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Surveying Hineipaketia Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Surveying Hineipaketia The Politics of Power, Rank and Gender in Nineteenth Century Hawke’s Bay A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University Kerry Conlon 2014 i Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge and thank my supervisor Geoff Watson for his diligence and guidance and Patrick Parsons who generously shared his invaluable knowledge of whakapapa and the tribal history of Hawke’s Bay and provided access to his archives amassed over forty years. I also wish to thank Ngati Whatuiapiti kaumatua Jerry Hapuku and David Hapuku for their timely and invaluable assistance and Sir Hirini Moko Mead and Lady June Mead for their generous support and assistance in translating letters and articles. Particular thanks must go to my partner David Mackintosh for his ongoing support. ii Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ i Contents .............................................................................................................. ii Glossary .............................................................................................................. iii List of Illustrations .............................................................................................. iv Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 ‘The Mana of All I Have Named Was Under Hers’: Rank and Rights .................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 ‘Flattery and Kind Words’: The ‘Queen’ the ‘Fish’ and ‘Makarini’ .......... 43 Chapter 3 ‘I Liked His Money and He Liked My Land’: Division and Debt ............... 82 Chapter 4 Sad, Sore, and Depressed: The Consequences of ‘Succeeding’ .................. 104 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 116 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 121 iii Glossary of Maori Terms Ariki Paramount chief Kaiuku Eat clay Kaumatua Elder Kawanatanga Governance Komiti Committee Mana Power or authority Ohaki Verbal of wishes and intentions when near death Pana expel or drive out Rangatira Chief Raruraru Trouble, commotion or problem Riripi Paste Runanga Tribal Council Tapu Sacred or restricted Taua War party Teina Younger, usually in reference to a sibling or cousin Wairua Spirit Whangai Adoption - usually of a related child iv List of Illustrations Figure 1. Whakapapa of Hineipaketia ................................................................................. 16 Information supplied by Patrick Parsons Figure 2. Te Pakake ............................................................................................................... 24 Rhodes, Joseph, 1826-1905. [Rhodes, Joseph] 1826-1905: Ahuriri harbour and roadstead. [1850s]. Ref: A-159-033. Alexander Turnbull Library Wellington, New Zealand. Figure 3. Whakapapa of the Principal Male Chiefs 1850s ................................................. 50 Patrick Parsons Figure 4. Portrait of Hineipaketia, Puhara Hawaikirangi, Te Urihe, Arihi Te Nahu, Hinerangia, and Patuware ........................................................................................ 64 Hineipaketia, Puhara Hawaikirangi, Arihi Te Nahu, Te Urihe, Puhara’s daughter Hinerangia (wife of Te Hapuku), and her daughter Patuware. Robert Park 1812-1870. Ref: A-114-012 Alexander Turnbull Library Wellington, New Zealand. Figure 5. Arihi Te Nahu ........................................................................................................ 86 Portrait of Arihi Te Nahu Ref: PA2-1714 Alexander Turnbull Library Wellington, New Zealand. Figure 6. Te Hapuku .............................................................................................................. 96 Portrait of Te Hapuku 1870s Patrick Parsons Private Collection Figure 7. Whakapapa of the Principal Female Chiefs 1890 ............................................. 