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Anarchist Periodicals

REFERENCE • ANARCHIST PERIODICALS Longa in English In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, dozens of anarchist publications appeared throughout the despite limited fi nancial resources, a pestering and Published in censorial postal department, and persistent harassment, arrest, and imprisonment. the United States Such works energetically advocated a built upon individual and voluntary cooperation. In Anarchist Periodicals in English Published in the United (1833–1955) States (1833–1955): An Annotated Guide, Ernesto A. Longa provides a glimpse into the doctrines of these publications, highlighting the articles, reports, manifestos, and creative works of anarchists and left libertarians who were dedicated to An Annotated Guide

propagandizing against authoritarianism, sham , wage and sex , Anarchist Periodicals in English Published in the United States Published in the United States and racial prejudice.

Nearly 100 periodicals produced throughout North America are surveyed. Entries include title; issues examined; subtitle; editor; publication information, including location and frequency of publication; contributors; features and subjects; preced-

ing and succeeding titles; and an OCLC number to facilitate the identifi cation of (1833–1955) owning libraries via a WorldCat search. Excerpts from a selection of articles are provided to convey both the ideological orientation and rhetorical style of each newspaper’s editors and contributors. Finally, special attention is given to the scope of anarchist involvement in combating obscenity and labor laws that abridged the right to freely circulate reform papers through the mail, speak on street corners, and assemble in union halls.

ERNESTO A. LONGA is assistant professor of law librarianship at the University of New Mexico School of Law.

For orders and information please contact the publisher Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefi eld Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, 20706 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 Ernesto A. Longa www.scarecrowpress.com Cover image of March 11, 1916, issue of Revolt courtesy of , University of

AnarchistPeriodicalsPODLITH.indd1 1 9/28/09 1:21:13 PM Anarchist Periodicals in English Published in the United States (1833–1955)

An Annotated Guide

ERNESTO A. LONGA

THE SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Lanham • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2010 Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.scarecrowpress.com

Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom

Copyright © 2010 by Ernesto A. Longa

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Longa, Ernesto A., 1970– Anarchist periodicals in English published in the United States (1833–1955) : an an- notated guide / Ernesto A. Longa. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-0-8108-7254-7 (cloth: alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-8108-7255-4 (ebook) 1. —Periodicals—Bibliography. I. Title. Z7164.A52L66 2010 [HX821] 016.335'8305—dc22 2009027645

ϱ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America To the Montana sisters, Emma-Joy and Maya-Rae

Contents

Acknowledgments ix Explanatory Note xi

PERIODICALS A–Z 1 The 1776 American (1920) 1 The Advance (1911–1912) 2 Age of Thought (1896–1897) 3 The (1910–1912) 5 (1884–1886) 7 The Alarm (1887–1889) 11 The Alarm (1915–1916) 14 Alternative (1948–1951) 16 Altruria (1907–1908) 18 American Journal of Eugenics (1907–1910) 20 American Political Prisoner (1922) 23 The An-Archist (1881) 24 Anarchist Soviet Bulletin (1919–1920) 25 Beacon (1890–1891) 27 Behind the Bars (1924) 28 The Blast (1916–1917) 29 Challenge (1938–1939) 33 Clarion (1932–1934) 37 Clothed with the Sun (1900–1904) 39 The Dawn (1922) 42 Demonstrator (1903–1908) 43 Discontent (1898–1902) 48

v vi CONTENTS

Discussion (1937–1938) 53 Ego (1921–1923) 54 Egoism (1890–1897) 55 The Egoist (1924–1925) 57 Fair Play (1888–1891) 59 Fair Play (1906–1908) 65 The Firebrand (1895–1897) 66 The Flame (1916) 73 Foundation Principles (1885–1894) 74 The Free Comrade (1900–1912) 77 Free Lance (1916) 79 (1897–1904) 80 Free Society (1921–1922) 92 Free Society Library (1898–1900) 93 Freedom (1890–1892) 94 Freedom (1910–1911) 97 Freedom (1919) 98 Freedom (1933–1934) 101 Freeland (1904, 1909) 104 Humanity First (1919–1921) 105 I (1898–1900) 106 Individual Action (1952–1955) 108 The Individualist (1889–1890) 110 Instead of a Magazine (1915–1916) 113 The Liberal (1881–1883) 115 Land and Liberty (1914–1915) 120 The Liberator (1905–1906) 122 Libertarian Views (1941) 126 Liberty (1881–1908) 128 Liberty (1902–1903) 146 Liberty Library (1896–1897) 148 Lucifer, the Light Bearer (1883–1907) 149 Man! (1933–1940) 167 Modern School (1912–1922) 174 Mother Earth (1906–1917) 178 Mother Earth (1933–1934) 189 Mother Earth Bulletin (1917–1918) 191 The Mutualist (1925–1928) 193 The New Era (1897) 195 The New Order (1919) 195 CONTENTS vii

New Trends (1945–1946) 196 Open Vistas (1925) 199 Our New Humanity (1895–1897) 200 The Peaceful Revolutionist (1833, 1848) 202 The Periodical Letter (1854–1858) 203 The Petrel (1904) 205 Quarterly Letter (1867) 205 Radical Review (1877–1878) 206 The Rebel (1895–1896) 208 Regeneración (1910–1918) 211 Resistance (1947–1954) 219 Retort (1942–1951) 223 Revolt (1916) 226 The Revolutionary Almanac (1914) 227 Rising Youth (1928–1929) 229 Road to Freedom (1924–1932) 230 Social Revolutionist (1856–1857) 237 The Social War (1917) 240 The Social War Bulletin (1918) 242 Solidarity (1892–1898) 244 Spanish (1936–1938) 249 The Spirit of the Age (1849–1850) 250 The Sun (1885?–1887) 254 Twentieth Century (1888–1892) 255 (1932–1939) 264 Why? (1913–1914) 269 Why? (1942–1947) 271 The Wide Way (1907–1908) 274 Winn’s Firebrand (1902–1903; 1909–1910) 275 Woman Rebel (1914) 278 The Word (1872–1893) 280

Bibliography 291 Name Index 297 Subject Index 311 About the Author 321

Acknowledgments

This book would not have been possible were it not for the financial support of the University of New Mexico’s Research Allocation Committee and the University of New Mexico Law Library; for the invaluable research support of Julie Herrada, Eileen Cohen, Jeanette Hennie, Randy Moorehead, Frances Lopez-Smith, Bernadette Anglada, Bonne Burton, and Joe Lane; and for the persistent encouragement and thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this work by Barry Pateman and Jessica Mills.

ix

Explanatory Note

In fall 2007, inspired by David M. Rabban’s Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years, a study of free-speech controversies between the time of the Civil War and , I sought to consult a bibliography of English-language anarchist periodicals published in the United States to further investigate the scope of anarchist involvement in combating obscenity and labor laws that abridged the right to freely circulate reform papers through the mails, speak on street corners, and assemble in union halls. To my surprise, no such bibliography had ever been compiled. Consequently, the goal of my research shifted from investigating anarchist involvement in free-speech controversies to compiling a descriptive bibliography of English-language anarchist periodicals published in the United States, 1833–1955. Conceptually, this date range allows me to showcase the tremendous het- erogeneity of anarchist doctrine (individualist versus communist) and method (revolutionary versus evolutionary) in North America. The year 1833 marks the publication of ’s Peaceful Revolutionist. Warren has been described by as “undoubtedly the most important American individu- alist anarchist,”1 while the Peaceful Revolutionist is widely regarded as the first anarchist newspaper published in the United States. The individualist anarchist tradition is further developed through such papers as Liberty (1881–1907), The Word (1872–1893), Egoism (1890–1897), Age of Thought (1896–1897), Lucifer, the Light Bearer (1883–1907), and Clarion (1932–1934), while the communist anarchist tradition is well represented in such papers as The Rebel (1895–1896), Free Society (1897–1904), Mother Earth (1906–1917), Road to Freedom (1924–1932), and Vanguard (1932–1939). As to means of achieving , the revolutionary approach pulses through such papers as The Alarm (1884–1889), Regeneración (1910–1918), The Blast (1916–1917), and Man!

xi xii EXPLANATORY NOTE

(1933–1940), while the evolutionary approach is exemplified in such papers as Discontent (1898–1902), Demonstrator (1903–1908), Free Comrade (1900– 1922), and Modern School (1912–1922). Although histories of anarchism cus- tomarily end in 1939,2 I have chosen to extend my survey of anarchist period- icals published in the United States to 1955 in order to provide researchers a glimpse into the semiliterary, pacifist, and lifestyle politics of American anar- chism prevalent during the 1940s and 1950s. To uncover anarchist periodicals, I searched WorldCat, a union catalog of over 50,000 libraries, for serial publications bearing one or more of the fol- lowing subject headings: anarchism, , , , and . In addition, I consulted subject-specific bibliographies and histories of anarchism. The decision to include a given periodical was made on a case-by-case basis by weighing the following factors: a paper’s stated mis- sion and purpose, the frequency of contributions from known anarchists, and the prevalence of antiauthoritarian subject matter. For each examined periodical, I provide the following information: title, issues examined, subtitle, editor, publication information including location and frequency of publication, contributors, features and subjects, preceding and succeeding titles, and an Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) number to facilitate the identification of owning libraries via a WorldCat search.3 In addition, I provide excerpts from a selection of articles that con- vey both the ideological orientation and rhetorical style of each paper’s editors and contributors. Finally, special attention is given to highlighting participant accounts and commentary regarding free-speech controversies. In compiling this bibliography, I examined as many issues of a given ti- tle as I could locate. Unfortunately, many of the examined papers are scattered across the country and are incomplete. For periodicals that have a consider- able number of missing issues, a detailed record of issues examined is provided in the endnotes of that particular periodical. As for subtitles, where two different subtitles appear in the same issue— one on the cover, within the title block, and one in the masthead—rather than decide which is the official subtitle, I simply recorded both subtitles— one as the “cover subtitle” and the other as the “masthead subtitle.” To avoid redundancy, I have refrained from listing editors as contribu- tors; and where the same persons serve as both editor and publisher, I have consolidated the two fields. As for a given paper’s frequency, where the fre- quency varies, I simply indicate “varied” and then identify the most common frequency within brackets. So, “Varied (Monthly)” simply means that the pa- per’s frequency varied but was most often issued in monthly intervals. EXPLANATORY NOTE xiii

The list of contributors is not comprehensive but rather a selection of frequent and/or principal contributors. Where authors use pseudonyms, I provide both the author’s real name and pseudonym. Furthermore, the pseudonym is the name provided whenever an article signed with a pseu- donym appears in the selections field. Therefore, where the contributor is identified as James L. Walker (pseud. Tak Kak), a selected article written by James L. Walker using the pseudonym Tak Kak will be listed as Tak Kak. “The Egoistic Philosophy” rather than as James L. Walker. “The Egoistic Philosophy.” The features and subjects field is primarily populated by terms and phrases derived directly from the examined periodical. The OCLC numbers provided are listed from most to fewest owning libraries. If a given paper is owned by fewer than five libraries and/or is not discoverable by searching WorldCat, I have listed the owning libraries. As for date and volume ranges, where an editor, subtitle, publisher, frequency, or similar data remain constant for the entire series, the date and issue range are left out. Therefore, for the following entry: Editors: ; Edwin C. Walker, 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–93 (Apr. 3, 1885); 130 (Jan. 1, 1886)–248 (Apr. 27, 1888). Moses Harman served as editor for the full run of the series, whereas Edwin C. Walker served as editor only for the date and issue ranges provided. As for deciphering the citations provided, citations in the format 1:2 are read “Vol- ume one, number two,” whereas citations that simply provide a single digit indicate that the publisher either provided no volume number, as with the first series of Solidarity (1892–1893), or the publisher has provided whole numbers across volumes as is the case with Lucifer (1883–1907) and Liberty (1881–1908). Lastly, I have compiled and annotated a selection of articles for each newspaper. The selections are organized chronologically with one major ex- ception: At times, I cluster articles topically and the cluster begins with the first article of that topic that appeared chronologically.

Endnotes 1. George Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Move- ments (, : Meridian Books, 1962), 459. xiv EXPLANATORY NOTE

2. See Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Move- ments, and Robert Graham, From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE to 1939), vol. 1 of Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2005). 3. To search by OCLC number, go to http://www.worldcat.org/advanced search (accessed May 21, 2009). Periodicals A–Z

The 1776 American (1920)

Prospectus: Opposition to , militarism, compulsory , or communism, and to other politic[al] and economic chimeras born of old- world paternalism and despotism. [A]gainst violent revolution purposed to substitute other forms of rule in place of popular controlled States, or na- tions. For the simon-pure American doctrine of private initiative, private property, individual liberty, free competition, and , and for the elimination of the innovations of fanaticism, social legislation, laws funda- mental and statutory upon which usury, or public and private industrial monopolies, depend—limiting the power of the State to function of de- fense against external aggression and to the conservation of domestic . Examined: 2:1 (Jan. 3, 1920)–2:5 (Jan. 31, 1920) Editor/Publisher: Edward H. Fulton, Clinton, Frequency: Weekly Contributor: Joseph A. Labadie Features/Subjects: Liberty Defense League, “Cranky Notions” Preceding Title: New Order (Clinton, Iowa) Succeeding Titles: Ego (Clinton, Iowa), Egoist (Clinton, Iowa), Mutualist (Clin- ton, Iowa) OCLC Number: 28880892 Owning Library: , Labadie Collection

SELECTION

“Why Not a Liberty Defense League?” 2:4 (Jan. 24, 1920). 2 THE ADVANCE (1911–1912)

NOTES

“Advocating the Americanism of the Declaration of Independence.” “The Reds, or Communists, whom the government is rounding up, are in the main of the cult formerly propagandizing under the paradoxical name of ‘anarchist-communism’ of which and Prince Pedro [sic] Kropotkin were apostles or saints. They queered the rational school of the ‘Philosophics,’ led by Warren and Tucker of America and by Proudhon of France, and thus did incalculable harm to the cause of human liberty.” 2:3 (Jan. 17, 1920). 7

The Advance (1911–1912)

Prospectus: The Advance stands for human freedom, and its warfare is against those twin vultures from the same egg of iniquity, the state and the church. It is therefore an organ of Anarchism and Free Thought. Examined: 1:1 (Dec. 1911)–1:6 (July 1912) Subtitles: A Monthly Free Lance, 1:1 (Dec. 1911)–1:2 (Jan. 1912); An Expo- nent of Anarchism, 1:3 (Mar. 1912); A Monthly Journal of Anarchist Thought, Work, and Literature, 1:6 (July 1912) Editor/Publisher: , Mount Juliet, Tenn. Frequency: Irregular Contributors: J. F. Carney, Nellie M. Jerauld, Joseph A. Labadie, H. E. Saw- don, W. P. Tubbs Features/Subjects: Free Thought, Prohibition, Jay Fox—Agitator—Incitement Case, Reprints: Albert R. Parsons, Marie Louise, Emile Zola, Robert G. Ingersoll, Emma Goldman, Dyer D. Lum, , , Voltaire, and Preceding Title: Winn’s Firebrand (Mount Juliet, Tenn., and , Tex.) OCLC Numbers: 26457733, 31680879

SELECTIONS

Nellie M. Jerauld. “Custom’s Fangs.” 1:2 (Jan. 1912). J. M. Gilbert. “Defending Anarchy.” 1:2 (Jan. 1912). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (). AGE OF THOUGHT (1896–1897) 3

Letters from Lucy E. Parsons, Herman Kuehn, William C. Owen. 1:2 (Jan. 1912). Ross Winn. “Anarchist Organization.” 1:3 (Mar. 1912). Ross Winn. “What Shall We Do with Criminals?” 1:3 (Mar. 1912). “Modern Slavery.” 1:3 (Mar. 1912). Reprinted from the Agitator. Ross Winn. “Scientific Anarchism.” 1:4 (). Identifying the funda- mental propositions of scientific anarchism as free cooperation, free land, free labor, and free exchange. Ross Winn. “Free Trade.” 1:5 (June 1912). Adding free trade to the list of fundamental propositions of scientific anarchism. Ross Winn. “Notes and Comments.” 1:6 (July 1912). Winn contends that “Anarchy is the negation of violence and the denial of force. The most ef- fective methods for its realization are those of passive resistance. The cause of liberty and peace cannot be advanced by deeds of aggression and violence.” Ross Winn. “Prohibition and Personal Liberty.” 1:6 (July 1912). Winn argues that “prohibitionists are the most consistent and persistent foes of per- sonal freedom” whose “main purpose is to pound piety and purity into the public with a club.”

NOTES

The cover for number 1:6 (July 1912) features two titles: The Advance and Ross Winn’s Firebrand: A Periodical of the Period. “Comrade Ross Winn, the indefatigable propagandist, has ‘bobbed up’ again as editor and publisher of The Advance, a Monthly Free Lance. Sixteen pages of brain-stirring stuff that will tear the moss from your mind.”— Agitator, Lakebay, Wash. Excerpt from “Kind Words.” 1:2 (Jan. 1912). Ross Winn died shortly after publishing issue 1:6. 7

Age of Thought (1896–1897)

Prospectus: Holding that only through Liberty can Mankind attain the high- est degree of Happiness, the Editor of this Paper favors the greatest pos- sible Liberty of the Individual consistent with Equality of Liberty; this is the principle known as Anarchism . . . defense of persons and property, 4 AGE OF THOUGHT (1896–1897)

as well as industrial pursuits, etc., should be left to individuals or to vol- untary associations; thus would the power of defense replace the force of offence as manifest in government, which as a consequence would result in the abolition of opulence and poverty, tyrants and slaves, producing instead a condition of approximate equality among the people, together with the enjoyments consequent on freedom, liberty, and independence. Examined: 1:1 (July 4, 1896)–2:24 (Dec. 11, 1897) Subtitles: A Radical Weekly Paper: An Advocate of Equal Freedom and Volun- tary Cooperation, 1:1 (July 4, 1896)–1:20 (Nov. 14, 1896); A Weekly Pa- per Advocating Individual Liberty and the Emancipation of Industry and Commerce from the Multifold Restrictions that Destroy Economic Equi- librium, 1:21 (Nov. 21, 1896)–1:40 (Apr. 3, 1897); An Advocate of Equal Liberty and Voluntary Cooperation, 1:41 (Apr. 10, 1897)–2:23 (Dec. 4, 1897); An Advocate of Liberty and Reason, 2:24 (Dec. 11, 1897) Editor/Publisher: Edward H. Fulton, Columbus Junction, Iowa Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Henry Cohen, William Gilmore, Edward E. Gore, William B. Greene, William T. Holmes, E. Steinle, Francis D. Tandy, William A. Whittick Features/Subjects: Mutual Banks, Money Question, Labor Exchange, Com- munism v. , “From across the Pond/from Europe” OCLC Number: 35568521 Owning Library: Brown University Library

SELECTIONS

Edward H. Fulton. “Land, Money and Property.” 1:1 (July 4, 1896)–1:3 (July 18, 1896). E. Steinle. “An Essay on the Scientific Principles of the Theory of Anarchism.” 1:4 (July 25, 1896)–1:5 (Aug. 1, 1896). William B. Greene. “Mutual Banking: Showing the Radical Deficiency of the Present Circulating Medium and the Advantages of a Free Currency.” 1:6 (Aug. 8, 1896)–1:14 (Oct. 3, 1896). Edward H. Fulton. “Some Fatalities of the Labor Exchange.” 1:20 (Nov. 14, 1896)–1:22 (Nov. 22, 1896). Edward H. Fulton. “Archists and the Anarchists.” 1:25 (Dec. 19, 1896). Edward E. Gore. “Some Mistakes of God: Either Expressed or Implied.” 1:30 (Jan. 23, 1897)–1:33 (Feb. 13, 1897). THE AGITATOR (1910–1912) 5

William A. Whittick. “The Money Question: An Open Arena for the Battle of the Standards, Value, Exchange, Banking, Etc.” 1:33 (Feb. 13, 1897)–1:35 (Feb. 27, 1897). . “Property in Land.” 2:11 (Sept. 11, 1897)–2:13 (Sept. 25, 1897). Reprinted from Social Statics. 7

The Agitator (1910–1912)1

Prospectus: The Agitator will stand for freedom first, last, and all the time. It will insist upon the right of every person to express his or her opinion. . . . The Agitator will do its best to develop simplifiers of science in this country where they are as badly needed as in . It is not the children alone that come under the banner of the modern school. The Agitator is dedicated to the modern school for grown-ups. . . . The Agitator will ad- vocate the industrial form of organization among the toilers, because ex- perience has shown that the various trades acting singly cannot cope with the modern capitalists, who have learned the lesson of industrialism. . . . The Agitator will help to banish all of the many varied superstitions handed from the mystic past . . . but its main object of assault will be the errors surrounding the economic and political life of the people. Examined: 1:1 (Nov. 15, 1910)–2:24 (Nov. 1, 1912) Subtitles: A Bi-Monthly Advocate of the Modern School, Industrial Union- ism, and Individual Freedom, 1:1 (Nov. 15, 1910); A Semi-Monthly Ad- vocate of the Modern School, , Individual Freedom, 1:2 (Dec. 1, 1910)–2:14 (June 15, 1912); A Semi-Monthly Advocate of Syndicalism, the Modern School, Individual Freedom, 2:15 (June 15, 1912)–2:24 (Nov. 1, 1912) Editor: Jay Fox Publication Information: Agitator Publishing Association, Home [Lakebay P. O.], Wash. Frequency: Semimonthly Contributors: A. L. Ballou, William Francis Barnard, William Z. Foster, Samuel T. Hammersmark, Joseph A. Labadie, Fred Moe, William C. Owen, Frank Chester Pease, Bruce Rogers Features/Subjects: Jay Fox—Agitator—Incitement Case, Education, Industrial Unionism, Syndicalism, , Striking Textile Workers in 6 THE AGITATOR (1910–1912)

Lawrence, Mass., Denjiro Kotoku and the Japanese Martyrs, L.A. Times Explosion (1910)—Case of James B. and John J. McNamara Succeeding Title: Syndicalist () OCLC Numbers: 8568270, 18145655, 9845108, 31379562, 183400009, 41239938

SELECTIONS

Bruce Rogers. “Childhood and Revolt.” 1:1 (Nov. 15, 1910). Fred Moe. “Women and the Ballot.” 1:2 (Dec. 1, 1910). “What Is Industrial Unionism?” 1:3 (Dec. 15, 1910). William C. Owen. “‘Anarchism and Other Essays: A Review.” 1:5 (Jan. 15, 1911). Owen reviews Emma Goldman’s book. Jay Fox. “Anarchism and Organization.” 1:6 (Feb. 1, 1911). James F. Morton Jr. “The Many Roads to Freedom.” 1:7 (Feb. 15, 1911). A. L. Ballou. “Anarchism vs. Socialism: A Criticism.” 1:8 (Mar. 1, 1911); “An- archism vs. Socialism: More Criticism.” 1:12 (May 1, 1911). Lucy E. Parsons. “Reflections of a Propagandist.” 1:8 (Mar. 1, 1911). William C. Owen. “[Francisco] Madero Denounced as a Traitor.” 1:9 (Mar. 15, 1911). Edwin Renard. “The Criminality of Business.” 1:9 (Mar. 15, 1911)–1:13 (May 15, 1911). Ricardo Flores Magón. “The Mexican Revolution.” 1:11 (Apr. 15, 1911). Samuel T. Hammersmark. “The Impossibility of an Anarchist Program.” 1:15 (June 15, 1911). Jay Fox. “The Nude and the Prudes.” 1:16 (July 1, 1911). The publication of this article led to the arrest of Jay Fox for inciting the commission of a crime and breach of peace. Fox’s case reached the U.S. Supreme Court. See Fox v. Washington, 236 U.S. 273 (1915). B. “The Natural History of Militarism.” 1:18 (Aug. 1, 1911)–1:20 (Sept. 1, 1911). R.G. “Non-Resistance vs. Passive Resistance.” 1:20 (Sept. 1, 1911). J. S. Biscay. “Paper Revolutionists.” 1:20 (Sept. 1, 1911). Frank Chester Pease. “Necessity for the Modern School.” 1:23 (Oct. 15, 1911); 2:1 (Nov. 15, 1911). . “From Slavery to Freedom.” 2:2 (Dec. 1, 1911). Max Nordau. “Syndicalism—A World Power.” 2:3 (Dec. 15, 1911). Ricardo Flores Magón. “The Mexican Revolution.” 2:3 (Dec. 15, 1911). Ricardo Flores Magón. “‘Intervention!’ Is Wall Street’s Cry.” 2:4 (Jan. 1, 1912). THE ALARM (1884–1886) 7

Voltairine de Cleyre. “The McNamara Storm.” 2:5 (Jan. 15, 1912). William C. Owen. “‘Socialism’ and .” 2:6 (Feb. 1, 1912). Frank Pease. “Boring from Within.” 2:7 (Feb. 15, 1912). Jay Fox. “The Agitator in History.” 2:7 (Feb. 15, 1912)–2:10 (Apr. 1, 1912). Ricardo Flores Magón. “What Good Is Authority?” 2:11 (Apr. 15, 1912). Translated by William C. Owen. William Z. Foster. “Revolutionary Tactics.” 2:11 (Apr. 15, 1912)–2:16 (July 1, 1912). Foster advises radical trade unionists to bore from within the American Federation of Labor. William Z. Foster. “Syndicalism in France.” 2:17 (July 15, 1912)–2:19 (Aug. 15, 1912). Lucy E. Parsons. “Eleventh of November, 1887.” 2:24 (Nov. 1, 1912).

