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Crítica De La Modernidad Capitalista

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Crítica De La Modernidad Capitalista Antología BOLÍVAR ECHEVERRÍA Crítica de la modernidad capitalista La Paz – Bolivia Antología BOLÍVAR ECHEVERRÍA Crítica de la modernidad capitalista La Paz – Bolivia Antología BOLÍVAR ECHEVERRÍA Crítica de la modernidad capitalista © Vicepresidencia del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Jach’a Marka Sullka Irpataña Utt’a Taqi Markana Kamachi Wakichana Tantachawi Utt’a Ñawra Kawsaypura Suyuta Sullk’a Kamana Rimanakuy Umallina Suyu Kamana Tëtat guasu Juvicha Ja†kuerigua Jembiapoa Tëtaguasuiñomboat Juvicha Jembiapoa Calle Ayacucho esq. Mercado N° 308 Tel. (591) (2) 2142000 – Fax (591) (2) 2201211 Casilla: 7056 Con el apoyo de OXFAM Coordinación, organización y edición: Gonzalo Gosalvez Apoyo en el armado: Gabriel Limache Diseño y diagramación: Martín Moreira Coordinación fuentes: Bety Marquez Yaskara Miranda Transcripciones: Julio Janco Doris Luna Domingo Tito Boris Miranda Traducción artículo La modernidad múltiple: Mariela Padilla Diagramas: Mauricio Céspedes Depósito legal: 4 - 1 - 57 - 11 P.O. DISTRIBUCIÓN GRATUITA EN BOLIVIA Impreso en Bolivia Marzo de 2011 Indice 11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Presentación 19 -------------------------------------------------------------- En torno a las raíces del pensamiento crítco de BOLÍVAR ECHEVERRÍA CAPÍTULO I: 65 ---------------------------------------------------------------Crítica de la modernidad capitalista 67 --------------------------------Modernidad y capitalismo: 15 tesis sobre la modernidad 117 --------------------------------------------------------------------------Un concepto de modernidad 133----------------------------------------------------------------------------La religión de los modernos 145 -------------------------------------------------------------------------Imágenes de la “blanquitud” 161 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Obama y la “blanquitud” 165 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Crisis de la modernidad 177 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- La Modernidad múltiple 189 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Posmodernismo y cinismo CAPÍTULO II: 201 ----------------------------------------------------------La modernidad desde América Latina 203 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------El ocaso del Inca 209 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Malintzin, la lengua 221 ------------------------------------------------------------América Latina: 200 años de fatalidad 231 ----------------------------------------------------- Modernidad y antimodernidad en México 241 -------------------------------------------------- La múltiple modernidad de América Latina 259 -------------------------La modernidad “americana” (claves para su comprensión) 287 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Por una modernidad alternativa CAPÍTULO III: 291 -------------------------------------------------------------Crítica del comportamiento político 293 ----------------------------------Los fusiles (comentario a una película de Ruy Guerra) 299 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sobre el 68 315-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------El sentido del siglo XX 335 -------------------------------------------------------------------Chiapas: La conquista inconclusa 351------------------------------------------------------------------- La historia como descubrimiento 361 ------- Para el planteamiento general de la problemática de los movimientos revolucionarios del tercer mundo 371 -------------------------------------------------------------- ¿Qué significa la palabra revolución? 379 ------------------------------------------------------------------------Cuestionario sobre lo político 397 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Izquierda, reforma y revolución 407 --------------------------------------------------- Nueva izquierda y modernidad alternativa CAPÍTULO IV: 411 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cultura y barbarie 413 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cultura y barbarie 419 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ El juego, la fiesta y el arte 427 -------------------------------------------------------------------El petróleo y la cultura mexicana 431 ---------------------------------------------------------------------¿Es prescindible la universidad? CAPÍTULO V: 435 -------------------------------------------------------------------Marxismo como discurso crítico 437 ---------------------------------------------------Sobre el materialismo: modelo para armar 447 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------El materialismo de Marx 471 --------------------------------------------------- La forma natural de la reproducción social 493 -------------------------------El concepto de fetichismo en el discurso revolucionario 505 ---------------------------------------------El concepto de fetichismo en Marx y en Lukács 515 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sartre y el marxismo 521 ------------------------------------------------------Discurso de la revolución, discurso crítico 535 ---------------------------------------Aspectos generales del concepto de crisis en Marx 549 -----------------------------------------------------------Discurso crítico desde América Latina CAPÍTULO VI: 559 ----------------------------------------------------------------------Crítica de la economía política 561 ------------------------------------ Comentarios sobre el punto de partida de El Capital 595 -------------------------------Contradicción entre el valor y valor de uso en El Capital 621 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Valor y plusvalor 637 --Reformulación de los esquemas marxianos de la reproducción del capital social global 661 -Discurso crítico y desmistificación de la ganancia: El concepto de ganancia 679 -----------------------------------------------------Renta tecnológica y capitalismo histórico 685 ------La discusión de los años 20 en torno a la crisis: Grossman y la teoría del derrumbe. 705 ----------------------------Circulación capitalista y reproducción de la riqueza social CAPÍTULO VII: 725 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Filosofía y pensamiento crítico 727 ------------------------------Deambular: Walter Benjamin y la cotidianidad moderna 735 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Homo legens 745 -----------------------------------------------------------------El humanismo del existencialismo 755 -----------------------------------------------------------------La pregunta por los valores éticos 777 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Acepciones de Ilustración 789 --------------------- Crítica a la posibilidad de una teoría crítica de Gyorgy Márkus 795 ------------------------------Bolívar Echeverría: El filósofo escéptico de la resistencia Presentación Un mismo lugar –sea este el altiplano de México o la Cordillera de Los Andes– fue a comienzos del siglo XVI el escenario de dos dramas diferentes: uno, el de la formación de los imperios indoamericanos, y otro, el de la consolidación de la modernidad europea mediante la formación del mercado capitalista mundial. Gracias a la “proeza de Colón”, dos dramas completamente heterogéneos tuvieron que convivir sobre un mismo terreno, el de los indios, por un lado, y el de los europeos, por otro; dos dramas que sólo llegaron a tocarse tangencialmente en su desenvolvimiento y que sin embargo, así, indirectamente, desataron o precipitaron transformaciones esenciales el uno en el otro: transformaciones que serían definitivamente constructivas en el universo europeo e ineluctablemente de- structivas en el universo americano. …una “superioridad histórica” muy relativa, dado que sólo aparece como tal a la luz del ideal del progreso propio de la modernidad capitalista; una superioridad que, como hoy lo muestra la crisis de esta modernidad, lo era en el plan de dominar a la naturaleza, pero no en el de construir un bienestar social sobre la tierra; plano en el cual ha resultado ser más bien una “inferioridad”… Los españoles no eran más fuertes o más astutos que los indios sino que eran fuertes y astutos de otra manera; de una manera que desarmaba a los indios pues los desafiaba a desenvolverse con un grado de “deshumanización”, por decirlo de alguna manera, que ellos no podían concebir siquiera que fuese posible alcanzar (véase en este libro, El ocaso del Inca). …De esta forma, s iba consolidando el sistema civilizatorio actual y los resultados y va- lores que regirán hasta hoy su naturaleza… la modernidad capitalista. La crítica de la modernidad y la crítica del capitalismo son una sola y la misma Bolívar Echeverría es uno de los pensadores latinoamericanos más importantes, tanto por sus aportes en distintos campos del conocimiento con un sentido crítico y muy profundo, como por, su capacidad de vincular este aporte en
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