115 Patrick Parsons 1 Introduction This thesis examines the involvement of Hineipaketia Te Hei in the sale of and succession to tribal land that she exercised authority over in Hawke’s Bay during the nineteenth century. Little has been written about Hineipaketia and she has for the most part been ignored in written historical accounts. At best she is a shadowy figure attached to the better known figure of Te Hapuku who was effectively the ‘government agent’. Hineipaketia had ultimate authority over large tracts of land, which without her assent could not have been purchased by the Crown. In written sources she is viewed as a woman of high rank who had authority over and was eager to sell as much land as possible. Hineipaketia, Te Hapuku and Hori Niania Te Aroatua, are considered to be responsible for the wholesale disposal of large tracts of land. However the process by which the land was sold needs to be placed in the context of the times. Hineipaketia descends from Ngati Te Whatuiapiti, Ngati Te Rangikoianake, Ngai Tahu o Takapau and Ngati Kahungunu. Hineipaketia was senior in rank to her older relative Te Hapuku with whom she maintained a close relationship throughout her life, and her younger relative Hori Niania Te Aroatua. She was also known variously or referred to as Te Kuini, Te Hei, Henerieta Te Hei, Heipora1, and Tia. The catalyst for writing this thesis was an assertion made some years ago that our whanau descend from Hineipaketia Te Hei. I am of Ngai Tahu o Te Waipounamu descent and my wahine tipuna is Riria Taihekeheke. Her mother2 was Hineipaketia and when I was informed that the Hineipaketia our whanau descend from was the ‘Queen of Heretaunga’ I began researching her. An article to this effect appeared in the Ngai Tahu magazine Te Karaka, in 2002. Hineipaketia of Te Waipounamu whom our whanau descend from has a different whakapapa from Hineipaketia of Hawke’s Bay.3 The whakapapa in Te Karaka was that of Hineipaketia of Te Waipounamu, but the accompanying story combined elements of the stories of both 1 This is likely to have been because of her close association with Te Hapuku’s wife Te Heipora. 2 Some oral histories record Hineipaketia as the grandmother of Riria Taihekeheke. 3 Hinepaketia of Te Waipounamu is a daughter of Te Rangipake and Mihiteata. Hine-i-paketia Te Hei is a daughter of Hihipa Te Nahu and Hineiwhakwhiwhia, a daughter of Te Rangikoianake’s son Te Kikiri. 2 women.4 Ngati Te Whatuiapiti oral history appears to support the story. According to oral history, Hineipaketia and Te Hapuku’s wife, Te Heipora, were taken to the Wairarapa as a place of refuge after the battles at Roto-a-Tara. From there it is said Hineipaketia was taken to Kaikoura, Te Waipounamu.5 My wahine tipuna Riria Taihekeheke was born in Kaikoura in 1826 and kidnapped by Te Rauparaha in 1828. Oral history has more importance for tangata whenua than written accounts which are generally viewed as selective and habitually positioned in a political, social, or economic context for a particular purpose. The wairua or spirit of history assumes a much more important role than written history. Hineipaketia was married at least twice, to Puhara Hawaikirangi and later Nepia Hapuku, the son of Te Hapuku and Te Heipora, but according to oral and archival sources she had no children. She adopted her near relative Arihi Te Nahu6 who was born on 24 January 1851.7 Arihi was the eldest child of Te Hapuku’s eldest son Karanema and Te Urihe.8 Arihi recounted in 1891 that Hineipaketia had adopted her while she was still a suckling and took her away and reared her at Te Whakatu and Pakowhai.9 Arihi succeeded to a substantial proportion of Hineipaketia’s interests some ten years before Hineipaketia’s death. Arihi and another relative Tangatake Hapuku succeeded to the Hineipaketia’s remaining interests in the years after her death in 1891. By looking at the role played by Hineipaketia in the context of the events and era that she lived through, some balance may be added to the existing historiography that 4 Kelvin Parker and Lyall Stichbury, "John Graham Parker," Te Karaka 20 Raumati/Summer(2002): p.15. 5 This is the Ngati Te Whatuiapiti oral history that has been hand down as recounted by kaumatua Jerry Hapuku. 6She was also known as Arihi Te Heipora, Arihi Te Urihe and later Princess Alice. See JLCDNZ, "Further Report from the Commissioner Under the Native Lands Frauds Prevention Act, 1870," Journals of the Legislative Council of the Dominion of New Zealand (1872): p.19. 7Journal entry dated 24 January 1851. William Colenso, Journals of William Colenso 1841-1854 (Dunedin: Hocken Library MS-0064). 8 According to Hineipaketia, Karanema and Te Urihe had married while they were all cultivating at Te Karamu. Arihi Te Nahu’s younger brother was known as Hapuku Te Nahu and Hapuku Paku. Evidence given by Hineipaketia at the Te Karamu hearing in 1888. Napier Minute Book 14, pp.269- 70. 9 Napier Minute Book 26 A, p.314. 3 focuses on male rangatira and ariki.10 The central argument of this thesis is that rank and the related preservation of mana, not gender, determined the extent that a person
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