Jay Fox—Agitator—Incitement Case

“A Free Speech Fight.” 1:20 (Sept. 1, 1911). Jay Fox. “Arrest of the Editor.” 1:20 (Sept. 1, 1911). James F. Morton Jr. “Another Free Speech Case.” 1:24 (Nov. 1, 1911). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York). Jay Fox. “The Editor Found Guilty.” 2:5 (Jan. 15, 1912). Nathan Levin. “The Editor’s Defense.” 2:5 (Jan. 15, 1912).

ENDNOTE

1. Jay Fox originally issued the Agitator from his house in Home, Washing- ton, on a press used fifty years earlier by . Charles Pierce LeWarne, Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915 (: University of Wash- ington Press, 1975), 208. 7

The Alarm (1884–1886)1

Prospectus: Without a single exception, every English newspaper in Chicago is published by capitalists, in the interest of their profit-mongering, labor- robbing, slave-driving schemes. The entire press is devoted to the welfare of the capitalist class. The mere statement of this fact is equivalent to an impeachment of the intelligence and sense of duty of the . 8 THE ALARM (1884–1886)

This stigma shall, however, no longer be borne with our consent, and the International Association of Working People, by their effort, will henceforth issue this paper on behalf of the wage slaves of this coun- try. The International is a labor organization composed of working peo- ple who are devoting their time, their energy, their money and their lives to bring about the abolition of economic slavery, and the complete eman- cipation of the working class from the tyranny of capital. Workingmen, workingwomen, we come to you in the name of “Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality,” and beseech you to join with us, and aid us by your cordial support to make this paper worthy of the great cause which it represents. This is your paper, published by your class and for you. Examined: 1:1 (Oct. 4, 1884)–3:3 (Apr. 24, 1886)2 Subtitles: A Socialistic Weekly, 1:1 (Oct. 4, 1884)–2:14 (Feb. 20, 1886); A So- cialist Paper, 2:15 (Mar. 6, 1886)–3:3 (Apr. 24, 1886) Editor: Albert R. Parsons Assistant Editor: 3 May Huntley, 1:23 (May 30, 1885)–2:5 (Oct. 17, 1885); Lizzie M. Swank, 2:6 (Oct. 31, 1885)–3:3 (Apr. 24, 1886) Publication Information: International Working People’s Association, Chicago, Ill. Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: William J. Gorsuch, C. S. Griffin, William T. Holmes, Gerhard Lizius, Dyer D. Lum, Lucy E. Parsons, Features/Subjects: Labor Movement, Hocking Valley Coal Strike (1884–1885), Quarrymen Strike (1885), Campaign for the Eight-Hour Day, McCormick Reaper Works Factory Strike (1886), Unemployed, Voting/Ballot, Ex- plosives/Dynamite, Reprints of Speeches Succeeding Title: The Alarm (Chicago and New York, 1887–1889) OCLC Numbers: 10478576, 4394271, 13462026, 17266878, 33200554, 52111475, 173882197

SELECTIONS

Lucy E. Parsons. “A Word to Tramps.” 1:1 (Oct. 4, 1884). “Short Lectures: On the Labor Movement.” 1:4 (Oct. 25, 1884)–1:5 (Nov. 1, 1884); 1:8 (Nov. 22, 1884)–1:10 (Dec. 6, 1884). “To the Wage Workers, the Unemployed and ‘Tramps.’” 1:9 (Nov. 29, 1884). Reprint of Thanksgiving Day circular. “Order and Anarchy: A Statement of the Principles of Capitalism and Anar- chism.” 1:11 (Dec. 13, 1884). Translated from Le Revolte (Geneva). THE ALARM (1884–1886) 9

“The . Over Three Thousand Working People Assemble in Mass Meeting [at Turner Hall]. The Capitalist, Editors of Capitalistic News- papers and Clergymen Fail to Appear.” 1:14 (Jan. 13, 1885). “Wage-Workers. A Large Mass Meeting Held in Muller’s Hall. Capitalists, Editors and Clergymen Again Fail to Appear.” 1:15 (Jan. 24, 1885). “Mass-Meeting. Fifteen Hundred Working People Assemble in Aurora Turner Hall. Joint Debate between the Anarchists and the Trade Assembly.” 1:16 (Feb. 7, 1885). August Spies. “Philosophical Thoughts. .” 1:16 (Feb. 7, 1885)–1:17 (Feb. 21, 1885). Lecture delivered to the Liberal League of Chicago. “Explosives. A Practical Lesson in Popular Chemistry. The Manufacture of Dynamite Made Easy.” 1:20 (Apr. 4, 1885). Translated by A.A. from Freiheit (New York). “Victory! Sixteen Hundred Proletarians Engage in a Battle for Bread. Mc- Cormick’s Great Reaper Factory Deserted by Its Workingmen. The Men Fired Upon and Slaughtered by the Pinkerton Police.” 1:21 (Apr. 18, 1885). “Explosives. The Power of Dynamite as Illustrated by Blasting Exercises.” 1:21 (Apr. 18, 1885). Translated by A.A. from Freiheit (New York). “Bombs! The Manufacture and Use of the Deadly Dynamite Bomb Made Easy.” 1:22 (May 2, 1885). Translated by A.A. from Freiheit (New York). “Up in Arms. The Metal Workers’ Union of Chicago Have Resolved to Arm Themselves.” 1:22 (May 2, 1885). “War! The Fire Upon and Kill Striking Quarrymen at Lemont, Ill.” 1:22 (May 16, 1885). “Dangerous Explosives. How to Manufacture Pyroxyline or Gun-Cotton, and Also the Fulminates of Mercury and of Silver.” 1:22 (May 16, 1885). Translated by A.A. from Freiheit (New York). Dyer D. Lum. “To Arms! An Appeal to the Wage Slaves of America.” 1:24 (June 13, 1885); reprinted in 3:3 (Apr. 24, 1886). “The Ballot. Of All Modern Delusions, the Ballot’s the Greatest.” 1:25 (June 27, 1885). “Social Eruptions! The Employees of the C.W.D. Railway Strike.” 1:26 (July 11, 1885). “Street Fighting. How to Meet the Enemy. Some Valuable Hints for the Rev- olutionary Soldier.” 1:27 (July 25, 1885). “Eight Hours. An Address from the Federated Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada. Can the Hours of Labor Be Reduced? Some Important Propositions for Working People to Consider. Some 10 THE ALARM (1884–1886)

Views from a Communist-Anarchist Standpoint upon the Proposed Measure.” 1:28 (Aug. 8, 1885). “Eight Hours. A Letter from the Secretary of the Federation of Trade and La- bor Unions of the United States and Canada. His Ignorance of Political Economy as Displayed by Himself. Anarchist Do Not Antagonize the Eight-Hour Movement. Will the Rich Help to Bring It About or Oppose It with Starvation, and Cold Steel?” 2:2 (Sept. 5, 1885). “The Military. An Army Officer Proposes the Rifle Diet for Hungry Work- ers.” 2:4 (Oct. 3, 1885). “Eight Hours. Trade Unions Gather in Mass Meeting at Turner Hall. They Prepare for the Inauguration of the Eight-Hour Work Day.” 2:5 (Oct. 17, 1885). C. S. Griffin. “Eight Hours. The Wage Slaves Must Arm.” 2:7 (Nov. 14, 1885). Dyer D. Lum. “An Open Letter to a State Socialist.” 2:9 (Dec. 12, 1885). Lucy E. Parsons. “A Christmas Story.” 2:10 (Dec. 26, 1885). Dyer D. Lum. “Kid-Gloved Reformers.” 2:10 (Dec. 26, 1885). C. S. Griffin. “Union of Black and Red.” 2:10 (Dec. 26, 1885). Griffin points out that one important reason why there can be no union between the International Workingmen’s Association (IWA) and the International Working People’s Association (IWPA) is because of the IWA’s exclusion of Chinese laborers. Albert R. Parsons. “Coal Miners. The Men Who Keep Other People Warm and Freeze Themselves.” 2:11 (Jan. 9, 1886). Albert R. Parsons. “. The Paradise of the Labor Exploiter, the Hell of His Miserable Victim. How the Wage-Slaves Are Evicted, Locked Out, Imprisoned, Starved and Murdered.” 2:13 (Feb. 6, 1886). Albert R. Parsons. “Ohio. American Sovereigns (?) Freemen and Voters. Who Have Neither Homes, Work or Money.” 2:14 (Feb. 20, 1886). Dyer D. Lum. “Is the a Finality?” 2:15 (Mar. 6, 1886). “Eight Hours. Millionaires and Their Wage-Slaves Discuss the Question.” 3:1 (Mar. 20, 1886). L.M.S. “Slavery—White and Black.” 3:1 (Mar. 20, 1886). Elisee Reclus. “Property. Land for the Landless; Homes for the Homeless; Freedom for All.” 3:2 (Apr. 3, 1886). Translated by Dyer D. Lum. Lizzie M. Swank. “Two Stories in One.” 3:2 (Apr. 3, 1886). Discussing “slav- ery in 1850” and “slavery in 1886.” Lucy E. Parsons. “The Negro. Let Him Leave Politics to the Politicians and to the Preacher.” 3:2 (Apr. 3, 1886). Responding to the massacre of thirteen black people in Carrollton, Mississippi. THE ALARM (1887–1889) 11

Dyer D. Lum and Lizzie M. Swank. “A Notice to Our Readers.” (Oct. 8, 1886). The authors explain the interruption in the issuance of the Alarm.

NOTES

“Workingmen of All Countries, Unite!” 1:2 (Oct. 11, 1884)–1:28 (Aug. 28, 1885). “The Tools Belong to the Toilers; the Product to the Producer.” 2:1 (Aug. 22, 1885)–3:3 (Apr. 24, 1886). Both May 2 and May 16, 1885, issues are numbered no. 22.

ENDNOTES

1. Founded by the International Working People’s Association in October 1884, the Alarm was seized and suppressed by the authorities on May 5, 1886, following the Haymarket bombing. “Autobiography of Albert R. Parsons,” in The Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: Monad Press, 1977), 42. 2. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:1 (Oct. 4, 1884)–1:11 (Dec. 13, 1884); 1:13 (Dec. 27, 1884)–1:18 (Mar. 7, 1885); 1:20 (Apr. 4, 1885)–3:3 (Apr. 24, 1886). 3. May Huntley was a pseudonym used by Lizzie M. Holmes, while Swank was her maiden name. Herbert G. Gutman, “Alarm,” in The American Radical Press (1880–1960), ed. Joseph R. Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974), 2:381. 7

The Alarm (1887–1889)

Prospectus: Equality of opportunity for all: Hence, extinction of privilege and restrictions, protection and oppression, chartered rights and vested wrongs. Free land, mutual credit, and equitable commerce: Hence, abo- lition of rent, interest, and profit. Sovereignty of the individual: Hence, liberty, the cessation of authority, or industrial emancipation and social cooperation. Examined: 1 (Nov. 5, 1887)–47 (Feb. 2, 1889) 12 THE ALARM (1887–1889)

Editor: Dyer D. Lum Publication Information: Chicago, Ill., 1 (Nov. 5, 1887)–13 (Apr. 28, 1888); , N.Y., 14 (June 16, 1888)–47 (Feb. 2, 1889) Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: Henry F. Charles, G. C. Clemens, Ego, Lizzie M. Holmes, William T. Holmes, Charles L. James, Gertrude B. Kelly, John F. Kelly, Joseph A. Labadie, M. Edgeworth Lazarus, Marie Louise, William Mor- ris, William C. Owen, Georgia Replogle, George Schumm, Juliet H. Sev- erance, Rudolf Weyler Features/Subjects: Anarchist “Tracts for the Times,” Political Economy, Mar- tyred Chicago Anarchists, Question of Force, Secularism, Marriage Question, Labor Movement Preceding Title: The Alarm (Chicago, 1884–1886) OCLC Numbers: 10478576, 13462026, 28237123, 17266878, 33200554, 52111475, 173882197

SELECTIONS

“Labor Economics: Its Principles, Ideals, and Application to Social Relations Critically Examined.” 1 (Nov. 5, 1887)–13 (Apr. 28, 1888). John F. Kelly. “Taxation No Remedy.” 1 (Nov. 5, 1887)–3 (Dec. 3, 1887). “Letter from John Brown Jr.” 4 (Dec. 17, 1887). Brown concludes that “Twenty-eight years ago today my father was judicially murdered at Charleston, Va., for his devotion to the cause of the oppressed laborers of African descent in America. Now we perceive that emancipation means more than simply freedom of the blacks from the bonds of chattel slav- ery.” Peter Kropotkin. “Lecture on Anarchy in the Evolution on Socialism.” 6 (Jan. 14, 1888)–8 (Feb. 11, 1888). Translated by William C. Owen. August Blanqui. “Capital and Labor.” 9 (Feb. 25, 1888)–13 (Apr. 28, 1888). Translated by John F. Kelly. C. L. James. “Modern Economy: A Study of the Fundamental Principles of Economy as Viewed by an Anarchist.” 9 (Feb. 25, 1888)–12 (Apr. 7, 1888). Peter Kropotkin. “Power of Minorities.” 16 (June 30, 1888). Translated by William C. Owen. Dyer D. Lum. “The Labor Movement: An Examination of Its Fundamental Principles and Its Ultimate Ends.” 18 (July 14, 1888)–19 (July 21, 1888). THE ALARM (1887–1889) 13

“The Law of Progress: A Social Study of Castes and the Gradual Obliteration of Distinction.” 20 (July 28, 1888)–22 (Aug. 11, 1888). Marie Louise. “The .” 25 (Sept. 1, 1888)–28 (Sept. 22, 1988). Lecture delivered before Local Assembly 2,022 , New York City, July 18, 1888. . “The Tables Turned or Nupkins Awakened.” 29 (Sept. 29, 1888)–36 (Nov. 17, 1888). Peter Kropotkin. “Appeal to the Young: The Necessity of Understanding the Real Meaning of the Socialist Movement.” 36 (Nov. 24, 1888)–41 (Dec. 22, 1888). Lizzie Swank Holmes. “What Is Secularism: A Few Hints to Men and Women Engaged in Threshing Last Century Straw.” 41 (Dec. 22, 1888).

“Tracts for the Times”

“What Is Anarchy?” 1 (Nov. 5, 1887). “What Anarchy Offers.” 2 (Nov. 16, 1887). “Who Should Be Anarchists?” 3 (Dec. 3, 1887). “Co-Operation.” 4 (Dec. 17, 1887). “Politics under Anarchy.” 5 (Dec. 31, 1887). “Government under Anarchy.” 6 (Jan. 14, 1888). “Security under Anarchy.” 7 (Jan. 28, 1888). “Production under Anarchy.” 8 (Feb. 11, 1888). “The Farmer under Anarchy.” 9 (Feb. 25, 1888). “Transportation under Anarchy.” 10 (Mar. 10, 1888). “Individuality under Anarchy.” 11 (Mar. 24, 1888). “Morality under Anarchy.” 12 (Apr. 7, 1888). “Unskilled Labor under Anarchy.” 13 (Apr. 28, 1888). “Education under Anarchy.” 14 (June 16, 1888). “Family Life under Anarchy.” 15 (June 23, 1888).

Question of Force

Gertrude Kelly. “Passive Resistance.” 18 (July 14, 1888). Henry F. Charles. “An Active Resistance: The Question of Combating Unjust Conditions Not One of Like or Dislike.” 19 (July 21, 1888)–20 (July 28, 1888). William Holmes. “The Advocacy of Force: Is Resistance to Wrong and Op- pression an Invasion of Personal Liberty?” 21 (Aug. 4, 1888). 14 THE ALARM (1915–1916)

John Kelly. “A Further Discussion of the Question of the Advocacy of Force to Secure Justice.” 23 (Aug. 18, 1888). Lucy E. Parsons. “That Dynamite Bomb! Another Contestant Enters the Arena to Discuss the Question of Force.” 25 (Sept. 1, 1888). Henry F. Charles. “The Question of Force: A Further Discussion of the Method of Resistance to Exploitation.” 26 (Sept. 8, 1888). Marie Louise. “Passive Resistance: A Few Plain Words Respectfully Addressed to Alleged Revolutionists.” 38 (Dec. 1, 1888).

Marriage Question

Ego. “Relations of the Sexes: The Marriage Relation Must Not Be Discussed as a Matter of Sentiment.” 30 (Oct. 6, 1888)–33 (Oct. 27, 1888); 37 (Nov. 24, 1888). Marie Louise. “The Marriage Question: Love Demands Constancy and Re- fuses to Be Divided into ‘Job Lots.’” 36 (Nov. 17, 1888). “Ego” to “Marie Louise.” 38 (Dec. 1, 1888). Marie Louise. “Monogamy Defended: The Relation of the Sexes Is Not a Mere Physical Question.” 41 (Dec. 22, 1888). C. L. James. “Reply to Marie Louise: The Discussion of Monogamy Contin- ued from the Standpoint of Liberty.” 44 (Jan. 12, 1889). Edgeworth. “‘Monogamy Defended’: The Question More the Effect of Cir- cumstances Than of Character.” 44 (Jan. 12, 1889). Juliet H. Severance. “The Vexed Question: The Relations of the Sexes Treated from the Standpoint of Science.” 47 (Feb. 2, 1889).

NOTES

“Men Die, but Principles Live.” 14 (June 16, 1888)–47 (Feb. 2, 1889). Volume I contains 40 issues; volume II begins with no. 41. 7

The Alarm (1915–1916)

Prospectus: The Group advocates a new social order, where private owner- ship of land, capital, and machinery shall cease to exist; where the THE ALARM (1915–1916) 15

tools of production shall become society’s common property to be managed by the workers themselves. The Group realizes that one of the greatest obstacles on the way of mankind’s road to progress is the compulsory authority exercised by one class upon another. Therefore, the Group declares itself against all forms of government and propa- gates the idea of voluntary association. The overthrow of the present system cannot be accomplished through statutory enactments, but by the . The Group, therefore, repudiates politics and politicians, and advocates direct action by the workers in their strug- gle for emancipation. Examined: 1:1 (Oct. 1915)–1:11 (Aug. 1916) Subtitle: An Anarchist Monthly, 1:3 (Dec. 1915)–1:11 (Aug. 1916) Editors: V. Dolen and Lucy E. Parsons1 Publication Information: International Propaganda Group, Chicago, Ill. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Aaron Baron, William T. Brown, George Duval, Nina Van Zandt Spies, Wayne Features/Subjects: Labor Movement, Chicago News, War Preparedness, Mexi- can Liberal Party (PLM), Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón, Voting/Ballot, Free Thought OCLC Numbers: 28152652, 17266878, 33200554, 173882197

SELECTIONS

William T. Brown. “Why Do People Believe in Religion.” 1:1 (Oct. 1915). A. Baron. “The Present System Must Be Destroyed.” 1:1 (Oct. 1915). Nina Van Zandt Spies. “The Making of a Criminal.” 1:3 (Dec. 1915). Nina Van Zandt Spies. “The Holy Christmas Fake.” 1:4 (Jan. 1916). Lucy E. Parsons. “Profit System—But Another Form of Cannibalism.” 1:4 (Jan. 1916). Jay Fox. “The Cry of the Alarm.” 1:5 (Feb. 1916). Lucy E. Parsons. “Mexico and the Jingoes.” 1:5 (Feb. 1916). Nina Van Zandt Spies. “The Inferno of Poverty.” 1:8 (May 1916). Wayne Walden. “Preparedness.” 1:8 (May 1916). George Duval. “Mexico and the Magóns.” 1:8 (May 1916). Lucy E. Parsons. “The Ballot Humbug.” 1:8 (May 1916). H.H. “The Menace of the Public Schools.” 1:9 (June 1916). Margaret H. Sanger. “.” 1:10 (July 1916). “Wall Street, Washington and Mexico.” 1:10 (July 1916). 16 ALTERNATIVE (1948–1951)

ENDNOTE

1. V. Dolen and Lucy E. Parsons were the only people identified as editors in the issues I examined. But according to , Aaron Baron and were the editors of the Alarm (1915–1916). Paul Avrich, An American Anarchist: The Life of (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 254. 7

Alternative (1948–1951)

Prospectus: Today the human personality is warped and stunted, not only by the more obvious evils of war and insecurity but also by a thousand little attitudes and customs which permeate our civilization. We will explore ideas and actions which free and strengthen the individual, and we will do so without respect for custom, law, or authority. Examined: 1:1 (Apr. 1948)–3:5 (Jan. 1951) Editorial Committee Members Included: Robert Auerbach, David Dellinger, Ralph DiGia, Albert Eichel, Roy Finch, Sander Katz, Roy C. Kepler, William Kuenning, John Mack, Louise Abell Mack, J. H. McCandless, Anne Mof- fatt, Andrew Osgood, Irving Ravine, Margaret Rockwell, Igal Roodenko Publication Information: Non-Profit Association of Libertarians, New York, N.Y., 1:1 (Apr. 1948)–3:2 (June–July 1950); Committee for Non-Violent Revolution, New York, N.Y., 3:5 (Jan. 1951) Frequency: Monthly Contributors: , Dwight MacDonald, Howard Schoenfeld, Bill Sutherland Features/Subjects: , Draft Resistance, Reform, H-Bomb, Let- ters, and Book Reviews Preceding Titles: Pacifica Views (New York), Direct Action (Newark, N.J.) OCLC Numbers: 1479212, 12482508, 5364043, 47049534, 78264192, 191706380

SELECTIONS

M.R. and R.A. “Against Jim Crow.” 1:2 (May 1948). The authors report A. Philip Randolph’s campaign of against Jim Crow in the army. ALTERNATIVE (1948–1951) 17

Roy Finch. “The Power-Free Society.” 1:9 (Feb. 1949). Finch contends that “A truly radical political movement must renounce all desire for power for itself or for any other group or interest, and work to abolish power or to keep it where it belongs—with everybody.” Lowell Naeve and David Wieck. “Prison Diary.” 2:5 (Jan. 1950). Reprinted from A Field of Broken Stones, which was smuggled out of prison by the authors. Roy Finch. “Religion and Pacifism.” 3:2 (June–July 1950). Roy Finch. “What Is a Communist?” 3:5 (Jan. 1951).

