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William Colenso's Māori-English Lexicon

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William Colenso's Māori-English Lexicon William Colenso’s Māori-English Lexicon by Charlotte Frances Thompson Darling A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Victoria University of Wellington (2018) 1 Abstract William Colenso, one of Victorian New Zealand’s most accomplished polymaths, is remembered best as a printer, a defrocked missionary, botanist, and politician. Up till now, his role as a lexicographer has been largely neglected. His major biographies touch only briefly on his attempt to compile a Māori- English dictionary while Colenso himself spent 30 years on this project. His Lexicon, published the year before his death, is only the incomplete letter A of Māori to English and a handful of pages of English to Māori. The neglect by Colenso’s biographers is a surprising omission given the length of time Colenso spent on his Lexicon, the amount of extant material that relates to it, and the richness of the Lexicon itself as a resource. This thesis asks what William Colenso’s Maori-English Lexicon contribute to our understanding of Colenso’s life, and about the history of language in New Zealand? In chapter one, a brief outline of Colenso’s roles as a missionary, a botanist, a school inspector and a politician establish important biographical context for considering his attempt to compile a Lexicon. The main resource drawn upon is the 30 years’ worth of correspondence between Colenso and the New Zealand government relating to the Lexicon, which affords an overview of the project. The Lexicon itself is a rich resource. In chapter two, I have drawn on a methodology suggested by Ogilvie and Coleman in their paper Forensic Lexicography in order to interrogate the Lexicon. Lastly, in chapter three, themes and discourses found in the archive are considered. Examining the Lexicon demonstrates how rich of a resource it is. The findings establish the wealth of information that the Lexicon can contribute to historical lexicography, and the history of linguistics in New Zealand. Colenso is revealed a ‘splitter’ in his lexicography, just as he was in his botany. He overwhelmingly drew on printed sources as citations when compiling his Lexicon, which raises questions about what ‘authority’ means when recording a language with an oral tradition. Te reo Māori was a means for Colenso to access many aspects of te ao Māori. The Lexicon also reveals Colenso as a life-long language learner. The archive reveals Colenso as man deeply anxious about his professional standing. His insistence on what he referred to as fair and reasonable remuneration is an insistence on the worth of his knowledge. This thesis argues that Colenso’s Lexicon is a product of language contact and cultural exchange. And it is a window into Colenso’s life as a man who learnt another language. 2 Ehara taku toa i te toa takitahi, engari he toa takitini To Sydney Shep; who gave me this opportunity, and supported me throughout. To Lydia Wevers; who guided me, and was very patient. To Jessica La, Chelsea Torrance and Ethan McKenzie; who can commiserate. To Mum and Dad; who are very proud. And to my loving husband, Gareth; who made me think I could in the first place. 3 A different language is a different vision of life Fredrico Fellini I have found the work I undertook to execute to be far more difficult and tedious than I have anticipated William Colenso 4 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter One; Colenso and the Archive ........................................................................................................................... 12 Biographical Detail ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Colenso the Missionary Printer ............................................................................................................................... 13 Colenso the Naturalist ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Colenso the School Inspector ................................................................................................................................. 17 Colenso the Politician ............................................................................................................................................. 18 The Archive .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 The State of the Archive ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Summary of the Archive ......................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Two; Lexicon Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 38 Findings ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Parts of Speech ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 Number of Senses .................................................................................................................................................. 42 Examples of use, and their attributions .................................................................................................................. 43 Appearance in Other Dictionaries ........................................................................................................................... 48 Special Characters .................................................................................................................................................. 49 Chapter Three; Themes/Discourses in the Archival Record ............................................................................................. 51 Preservation of te Reo Māori ..................................................................................................................................... 51 Linguistic Purity .......................................................................................................................................................... 52 Formal Study of te Reo Māori ..................................................................................................................................... 53 Professional Standing & Network ............................................................................................................................... 56 Remuneration ............................................................................................................................................................ 65 Personal Connection to te Reo Māori ......................................................................................................................... 71 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Primary Sources ............................................................................................................................................................. 79 References ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Parts of Speech ...................................................................................................................................................... 84 Number of Senses .................................................................................................................................................. 85 Examples of use ..................................................................................................................................................... 86 Appearance in other Dictionaries ........................................................................................................................... 89 Special Characters .................................................................................................................................................. 91 5 6 Introduction In Richard Trench's On Some Deficiencies in Our English Dictionaries, a paper delivered to the London Philological Society in 1857, he writes that ‘A Dictionary is a historical monument, the history of a nation contemplated from one point of view...’ (Trench 1860 p6). Dictionaries and grammars are distinctive texts because of their modes of organisation and content, and the ways in which they function to
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