaunga Māori settled their Treaty of Waitangi claim with the Crown. However, because they went straight to negotiations, a full report by the Waitangi Tribunal was never completed. This thesis demonstrates a long term and irrevocable effect of the Waipukurau purchase for the iwi and hapū concerned. ii Acknowledgements Firstly I would like to thank my two supervisors Michael Belgrave and Peter Meihana, this thesis would not be possible without their help, knowledge and guidance. I would also like to thank the Waikato Tainui Trust Board, Manaiapoto Māori Trust Board, Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi and Te Taiwhenua O Heretaunga for the scholarships which made this thesis possible. I must thank a Central Hawke’s Bay kaumāuta Professor Roger Maaka, the discussions we had help me come up with the idea of this thesis, and he also took the time to read over some sections and provide feedback. Lastly I offer my sincere thanks to my whānau, especially my wife Jodie, who is now more knowledgeable in the History of Central Hawke’s Bay after spending many hours proof reading and having put up with me having discussions about the Waipukurau purchase. And my children William, Riley and Elise who are now unintentionally well versed in the Waipukurau purchase and their tipuna. Michael Hunter. iii Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... ii List of Illustrations ....................................................................................................................... iv Glossary of Māori Terms .............................................................................................................. v Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One - ‘Te Hāpuku’s Block’ ........................................................................................... 18 Chapter Two - Ngā Hoko Tāhae Tuku Hē .................................................................................. 42 Chapter Three - Kōti Whakawā Whenua Māori ......................................................................... 58 Chapter Four - Ka whawhai Tonu Mātou ................................................................................... 80 Chapter Five - Te Taiao ki Tamatea .......................................................................................... 106 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 122 Appendix One ........................................................................................................................... 130 Appendix Two........................................................................................................................... 131 Appendix Three ........................................................................................................................ 145 Appendix Four .......................................................................................................................... 149 Appendix Five .......................................................................................................................... 152 Appendix Six ............................................................................................................................ 155 Appendix Seven ........................................................................................................................ 160 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 167 iv List of Illustrations Figure 1: Map of Hawke's Bay ......................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Donald McLean’s 1851 Purchases .................................................................... 5 Figure 3: Te Hāpuku ....................................................................................................... 23 Figure 4: Donald McLean .............................................................................................. 27 Figure 5:Waipukurau Pā ................................................................................................. 33 Figure 6: Ngā Hoko Tāhae Tuku Hē blocks ................................................................... 57 Figure 7: Pāora Rōpiha ................................................................................................... 90 Figure 8: Repudiation Party............................................................................................ 95 Figure 9: Hēnare Mātua .................................................................................................. 96 Figure 10: Karaitiana Takimoana ................................................................................... 97 Figure 11: Henry Russell ................................................................................................ 98 Figure 12:- Hōri Rōpiha ............................................................................................... 103 Figure 13: Shearing Gang at Hinerangi Station Central Hawke's Bay ......................... 115 v Glossary of Māori Terms Ahi kā Burning fires of occupation, continuous occupation Hapū Kinship group Heke Migrate, move Hui Assemble, meet Iwi Extended kinship group, tribe Kāinga Village Kaumāuta Elder Kōrero Talk Mahinga kai Garden, cultivation, food-gathering place. Mana Power and status Mākutu To inflict physical and psychological harm Pā fortified village Pākehā Foreign, European Rāhui Temporary ritual prohibition Rangatira High ranking, chiefly Rohe District, region, territory Rongoā Remedy, medicine Tangi Rite for the dead, funeral Tipuna Ancestors Taua War party Utu Avenge Whānau Family Whānaunga Relation 1 Introduction Ko Takitimu te waka Ko Ngāti Kahungunu te iwi Ko Ruahine te maunga Ko Makaretū te awa Ko Whatumā te waiū Ko Ruataniwha te mānia Ko Te Rangitotohu te tangata Ko Ngāti Mārau te hapū Ko Rākautātahi me Tapairu te marae Ko Michael Hunter tāku ingoa This thesis examines the Waipukurau purchase and the consequences on Central Hawke’s Bay Māori from the time of purchase in 1851 to 1900. The Waipukurau purchase was to change the lives and environment of the Central Hawke’s Bay Māori and their descendants. There is no single study of the Waipukurau purchase instead the purchase has been included in regional Waitangi Tribunal Reports and mentioned in general histories of Hawke’s Bay. The Waipukurau block is located in Central Hawke’s Bay on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. To Ngāti Kahungunu Māori, Central Hawke’s Bay is known as Tamatea. 2 Figure 1: Map of Hawke's Bay – Google Maps 2019 The inspiration for this thesis comes from He Toa Takitini Treaty of Waitangi claim. This claim was a joint clam by the hapū of Heretaunga and Tamatea rohe of the Ngāti Kahungunu iwi. I attended the ratification hui, voted and attended the signing of the deed of settlement at Te Aute College in July 2015. I was intrigued with how this specific claim affected my hapū Ngāti Mārau. I asked my marae representative about the claim and settlement and I was told that our interests were in Lake Whatumā, Aorangi (Takapau), ngā hoko tāhae tuku hē (the secret purchases of 1854-55) and the Native Land Court. All of these issues stemmed from the Waipukurau purchase. I had a discussion with Roger Maaka, a kaumātua and former Waitangi Tribunal member, on why I could not find any in depth report on the He Toa Takitini claim. I discovered that it was because He Toa Takitini voted to enter into direct negotiations rather than going through the