Draft Resistance

D.D. “To Resist Draft.” 1:2 (May 1948). D.D. calls on everyone of draft age to refuse to register under any law. “‘Cold War’ Draft Meets Colder Response. Million Forget to Register.” 1:5 (Sept.–Oct. 1948). Irving Ravine and Vivian Roodenko. “‘Brave and Honest’—So They Send Him Back to Prison.” 1:6 (Nov. 1948). The authors report Sander Katz’s sentence of one year and one day in the federal penitentiary for refusing to register for the draft. David Dellinger. “ Resist Draft; Draft All-Out Resistance.” 3:5 (Jan. 1951).

Prison Reform

Howard Schoenfeld. “U.S. Prisons—A Disgrace.” 1:3 (June 1948). Bill Sutherland. “You Can’t Reform a Jail.” 1:3 (June 1948). Reply by David Dellinger. 1:4 (July–Aug. 1948).

H-Bomb

David Dellinger and Dwight MacDonald. “What Now? Two Views on H- Bomb.” 2:6 (Feb. 1950). Roy Kepler, Roy Finch, and Paul Goodman. “What Now? 3 Views on H- Bomb.” 2:7 (Mar. 1950).

NOTES

“Successor to Pacifica Views and Direct Action.” 18 ALTRURIA (1907–1908)

Issues 3 and 4 of vol. 3 “were confiscated and burned by the postal authorities— for interfering with the enlistment and recruiting service of the U.S., and for impairing morale in the armed forces.” 3:5 (Jan. 1951). 7

Altruria (1907–1908)

Prospectus: Altruria, representing no clique, no cult, belonging to no party, serving no master but the Truth, will not hesitate to point out the moral lepers or skunks, no matter where found, no matter if they wear the garb of the plutocratic hireling or parade in the cloak of the sham reformer. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1907)–3:1 (Jan. 1908) Subtitle: An Ideal Magazine for People with Ideals Editor: William J. Robinson Publication Information: Altrurians, New York City, N.Y. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Voltairine de Cleyre, Bolton Hall, Sadakichi Hartmann, William L. Holt, Alexander Horr, George Wharton James, J. William Lloyd, Michael Monahan, James F. Morton Jr., Harold Palmer, Victor Robinson, Theodore Schroeder, Morrison I. Swift, Henry Weeks, Sonia Winston Features/Subjects: Comstockism—Obscenity, Health, (1905), , Prison, Marriage Question, Ethics, Short Stories Preceding Title: Twentieth Century (New York) OCLC Numbers: 26793743, 36275410

SELECTIONS

Robert Hillman. “The Most Damnable Doctrine in the World.” 1:1 (Jan. 1907). Hillman refers to the doctrine of anarchism. Voltairine de Cleyre replies with “The Most Damnable Doctrine in the World.” 1:2 (Feb. 1907). W. J. Robinson. “Should Immigration Be Restricted?” 1:2 (Feb. 1907). J. William Lloyd. “Make Way for Love.” 1:3 (Mar. 1907). Theodore Schroeder. “Hugh O. Pentecost.” 1:4 (Apr. 1907). William L. Holt. “The American God.” 1:4 (Apr. 1907). ALTRURIA (1907–1908) 19

Victor Robinson. “Walt Whitman.” 1:5 (May 1907). Address last delivered at the Brooklyn Philosophical Association (Dec. 2, 1906). Victor Robinson. “The Negro.” 1:5 (May 1907). Robinson concludes that “The negro is hated most by those who have wronged him most. But the fair-minded the world over are writing the Constitution of Social Justice and Equal Rights. Into this liberal system let us incorporate the noble words of the Fugitive Poet: There are no creeds to be outlawed, no colors of skin debarred; Mankind is one in its rights and wrongs, one faith, one hope and one guard.” W. J. Robinson. “Reformers That Are a Hindrance to Progress and a Curse to Mankind.” 1:6 (June 1907). Robinson accuses Benjamin R. Tucker, “The editor of the ‘Pioneer Organ of Anarchism’ [of] wallowing in the mud of racial prejudice and sputtering forth dung of religious intoler- ance.” Morrison I. Swift. “Socialism and Political Parties.” 1:6 (June 1907). Swift asks, “How does it happen then that Socialism and have fallen into apparent identity, that party seems now the custodian and even owner and sculptor of Socialism, reversing the relation that ought to be?” Sonia Winston. “Woman, the Glory of the Russian Revolution.” 2:1 (July 1907). George Wharton James. “The Therapeutic Value of Optimism.” 2:1 (July 1907). Victor Robinson. “ and Mary Wollstonecraft.” 2:2 (Aug. 1907).

Comstockism—Obscenity

Theodore Schroeder. “The Evolution of Comstockery.” 1:3 (Mar. 1907). W. J. Robinson. “Is There Such a Thing as Obscenity?” 1:6 (June 1907). Robinson ridicules Theodore Schroeder’s assertion that there is no such thing as obscenity per se.

Prisons

Morrison I. Swift. “Prisons Must Go.” 2:4 (Oct. 1907). Swift starts with the assertion that “The prison is the rich man’s institution for mak- ing the poor man his slave,” and contends that “prisons have no right to exist” and “should be razed to the ground, dynamited, [and] de- stroyed.” 20 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EUGENICS (1907–1910)

W.J.R. “Prisons Must Go.” 2:4 (Oct. 1907). W.J.R. replies, in part, “Not un- til you have dynamited and destroyed all the rowdies, scoundrels, bur- glars and murderers that contribute so much to the misery of this world.” Morrison I. Swift. “There Can Be No Compromise with Prisons.” 3:1 (Jan. 1908).

Ethics—Reformers

James F. Morton Jr. “Reformers and Ethics.” 2:5 (Nov. 1907). W. J. Robinson. “Our Anti-Ethical Reformers.” 2:5 (Nov. 1907). Robinson refers particularly to Stirnerites and Tuckerites. Alexander Horr. “A Letter from an Anti-Ethical Anarchist.” 3:1 (Jan. 1908).

NOTES

“All Sides of All Questions.” “A Sanely Radical Magazine, Continuing the Twentieth Century, founded by Hugh Pentecost.” “We Believe in Humanity.” “This first number of Altruria is dedicated to the Noble Heroic Men and Women of Russia who, in the Struggle with the most murderous tyranny the world has ever seen, are laying down their lives and calmly facing tor- tures worse than death, in order that their fellow beings may be free.” 1:1 (Jan. 1907). 7

American Journal of Eugenics (1907–1910)

Examined: 1094 (July 1907)–1118/19 (Jan.–Feb. 1910) Editor/Publisher: Moses Harman: Chicago, Ill., 1094 (July 1907)–1101 (Feb. 1908); , Calif., 1102 (June 1908)–1118/19 (Jan.–Feb. 1910); Lillian Harman, Chicago, Ill., “Moses Harman Memorial” issue Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Contributors: James Armstrong, , John Russell Coryell, Lillian Harman, Mary Florence Johnson, Robert B. Kerr, Hulda L. Pot- ter-Loomis, B. F. Richards, Theodore Schroeder, Paul Tyner, Edwin C. Walker, Winifred H. Walker AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EUGENICS (1907–1910) 21

Features/Subjects: Marriage Question, Variety, First Amendment Rights, Ob- scenity, Sex Education, “Various Voices,” Unitary Homes Preceding Titles: Valley Falls Liberal (Valley Falls, Kans.), Liberal (Valley Falls, Kans.), and Lucifer, the Light Bearer (Valley Falls, Kans., Topeka, Kans., and Chicago) OCLC Numbers: 5786634, 9815663, 56210868, 228677675

SELECTIONS

Theodore Schroeder. “Opposition to Freedom of the Press.” 1094 (July 1907). Schroeder professes opposition, not just to “The manner in which Mr. Comstock exercises an arbitrary power, but rather . . . the very existence of that power, which owes its existence to a criminal statute so uncertain as to leave it a matter of discretion what is to be punished under it.” James Armstrong. “Haywood’s Square Deal.” 1094 (July 1907). “Arbitrary Press Censorship.” 1095 (Aug. 1907). Author reports the arrest of Fred D. Warren, managing editor of the Appeal to Reason (Girard, Kans.) for circulating scurrilous, defamatory, and threatening matter. Theodore Schroeder. “Why Do Purists Object to Sex-Discussions?” 1096 (Sept. 1907). Paul Tyner. “Sex in Social Evolution.” 1097 (Oct. 1907)–1098 (Nov. 1907). An address delivered at the annual meeting for the Study of Life, New York. Tyner begins with the assertion that “Absolute maleness or absolute femaleness is simply an abstract conception of the mind. There is no such thing anywhere in the universe as an embodiment of life purely female or purely male.” William J. Robinson. “Does Obscene Literature Tend to Moral and Physical Injury of the Young?” 1098 (Nov. 1907). Robinson asks Theodore Schroeder, “If we have a right to forbid people to commit vulgar, offen- sive acts in the streets, why haven’t we the same rights to forbid them to use filthy offensive language in print?” and contends that pornography ruins the young. Theodore Schroeder. “Varieties of Official Modesty.” 1099 (Dec. 1907). Schroeder states that “The purpose of this essay is to exhibit a portion of the official and juridical evidence to prove that ‘obscenity,’ as used in the statutes, by which we now destroy the freedom of the press as to sex dis- cussion, has no exact or definable meaning.” Moses Harman. “Explanatory.” 1100 (Jan. 1908). Harman announces the declaration by R. M. Webster, acting assistant attorney general of the 22 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EUGENICS (1907–1910)

United States for the Post Office Department, that the July, August, Sep- tember, and October issues are unmailable because they contain obscene, lewd, lascivious, and indecent matter. Issue 1101 (February 1908) features communications from the Post Office Department declaring the July, August, September, and October issues of the American Journal of Eugenics unmailable. Also featured are the con- demned articles from 1100 (Jan. 1908): John Russell Coryell, “Free Di- vorce: A Consideration of the Present Marital Unhappiness”; Bolton Hall, “The Way to Sex Freedom”; and George Bedborough, “The Cost of Conformity to Custom.” Moses Harman. “Victory for Free Speech.” 1104 (Aug. 1908). Harman an- nounces that the Socialists of Los Angeles prevailed in gaining the equal right to use the streets and vacant lots of the city for public meetings af- ter some of their speakers “were tried, convicted, and sent to the ‘chain- gang’ as punishment for exercising a right freely exercised by the Salva- tion Army and other religious organizations.” “Our Drift toward Imperialism.” 1108/9 (Nov.–Dec. 1908). Author reminds his readers that, “while the Washington government was suppressing the revolution in the Philippines, the Declaration of Independence was also suppressed as being a ‘treasonable document.’” . “In Defense of Free Speech”; Cassius V. Cook, “ in ”; and Moses Harman, “Free Speech in Cali- fornia.” 1110/11 (Jan.–Feb. 1909). Authors report the suppression of Emma Goldman’s speeches in San Francisco, the clubbing of her audi- ences, and the arrest of Emma Goldman, , Alexander Horr, and William Buwalda. Robert B. Kerr. “A Plea for Variety in Love.” 1110/11 (Jan.–Feb. 1909)– 1116/17 (Sept.–Oct. 1909). George Bedborough. “Socialism and Marriage.” 1116/17 (Sept.–Oct. 1909). Lois Waisbrooker. “The Curse of Christian Morality.” 1118/19 (Jan.–Feb. 1910). M. Harman notes that this was Waisbrooker’s last article written for publication before her death. Emma Goldman. “Greeting from ‘Mother Earth.’” 1118/19 (Jan.–Feb. 1910). Goldman writes to M. Harman, “You are so young in spirit—the only real fighter in America. It does one good to think that there is at least one lone man, whom time and disappointment have failed to rob of his belief in the ultimate Truth.” “Moses Harman Memorial” issue includes Theodore Schroeder, “The Rights of Moses Harman under the Constitution—How They Were Denied”; Moses Oppenheimer, “Two Conceptions of Liberty—That of Moses AMERICAN POLITICAL PRISONER (1922) 23

Harman and That of His Persecutors”; E. M. Murray, “What Moses Har- man’s Work Means to Women”; Leonard D. Abbott, “Why the Name of Moses Harman Will Live beyond Our Years”; Juliet H. Severance, “Moses Harman, the Man: The Woman’s Viewpoint”; and Eugene V. Debs, “Moses Harman, Apostle of Freedom.”

Freeman Knowles—Obscenity Case

Note: Knowles, editor of the Lantern (Deadwood, S.D.), was convicted of sending obscene materials through the mails and sentenced to two years in prison. “Editorial Briefs: More Press Censorship.” 1103 (July 1908). Moses Harman. “Case of Freeman Knowles.” 1114/15 (May–June 1909). “The Outlook for Freedom and Justice: The Freeman Knowles Case.” 1118/19 (Jan.–Feb. 1910).

Unitary Homes

B. F. Richards. “Unitary Homes.” Moses Harman. 1108/9 (Nov.–Dec. 1908). “Unitary Homes—A Symposium.” 1112/13 (Mar.–Apr. 1909). B. F. Richards. “The Unitary Homes Ideal.” 1114/15 (May–June 1909). B. F. Richards. “Outlook for Unitary Homes.” 1118/19 (Jan.–Feb. 1910).

NOTES

“Successor to Lucifer, the Light Bearer.” “Eugenics— . . . The doctrine of progress or evolution, especially in the hu- man race, through improved conditions in the relations of the sexes.”— The Century Dictionary. Index to vol. 1 of the American Journal of Eugenics is provided at the end of 1099 (Dec. 1907). 7

American Political Prisoner (1922)

Prospectus: Imprisoned Still: What is our answer? “General amnesty!” “Free the political prisoners!” “Free them before the Christmas season when 24 THE AN-ARCHIST (1881)

Christ’s spirit is said to walk abroad and all men’s hearts are to be filled with Love and Kindliness!” “Free these prisoners who never committed crimes, but fearlessly, frankly spoke their noble thoughts of the Brother- hood of Men. Let them not see the dawning of the New Year behind prison bars!” “Release them, that all these words of Love and Justice proves not a mockery!” Examined: One issue from 1922 Subtitle: Voices from Behind the Bars Publication Information: Political Prisoners Defense and Relief Committee, New York, N.Y. Features/Subjects: Political Prisoners, ; “Imprisoned Still: What Is Our Answer?”; , Jacob Abrams, Hyman Lachowsky, and Samuel Lipman, “The Work We Do”; Statement issued before their de- parture to Russia, Nov. 23, 1921; Letters from Political Prisoners, Louis G. Raymond,1 “Thoughts of a Dead Living Soul”; Detailed statement of funds expended and received Owning Library: Library of Congress, Rare Books and Special Collections Di- vision, Paul Avrich Collection

ENDNOTE

1. Pen name of Manuel Rey y Garcia. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 394. 7

The An-Archist (1881)1

Prospectus: We will fight against all tyrannies and self-imposed authorities, may they appear in whatever form. We will make this Review a rallying point and an assembling ground of the till now scattered socialistic army on this continent; in union there is strength. . . . We will not be afraid of any threats whatever, whether by government or by any class, or by indi- viduals; and will always clearly speak out what we consider right and true. Examined: 1 (Jan. 1881) Subtitle: Socialistic—Revolutionary Review Editor/Publisher: Edward Nathan-Ganz,2 , Mass. Owning Library: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection ANARCHIST SOVIET BULLETIN (1919–1920) 25

SELECTIONS

Nathan-Ganz. “The Theory of An-Archism.” W. G. H. Smart. “The Secret of Success. Proposed Organization of the Pro- paganda.” “Federal Pact of the Revolutionary Alliance of the American Continent.” Spartacus. “The Fourth Socialistic-Revolutionary Congress of France.”

ENDNOTES

1. Only one number of the An-Archist was issued due to the arrest of Edward Nathan-Ganz on a charge of swindling. Benjamin R. Tucker, “On Picket Duty,” Liberty 42 (May 17, 1884): 1. 2. Pen name of Alexander Rodanow. “Nathan-Ganz Convicted,” New York Times, 30 March 1881, 2. 7

Anarchist Soviet Bulletin (1919–1920)

Prospectus: We are not going to waste any time condemning . . . the capitalist class, the prostituted shameless press or the world’s great hypocrite , we are not out to waste time. We are out to urge AC- TION! To give expression to the hopes and ideals of those that strive for the right to OWN what they produce, and make life something worth- while to live for. The Anarchist Soviet as the organ of the American Fed- erated Commune Soviets, will tell you what can be done, and what must be done to bring about the freedom of the workers in America. Examined: 1:1 (Apr. 1919)–2:17 (Aug. 1920)1 Editor: Marcus Graham2 Publication Information: American Anarchist Federated Commune Soviets, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Unidentified Features/Subjects: Social Revolution, Suppressing Anarchism, Union of Rus- sian Workers, Reprints: Mark Twain, Max Stirner, and Leo Tolstoi Succeeding Title: Free Society (New York) OCLC Numbers: 17951030, 5047907, 32301860 Owning Library: University of , Berkeley, Emma Goldman Papers 26 ANARCHIST SOVIET BULLETIN (1919–1920)

SELECTIONS

“Why So Scared?” 1:3 (June 1919). Author addresses the American Defense Society’s call for the suppression of the Anarchist Soviet Bulletin. “The Coming War on Mexico!” 1:5 (Aug. 1919). “The Future Society.” 1:7 (Oct. 1919). Author outlines what the editors mean by anarchism. “Capitalism Begins Its White Terror.” 1:9 (Dec. 1919). Author reports on the jailing and beating of hundreds of members of the in cities across the country. Letters from exiled comrades Arthur Katzes and Ethel Berstein. 1:10 (Apr. 1920). “Farwell! Exiled Comrades.” 1:10 (Apr. 1920). A poem. “The Significance of the First of May.” 2:14 (May 1920). “ Discovers the Good of Anarchism.” 2:15 (June 1920). Author describes “Saturdayna” or community volunteerism on Saturdays. “The Struggle for Independence: 4th of July Reflections.” 2:16 (July 1920). “To Robert Liso.” 2:16 (July 1920). A poem dedicated to a Portuguese worker shot by soldiers during a strike, June 21, 1920.

NOTES

“Capitalism is based on Exploitation, Violence, and Murder.” “Anarchism is based on Freedom, Equality, and Happiness.”

ENDNOTES

1. The Anarchist Soviet Bulletin appears to have ceased publication for a few months between its December 1919 and April 1920 issues. Why the vol- ume and issue numbering proceeds from 1:10 (Apr. 1920) to 2:14 (May 1920) is unclear. 2. No editor was identified in the issues that I examined, but according to Paul Avrich, Marcus Graham served as editor, while William O. Reichert adds that Graham was imprisoned on Ellis Island for issuing the Bulletin. See Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 488, n.110; William O. Reichert, Par- tisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anarchism (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1976), 433. 7 BEACON (1890–1891) 27 Beacon (1890–1891)

Prospectus: It [The Beacon] will endeavor to weed out the government— majority—or any other kind of rule; it will contend for the right of the individual to genuine freedom of thought, speech, and action; it will urge the people on to the assertion of their equal rights to the free use of the unused natural resources and the creations of their industry; it will insist upon the justice and expediency of the repulsion of the invader upon these their equal rights by physical force, if required, and upon the ne- cessity of their preparation for such emergencies. In short, it will attempt, in plain, unvarnished language, to show his condition to the unconscious slave, to rouse the conscious slave from his slumbers, and to inspire both to action. Examined: 1:12 (Apr. 26, 1890)–2:19 (Aug. 8, 1891)1 Editor/Publisher: Sigismund Danielewicz, San Francisco, Calif. Assistant Editor: Clara Dixon Davidson, 2:14 (June 26, 1891)–2:19 (Aug. 8, 1891) Frequency: Weekly Contributors: George Cumming, Voltairine de Cleyre, Clara Dixon Davidson, Lizzie M. Holmes, William T. Holmes, J. William Lloyd, Dyer D. Lum, Lucy E. Parsons, Felix Pyat Features/Subjects: Revolutionary Life in Russia, Method of Propaganda, Labor Movement Owning Library: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection

SELECTIONS

“Anarchists ‘Who Think’ and ‘Philosophic’ Anarchists.” 1:12 (Apr. 26, 1890). Geo. Cumming. “The Rights of Man.” 1:12 (Apr. 26, 1890). Lecture deliv- ered before the Free-Thought Society of San Francisco. Lizzie M. Holmes. “A Dream of the Past and Present.” 1:12 (Apr. 26, 1890). An Eye-Witness. “The Russian Massacre.” 1:13 (May 3, 1890); 2:1 (Jan. 31, 1891). Dyer D. Lum. “Social Revolution.” 1:13 (May 3, 1890). Felix Pyat. “Revolutionary War Science.” 1:13 (May 3, 1890). “The Pope’s Anathema.” 2:1 (Jan. 31, 1891). Author responds to ’s criticism of the Beacon. “To the Male and Female Workers of Germany.” 2:5 (Mar. 7, 1891). Appeal circulated throughout Germany by a group of German anarchists resid- ing outside Germany; translated by Carl Gleeser. 28 BEHIND THE BARS (1924)

M. Schachnazaroff. “Reminiscences of a Russian Exile. Types and Sketches of Russian Revolutionary Life. The Criminal Propaganda.” 2:5 (Mar. 7, 1891); 2:9 (Apr. 4, 1891); 2:11 (Apr. 18, 1891)–2:12 (Apr. 25, 1891). C.G. “Justice in Anarchism.” 2:12 (Apr. 25, 1891). William Holmes. “Clear Cut.” 2:14 (June 26, 1891). Henry Addis. “The Point to Strike.” 2:19 (Aug. 8, 1891). Lysander Spooner. “The Morality of Numbers.” 2:19 (Aug. 8, 1891).

NOTE

“Devoted to the Solution of the Social Problem.” 1:12 (Apr. 26, 1890).

ENDNOTE

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:12 (Apr. 26, 1890)–1:13 (May 3, 1890); 2:1 (Jan. 31, 1891); 2:5 (Mar. 7, 1891); 2:9 (Apr. 4, 1891); 2:11 (Apr. 18, 1891)–2:12 (Apr. 25, 1891); 2:14 (June 26, 1891); 2:19 (Aug. 8, 1891). 7

Behind the Bars (1924)

Prospectus: Wherever the state is in power, whether capitalistic or communis- tic, the lovers of freedom are jailed and tortured. In [Russia], France, Italy, Spain, and United States, our comrades are languishing behind iron bars. Our aim is to help them all as much as possible, and we appeal to you in the name of liberty and human interest in this noble work. Examined: 1 (Jan. 1924) Publication Information: Anarchist Red Cross Society, New York, N.Y. Contributors: Librado Rivera, Mollie Steimer, Georges Vidal, E. Yarchuk Features/Subjects: Political Prisoners, Exile OCLC Number: 39284944

SELECTIONS

“Respond to the Call of the Martyrs for Freedom.” Author explains the re- sumption of activities by the Anarchist Red Cross. THE BLAST (1916–1917) 29

Letter from Librado Rivera (Oct. 14, 1923). Rivera announces the commu- tation of his sentence and his imminent deportation to Mexico. The Latest News from Russia (Aug. 26, 1923). Author reports on the plight of imprisoned revolutionaries in Russia. A Letter from Mollie Steimer (, Oct. 21, 1923). Steimer describes her deportation from Russia for advocating anarchism. Bulletin of the Joint Committee for the Defense of Revolutionists Imprisoned in Russia (Oct. 1923). This bulletin reports the arrest of T. Polosova, Lea Gutman, and the persecution of Left revolutionists in Russia. Georges Vidal. “In French Prisons.” 7

The Blast (1916–1917)

Prospectus: To destroy the Old and the False is the most vital work. We em- phasize it: to blast the bulwarks of slavery and oppression is of primal ne- cessity. It is the beginning of really lasting construction. Thus will the Blast be destructive. And the Blast will be constructive. Too long have we been patient under the whip of brutality and degradation. Too long have we conformed to the Dominant, with an ineffective fist hidden in our pocket. Too long have we vented our depth of misery by endless discus- sion of the distant future. Too long have we been exhausting our efforts and energy by splitting hairs with each other. It’s time to act. The time is NOW. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916)–2:5 (June 1, 1917) Subtitles: Revolutionary Labor Weekly, 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916)–1:8 (Mar. 4, 1916); Revolutionary Labor Paper, 1:9 (Mar. 15, 1916)–2:5 (June 1, 1917) Editor/Publisher: Alexander Berkman: San Francisco, Calif., 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916)–2:3 (Mar. 15, 1917); New York, N.Y., 2:4 (May 1, 1917)–2:5 (June 1, 1917) Associate Editors: Eric B. Morton, 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916)–1:12 (May 1, 1916); M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, 1:13 (May 15, 1916)–2:5 (June 1, 1917) Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: Lydia Gibson, James H. Griffes (pseud. Luke North),1 Harry M. Kelly, David Leigh, , Mooney, Rebekah Raney, Margaret H. Sanger, Horace Traubel, Warren S. Van Valkenburgh, Alden Ward, Charles Erskine Scott Wood 30 THE BLAST (1916–1917)

Features/Subjects: Free Speech, Birth Control—Margaret H. Sanger and Emma Goldman Cases, Conscription, L.A. Times Explosion (1910)— Cases of Matt A. Schmidt and David Caplan, San Francisco Preparedness Day Bomb (1916)—Cases of , Warren K. Billings, et al., War Preparedness, Mexican Liberal Party (PLM), Magón Brothers— Regeneración—Incitement Case, Poetry, Reprints: Josiah Warren, Friedrich Nietzsche, Leo Tolstoy, OCLC Numbers: 3935470, 5179359, 6567807, 61717570, 70207571

SELECTIONS

Charles Erskine Scott Wood. “What Is the Matter with Labor?” 1:2 (Jan. 22, 1916). L. E. Claypool. “Preparedness Is Hell.” 1:3 (Jan. 29, 1916). The Blasters. “Why Revolutionary?” 1:4 (Feb. 5, 1916). The Indian National Party. “The Growth of Revolution in India.” 1:6 (Feb. 19, 1916). “Don’t Become a Murderer.” 1:7 (Feb. 26, 1916). Author counsels men not to join the military. Alden Ward. “The National Security League.” 1:7 (Feb. 26, 1916). Warren Van Valkenburgh. “A Lesson from the World War.” 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916). . “Life Is Vision and Vision Is Life.” 1:8 (Mar. 4, 1916). “Villa or Wilson—Which Is the Bandit?” 1:9 (Mar. 15, 1916). Reb Raney. “A Group That Does Things.” 1:10 (Apr. 1, 1916). Raney reports on the activities of Gruppo Anarchico. Alexander Berkman. “The Bloodhounds.” 1:11 (Apr. 15, 1916). Berkman re- ports on the suppression of anarchists and their newspapers. Alexander Berkman. “To Hell with the Government.” 1:12 (May 1, 1916). Berkman notes that the last three issues of the Blast had been censored by the Post Office. . “Pro-Government Anarchists.” 1:13 (May 15, 1916). Alexander Berkman. “Reflections: The Great Adventure.” 1:14 (June 1, 1916). Berkman reflects on Luke North’s ballot initiative in California to end land monopoly. “More Suppression.” 1:15 (July 1, 1916). A letter from the third assistant postmaster-general to the Blast and Alexander Berkman’s reply letter. Alexander Berkman. “Anent the [New York] Cloakmakers’ Strike.” 1:15 (July 1, 1916). Alexander Berkman. “Come Workers, Let Us Take Counsel Together.” 1:16 (July 15, 1916). Berkman argues that the time has come for a . THE BLAST (1916–1917) 31

Ed Gammons. “Preparedness—For What?” 1:16 (July 15, 1916). Alexander Berkman. “Violence and Anarchism.” 1:17 (Aug. 15, 1916). “Down with the Anarchists!” 1:17 (Aug. 15, 1916). Signed: The Blast Group, Group Freedom, Italian Anarchist Group Volonta, Union of Russian Workers, per Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman. Sadakichi Hartmann. “Art and Revolt.” 1:22 (Dec. 1, 1916). Enrique Flores Magón. “Carranza’s Doom.” 1:22 (Dec. 1, 1916). Charles Ashleigh. “The Full Story of the Battle of Everett.” 1:23 (Dec. 15, 1916). Alexander Berkman. “Social Revolution.” 1:24 (Jan. 1, 1917). Reprinted from Mother Earth following a raid on the Blast office. Fred Watson. “Preparedness.” 2:1 (Jan. 15, 1917). Robert Minor. “In the Shadow of the Gallow.” 2:2 (Feb. 15, 1917). Robert Minor. “Why Not Burn the Declaration of Independence?” 2:3 (Mar. 15, 1917). Alexander Berkman. “The Russian Revolution.” 2:4 (May 1, 1917). Leonard D. Abbott. “War as a Test of Anti-Militarist Sincerity.” 2:5 (June 1, 1917).

L.A. Times Explosion (1910)—Cases of Matt A. Schmidt and David Caplan

“The Erectors Association versus Matthew A. Schmidt.” 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916). Ed Gammons. “The Schmidt Case—and Before.” 1:4 (Feb. 5, 1916). Alexander Berkman. “David Caplan.” 1:10 (Apr. 1, 1916). Charles Erskine Scott Wood. “In the Eyes of the Future.” 1:10 (Apr. 1, 1916).

Birth Control—Margaret H. Sanger and Emma Goldman Cases

Margaret H. Sanger. “Not Guilty.” 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916). Reb Raney. “The Meaning of ’s Stand.” 1:5 (Feb. 12, 1916). “Birth Control Propaganda.” 1:9 (Mar. 15, 1916). Sara Bard Field. “A Birth-Control Meditation.” 1:23 (Dec. 15, 1916). A meditation on the sentencing of Emma Goldman and Ben Reitman to fifteen days and sixty days respectively for distributing birth control propaganda.

Magón Brothers—Regeneración—Incitement Case

“Wilson the Lackey of Carranza.” 1:7 (Feb. 26, 1916). Author reports on the raid of Regeneración, the beating and arrest of its editors, Ricardo and En- rique Flores Magón, and includes a letter from Maria Magón. 32 THE BLAST (1916–1917)

Alexander Berkman. “Reflections: The Magón Case.” 1:11 (Apr. 15, 1916). Edgcumb Pinchon. “Think of the Magóns.” 1:14 (June 1, 1916). Alexander Berkman. “Reflections: Hail to the Magóns!” 1:15 (July 1, 1916).

San Francisco Preparedness Day Bomb (1916)

Note: Cases of Thomas Mooney, Warren K. Billings, et al. “Planning Another 11th of November.” 1:17 (Aug. 15, 1916). Author reports on the explosion of a bomb during a San Francisco preparedness parade and the subsequent arrest of San Francisco’s most militant labor organizers. Robert Minor. “Nine and Five Make Fourteen.” 1:18 (Sept. 1, 1916). “The San Francisco Conspiracy.” 1:18 (Sept. 1, 1916). “The Billings Trial.” 1:19 (Sept. 15, 1916). “The Billings Verdict.” 1:20 (Oct. 15, 1916). “‘Law and Order’ in San Francisco.” 1:21 (Nov. 15, 1916). Alexander Berkman. “Reflections: San Francisco Bomb Case.” 1:21 (Nov. 15, 1916). “Rusty Justice.” 1:22 (Dec. 1, 1916). “Professional Jurors.” 1:22 (Dec. 1, 1916). “Comments: Trial of Tom Mooney.” 1:24 (Jan. 1, 1917). Alexander Berkman. “The Lynching.” 2:3 (Mar. 15, 1917). M. E. Fitzgerald. “Full Story of Mooney Conviction.” 2:3 (Mar. 15, 1917).

NOTE

“Let the Blast re-echo from coast to coast, inspiring strength and courage in the disinherited, and striking terror into the hearts of the craven enemy. . . . May the Blast tear up the solidified ignorance and cruelty of our so- cial structure. Blast away! To the daring belongs the future.” Emma Gold- man, 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1916).

ENDNOTE

1. See the full bibliographic record for Everyman in the library catalog of the University of Michigan, http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu:80/F/?func=direct &doc_number=000531318&local_base=MIU01_PUB (accessed 17 March 2009). 7 CHALLENGE (1938–1939) 33 Challenge (1938–1939)

Prospectus: Challenge aims to expose those forces: political and economic— and individuals: misleaders of labor—who have been exploiting workers’ organizations for their own or sectarian benefits. Challenge wants to make workers class conscious as well as conscious of their individual status in society—to think for themselves. Challenge wants to build militant, lib- ertarian, workers groups to fight Fascism and the reactionary forces lead- ing up to it. Examined: 1 (Apr. 30, 1938)–68 (Sept. 2, 1939) Subtitle: A Libertarian Weekly, 9 (June 25, 1938)–68 (Sept. 2, 1939) Editor: Abe Coleman1 Associate Editors: Jean Mendez, 1 (Apr. 30, 1938)–68 (Sept. 2, 1939); Arnold Roller,2 1 (Apr. 30, 1938)–3 (May 14, 1938); George Robbins, 4 (May 21, 1938)–68 (Sept. 2, 1939) Publication Information: Challenge Publishing Association, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Robert Bek-Gran, Abraham Blecher (pseud. Albert Orland),3 H. Brand (may be Enrico Arrigoni),4 Charles Centerline, Simon Farber, Louis Genin (pseud. Gike Mold),5 Violet Gonzalez, Lisa Luchkovsky, William Morris Jr., Joseph Reade, N. Ryder, Alexander Shapiro, A. Spar- tan Features/Subjects: Labor Movement, Spanish Revolution, International Brigades in Spain, “Youth Section,” Fascism, Nazism, International Af- fairs, “Cockeyed World,” Reprints: , Diego Abad de Santillan, Robert Louzon OCLC Numbers: 2422262, 6615702, 30367137, 145393608, 47125843

SELECTIONS

A.C. “Negrin Leads to Disaster.” 1 (Apr. 30, 1938). Arnold Roller. “Why No Labor Embargo on Fascist Supplies.” 1 (Apr. 30, 1938). R. Louzon. “Popular Front Generals Give Franco Aragon.” 2 (May 7, 1938). Abe Coleman. “What the Trade Unions Can Do.” 2 (May 7, 1938). Coleman suggests American trade unions follow the example of Spain’s trade unions in the Spanish Revolution. A. Spartan. “Exemplary Unselfishness of the A.C.W. [Amalgamated Clothing Workers] Union.” 4 (May 21, 1938). 34 CHALLENGE (1938–1939)

“Union Victim of Anti-Trust Law: Law Hits Unions Not Corporations.” 7 (June 11, 1938). Author reports the indictment of seventy-two Teamsters under the Federal Racketeering Act. A. Shapiro. “Reflections on the Spanish Revolution.” 9 (June 25, 1938)–11 (July 9, 1938). “Native and German Nazism in Chile.” 14 (July 30, 1938). “International Brigade in Spain.” 14 (July 30, 1938)–18 (Aug. 27, 1938). Au- thor praises the of the volunteers, while condemning Commu- nist Party control. “Is Mexico the Land of Revolution?” 17 (Aug. 20, 1938)–18 (Aug. 27, 1938). Federica Montseny. “International Tactics of Fascism and Windy Oratory of the .” 17 (Aug. 20, 1938). Ammon A. Hennacy. “Why Libertarians Do Not Vote.” 18 (Aug. 27, 1938). “The S.I.A. [International Anti-Fascist Solidarity].” 19 (Sept. 3, 1938)–20 (Sept. 10, 1938). D. A. De Santillan. “Revolution and War in Spain.” 19 (Sept. 3, 1938)–22 (Sept. 24, 1938). Excerpt addresses libertarians’ participation in the gov- ernment; translated by Alexander Shapiro. “Unions Alone Can Defend Liberty: I.W.W. Appeals to World Unions for United Action.” 21 (Sept. 17, 1938). A. Spartan. “‘Fuehrer’ Trend in the C.I.O. Dictatorial Lewis Leadership En- dangers Entire Labor Movement.” 21 (Sept. 17, 1938). A. Spartan. “Fair Labor Standards Law May Prove Unfair.” 22 (Sept. 24, 1938). A. Ciliga. “Kronstadt and the Fate of the Russian Revolution.” 23 (Oct. 1, 1938)–26 (Oct. 22, 1938). Reprinted from La Revolution Proletarienne. A. Spartan. “The Prospect for Peace in the American Labor Movement.” 25 (Oct. 15, 1938). Simon Farber. “Trade Unions, Their Purpose, and Their Role in Human So- ciety.” 27 (Oct. 29, 1938)–30 (Nov. 19, 1938). P.M. “The Nazi Putsch in Chile. Eye-Witness Account of Spectacular Fight.” 29 (Nov. 12, 1938). Albert Orland. “Convention Climaxes Three Years of CIO Activities. What’s Ahead for American Labor?” 31 (Nov. 26, 1938). “French Workers in Preliminary Test. Daladier Drives to Crush Labor.” 32 (Dec. 3, 1938). D. A. De Santillan. “While the War Continues.” 33 (Dec. 10, 1938)–37 (Jan. 14, 1939). Translated from Timou, a monthly “Synthesis of Politico-Social Orientation” of the Spanish Libertarian movement. Emma Goldman. “Herschel Feibel Grynspan and His Tormentors.” 34 (Dec. 24, 1938). Grynspan assassinated Ernst von Rath, assistant secretary to CHALLENGE (1938–1939) 35

the German embassy in Paris, as revenge for the expulsion by the Ger- mans of Grynspan’s Polish-born parents from Germany. Emma Goldman. “The Lure of the Spanish People.” 36 (Jan. 7, 1939). “Strike Leaders Jailed for ‘Injuring Business.’ Shoe Union Organizers Framed.” 37 (Jan. 14, 1939). Iberian Anarchist Federation Peninsular Committee. “Only Militant Workers Solidarity Can Save Spain! The FAI Holds Spanish Responsi- ble for Antifascists’ Disasters. Makes 17 Demands for Reorganization.” 38 (Jan. 21, 1939). Editorial. “They Are Still Fighting in Spain.” 38 (Jan. 21, 1939). Albert Orland. “Communists and Reactionaries. Doesn’t Rec- ognize Marx and Lenin Any More.” 39 (Jan. 28, 1939). R. Louzon. “From the Democratic to the Authoritarian State.” 41 (Feb. 11, 1939)–47 (Mar. 25, 1939). Reprinted from La Revolution Proletarienne. “Eye-Witness Account of the Tragedy on the French–Spanish Frontier.” 43 (Feb. 25, 1939). Robert Bek-Gran. “Czechoslovakia Smashed as Nazis Prepare for Coming War.” 46 (Mar. 18, 1939). Charles Centerline. “The Eta People, Japan’s ‘Jewish’ Problem.” 47 (Mar. 25, 1939). “U.S. ‘Recognizes’ Fascist Regime in Spain. under Franco De- scribed by Eye-Witness.” 48 (Apr. 8, 1939). “‘Challenge’ Conference Takes Steps to Unify Movement.” 49 (Apr. 15, 1939)–50 (Apr. 22, 1939). Organizations represented included the Rus- sian Federation of Toilers, the Italian Anarchist Federation, the Jewish Anarchist Federation, and the Libertarian Workers’ Group. Robert Bek-Gran. “Against This War.” 49 (Apr. 15, 1939). [Vice President, General Organizer I.L.G.W.U.]. “Stop the Sale of Munitions.” 50 (Apr. 22, 1939). A. Greenberg. “, Symbol of Workers’ Struggle, Born in the U.S.” 51 (Apr. 29, 1939). Albert Jenson. “I.W.M.A. View on Spain.” 52 (May 6, 1939)–56 (June 4, 1939). Walter. “On the Jewish Question.” 53 (May 13, 1939). Reprinted from Pro- letarian Outlook (New York). Albert Orland. “Britain Sacrifices Jews in Palestine.” 54 (May 20, 1939). Pierre Le Meillour. “Daladier Government Persecutes Anarchists.” 55 (May 27, 1939). Meillour reports the sentencing of Ferdinand Vintriguer, edi- tor of Le Libertaire, organ of the Anarchist Union of France, to one year in jail, and the suppression of SIA, the organ of International Antifascist Solidarity in France. 36 CHALLENGE (1938–1939)

The Gadfly. “Wobblies Defend Emma Goldman Meeting [in Windsor, Canada].” 57 (June 10, 1939). Reprinted from (Seat- tle). Abe Coleman. “Emma Goldman—Seventy Years Old.” 58 (June 17, 1939). Editorial. “Whose Day Is July Fourth?” 59 (July 1, 1939). Jean Bernier. “Revolutionary Pacifism. The Struggle against War and the Class Struggle.” 60 (July 8, 1939). Excerpt from article appearing in Le Reveil Syndicaliste (Paris). “New World Resettlement Fund for Spanish Refugees, We Must Help Those Who Must Emigrate or Die!” 60 (July 8, 1939). Abe Coleman. “July Nineteenth Can Never Die!” 61 (July 15, 1939). John Anderson. “IWMA Calls Workers to Fight against Armament Race, War and Fascism. Anarcho-Syndicalist International Denounces Communist, Socialist War Mongers.” 62 (July 22, 1939). Emma Goldman. “To All My Comrades and Friends in Europe, the United States and Canada.” 62 (July 22, 1939). Sebastien Faure. “Once an Anarchist, Always an Anarchist.” 63 (July 29, 1939)–64 (Aug. 5, 1939). Editorial. “You Can’t Stop Ideas by Striking at ‘Aliens.’” 64 (Aug. 15, 1939). Arn Thorn.6 “Erich Musham—Revolutionary Martyr.” 65 (Aug. 12, 1939). E.M. was a German anarchist poet, editor, and publisher of Fanal (Berlin), and worker for the German Anarcho-Syndicalist movement. Abe Coleman. “Comrade D. A. De Santillan Speaks Out.” 66 (Aug. 19, 1939)–68 (Sept. 2, 1939). An interview.

Issue 12 (July 16, 1938)

Note: This issue commemorates the start of the Spanish Revolution and in- cludes: “July 19th in Barcelona and Madrid. Frederica Montseny, First Woman Member of Spanish Cabinet, Gives Eye-Witness Account of Barcelona Victory.” “ on Spanish Libertarianism.” “Eye-Witness Account of Madrid Events by David Antona, Ex-National Sec- retary of the CNT.”

Munich Agreement (1938)

A. Spartan. “The .” 24 (Oct. 8, 1938). Editorial. “For Workers Munich Offers No Peace.” 24 (Oct. 8, 1938). CLARION (1932–1934) 37

Vincenzo Ferrero—Deportation Case

“Ferrero Must Stay Here.” 26 (Oct. 22, 1938). “We Must Help Ferrero.” 28 (Nov. 5, 1938).

NOTES

“Liberty is our goal. . . . Libertarian and democratic procedure our method. . . . Labor Unions and consumers’ our method.” Excerpt from “We Confess.” 5 (May 28, 1938). “Security without Freedom Is a Six Foot Cell.” 1 (Apr. 30, 1938)–3 (May 14, 1938). “Security without Freedom Is Slavery.” 4 (May 21, 1938)–68 (Sept. 2, 1939).

ENDNOTES

1. Pen name of Abe Bluestein. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 435. 2. Pen name of Siegfried Nacht. International Institute for Social History, Max Nacht Papers, http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/n/10764459.php (accessed 17 March 2009). 3. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 352–53. 4. According to Paul Avrich, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Enrico Ar- rigoni wrote as Brand for a number of anarchist journals in Spanish, - ian, and English and went to Spain during the . Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 169, 174. In addition, Challenge editors identified H. Brand as their correspondent on Spain, 47 (Mar. 25, 1939): 1. 5. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 439. 6. Ahrne Thorne (real name Thorenberg). Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 80. 7

Clarion (1932–1934)

Prospectus: In the struggle of Capital against Labor, the Clarion takes the side of Labor. . . . Instead of organization, the Clarion advocates self- organization. . . . Instead of democracy, the Clarion advocates Egocracy. . . . 38 CLARION (1932–1934)

This is the Clarion’s revolutionary formula: a) Expropriation of the ex- propriators; b) usurpation of the usurpers; c) disorganization of the dis- organizers. . . . One cannot build an enduring house out of punk, there- fore the Clarion’s endeavors will run along two lines: the advocacy of a revolutionary and evolutionary reconstruction of our social institutions, and the emphatic insistence upon the necessity of man’s self-cultivation, so that the Individual should rise to the dignity and full stature of a per- sonality; for only then the inter-relationary designs woven by him will be more or less satisfactory and humane. Examined: 1 (Sept. 1932)–13 (Jan. 1934) Subtitle: A Monthly Publication, 1 (Sept. 1932)–11/12 (July–Aug. 1933) Editors: Abba Gordin, 1 (Sept. 1932)–13 (Jan. 1934); Archie Turner, 1 (Sept. 1932)–2 (Oct. 1932) Publication Information: Clarion Publishing Association, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Contributors: E. Armand, W. Beoby, E. Bertran, Warren E. Brokaw, Donald Crocker, Benjamin De Casseres, I. N. Hord, J. William Lloyd, A. G. Mey- ers, Malfew Seklew, Walter Siegmeister, Charles T. Sprading Features/Subjects: Egoism, Free Love, Poetry, State Socialism, National Social- ism, Diet/Nutrition OCLC Numbers: 4393527, 174072141, 38967688

SELECTIONS

Abba Gordin. “The of the Organizer.” 1 (Sept. 1932). F. Guadagni. “E. Malatesta: A Missionary of Reason.” 1 (Sept. 1932). J. William Lloyd. “The Fall of Woman.” 1 (Sept. 1932). Abba Gordin. “Instead of a Program.” 2 (Oct. 1932). J. William Lloyd. “New Ideals in Love.” 2 (Oct. 1932). E. Bertran. “Travel and Eat!” 3 (Nov. 1932). “What We Stand For.” 4 (Dec. 1932). Abba Gordin. “‘The Bomb Was Thrown’ (Memoirs of a Russian Revolution- ist).” 4 (Dec. 1932). Abba Gordin. “Socialism, Vulgar and Scientific.” 5 (Jan. 1933). . “The Menace of ‘National Socialism.’” 5 (Jan. 1933). A De- cember 6, 1932, letter from Vienna. Walter Siegmeister. “Diet and Radicalism.” 5 (Jan. 1933). Edith McMahon. “Woman and Revolution.” 5 (Jan. 1933). Abba Gordin. “The Period of Agitation.” 6 (Feb. 1933). CLOTHED WITH THE SUN (1900–1904) 39

I. N. Hord. “Thou Shalt Not Kill.” 6 (Feb. 1933). Catherine Campoursy. “E. Armand.” 6 (Feb. 1933). Translated by J. Rudome. Benjamin De Casseres. “Symphony of My Life.” 6 (Feb. 1933). A poem. Abba Gordin. “Equality.” 7/8 (Mar.–Apr. 1933). J. William Lloyd. “Central and Side Love.” 7/8 (Mar.–Apr. 1933). Charles T. Sprading. “Peoples without Government.” 7/8 (Mar.–Apr. 1933); 9–10 (May–June 1933). A. G. Meyers. “Egotics.” 7/8 (Mar.–Apr. 1933). Abba Gordin. “Socialism and Exploitation.” 9/10 (May–June 1933). A. G. Meyers. “Egohood.” 9/10 (May–June 1933). Abba Gordin. “Social Organization.” 11/12 (July–Aug. 1933). Walter Siegmeister. “Food Fads.” 11/12 (July–Aug. 1933). A. G. Meyers. “Egosophy.” 11/12 (July–Aug. 1933). Abba Gordin. “Political Power.” 13 (Jan. 1934). E. Armand. “The Precursors of Anarchism.” 13 (Jan. 1934). 7

Clothed with the Sun (1900–1904)1

Prospectus: An Anarchist—One who believes self-government to be the best and only legitimate government, this to be reached by education, through the law of evolution—believes that violence only retards the movement. A Freelover—A man who never, under any circumstances, approaches a woman sexually unless she manifests a desire for him—a woman who believes she belongs to herself—never submits, but acts from choice. A libertine—A man who, under the sacred name of Freedom, uses various in- fluences to subdue woman to his will. The Red Flag—Its meaning:—Of one blood all nations and peoples, or, Uni- versal Brotherhood. Those who resort to violence should carry the black flag, whether calling themselves Anarchists or Governmentalists. Examined: 1:2 (Mar. 1900)–3:10 (Aug. 15, 1902)2 Masthead Subtitle: A Monthly Journal Devoted to the Freedom of Woman Editor/Publisher: Lois Waisbrooker: San Francisco, Calif., 1:2 (Mar. 1900)–1:12 (Dec. 1900); Home, Wash., 2:1 (Feb. 1901)–3:10 (Aug. 15, 1902) 40 CLOTHED WITH THE SUN (1900–1904)

Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Margaret Howard, Enola Starr, Ella Wheeler Wilcox Features/Subjects: Free Love, Free Motherhood, , Poetry: John A. Morris, Charlotte Perkins Stetson; Letters: J. C. Barnes, Francis Livesey, J. Alfred Kinghorn-Jones; Excerpts: Kate Austin, J. William Lloyd Preceding Title: Foundation Principles (Clinton, Iowa; Antioch, Calif.; and Topeka, Kans.) OCLC Number: 29863406 Owning Libraries: Harvard University, Houghton Library; University of Michigan, Labadie Collection

SELECTIONS

Lois Waisbrooker. “My Ideal of Love and Freedom.” Supp. to 1:10 (Nov. 1900). Margaret Howard. “Free Slaves.” 1:10 Supp. (Nov. 1900). Lois Waisbrooker. “Anniversary of the Martyrs.” 1:11 (Dec. 1900). Abe Isaak Jr. “What Anarchism Is.” 1:11 (Dec. 1900). “Spiritualists.” 1:12 (Jan. 1901). Lois Waisbrooker. “Organized Spiritualism.” 2:1 (Feb. 1901). John A. Morris. “Money to Burn.” 2:1 (Feb. 1901). A poem. Lois Waisbrooker. “Greetings from Home.” 2:2 (Mar. 1901). Lois Waisbrooker. “The Love and Trust Fad.” 2:2 (Mar. 1901). Charlotte Perkins Stetson. “Survival of the Fittest.” 2:4 (May 1901). A poem. Enola Starr. “Under the System.” 2:4 (May 1901)–3:3 (Apr. 1902). Lois Waisbrooker. “Koresh, a Modern Christ.” 2:5 (June 1901)–2:6 (July 1901). Lois Waisbrooker. “Why Should Love Die?” 2:5 (June 1901). Waisbrooker re- sponds to a Lizzie M. Holmes letter published in Lucifer, the Light Bearer, 864 (May 11, 1901). Lois Waisbrooker. “The Population Question.” 2:8 (Sept. 1901) Charlotte Perkins Stetson. “To Labor.” 2:8 (Sept. 1901). A poem. Lois Waisbrooker. “An Appeal to Woman.” 2:8 (Sept. 1901). Reprinted from A Century . James F. Morton Jr. “The Latest Press Outrage.” 2:10 (Nov. 1901). Reprinted from Discontent. Morton reports the raid of the Discontent office and the arrest, on obscenity charges, of Charles L. Govan, James W. Adams, and James E. Larkin. CLOTHED WITH THE SUN (1900–1904) 41

Lois Waisbrooker. “The Awful Fate of Fallen Women.” 2:11 (Dec. 1901). Waisbrooker comments on Paul Edwards’s article by the same title that appeared in Mental Scientist. Waisbrooker was ultimately arrested and fined $100 for the publication of this article. James F. Morton Jr. “Lest We Forget: To the Chicago Martyrs.” 2:11 (Dec. 1901). A poem reprinted from Discontent. Harry M. Tichenor. “The Rebel Song.” 2:12 (Jan. 1902). A poem reprinted from Free Society. Charlotte Perkins Stetson. “An Obstacle.” 3:3 (Apr. 1902). A poem. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. “Do You Hear the Children Weeping?” 3:3 (Apr. 1902).

NOTES

“I demand unqualified freedom for woman as woman, and that all the insti- tutions of society be adjusted to such freedom.” 1:3 (Apr. 1900). “And there appeared a great wonder in heaven, a woman clothed with the sun, the moon under her feet.” Revelation 12:1. “In all the past there have been those who have sensed and symbolized the truths of the coming time—have symbolized, but have not understood the fullness of the meaning thus shadowed forth; and of none is it more true than of the vision or symbol from which I have taken the name of my paper. Clothed with the Sun, the symbol of direct power. Woman will not always shine by reflected light. She will assert herself and put the moon under her feet. Oh that all, man as well as woman, could see the significance of this symbol. The glory of the future race would then be assured.” 1:12 (Jan. 1901).

ENDNOTES

1. I have been unable to locate any issues after 3:10 (Aug. 15, 1902); how- ever, Joanne E. Passet has written that Waisbrooker continued to inter- mittently issue Clothed with the Sun until spring 1904. See Joanne E. Pas- set, “Power through Print: Lois Waisbrooker and in Women,” in Print: Essays on the Print Culture of American Women from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ed. James P. Danky and Wayne A. Wiegand (Madison: University of Press, 2006), 244. 42 THE DAWN (1922)

2. Detailed records of issues examined: 1:2 (Mar. 1900); 1:3 (Apr. 1900); Supp. to 1:10 (Nov. 1900); 1:11 (Dec. 1900)–2:8 (Sept. 1901); 2:10 (Nov. 1901)–3:1 (Feb. 1902); 3:3 (Apr. 1902); 3:10 (Aug. 15, 1902). 7

The Dawn (1922)

Prospectus: The good folk who have a hankering for the simple life can attain the consummation of their ideal by staying right where they are—in the woods, among the rest—and get busy pulling stumps from the world. Get in touch with the pepper trees, wield the axe, and the simple life will suggest itself. Don’t think too much about trifles, like yourself, but lose yourself in the one big libertarian idea. Remember that wherever you go, you are taking yourself with you. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1922)–1:8 (Sept. 1922) Subtitle: A Journal of Free Expression Editor: Eugene Travaglio1 Publication Information: Dawn, Seattle, Wash. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Dolores Almaviva, Viroqua Daniels, Iride Dumont, A. Gutten- berg, Thurston Heydon, Nathan Levin, Eva Morris, X.Y.Z. Features/Subjects: Bolshevism, Dictatorship of the Proletariat, “The Labor World,” Atheism, Book and Pamphlet Reviews, Humor, Sarcasm OCLC Number: 32721423

SELECTIONS

“The Dictators of the Proletariat.” 1:1 (Jan. 1922). “The Waning of Religious Follies.” 1:1 (Jan. 1922). “The Crime of Sterilization.” 1:2 (Feb. 1922). Author reports how a court or- dered a farm laborer sterilized for stealing a couple of hams from a store. X.Y.Z. “The Communist Dictatorship.” 1:2 (Feb. 1922). “What Is Human Nature?” 1:3 (Mar. 1922). X.Y.Z. “The Political Institutions of Russia.” 1:3 (Mar. 1922). A. Guttenberg. “International Solidarity.” 1:4 (Apr. 1922). X.Y.Z. “The Federalist Movement of Russia.” 1:4 (Apr. 1922). Thurston Heydon. “The Dying Tramp.” 1:4 (Apr. 1922). A poem. DEMONSTRATOR (1903–1908) 43

F.K. “An Excursion to Russia.” 1:5 (May 1922). A review of Albert Rhys Williams’s Through the Russian Revolution. F.K. “The Tragedy of the Genoa [Economic] Conference.” 1:6 (June–July 1922). E. Irvine. “The United Front.” 1:7 (Aug. 1922). F.K. “Government by the Workers.” 1:7 (Aug. 1922). Dolores Almaviva. “Seen at the Centennial Exposition.” 1:8 (Sept. 1922).

NOTES

The editors describe X.Y.Z. as a “well-known comrade residing in .” “Do You Know: That while the Bolsheviks are making truce with pluto- cratic governments, men of confirmed revolutionary convictions are be- ing persecuted or summarily executed for dissenting with the dictatorship of fanatical theoreticians and their infamous Tcheka? Do you know that throughout Europe appeals for funds are being issued in behalf of im- prisoned comrades suffering from want of food and scant clothing? Shall we remain insensitive to their plight, or to the criminal and wanton squandering of human life? Then help swell the fund for the relief of those who may yet be saved. Send your contribution to The Dawn: 1215 Barclay Court, Seattle, WN., U.S.A.” Ad found in 1:3 (Mar. 1922)

ENDNOTE

1. No editor was identified in the issues I examined, but according to Paul Avrich, Eugene Travaglio was editor of The Dawn. See Paul Avrich, Anar- chist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 530. 7

Demonstrator (1903–1908)1

Prospectus: Our own standpoint is that of philosophic Anarchy. . . . We shall endeavor to demonstrate the possibility of an orderly society, based on in- dividual liberty and reliance on self-government. We do not pin ourselves to the creed of any individual or class; Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, 44 DEMONSTRATOR (1903–1908)

Burroughs, Carpenter, Ibsen, Tolstoi, Kropotkin, Hubbard, and many oth- ers are sources of inspiration to us. We are evolutionists, with no schemes of physical revolution or political intrigue. Our one fundamental aim is that of education. Public enlightenment is the guaranty of social progress. Examined: 1 (Mar. 11, 1903)–142 (Feb. 19, 1908) Subtitles: A Weekly Periodical of Fact, Thought, and Comment, 1 (Mar. 11, 1903)–66 (Oct. 26, 1904); A Semi-Monthly Periodical of Fact, Thought, and Comment. 67 (Nov. 16, 1904)–104 (June 6, 1906). Editors: James F. Morton Jr., 1 (Mar. 11, 1903)–90 (Nov. 1, 1905); Jay Fox, 91 (Nov. 15, 1905)–128 (June 19, 1907); Lawrence Cass, 129 (July 3, 1907)–142 (Feb. 19, 1908) Publication Information: Demonstrator Group, Home (Lakebay Post Office), Wash. Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: Steven T. Byington, J. A. Gillie, Lizzie M. Holmes, Charles L. James, Andrew Klemencic, Joseph A. Labadie, Sadie A. Magoon, John A. Morris, Carl Nold, Horace Traubel, Oliver A. Verity, Gertie Vose, Lois Waisbrooker Features/Subjects: Home Colony, Free Speech, Comstockism, 1903 Anti- Anarchist Act, Pacifism, —Deportation Case, , Race Prejudice, Neo-Malthusianism, Free Love, Syndicalism, Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), International Anarchist Move- ment, “Biological Information” Preceding Title: Discontent (Home, Wash.) OCLC Numbers: 5095964, 17688707, 42302086, 19333068, 31354682, 145133410

SELECTIONS

James F. Morton Jr. “Freedom of Expression.” 1 (Mar. 11, 1903). Morton pledges the Demonstrator to the cause of freedom of expression. James F. Morton Jr. “Do You Want Free Speech?” 2 (Mar. 18, 1903)–9 (May 6, 1903). James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 4 (Apr. 1, 1903). Morton argues that “laws against mixed marriage, asinine as all laws touching private rela- tions, besides being an insolent and totally inexcusable interference with the rights of the individual, are unutterably silly.” James F Morton Jr. “Misrepresenters of Anarchy.” 11 (May 20, 1903)–13 (June 3, 1903). DEMONSTRATOR (1903–1908) 45

James F. Morton Jr. “Our Position.” 15 (June 17, 1903). Morton reveals that the Demonstrator’s position represents “non-retaliatory Anarchy,” rebukes “every manifestation of race prejudice,” stands “for the paramount right of the workingman to the full value of his product,” and gives much at- tention to the “overshadowing issue of free speech.” James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 20 (July 29, 1903). Morton contends that “all who cater to race prejudice in any way, or treat the negroes as a race instead of as individuals to be received according to their personal merits, helps to maintain the condition of affairs which breeds lynching and peonage.” James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 28 (Oct. 14, 1903). Morton states that “race prejudice is fostered [by the exploiting class] to divide and enslave the workers” and that “unionists, reformers, and all progressive thinkers owe it to themselves and their cause to fight the accursed thing wherever it shows itself.” James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 32 (Nov. 11, 1903). Morton reports the arrest of John Turner and blasts reform papers and Demonstrator’s readers for their failure to support the . James F. Morton Jr. “Why Were They Martyrs?” 32 (Nov. 11, 1903). Morton points out that “in honoring their [martyred Chicago anarchists’] mem- ory, we do not adopt the deed with which they were charged, but declare our detestation of the judicial crime by which they were sacrificed.” R. C. Hensley. “Evolution vs. Creation.” 41 (Feb. 3, 1904). “Is It Race Prejudice or What?” 43 (Mar. 9, 1904). James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 44 (Mar. 16, 1904). Morton declares that “The principle of free speech can be best upheld by making it per- fectly clear that our defense of the rights of an individual is not condi- tioned on approval of his methods.” James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 46 (Mar. 30, 1904). Morton reports the arrest of J. Klamroth for canvassing for a socialist paper and express- ing anti-imperialist opinions in Tacoma, Washington. R. C. Hensley. “The Love or Marriage Relation.” 50 (May 11, 1904). Lewis Haiman. “Should Radicals Colonize?” 53 (June 8, 1904)–57 (July 27, 1904); 60 (Aug. 24, 1904). J. A. Gillie. “Plurality in Love.” 55 (July 6, 1904). “Is Marriage Fatal to Love?” 57 (July 27, 1904). C. L. James. “The Population Question.” 59 (Aug. 17, 1904)–60 (Aug. 24, 1904). James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 67 (Oct. 12, 1904). Morton argues that “race prejudice, is the enemy of civilization, and inevitably leads to 46 DEMONSTRATOR (1903–1908)

national deterioration. It is traitorous to the spirit of democracy and the prolific parent of every species of crime. Woe to the land that in which it is suffered to prevail.” Lydia Kingsmill Commander. “What Imperialism Means to Women.” 69 (Dec. 21, 1904). J. A. Gillie. “Is Woman a Superior Being?” 71 (Jan. 18, 1905). C. L. James. “In Defence of .” 73 (Feb. 15, 1905). J. A. Gillie. “The New Era Marriage.” 74 (Mar. 1, 1905). C. L. James. “Sex Radicalism.” 76 (Apr. 5, 1905). James F. Morton Jr. “The Ultimate Infamy.” 86 (Sept. 6, 1905). Morton notes that “In spite of all the outrages of the past few years—the impris- onment of earnest and noble men and women, the murder of Ida Crad- dock by the unspeakable Comstock, the banishment of John Turner for opinions sake, the complete establishment of an autocratic and irrespon- sible censorship in the post office and the custom-house—nine-tenths of the readers of these words have been too shamefully indifferent to lift a finger for the cause of freedom of expression.” Jay Fox. “Unionism New and Old.” 95 (Jan. 17, 1906). Jay Fox. “The Ballot or the General Strike.” 99 (Mar. 12, 1906). John A. Morris. “Instruments of Torture.” 100 (Apr. 4, 1906)–101 (Apr. 18, 1906). Jay Fox. “John Most.” 101 (Apr. 18, 1906). James Armstrong. “Why I Am Not a Collectivist.” 102 (May 2, 1906). An ad- dress delivered before the Social Science League, Chicago, March 25, 1906. . “Bread or Liberty?” 103 (May 16, 1906). Alexander Berkman. “First Speech after His Release from Jail.” 104 (June 6, 1906). Alexander Berkman. “A Greeting to My Friends and Comrades.” 108 (Aug. 1, 1906). Jay Fox. “The Chicago Martyrs.” 114 (Nov. 7, 1906). James Armstrong. “Intellectual Persimmons.” 117 (Dec. 19, 1906)–118 (Jan. 16, 1907). Lizzie Holmes. “Woman’s Suffrage in Colorado.” 121 (Mar. 6, 1907). “Mexico and the United States.” 131 (Aug. 7, 1907)–132 (Aug. 21, 1907).

John Turner—Deportation Case

James F. Morton Jr. “The Turner Outrage.” 34 (Dec. 1, 1903). James F. Morton Jr. “Who Is to Blame?” 35 (Dec. 16, 1903). Morton answers, “You, the great body of American people, who persist in lazily allowing DEMONSTRATOR (1903–1908) 47

others to do your thinking for you” and the radicals who “have been too indifferent to join the Free Speech League, or to lift one finger to aid it in its effort to awaken public conscience.” James F. Morton Jr. “Will It Stop Here?” 36 (Dec. 23, 1903). “The Turner Case.” 36 (Dec. 23, 1903). “Propagating Anarchy by Law.” 38 (Jan. 13, 1904). “Deporting an Anarchist.” 39 (Jan. 20, 1904). “The Supreme Court’s Decision.” 52 (June 1, 1904). See Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279 (1904). James F. Morton Jr. “Demonstrative.” 53 (June 8, 1904). Morton notes that “The decision of the Supreme Court against John Turner destroys even the faintest hope for free speech in this country. . . . Join the Free Speech League at once. . . . If you sit idly and do nothing at a critical time like this, you deserve to be a slave forever.”

Moses Harman—Lucifer—Obscenity Case

“A Statement by Him.” 83 (July 19, 1905). “Another Edition of Lucifer Confiscated.” 83 (July 19, 1905). Gertie Vose. “Moses Harman.” 84 (Aug. 2, 1905).

NOTES

IWW label appears on editorial page, 91 (Nov. 15, 1905)–93 (Dec. 20, 1905); 131 (Aug. 7, 1907)–142 (Feb. 19, 1908). An “IWW Department” appears, 96 (Feb. 7, 1906)–130 (July 17, 1907). Demonstrator combines with the Emancipator (San Francisco), 129 (July 3, 1907). The Demonstrator Group pronounces itself a “paper to propagate the ideas of Anarchist Communism.” 132 (Aug. 21, 1907).

ENDNOTE

1. In 1904, the circulation of the Demonstrator was well below 1,000. Lau- rence Veysey, Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 36. Nonetheless, when Free Society ceased publication in 1905, the Demonstrator was con- sidered the principal organ in English of anarchist communism. Clarence 48 DISCONTENT (1898–1902)

Lee Swartz, “Anarchist Communism,” in New Encyclopedia of Social Re- form, New ed., ed. William D. P. Bliss and Rudolph M. Binder (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1908), 50; But see Veysey, Anarchist and Mystical Communities, 36, who describes the Demonstrator as “neither clearly com- munal or individualist in [its] orientation.” 7

Discontent (1898–1902)1

Prospectus: Discontent will first of all be an anarchist paper and will battle for the freedom of the human race from tyranny and superstition of all kinds and sorts. It will advocate communism as the ultimate ideal as we believe mankind must have an ideal to strive for if they are to progress, and we can conceive of no higher ideal of existence than that to be secured by the consociated efforts of a band of brothers striving for the full freedom of all to enjoy life untrammeled by statutory enactments and deep-rooted prejudices fossilized by time. Examined: 1 (May 11, 1898)–186 (Apr. 23, 1902)2 Subtitle: Mother of Progress Editors: 3 Charles L. Govan, Oliver A. Verity, George H. Allen; James F. Mor- ton Jr., 144 (June 26, 1901)–186 (Apr. 23, 1902) Publication Information: Discontent, Lakebay, Wash., 1 (May 11, 1898)–57 (June 28, 1899); Discontent Publishing Group, Home, Wash., 96 (May 2, 1900)–186 (Apr. 23, 1902) Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: A. L. Ballou, James Beeson (pseud. Image Breaker),4 Edgar D. Brinkerhoff, Steven T. Byington, C. H. Cheyse, F. A. Cowell, Lizzie M. Holmes, William T. Holmes, Charles L. James, Nellie M. Jerauld (pseud. Juno), J. L. Jones, J. Alfred Kinghorn-Jones, Andrew Klemencic, Joseph A. Labadie (pseud. A. Crank),5 E. C. Miles, James F. Morton Jr., Charles Penhallow, E. J. Schellhous Features/Subjects: Home Colony, Political Economy, Free Love, Pacificism, Po- etry, Free Thought, Education, Free Speech, Obscenity Cases, Interna- tional Affairs, Health, Communism v. Commercialism Succeeding Title: Demonstrator (Home, Wash.) OCLC Numbers: 17331544, 17268432, 145136924, 42302115, 32267488 DISCONTENT (1898–1902) 49

SELECTIONS

E. C. Miles. “The Problem Solved.” 1 (May 11, 1898)–29 (Nov. 23, 1898). A political economy column. Nellie M. Jerauld. “Religion—Evolution.” 19 (Sept. 14, 1898)–20 (Sept. 21, 1898). Charlotte Perkins Stetson. “Egoism, Altruism, and Socialism.” 23 (Oct. 12, 1898). Nellie M. Jerauld. “Lights and Shadows of Colony Life.” 28 (Nov. 11, 1898)–43 (Mar. 1, 1899). A novel. E. C. Miles. “Our Anarchistic Educational Enterprise.” 31 (Dec. 7, 1898). A. Klemencic. “Is There Such a Thing as Class Struggle?” 35 (Jan. 4, 1899). J. I. Arnold. “Love and Marriage.” 40 (Feb. 8, 1899); 43 (Mar. 1, 1899)–44 (Mar. 8, 1899). James F. Morton Jr. “What Is a Free Woman?” 96 (May 2, 1900). Nellie M. Jerauld (Juno). “Chains.” 100 (May 30, 1900)–135 (Apr. 24, 1901). A free-love novel. George H. Allen. “Choose between Socialism and Anarchy.” 104 (July 4, 1900). James F. Morton Jr. “Off and On.” 106 (July 24, 1900). Morton argues that “no public movement of real value to the human race can afford to ad- mit sex, caste, or color distinctions.” Kate Austin. “Shots at Idealistic Recklessness.” 107 (Aug. 1, 1900). A. Warren. “The Dale Plan.” 107 (Aug. 1, 1900)–109 (Aug. 15, 1900); 112 (Sept. 19, 1900)–114 (Oct. 3, 1900). “The Spanish Anarchists.” 108 (Aug. 8, 1900). Reprinted from Freedom (London). H. F. Hadley. “Patriotism Is a Disease.” 109 (Aug. 15, 1900). James F. Morton Jr. “Kings and King Slayers.” 113 (Sept. 26, 1900). Reprinted from Free Society. Morton states that “No revolutionist mur- ders for the mere lust of blood. Let him teach and he will not kill. It is only when the tongue is silenced that the revolver speaks; when pen and ink are denied him that he writes in letters of blood.” A. L. Ballou. “To Vote or Not to Vote.” 118 (Oct. 31, 1900). Ross Winn. “Hell.” 121 (Nov. 28, 1900). Steven T. Byington. “What Anarchism Ought to Mean.” 122 (Dec. 5, 1900). J. C. Barnes. “Anarchy Has Prompted All Social Advancement.” 123 (Dec. 19, 1900). Lizzie Holmes. “Punishment.” 128 (Jan. 30, 1901). 50 DISCONTENT (1898–1902)

J. C. Barnes. “The Fallacy of Voting.” 141 (May 15, 1901). A. Alan Noe. “In Favor of a Revolution.” 143 (May 29, 1901). Kinghorn-Jones. “Priestly Prevarication.” 145 (June 19, 1901)–147 (July 3, 1901). J. T. Small. “Vaccination a Wreck.” 146 (June 26, 1901). William H. Van Ornum. “Revolution or Evolution.” 147 (July 3, 1901). C. L. James. “Ignorance, Evolution and Revolution.” 150 (July 24, 1901). A. L. Ballou. “What Anarchism Ought to Mean.” 155 (Aug. 28, 1901). J. A. Wilson. “Anarchy and .” 156 (Sept. 4, 1901). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “What Is the United States Constitution Worth?” 166 (Nov. 20, 1901). Reprinted from Lucifer, the Light Bearer. James F. Morton Jr. “Off and On.” 166 (Nov. 20, 1901). Morton reports the trial of Morrison I. Swift, arrested for publishing a book against imperi- alism; the suppression of the Cuban newspaper La Lucha for publishing a cartoon depicting American aggression; and the attempt to suppress Discontent. James F. Morton Jr. “Off and On.” 170 (Dec. 18, 1901). Morton comments on congressional proposals to suppress anarchism. James F. Morton Jr. “Off and On.” 176 (Jan. 29, 1902). Morton ridicules, as impracticable, the idea of compulsory deportation of all anarchists, while suggesting the idea of an “anarchist commonwealth” worth exploring. James F. Morton Jr. “Off and On.” 181 (Mar. 19, 1902). Morton states that “The battle of free speech is closely allied to the struggle against imperi- alism. . . . Free speech is the nucleus of the whole contest for liberty. Without it, no other liberty is secure. With it, no tyranny is lasting. Im- perialism, in its ultimate effect, is the negation of all liberty. It is every- where accompanied by censorship. Resting on a foundation of greed and injustice, it naturally dreads exposure, and resorts to the iron hand to shield its deeds of shame.” Joshua T. Small. “Czolgosz Was Insane.” 181 (Mar. 19, 1902). James F. Morton Jr. “Off and On.” 186 (Apr. 23, 1902). Morton reports the suppression of the Declaration of Independence as an “incendiary docu- ment” in some parts of the Philippine Islands.

Charles C. Moore—Obscenity Case

Note: C. C. Moore edited an atheist paper, Bluegrass Blade (Lexington).6 “Editor Moore Convicted.” 43 (Mar. 1, 1899). “Help C. C. Moore.” 44 (Mar. 8, 1899). “C. C. Moore Acquitted.” 118 (Oct. 31, 1900). DISCONTENT (1898–1902) 51

Communism v. Commercialism

Edgar D. Brinkerhoff. “Communism vs. Commercialism.” 111 (Sept. 5, 1900). William T. Holmes. “Free Communism vs. Free Commercialism.” 113 (Sept. 26, 1900); 119 (Nov. 7, 1900); 132 (Mar. 6, 1901)–133 (Mar. 20, 1901). Edgar D. Brinkerhoff. “Free Commercialism vs. Free Communism.” 116 (Oct. 17, 1900); 122 (Dec. 5, 1900)–123 (Dec. 19, 1900); 129 (Feb. 6, 1900); (Apr. 10, 1901); 142 (May 22, 1901).

Discontent—Obscenity Case

James F. Morton Jr. “To the Liberal Public.” 165 (Nov. 13, 1901). Morton an- nounces the arrest of Charles Govan, James W. Adams, and James E. Larkin. James F. Morton Jr. “Why We Protest.” 166 (Nov. 20, 1901). James F. Morton Jr. “Discontent Held Up!” 170 (Dec. 18, 1901). James F. Morton Jr. “Progress of the Case.” 173 (Jan. 15, 1902). “Victory!” 181 (Mar. 19, 1902).

History of Past Obscenity Cases

James F. Morton Jr. “Whitman and Comstockism.” 168 (Dec. 4, 1901). Mor- ton chronicles the campaign against Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass.” James F. Morton Jr. “The [Jacob B.] Wise Case.” 169 (Dec. 11, 1901). Wise was charged with obscenity for depositing a postcard in the mail con- taining Isaiah 36:12. “The [D. M.] Bennett Case.” 170 (Dec. 18, 1901). Bennett edited and pub- lished the Truth Seeker (New York), was arrested for mailing Ezra Hey- wood’s free-love pamphlet “Cupid’s Yokes,” and was sentenced to thirteen months in jail. See U.S. v. Bennett, 24 F. Cas. 1093 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1879). James F. Morton Jr. “The [Moses] Harman Case.” 173 (Jan. 15, 1901); 175 (Jan. 29, 1902). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “The [Elmina] Slenker Case.” 176 (Feb. 5, 1902). Slenker was arrested and tried for mailing obscene private letters in re- sponse to the decoy letters of Comstock’s agents. Chamberlin served as Slenker’s attorney. James F. Morton Jr. “The [Jesse N.] Lee Case.” 178 (Feb. 19, 1902). Lee was harassed by the “Comstock clan” for his “amatory correspondence” with a middle-aged widow. James F. Morton Jr. “The [Ida C.] Craddock Case.” 186 (Apr. 23, 1902). Crad- dock was arrested by Comstock himself, for distributing her pamphlet 52 DISCONTENT (1898–1902)

“Wedding Night.” Sentenced to five years in prison, she committed sui- cide rather than return to jail.

ENDNOTES

1. A tabloid-sized, four-page publication, originally issued from a small print shop constructed with $10 worth of materials. By 1900, Discon- tent had a circulation of 1,200, with subscribers in every state of the union. Charles Pierce LeWarne, Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975), 174; Kenneth O. Ghormley, “Anarchy at Home,” Redlands Fortnightly Club, January 21, 1999, http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/papers/ghorm99.htm (ac- cessed 31 March 2009). 2. Detailed record of issues examined: 1 (May 11, 1898)–5 (June 8, 1898); 10 (July 13, 1898)–11 (July 20, 1898); 13 (Aug. 3, 1898)–26 (Nov. 2, 1898); 28 (Nov. 16, 1898)–29 (Nov. 23, 1898); 31 (Dec. 7, 1898)–37 (Jan. 18, 1899); 39 (Feb. 1, 1899)–40 (Feb. 8, 1899); 43 (Mar. 1, 1899)–44 (Mar. 8, 1899); 57 (June 28, 1899); 96 (May 2, 1900); 100 (May 30, 1900)–116 (Oct. 17, 1900); 118 (Oct. 31, 1900)–123 (Dec. 19, 1900); 128 (Jan. 30, 1901)–129 (Feb. 6, 1901); 132 (Mar. 6, 1901)–133 (Mar. 20, 1901); (Apr. 10, 1901); 138 (Apr. 24, 1901); 141 (May 15, 1901)–143 (May 29, 1901); 145 (June 19, 1901)–147 (July 3, 1901); 150 (July 24, 1901); 152 (Aug. 7, 1901)–157 (Sept. 11, 1901); 165 (Nov. 13, 1901)–170 (Dec. 18, 1901); 173 (Jan. 15, 1902); 175 (Jan. 29, 1902)–176 (Feb. 5, 1902); 178 (Feb. 19, 1902); 181 (Mar. 19, 1902); 186 (Apr. 23, 1902). 3. George David Hall contends that Oliver Verity and George H. Allen coedited Discontent and then around 1900 James Ferdinand Morton Jr. served as chief editor. George David Hall, “The Theory and Practice of Anarchism at Home Colony 1896–1912” (master’s thesis, Washington State University, 1994), 58, 109. On the other hand, Paul Avrich iden- tifies only Charles L. Govan as editor of Discontent. Paul Avrich, An- archist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 291. Given the discrepancy, I have chosen to credit Charles L. Govan, Oliver A. Verity, and George H. Allen as coeditors up until James F. Morton Jr. assumed editorship, which I date from the time his editorial column “Off and On” begins to appear in the paper. 4. “Editorial Comment.” Firebrand 3, no. 3 (Oct. 30, 1909): 3. DISCUSSION (1937–1938) 53

5. George David Hall, “The Theory and Practice of Anarchism at Home Colony 1896–1912” (master’s thesis Washington State University, 1994), 81. 6. Kentuckiana Digital Library, Bluegrass Blade (Lexington, Ky.: Blade, 1886–1910), http://kdl.kyvl.org/k/kynews/blu.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 7

Discussion (1937–1938)

Prospectus: Amid exchange of ideas, on the political field Discussion will take the side of Liberty as against Authority, governmental schemes advanced to operate through the state. However, it expects to grant column space to authoritarian schemes, if presented with reasonable argument. It is only fair, though, to warn that such ideas may meet the slings and arrows of the emancipated (?) brethren, and by the way, vice versa. It is to you, then, gentle readers, from who is expected copy, criticism, condemna- tion, and perhaps praise, and whom Discussion, in turn, expects to in- terest, charm, and perhaps instruct. May our relations be most cordial. Maybe our coterie will branch out and grow. Who knows? Examined: 1:1 (May 1937)–1:8 (Jan. 1938) Subtitle: A Journal for Free Spirits Editor/Publisher: Laurance Labadie, , Mich. Frequency: Irregular Contributors: Warren E. Brokaw, Lillian Buck, Steven T. Byington, Henry Co- hen, William F. Fowler, Harry M. Kelly, John G. Scott, Jo Ann Wheeler, E. S. Woodward Features/Subjects: Proudhon, Equity, Money Reform, Mutual Banks OCLC Numbers: 30332157, 36275774 Owning Library: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection and Hatcher Graduate Library, Serials and Microfilm

SELECTIONS

Laurance Labadie. “If You Want It, You Will Have to Take It.” 1:3 (June 1937). Laurance Labadie. “Is Credulity Sweeping the World?” 1:6 (Sept. 1937). 54 EGO (1921–1923)

Laurance Labadie. “The Money Problem in the Light of Liberty.” 1:7 (Oct. 1937). Josiah Warren. “The Greatest Practicable Amount of Liberty to Each Indi- vidual.” 1:8 (Jan. 1938). Chapter III from True Civilization, republished by Benjamin Tucker in 1875.

NOTE

First two issues are practically unreadable due to damage. 7

Ego (1921–1923)

Prospectus: Ego’s Political Platform: the repeal or abolition of all compulsory, dictatorial, religious, or so-called moral laws—all laws that stand in the way of worldwide free competition and free trade, and all that deny or in- fringe upon the liberty of the individual to do an act not criminal in itself. Examined: 3:1 (Jan. 1, 1921)–3:7 (July 1921); 41 (Jan.–Mar. 1923) Editor/Publisher: Edward H. Fulton, Clinton, Iowa Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Steven T. Byington, Joseph A. Labadie, A. G. Wagner Features/Subjects: Mutual Banks, Individualism, Max Stirner Reprint Preceding Titles: New Order (Clinton, Iowa), 1776 American (Clinton, Iowa) Succeeding Titles: Egoist (Clinton, Iowa), Mutualist (Clinton, Iowa) OCLC Number: 27870598 Owning Libraries: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection; New York Public Library, Manuscript Division, Benjamin R. Tucker Collection

SELECTIONS

“The Curse of the World.” 3:1 (Jan. 1, 1921). Author refers to the use of force and coercion to impose one’s will on others. Max Stirner. “I’ve Based My Cause upon Nothing.” 3:2 (Feb. 1, 1921). Trans- lated by H. J. Schirmer. Edward H. Fulton. “What This Magazine Stands For: An Outline of the Po- litical, Social and Economic Doctrine of This Magazine.” 3:4 (Apr. 1921). Steven T. Byington. “Juries and Reasonable Doubts.” 3:4 (Apr. 1921). EGOISM (1890–1897) 55

NOTES

“Advocating Untrammeled Individual Liberty.” 3:1 (Jan. 1, 1921)–3:3 (Mar. 1921). “For Individual Liberty Supreme.” 3:7 (July 1, 1921). 7

Egoism (1890–1897)

Prospectus: Egoism’s purpose is the improvement of social existence from the standpoint of intelligent self-interest. To gain recognition of the fact, and popularize the idea, that self-pleasure can be the only motive of any act; that any attempt to ignore it must as necessarily be disastrous as an at- tempt to ignore any other part of the order of nature. Examined: 1:1 (May 1890)–3:26 (July 1897) Editors: Henry and Georgia Replogle1 Publication Information: Equity Publishing Co.: San Francisco, Calif., 1:1 (May 1890)–2:12 (Dec. 1892); Oakland, Calif., 3:1 (Jan. 14, 1893)– 3:26 (July 1897) Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Contributors: W. S. Bell, G. A. F. De Lespinasse, J. William Lloyd, F. B. Parse, Francis D. Tandy, James L. Walker (pseud. Tak Kak),2 Alfred B. Westrup Features/Subjects: Egoism, Free Thought, Children under Anarchy, Mutual Banks, Marriage Question, State Socialism, Periodical Reviews OCLC Number: 30329892 Owning Library: Library of Congress, Rare Books and Special Collections Di- vision, Paul Avrich Collection

SELECTIONS

Tak Kak. “The Egoistic Philosophy.” 1:1 (May 1890)–1:4 (Aug. 1890). Dyer D. Lum. “The Science of Social Relations.” 1:2 (June 1890). W. S. Bell. “Selfishness versus Unhappiness.” 1:3 (July 1890). Alfred B. Westrup. “Citizens’ Money.” 1:4 (Aug. 1890). Reprinted from Lib- erty (Boston). F. B. Parse. “What Will Society Do with the Thief under Freedom.” 1:5 (Sept. 1890). G. “Hugh O. Pentecost’s Shakerish .” 1:6 (Oct. 1890). 56 EGOISM (1890–1897)

Tak Kak. “The Philosophy of Egoism.” 1:6 (Oct. 1890)–1:7 (Nov. 1890); 1:9 (Jan. 1891); 1:12 (Apr. 1891); 2:2 (June 1891); 2:4 (Aug. 1891)–2:8 (Dec. 1891). Wm. Trinkhaus and Alfred B. Westrup. “The Mutual Bank Propaganda: Its Declaration of Principles and Object.” 1:7 (Nov. 1890). W. S. Bell. “Government.” 1:8 (Dec. 1890)–1:9 (Jan. 1891). H. “Is Faith Alone, Enough?” 1:9 (Jan. 1891). Alfred B. Westrup. “The Practicability of the Mutual Bank and Absurdity of the Idea of a ‘Measure’ or ‘Standard’ of Value.” 1:11 (Mar. 1891). J. Wm. Lloyd. “To Walt.” 1:11 (Mar. 1891). A poem. De Lespinasse. “Race Troubles.” 2:2 (June 1891). H. “Moralism Necessarily Criminal.” 2:3 (July 1891). H. “Our Communist Contemporary.” 2:9 (Feb. 1892). H. ridicules J. H. Morris’s Freedom (Portland, Oregon) for neither mastering “the phraseol- ogy of Anarchism or the philosophy of selfishness, and little else than the declamation of emotionalism.” H. “Jury Administration against Majority Rule.” 3:5 (Apr. 15, 1893). H. “Afoul of the Anarchistic Snag.” 3:8 (Jan. 13, 1894). H. criticizes the ed- itor of Twentieth Century. H.P.R. “What Ambrose Bierce Detests.” 3:9 (Apr. 6, 1894). Rejected for pub- lication by the San Francisco Examiner. H. “Bierce Illogical Socialism.” 3:14 (Sept. 2, 1895). H. “The Silver Mirage.” 3:18 (Aug. 28, 1896). Issue 3:19 (Nov. 28, 1896) is the “Zarathustra Number” and is devoted to an intimation of Nietzsche’s book Thus Spake Zarathustra. H. “Some State Socialistic Absurdity and Faking.” 3:22 (Mar. 1897). H. crit- icizes the San Francisco Examiner. G. “Cursed before Birth.” 3:24 (May 1897). G. reviews J. H. Tilden’s novel by the same name. J. H. Tilden. “In a Dilemma.” 3:26 (July 1897). Tilden replies to G.’s criti- cisms of his novel. G. “Is He Awake or Is He Dreaming?” 3:25 (June 1897). A reply to an arti- cle in the May 30 Firebrand by Zadnak the Dreamer, which criticizes Benjamin Tucker for suggesting that and the martyred Chicago anarchists were, in fact, not anarchists. H. “The Method of the Politician Socialist.” 3:26 (July 1897).

Children under Anarchy

G. “Children and Equal Freedom.” 2:12 (Dec. 1892). THE EGOIST (1924–1925) 57

Francis D. Tandy. “Those Children Again!” 3:3 (Feb. 18, 1893). Followed by G.’s reply. Francis D. Tandy. “Oh, Those Children!” 3:4 (Mar. 4, 1893). G. “Shall We Pasture on Our Parents?” 3:6 (June 10, 1893). H. “So Anarchists Will Meddle.” 3:13 (June 3, 1895). H. “A Misapprehension and No Ghosts.” 3:14 (Sept. 2, 1895). H. “Ovum Crop at a Three-Year Limit.” 3:15 (Dec. 1, 1895). H. “On the Wrong Dunghill.” 3:15 (Dec. 1, 1895).

Lynching in Paris, Texas

H. “Order with Three Savage Instincts.” 3:3 (Feb. 18, 1893). H. “A Soap Bubble Laurel.” 3:6 (June 10, 1893).

ENDNOTES

1. No editor is identified in the issues I examined. But according to Wendy McElroy, Henry and Georgia Replogle edited Egoism. See Wendy McEl- roy, “Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, and ,” Indepen- dent Review 2, no. 3 (Winter 1998): 426, n.17. Also see James J. Martin, Men against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in Amer- ica, 1827–1908 (Dekalb, Ill.: Adrian Allen, 1953), 246, which describes Egoism as a California magazine published by Henry and Georgia Re- plogle. Articles written by Henry and Georgia Replogle were signed H. and G. respectively. Wendy McElroy, “Liberty, 1881–1908: A Compre- hensive Index,” http://tmh.floonet.net/index/two_r.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 2. William O. Reichert, Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anarchism (Bowling Green: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1976), 179; Wendy McElroy, “Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, and Individualist Anarchism” 426. 7

The Egoist (1924–1925)

Prospectus: [A]dvocates untrammeled Individual Liberty and holds that all forms of government are wrong and unnecessary; that welfare, security 58 THE EGOIST (1924–1925)

and defense would be better affected through individual effort and vol- untary association. Its mission is to show that the State rests on unjust ground, is inimical to the welfare of man, and therefore should be dis- carded by the people in the same right that they or their ancestors had in establishing or accepting it. In the matter of method it holds futile or in- expedient active or militaristic resistance, warfare, or violent revolution but favors all rational passive measures that will further the principle of free or . It maintains that no satisfactory compromise between the two antithetical principles of Liberty and Authority is possi- ble, and that therefore the former should supersede the latter. Examined: 4:1 (Sept.–Oct. 1924)–4:6 (July 1925) Editor/Publisher: Edward H. Fulton, Clinton, Iowa Frequency: Bimonthly Contributors: Charles P. Isaac, Joseph A. Labadie, John Beverley Robinson, Victor S. Yarros Features/Subjects: American Liberty Party, Mutual Banks, Marriage Question, State Socialism, Book Reviews Preceding Titles: New Order (Clinton, Iowa), 1776 American (Clinton, Iowa), Ego (Clinton, Iowa) Succeeding Title: Mutualist (Clinton, Iowa) OCLC Number: 27877836

SELECTIONS

Robert M. La Follette. “Criticism of the [U.S.] Supreme Court.” 4:2 (Nov.–Dec. 1924). Reprint of speech. John Beverley Robinson. “Outline of Modern Egoism.” 4:2 (Nov.–Dec. 1924). Charles P. Isaac. “The Promise of Liberty.” 4:3 (Jan.–Feb. 1925). J. Thomas Kund. “The Ku Klux Klan Menace.” 4:3 (Jan.–Feb. 1925). Puritan Truth-Seeker. “Trial and Error in Sex Relations.” 4:3 (Jan.–Feb. 1925). “The Cause of Discontent and Revolution.” 4:3 (Jan.–Feb. 1925). Edward H. Fulton. “A Story of the Revolution of 19??” 4:4 (Mar. 1925)–4:6 (July 1925). Victor S. Yarros. “Why Are We Such Hypocrites?” 4:4 (Mar. 1925). Charles P. Isaac. “The Superstition of Socialism.” 4:5 (May 1925). Candid Puritan. “Is Compulsory Monogamy Feasible?” 4:5 (May 1925). Editorial on the U.S. Supreme Court’s Oregon school law decision 4:6 (July 1925). See Pierce v. Society of the Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925). FAIR PLAY (1888–1891) 59

NOTES

“Stands for the Maximum of Individual Liberty.” 4:1 (Sept.–Oct. 1924). “Stands for Untrammeled Individual Liberty.” 4:2 (Nov.–Dec. 1924)–4:6 (July 1925). “The Egoist advocates the doctrine that individual liberty or voluntary associ- ation should supersede state socialism or imposed authority.” 4:5 (May 1925). 7

Fair Play (1888–1891)

Prospectus: Let every man, woman, and child have a fair chance to win sub- sistence, love, and happiness. Do not add to the inequalities which Na- ture imposes. Your statutes dwarf, deform, pervert, and kill. Away with them! Away with the barriers and chains and swaddling bands! Give us fresh air and sunlight and Fair Play! Examined: 1 (May 19, 1888)–79 (Mar. 1891) Subtitle: A Radical Monthly. 77 (Jan. 1891)–79 (Mar. 1891) Editors: Edwin C. Walker; Lillian Harman, 53 (Sept. 13, 1889)–75/76 (Aug. 2/16, 1890) Publication Information: Edwin C. Walker and Lillian Harman, Valley Falls, Kans., 1 (May 19, 1888)–75/76 (Aug. 2/16, 1890); Fair Play Publishing Co., Sioux City, Iowa, 77 (Jan. 1891)–79 (Mar. 1891) Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: Ida A. Ballou, Francis Barry, Channing Burnz, Henry Cohen, Mary Baird Finch, Joshua K. Ingalls, M. Edgeworth Lazarus, J. William Lloyd, Elmina D. Slenker, William Trinkhaus Features/Subjects: Comstockism—Obscenity, Prohibition, , Women’s Rights, Secularism, Free Thought, Free Love, Education, Land Tenure, Poetry, Reprints Succeeding Title: Fair Play (New York) OCLC Numbers: 14162791, 30418397, 14162834

SELECTIONS

“The Coming Theocracy.” 2 (June 2, 1888)–6 (July 7, 1888). “Anthony Comstock Alarmed.” 2 (June 2, 1888). 60 FAIR PLAY (1888–1891)

C. T. Fowler. “Fictitious Values in Land. Manufacturing Thugs and Tramps.” 3 (June 9, 1888). Excerpt from Land Tenure. John E. Remsberg. “Protestant Intolerance.” 4 (June 16, 1888). Reprinted from Image Breaker. Lysander Spooner. “There Are No Courts of Justice.” 5 (June 23, 1888)–6 (July 7, 1888). Excerpt from Letter to Grover Cleveland. W. C. Andrade. “ and Anarchy.” 8 (July 21, 1888). Reprinted from Honesty (Melbourne, ). “The [Henry] Field—[William] Gladstone—[Robert] Ingersoll Contro- versy.” 8 (July 21, 1888). “A Story of the American Inquisition.” 9 (July 28, 1888). Author tells a “story of Comstockian outrage.” Edwin C. Walker. “The Sexual Enslavement of Woman.” 11 (Aug. 11, 1888). Walker notes that the authorities have made fierce efforts to put the edi- tors of Lucifer behind bars simply because they have demanded “for woman the absolute control of her own person” and pointed out that “some of the most flagrant and cruel outrages upon women are commit- ted within the pale and under the legal protection of marriage.” “The Methods of Revolution.” 12 (Aug. 18, 1888). Reprinted from Honesty (Melbourne, Australia). Author concludes that “It is time for the friends of peace and equity to come out of their hiding places and with us con- front the emissaries of authority and plunder.” Morrison I. Swift. “Reform: A Duty and a Right.” 13 (Aug. 25, 1888). Reprinted from Open Court (Chicago). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Nil Desperandum. A Romance of Self-Respect.” 15 (Sept. 8, 1888)–17 (Sept. 29, 1888). E. C. Walker describes the story as “of the old slavery and superstition and artificiality; of the new liberty and knowl- edge and naturalism. It is a story of love and passion and courage and growth, dashed here and there with flashes of quaint humor, set with gems of deep thought and adorned with fair word paintings.” Edwin C. Walker. “Legal Inducing of Crime.” 15 (Sept. 8, 1888). Walker ed- itorializes on the “Comstock-McAfee gang’s nefarious methods” of en- trapping reform editors. B. F. Underwood. “Free Trade vs. Protection.” 16 (Sept. 15, 1888). Excerpt from an address entitled The Sophisms of Protection. . “Marriage.” 19 (Oct. 13, 1888)–20 (Oct. 20, 1888). Reprinted from Westminster Review (London). “Four Positions upon the Education Question.” 19 (Oct. 13, 1888). Article features the positions of the Orthodox Protestants, Catholics, Secular FAIR PLAY (1888–1891) 61

Unionists, and Individualist-Anarchist-Autonomists on teaching religion and school . Elizabeth Cady Stanton. “Woman and Theology.” 20 (Oct. 20, 1888). A let- ter addressed: “To the Officers of the American Secular Union in Con- vention Assembled,” arguing that “The secular character of our govern- ment can . . . only be fully established and preserved through the education and elevation of woman.” Edwin C. Walker. “Government vs. Restrainment.” 24 (Nov. 17, 1888). Walker contends that “Government is invasion; what we need then is not government, but its opposite, Liberty, which, negatively stated, is free- dom from invasion. So long as predatory men and women exist so long will individual and combined defense be necessary, but not government, for government is not defense, it is invasion.” Edwin C. Walker. “Government vs. Defense.” 26 (Dec. 8, 1888). Walker defines restrainment or defendment as a voluntary association that ex- ists “not to prescribe for the citizen his food or his drink or his hours of work or of rest, but to stand between the would-be thief and the of others’ toil, between the would-be murderer and his intended victim.” “The Existence of a Personal God: A Catholic’s Arguments and an Atheist’s Criticisms Thereon.” 29 (Dec. 29, 1888); 31 (Jan. 19, 1889); 34 (Feb. 16, 1889); 36 (Mar. 2, 1889). Edwin C. Walker. “‘Blasphemous,’ Also.” 30 (Jan. 5, 1889). Walker com- ments on a district attorney’s insistence that Sada Bailey Fowler’s Irene should be suppressed on grounds that it is blasphemous. Edgeworth. “Land Tenure: Anarchist View.” 31 (Jan. 19, 1889)–34 (Feb. 16, 1889). Edwin C. Walker. “The Comstock Persecutions.” 32 (Jan. 26, 1889). Walker declares that “Obscenity has taken the place of ‘blasphemy’ as the catch- word of persecution.” Edwin C. Walker. “The Battle for Liberty.” 38 (Mar. 30, 1889). Walker points out that “To talk of the press as being free in a country which per- mits an Anthony Comstock to harry and worry, to arrest and ‘try,’ to fine and imprison, the most conscientious and earnest humanitarian workers, is a bitter and cruel mockery.” “A Pen Picture of Our Comstockian Persecution.” 38 (Mar. 30, 1889). Reprinted from the Chronicle (San Francisco). E. H. House. “Missionary Morality.” 39 (Apr. 13, 1889). Excerpt from Yone Santo, A Child of Japan. 62 FAIR PLAY (1888–1891)

Lysander Spooner. “The Science of Justice.” 41 (May 4, 1889). Excerpt from Natural Law, or the Science of Justice. “Systematic Hypocrisy: Temperance, Prohibition and the .” 42 (May 11, 1889)–43 (May 18, 1889). Thomas Huxley. “Ecclesiasticism the Enemy of Science.” 46 (June 15, 1889). Excerpt from Our Celebrities. Samuel P. Putman. “The Tyranny of the Majority.” 47 (Jun 29, 1889). Put- nam asks, “What difference does it make to me whether I am compelled by two million votes or by the voice of a single despot?” . “A Clear Exposition of Basic Principles.” 48 (July 13, 1889). Excerpt from Love, Marriage and Divorce. “A Very Important Decision.” 50 (Aug. 10, 1889). Article refers to the pros- ecution of W. W. Collins, editor of Freedom (Sydney, Australia), for sell- ing Annie Besant’s Law of Population. Charles Bradlaugh. “A Defamer of [Giordano] Bruno Well Answered.” 52 (Aug. 31, 1889). A. L. Ballou. “Education, Not Politics nor Revolution.” 54 (Sept. 28, 1889). “William Penn and Free Speech.” 57 (Nov. 9, 1889). Reprinted from Law Times (Chicago). Ross Winn. “The Declaration of Liberty and the Denial of Force.” 59 (Dec. 14, 1889). Edwin C. Walker. “Mr. Frank Q. Stuart’s Views Regarding Anarchism.” 61 (Jan. 11, 1890). J. K. Ingalls. “Work and Wages.” 65 (Mar. 8, 1890). Edwin C. Walker. “Liberty.” 67 (Apr. 15, 1890). Walker argues that to every person belongs the right to resist invasion, that no person or association of persons has the right to invade, and that government is an invasion, not defense. Edwin C. Walker. “And Still the Inquisition Claims Its Victims.” 75/76 (Aug. 2/16, 1890). Walker observes that “The question as to what is obscene is a matter of taste . . . And in this country the majority assumes the right to crystallize its taste in penal statutes.” Mona Caird. “The Emancipation of the Family.” 75/76 (Aug. 2/16, 1890)–79 (Mar. 1891). Reprinted from North American Review (Boston). “’s Greatest Chieftain [Charles Bradlaugh] Is Dead.” 78 (Feb. 1891). J. K. Ingalls. “Social Industry. The Soul Source of Increase.” 78 (Feb. 1891). J. K. Ingalls. “The Unrevealed Religion.” 79 (Mar. 1891). An address deliv- ered at Union Hall, Glenora, New York, January 1891. FAIR PLAY (1888–1891) 63

John Henry MacKay. “Glad Tidings from Over Sea.” 79 (Mar. 1891). A let- ter reprinted from Liberty (Boston).

Method of Propaganda

Edwin C. Walker and Lillian Harman. “A Battle for Principles, Not Words.” 49 (July 20, 1889). The authors argue that “We should challenge the thought of the conservative by the matter of our gospel rather than his aversion or concupiscence by our manner of delivering it. His attention should be fixed upon the principles we teach, not diverted there from to the uncommon or tabooed words we may be so foolish as to use.” Lillian Harman. “Some Necessary Restatements.” 50 (Aug. 10, 1889). Har- man contends that “The use of the so-called ‘plain’ style in papers is cer- tain to retard the spread of advanced ideas by driving away those who would examine our principles if we were wise in selecting our medium of expression.” Editors, Fair Play. “Now to Other Work.” 51 (Aug. 24, 1889). Edwin C. Walker. “The End Approaches.” 55 (Oct. 12, 1889). Walker antic- ipates his long-postponed trial on obscenity charges and reiterates his be- lief that “The height of foolishness is attained when radicals, who at- tempt to teach the conservative and indifferent, insist upon using words . . . which the latter classes have been taught to regard as low and im- pure.” Edwin C. Walker. “How Shall the Enemy Be Met?” 70 (May 24, 1890).

Moses Harman—Lucifer, the Light Bearer—Obscenity Case

“Comstockism vs. a Free Press.” 39 (Apr. 13, 1889). Reprinted from the Voice of the People (Kingman, Kans.). “Persecution.” 43 (May 18, 1889). Reprinted from the Independent Pulpit (Waco, Tex.). Edwin C. Walker. “The Decision.” 44 (June 1, 1889). Walker ridicules the consideration of intent as a factor in the determination of whether a par- ticular writing or publication is obscene. “Judge Foster’s Decision.” 44 (June 1, 1889). Foster held that “The question of obscenity in any particular article must depend largely on the place, manner, and object of its publication.” Edwin C. Walker. “Questions.” 46 (June 15, 1889). Referring to the publi- cation of the “Markland letter,” Walker asks, “Are we ‘obscene’ because 64 FAIR PLAY (1888–1891)

we expose and denounce the rape of a sick and helpless woman by her husband? If to name the crime constitutes ‘obscenity’ what in the name of common sense and justice are we to call the crime itself? Is it not the primary, the real, obscene thing?” Edwin C. Walker. “Under the Inspection of the Censors.” 68 (Apr. 26, 1890). Walker reports on the trial. “Five Years in the Penitentiary and Three Hundred Dollars Fine. Thus Judge Foster Answers Moses Harman.” 69 (May 10, 1890). Walker announces, “The most severe sentence ever given under the Comstock law.” “Present and Future Work.” 70 (May 24, 1890). Article includes a petition to the president of the United States seeking a pardon for Moses Harman. “Mr. Harman’s Sentence.” 70 (May 24, 1890). Moses Harman. “Stone Walls Do Not a Prison Make.” 72 (June 14, 1890). A June 1, 1890, letter from the Kansas Penitentiary. Charles Robinson. “The First Governor of the State of Kansas Speaks.” 72 (June 14, 1890). Reprinted from the Jeffersonian (Topeka). Edwin C. Walker. “The Prisoner and the Petition.” 74 (July 19, 1890). “The Postal Censorship.” 78 (Feb. 1891).

T. R. Kinget—Obscenity Case

Edwin C. Walker. “Another Outrage.” 20 (Oct. 20, 1888). Walker denounces Comstock’s arrest of T. R. Kinget for selling his book, Medical Good Sense. “Dr. Kinget’s Case.” 40 (Apr. 27, 1889). Kinget was sentenced to three months at Blackwell Island for recommending “prudential checks to the family and for having in his practice prescribed something for the pre- vention of conception.” Reprinted from Health Monthly (New York).

Replies to T. B. Wakeman’s article “The Fallacies of Anarchism” published in Truth Seeker (New York)

De Lespinasse. “In Reply.” 77 (Jan. 1891). Tak Kak. “A Reply to Mr. Wakeman.” 79 (Mar. 1891).

NOTES

“Fair Play’s most important work is cooperation with Lucifer in a defensive war against Comstockism.” 1 (May 19, 1888). FAIR PLAY (1906–1908) 65

“The Man / of virtuous soul command’s not, nor obeys. / Power, like a deso- lating pestilence, / Pollutes what’er it touches; and obedience, / Bane of all genius, virtue, freedom, truth, / Makes slaves of men, and, of the hu- man frame, / A mechanized automaton.” Shelley, 1 (May 19, 1888)–52 (Aug. 31, 1889). “There are brighter things in this world than gold— / There are nobler things in this world than name; / To silently do with your deeds untold, / To silently die, unnoised to fame. / Then forth to fight, unnamed and alone; / Let us lead the world to its destined height; / Enough to know, if this but be known, / We live and we die for the right!” Joaquin Miller, 1 (May 19, 1888)–52 (Aug. 31, 1889). “Liberty the Means and the Ends.” 53 (Sept. 13, 1889)–75/76 (Aug. 2/16, 1890). 7

Fair Play (1906–1908)

Prospectus: This is a compound of “sweetness and light.” The sweetness is bor- rowed from the master singers. Until Fair Play is larger, I am under con- tract to supply the light. Space is too limited to allow the use of circum- locutions and euphemisms; so it will be “I” right through. Examined: 1 (Apr.–May 1906)–3 (Jan. 1908) Editor/Publisher: Edwin C. Walker, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Irregular Features/Subjects: Free Speech, Propaganda, Variety, Monogamy, Race Preju- dice. Preceding Title: Fair Play (Valley Falls, Kans., and Sioux City, Iowa) OCLC Numbers: 32260060, 28143358

SELECTIONS

“The Methods and Morals of Radical Reform.” 1 (Apr.–May 1906)–2 (June 1906). Excerpt from a paper read at the Liberal Club, Mar. 16, 1906. “The Prophesiers of Castles-to-Be and Their Builders: Walt Whitman and His Disciples.” 3 (Jan. 1908). A paper read at the Walt Whitman Fel- lowship annual meeting, New York (May 31, 1907). 66 THE FIREBRAND (1895–1897)

“Hugh Owen Pentecost. The Man, the Teacher, and the Victim—An Esti- mate.” 3 (Jan. 1908). “Variety versus Monogamy.” 3 (Jan. 1908). A paper read before the Ladies Liberal League, Philadelphia, and printed as no. 1 of the “Light-Bearer Library.” “Racephobia and Racemania—Neither Is Attractive.” 3 (Jan. 1908).

NOTES

“Published sometimes when the good spirit of currency moves.” “What the old ought to have known and told the young, lest they stumble also.” 3 (Jan. 1908). 7

The Firebrand (1895–1897)

Prospectus: We are opposed to all forms of repression; of prohibition of inves- tigation and discussion, and expect to remain opposed to them, and to show our opposition by freely, fearlessly, and unreservedly discussing any and all topics of interest, and of uncompromisingly championing the fullest, most complete liberty of thought, speech, press, and action. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 27, 1895)–3:34 (Sept. 26, 1897)1 Subtitles: For the Burning Away of the Cobwebs of Superstition and Igno- rance, 1:1 (Jan. 27, 1895); For the Burning Away of the Cobwebs of Ig- norance and Superstition, 1:2 (Feb. 3, 1895)–3:34 (Sept. 26, 1897); An Exponent of Anarchist Communism: Holding That Equality of Oppor- tunity Alone Constitutes Liberty: That in the Absence of Monopoly, Price and Competition Cannot Exist and That Communism Is an In- evitable Consequence, 2:24 (July 19, 1896)–3:34 (Sept. 26, 1897) Editors: Henry Addis, Abraham Isaak, Abner J. Pope2 Publication Information: Firebrand Publishing Committee, Portland, Ore. Frequency: Weekly Contributors: John A. Andrews, J. C. Barnes, C. L. Bodendyke, W. P. Borland, Steven T. Byington, Viroqua Daniels, Herman Eich, William T. Holmes, Andrew Klemencic, Harry A. Koch, Clinton Loveridge, John H. Morris, John Pawson, Ezekiel Slabs, Mary E. Squire, Ross Winn, Zadnak the Dreamer THE FIREBRAND (1895–1897) 67

Features/Subjects: Variety, Marriage Question, Method of Propaganda, Eco- nomics, Free Thought, International Notes, Trials of the Barcelona An- archists, Poetry, Youth Department, Reprints: Leo Tolstoy, H. G. Wells, Peter Kropotkin, William Morris, Percy Shelly, Walt Whitman, Elisee Reclus, Errico Malatesta Succeeding Title: Free Society (San Francisco, Chicago, and New York) OCLC Numbers: 13438998, 25130016

SELECTIONS

J. H. Morris. “Futility of Organization and Leadership.” 1:3 (Feb. 10, 1895). Henry Addis. “Passive Resistance.” 1:5 (Feb. 24, 1895). Henry Addis. “Violence—Resistance.” 1:6 (Feb. 24 [sic], 1895). Henry Addis. “Laws and Law-Breakers.” 1:12 (Apr. 14, 1895). Addis argues that “Law creates monopoly, and without law no monopoly could long exist.” “A Remedy for Something.” 1:13 (Apr. 21, 1895). Author outlines the Fire- brand’s principles “upon which they propose to reconstruct society.” Henry Addis. “Popular Government.” 1:14 (Apr. 28, 1895). Addis states, “‘Government is a conspiracy of the rich to rob the poor,’ and any com- promise with government is simply a deal with a gigantic conspiracy. Reverence for government, respect for law, and willingness to support these institutions, no matter how popular they may be, is simply a child- ish acceptance of tradition by some and a means of gaining wealth and power by others.” Elisee Reclus. “An Anarchist on Anarchy.” 1:14 (Apr. 28, 1895)–1:15 (May 5, 1895). Reprinted from Contemporary Review. Errico Malatesta. “.” 1:16 (May 5, 1895)–1:18 (June 2, 1895). Reprinted from Liberty (London). Marie Louise. “The Inefficacy of Justice.” 1:22 (July 7, 1895). Louise points out that “Despotism is not in the master, it is in the mind of the slave. Not until man loves his fellow man like himself, not until he knows that his own happiness is staked on that of his brother, can tyranny pass away.” Ezekiel Slabs. “The Year of Jubilee.” 1:24 (July 21, 1895)–1:29 (Aug. 25, 1895). Henry Addis. “Defying and Ignoring Authority.” 1:29 (Aug. 25, 1895). Ad- dis concludes, “Open defiance of the law . . . is a good and useful thing, a necessary mode of propaganda; but . . . undermining popular respect 68 THE FIREBRAND (1895–1897)

for law and custom by quietly ignoring them is not to be underestimated in the work of revolutionizing public opinion.” Ezekiel Slabs. “Notes and Criticisms.” 1:31 (Sept. 8, 1895). Slabs explains that the Firebrand has “no princes and professors among us—only ‘common working people.’ Comrade Morris, for instance, is a printer, Addis a painter, Pawson a woodchopper, Squire a corsetmaker, Viro- qua Daniels a farmer girl in the mountains, and the writer of these lines a gardener.” Ross Winn. “A Vision of Anarchy.” 1:36 (Oct. 13, 1895). Winn envisions a world “in which authority shall have no place, and in which national boundaries shall be blotted from the map and the flags of all nations shall be merged into the red emblem of universal brotherhood.” Gustae Mollet. “.” 1:37 (Oct. 20, 1895). Reprinted from the Torch (London). “Torturing Anarchists in Spain.” 1:38 (Oct. 27, 1895). Henry Addis. “Revolutionary Methods.” 1:41 (Nov. 17, 1895). Addis ar- gues that “The Anarchist ideal, in matters of propaganda and revolu- tionary methods, as well as all things else, is personal choice.” Emma Goldman. “The Condition of the Workers of America.” 1:41 (Nov. 17, 1895). Reprinted from the Torch (London). Henry Addis. “The History of the Firebrand.” 2:5 (Mar. 8, 1896). Mauritz S. Liden. “Popular Concepts of Anarchy.” 2:9 (Apr. 5, 1896). A paper presented to the International Anarchist Congress, Chicago, 1893. J. H. Morris. “Free Sex Relations.” 2:13 (May 3, 1896). Before the dream of the free-lover can be realized, Morris contends that “Woman must be independent of man industrially; property and the incentive to ac- cumulate the same must disappear; opportunities must be free, and the fear of want forever banished.” H. A. Koch. “Aggression and Resistance.” 2:18 (June 7, 1896). Koch states, “The very life blood of an Anarchist is resistance to aggression and that is just why most of us are revolutionists.” George Etlevant. “Reward and Punishment.” 2:22 (July 5, 1896). An ad- dress delivered to a court in France before being sentenced to five years in prison for stealing dynamite cartridges. A slightly condensed ex- cerpt from the Freedom pamphlet “Anarchy on Trial.” J. A. Andrews. “Liberty and Property.” 2:37 (Oct.18, 1896)–2:39 (Nov. 1, 1896). William Holmes. “Free Communism.” 2:43 (Nov. 29, 1896)–2:44 (Dec. 6, 1896). THE FIREBRAND (1895–1897) 69

Stephen T. Byington. “Why I Want Property.” 2:50 (Jan. 17, 1897)–2:51 (Jan. 24, 1897). Henry Addis. “Crime and Punishment.” 2:50 (Jan. 17, 1897); 2:52 (Jan. 31, 1897). Henry Addis. “Organization or Association.” 3:7 (Mar. 21, 1897). Addis il- lustrates the difference between organization and association. Lizzie M. Holmes. “Individualism vs. Communism.” 3:13 (May 2, 1897). Holmes reports on a debate between John Turner and Henry Cohen. “Caserio, Why He Killed Carnot.” 3:13 (May 2, 1897). A reprint of Caserio’s speech made before the jury and excerpted from the Freedom pamphlet “Anarchy on Trial.” J. A. Andrews. “Constructive Anarchy.” 3:15 (May 16, 1897)–3:19 (June 13, 1897). Myra Pepper. “Teaching Sexual Truths to the Children.” 3:19 (June 13, 1897). Henry Addis. “Propaganda by Deed.” 3:23 (July 11, 1897). Emma Goldman. “Marriage.” 3:24 (July 18, 1897). Goldman concludes, “Marriage, the curse of so many centuries, the cause of jealousy, suicide and crime, must be abolished if we wish the young generation to grow to healthy, strong, and free men and women.” Carl Nold. “A Reminiscence of Alexander Berkman.” 3:25/26 (July 25, 1897).

A Symposium on Anarchist Communism

W. C. Owen. 1:23 (July 14, 1895). William Holmes. 1:25 (July 28, 1895)–1:26 (Aug. 4, 1895). Holmes states that anarchist communists believe in equal freedom, the solidarity of mankind, “self-defense, and in the expropriation of wealth which has been stolen from us.” Henry Addis. 1:27 (Aug. 11, 1895). Addis notes that “Anarchist-communists believe in the common holding and use of land, and of the means of production and distribution.” Viroqua Daniels. 1:28 (Aug. 18, 1895). Daniels concludes, “Do to all others as you would be done by; that is Anarchist-Communism, and when that ideal is lived there will be in the associations of men no religious or po- litical rulers to pry, prod or prey; no commercial pirates before whom will tremble at the order, ‘Pass over our profits’; no employers, no bosses, no hirelings, no sex domination; there will be voluntary exchange and donations of favors—‘each for all and all for each.’” 70 THE FIREBRAND (1895–1897)

Children under Anarchy

Viroqua Daniels. “Shall Children Be Owned?” 1:33 (Sept. 22, 1895). J. H. Morris. “A Social Philosophy Run Aground.” 1:33 (Sept. 22, 1895).

How to Get Anarchy—Methods

Henry Addis. “How to Get Anarchy.” 2:3 (Feb. 23, 1896). Addis notes that “The most important thing in trying to establish Anarchy is to rid the minds of my fellows of the belief in the necessity of government. The next thing in point of importance is to get them to do something to help on the propaganda; to cease advocating and upholding law; to stop pa- tronizing legal institutions when by association the necessity for so doing can be removed; to openly defy, or to ignore such laws as interfere more directly with their personal liberty.” Stephen T. Byington. “Propaganda Methods.” 2:3 (Feb. 23, 1896). J. H. Morris. “How Shall We Be Free?” 2:7 (Mar. 22, 1896). Clinton Loveridge. “How Anarchy Will Come.” 2:16 (May 24, 1896). J. A. Andrews. “How to Get Anarchy.” 2:17 (May 31, 1896). Stephen T. Byington. “More of How to Get It.” 2:26 (Aug. 2, 1896). Henry Addis. “Methods for Securing Anarchy.” 2:26 (Aug. 2, 1896). Henry Addis. “More Concerning Methods.” 2:27 (Aug. 16, 1896)–2:30 (Aug. 30, 1896).

John Turner’s American Propaganda Tour

“Comrade Turner in America.” 2:12 (Apr. 26, 1896). “Turner Interviewed.” 2:16 (May 24, 1896). Reprinted from the Boston Her- ald. “Propaganda in the East.” 2:18 (June 7, 1896). G. Lang. “Comrade Turner’s Propaganda.” 2:23 (July 12, 1896). Iconoclast Malfew. “John Turner in Chicago.” 2:31 (Sept. 6, 1896). “John Turner’s View of the American Labor Movement.” 2:46 (Dec. 20, 1896).

The Associated Anarchists

J. A. Andrews. “Anarchist Organization.” 2:23 (July 12, 1896). “Pointers for ‘The Associated Anarchists.’” 2:23 (July 12, 1896). Translated from Freiheit (New York) by Charles Bushweit. THE FIREBRAND (1895–1897) 71

Jean Grave. “Anarchist Organization.” 2:24 (July 19, 1896). Translated by J. A. Andrews from La Societe au Lendemain de la Revolution. A. Hamon. “The Associated Anarchists.” 2:25 (July 26, 1896). Translated by A.D. from Les Temps Nouveaux (Paris).

Variety

Oscar Rotter. “The Sexes and Love in Freedom.” 2:28 (Aug. 16, 1896). Reprinted from Our New Humanity. Lucy E. Parsons. “Objections to Variety.” 2:34 (Sept. 27, 1896). Parsons con- cludes that “Variety in sex relations and economic freedom have nothing in common. Nor has it anything in common with Anarchism, as I un- derstand Anarchism; if it has, then I am not an Anarchist.” Oscar Rotter. “A Criticism of Mrs. Lucy E. Parsons’ Objections to Variety in Love.” 2:42 (Nov. 22, 1896).

Barcelona—Bomb Explosion

Note: On June 7, 1895, a bomb was thrown into a Catholic procession, killing twelve. Consequently, hundreds of anarchists were harassed, arrested, and tortured. On May 4, 1897, five anarchists (Tomas Asheri, Jose Molas, Antonio Nogues, Juan Alsina, and Luis Mas) were executed in the Mont- juic Castle. A. Klemencic. “Echoes from Our Exchanges: Spain.” 2:45 (Dec. 13, 1896). A. Klemencic. “The Barcelona Martyrs.” 2:52 (Jan. 31, 1897). “The Barcelona Anarchists.” 3:2 (Feb. 14, 1897). Reprinted from Freedom (London). A.I. “The Inquisition in Spain.” 3:12 (Apr. 25, 1897). Article includes a let- ter from Sebastian Sunye smuggled to Der Socialist (Berlin). A. Klemencic. “May 4th, 1897, in Spain.” 3:21 (June 27, 1897). Issue 3:23 (July 11, 1897) includes an eight-page supplement entitled “The Modern Inquisition of Spain.” Lillian Harman. “The Spanish Inquisition.” 3:33 (Sept. 19, 1897). Reprinted from Lucifer, the Light Bearer.

Sex Question—Free Love—Variety

The Firebrand Group. “Our Attitude.” 3:8 (Mar. 28, 1897). The group re- jects calls to let the sex question alone. 72 THE FIREBRAND (1895–1897)

Henry Addis. “Sex and Anarchism.” 3:9 (Apr. 4, 1897). Addis states, “We de- mand freedom. Are people free, sexually? If not, then in our demand for freedom we must point out the cause of sexual slavery just as we point out the cause of industrial slavery.” Athenia. “Varietism.” 3:11 (Apr. 18, 1897). Kate Austin. “Correspondence: A Woman’s View of It.” 3:12 (Apr. 25, 1897). Austin adds, “If love is put in a cage, or fettered in any way, it is no longer love, but a ghastly nameless thing, that blasts the living and curses the un- born.” Stella Starbright. “Variety—A Woman’s View.” 3:14 (May 9, 1897). Oscar Landeck.3 “Is ‘Varietist Free-Love’ Practicable within the Present Sys- tem of Society?” 3:16 (May 23, 1897). Answering with a conditional yes, the author discusses the necessary condition for the practice of variety in love. Lillie D. White. “Variety.” 3:17 (May 30, 1897). Wilda Homefield. “Variety—Another Woman’s View.” 3:18 (June 6, 1897).

NOTES

“A Living Firebrand to Consume Rubbish Is of More Worth Than the Smoul- dering Ashes of Slavish Sheep”—Liden. 2:2 (Feb. 17, 1896)–2:16 (May 24, 1896). In a letter to the Firebrand, Moses Harman, editor of Lucifer, the Light Bearer, wrote: “Kindred in purpose and similar in name, the Firebrand and Lu- cifer should be the best of friends and most faithful and mutually helpful of co-operators. The Firebrand gives emphasis and prominence to eco- nomic and governmental subjects, but does not exclude social and sexo- logic reforms. Lucifer gives prominence and emphasis to social and sexo- logic questions, but does not exclude governmental and economic subjects.” 3:4 (Feb. 28, 1897). Microfilm filmed by the Kansas State Historical Society includes “An Anar- chist in Jail. A. J. Pope of the Vile Firebrand under Arrest.” Reprinted from the September 18, 1897, issue of the Morning Oregonian (Portland).

ENDNOTES

1. Reel microfilmed by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin contains full run except 1:31 (Sept. 8, 1895); 1:33 (Sept. 22, 1895); and 1:47 THE FLAME (1916) 73

(Dec.29, 1895). Reel microfilmed by Kansas State Historical Society contains 1:42 (Nov.24, 1895) and 2:31 (Sept. 6, 1896)–3:34 (Sept. 26, 1897) except 2:32 (Sept.13, 1896) and 2:46 (Dec. 20, 1896). Reel mi- crofilmed by University of contains 1:8 (Mar. 17, 1895); 1:10 (Mar. 31, 1895); 1:12 (Apr. 14, 1895); 1:15 (May 5, 1895); 1:17 (May 25, 1895)–1:22 (July 7, 1895); 1:24 (July 21, 1895); 1:25 (July 28, 1895); 1:27 (Aug. 11, 1895)–1:47 (Dec. 29, 1895); 1:49 (Jan. 12, 1896)–1:52 (Feb. 2, 1896); 2:2 (Feb. 17, 1896)–2:8 (Mar. 29, 1896); 2:10 (Apr. 12, 1896)–2:16 (May 24, 1896); 2:18 (June 17, 1896); 2:19 (June 14, 1896); 2:21 (June 28, 1896)–2:24 (July 19, 1896); 2:27 (Aug. 9, 1896); 2:30 (Aug. 30, 1896); 2:31 (Sept. 6, 1896); 2:46 (Dec. 20, 1896). Reel microfilmed by Columbia University Libraries and owned by the University of Michigan (film X3311) contains 1:27 (Aug. 11, 1895)–1:29 (Aug. 25, 1895); 1:32 (Sept. 15, 1895)–3:32 (Sept. 12, 1897). 2. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 483 n.68, 530. 3. Pen name of Oscar Rotter. Firebrand 3, no. 15 (May 23, 1897): 4. 7

The Flame (1916)

Prospectus: The Flame will probably be queried by many as to its policy. It is hard to say just what this will be, for every number will have its own pe- culiar individuality. But one thing is certain, and that is that the will ever be foremost in our minds, as it is so in the actual world in which we meet our friends and earn a degrading livelihood. If we are asked to plaster a label on our social philosophy we shall have to admit that we are not much on , for we haven’t had the time. Only one thing is definite in our minds—that State Socialism seems both unnecessary and undesirable, and that in either syndicalism or communist-anarchism is there any hope for stable industrial equality. Direct action by mass and individual is the path by which either of these cities of divine justice can be reached. Violence seems a sometimes-needful weapon for direct ac- tionists. Examined: 1:1 (July 1916)–1:2 (Aug. 1916) Subtitle: A Journal for the New Age Editors: Irwin Granich, 1:1 (July 1916); Van K. Allison, 1:2 (Aug. 1916) 74 FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES (1885–1894)

Publication Information: The Flame, Boston, Mass. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Arturo Giovannitti, John Kelmscott, Lingard Loud, Frank O’Rourke, E. Chapin Parrot, William J. Robinson, Ferdinand J. Rollins, , Clement Wood. Features/Subjects: Birth Control—Cases of Van K. Allison and Ben Reitman, War Preparedness, , Poetry OCLC Number: 55875101 Owning Library: Indiana University, Bloomington, Lilly Library

SELECTIONS

John Kelmscott. “Nakedness.” 1:1 (July 1916). Horace Traubel. “He’s One Kind of Internationalist.” 1:1 (July 1916). Irwin Granich. “Groups.” 1:2 (Aug. 1916). E. Chapin Parrot. “Vegetarianism.” 1:2 (Aug. 1916). Parrot argues that “every revolutionist ought to be a vegetarian.”

Birth Control—Cases of Van K. Allison and Ben Reitman

W. J. Robinson. “Birth Control.” 1:1 (July 1916). Robinson contends that “The prophylaxis of pregnancy is at least as important as the prophylaxis of typhoid, diphtheria, or tuberculosis.” Van K. Allison. “A Night in Jail.” 1:2 (Aug. 1916). Van was arrested when he gave a birth control leaflet to an undercover police officer posing as a poor father overburdened by many children and looking for help. “Three Years for Birth Control.” 1:2 (Aug. 1916). Sentence imposed on Van K. Allison for circulating “obscene” literature. Ben L. Reitman. “A Letter from Prison.” 1:2 (Aug. 1916). Reitman served two months for distributing birth control literature. 7

Foundation Principles (1885–1894)1

Prospectus: We hold it as a Foundation Principle that all gain coming from the use of natural wealth belongs to the party through whose labor it is se- cured, and not to some other claimant—that no man or set of men has the moral right to hold land not in actual use from those who need it, FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES (1885–1894) 75

and that rent taken for the use of such land is robbery, and illegal when measured by the law of natural justice. Examined: 3:10 (Oct. 20, 1886)–5:12 (Nov. 15, 1894)2 Editor/Publisher: Lois Waisbrooker: Clinton, Iowa, 3:10 (Oct. 20, 1886); An- tioch, Calif., 3:12 (Sept. 15, 1887)–3:14 (Dec. 1, 1887); Topeka, Kans., 4:1 (July 1893)–5:12 (Nov. 15, 1894) Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Contributors: Kate Billings, H. H. Brown, Lucinda B. Chandler, Margaret Howard, W. W. Judson, Mary E. Lease, Caroline Severance, Lillie D. White Features/Subjects: Woman’s Emancipation, Free Motherhood, Prostitution, Spiritualists, Heredity, Unemployed, Free Speech, Lois Waisbrooker— Obscenity Case, Poetry OCLC Numbers: 14575662, 28701095

SELECTIONS

Lois Waisbrooker. “Self-Abnegation.” 3:10 (Oct. 20, 1886). W. W. Judson. “Authority and Its Ramifications.” 3:14 (Dec. 1, 1887). “Liberty or Death.” 3:14 (Dec. 1, 1887). Excerpts from the letters of Albert Parsons, , , . John Kelso. “Free Speech.” 3:14 (Dec. 1, 1887). Reprinted from the Labor Enquirer (). Lois Waisbrooker. “The Wherefore Investigating Company.” 4:1 (July 1893)–4:12 (Apr. 1894). A novel. W. W. Judson. “Must the Chinaman Go, Simply Because He Works, and Is Not a Roman Catholic?” 4:2 (Aug. 1893). “An Open Letter to Spiritualists Everywhere.” 4:8 (Jan. 1894). Enoch Arnold Bennett. “Faust and Marguerite.” 4:12 (Apr. 1894). Reprinted from Humanitarian (London). Margaret Howard. “Wrecks and Wreckers, or What Ministers Cost.” 5:2 (June 20, 1894). Kate Billings. “A Plea for Equal Suffrage.” 5:4 (July 15, 1894). Lois Waisbrooker. “My Position.” 5:4 (July 15, 1894). A letter sent to the 1893 International Anarchist Congress held in Chicago. Waisbrooker states, “I am told that yours is a system of peace and good will, that your flag means ‘Of one blood all nations of the earth,’ that you teach a system of philosophy which cannot be put into practice under our present disjointed, unphilosophic, arbitrary system, but not having studied your proposed method I do not know if your views and mine 76 FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES (1885–1894)

would harmonize, so I cannot call myself an Anarchist for I do not wish to assume a name I may not be good or wise enough to deserve.” “‘A Free People’ Are We?” 5:5 (Aug. 1, 1894). “Prostitution as Duty. Christians Teach It.” 5:9 (Oct. 1, 1894). “Postal Obscenity.” 5:10 (Oct. 15, 1894).

Lois Waisbrooker—Obscenity Case

“And Still Another Arrest.” 5:6 (Aug. 15, 1894). Waisbrooker’s arrest for dis- tributing obscene literature involved the publication of a letter from one of Comstock’s agents posing as a sexually dissatisfied husband searching for marital advice, and her reply suggesting that the man divorce his wife and marry the woman he loved. Reprinted from Lucifer, the Light Bearer. “A Queer Old Woman.” 5:6 (Aug. 15, 1894). Reprinted from the State Journal. W. S. Bell. “Mrs. Lois Waisbrooker Arrested.” 5:6 (Aug. 15, 1894). Reprinted from Progressive Thinker (Chicago). “Arrested! Noticed at Last!” 5:7 (Sept. 1, 1894). “.” 5:8 (Sept. 15, 1894). Reprinted from the Health Monthly (New York). “John Brown’s Soul Marching On.” 5:11 (Nov. 1, 1894). Reprinted from Health Monthly (New York). “Mrs. Waisbrooker’s Case.” 5:12 (Nov. 15, 1894). Reprinted from the Ad- vertisers’ Guide. The Arena Editor. “The Arrest of Lois Waisbrooker.” 5:12 (Nov. 15, 1894). Reprinted from the Arena (Boston). Lois Waisbrooker. “Indictment, Bail.” 5:12 (Nov. 15, 1894).

Jacob B. Wise—Obscenity Case

“J. B. Wise and Obscene Literature.” 5:10 (Oct. 15, 1894). Reprinted from the Freethinkers’ Magazine (Buffalo). “A Strange Case in Court.” 5:10 (Oct. 15, 1894). Reprinted from the Inde- pendent Pulpit (Waco, Tex.).

NOTES

Foundation Principles ceased publication between 1888 and 1893. “Foundation Principles are the rock upon which Motherhood must rest. Search for them.” 5:1 (July 1893)–5:12 (Nov. 15, 1894). THE FREE COMRADE (1900–1912) 77

“Other Foundation can no one lay than that which exists in the Nature of things.” 3:10 (Oct. 20, 1886)–3:14 (Dec. 1, 1887).

ENDNOTES

1. First issued in 1885, Foundation Principles was the only sex radical period- ical in which female correspondents outnumbered men. Although the pa- per could only claim several hundred subscribers, it circulated widely, with correspondents living in at least twenty-four states. Joanne E. Passet, Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women’s Equality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 48, 117–18. 2. Detailed record of issues examined: 3:10 (Oct. 20, 1886); 3:12 (Sept. 15, 1887); 3:14 (Dec. 1, 1887); 4:1 (July 1893)–5:12 (Nov. 15, 1894). 7

The Free Comrade (1900–1912)

Prospectus: And this is Liberty,—that one grow after the law of his own life, hindering not another; and this is Opportunity; and the thereof is Variation; and from the glad growing and the fruit-feasting comes Sym- pathy, which is appreciative and helpful good-fellowship.1 Examined: First Series:21:1 (Jan. 1900)–3:5 (May 1902), 3:7 (July 1902)–3:12 (Dec. 1902); Second Series: 1:1 (July 1910)–2:5 (Nov. 1911); Third Series: 1:1 (May 1912) Subtitle: An Utterance of the Free Spirit Editors: J. William Lloyd, 1:1 (Jan. 1900)–3rd 1:1 (May 1912); Leonard D. Abbott, 2nd 1:1 (July 1910)–3rd 1:1 (May 1912) Publication Information: C. L. Swartz: Wellesley, Mass., 1:1 (Jan. 1900)–1:6 (Nov. 1900); P. A. Ballou: Wellesley Hills, Mass., 2:1 (Jan. 1901)–3:12 (Dec. 1902); P. A. Ballou: Maugus Printing Co., Wellesley, Mass., 2nd 1:1 (July 1910)–3rd 1:1 (May 1912) Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Features/Subjects: Poetry, Literary Reviews, Free Socialism, Variety, Marriage Question, “Larger Love,” , Libertarian Education, Let- ters: William C. Owen, A. L. Ballou OCLC Number: 33125113 78 THE FREE COMRADE (1900–1912)

SELECTIONS

Lloyd reveals the manifesto of the Free Comrade. 2:2 (Mar. 1901). Lloyd explains what he means by the “Larger Love.” 2:5 (Sept. 1901). Lloyd reflects on the assassination of William McKinley and rejects propa- ganda by the deed. 2:6 (Nov. 1901). Lloyd expresses solidarity with the “free socialistic colony at Home, Pierce County, Washington.” 3:1 (Jan. 1902). Lloyd appeals for unity among all socialist idealists. 3:9 (Sept. 1902). Lloyd attempts to reconcile being “anarchistic in the essential sense, that is, the liberty of the individual to live in his own way and express his per- sonality” with his membership in the Socialist Party, while Abbott finds truth in both socialism (altruism) and anarchism (egoism). 2nd 1:1 (July 1910). A November 31 [sic], 1909, prison letter from R. F. Magón, Antonio I. Vil- larreal, and Librado Rivera addressed to “Beloved .” 2nd 1:2 (Aug. 1910). Lloyd replies to a letter from A. L. Ballou that criticizes his advocacy of the ballot and membership in the Socialist Party. 2nd 1:4 (Oct. 1910). Lloyd contends that “The secret of success, happiness, and value in love is to give, in it, the woman her way.” Abbott pays tribute to the life and writ- ings of Leo Tolstoy. 2nd 1:6 (Dec. 1910). Lloyd proposes the establishment of a Penal Republic, “The central idea be- ing the of the criminal to the status of loyal citizenship by the creation and evolution within him of the Social Conscience.” 2nd 1:7 (Jan. 1911). Abbott announces the opening of the Ferrer School in New York, a school that “will not teach any ‘isms,’ but will present every point of view fairly, and leave the pupil free to make his own choice.” 2nd 1:8 (Feb. 1911). Lloyd responds to a request by Lincoln Steffens to elucidate Free Comrade’s reconciliation of anarchism and socialism. 2nd 1:9 (Mar. 1911). Abbott defines libertarian education. 2nd 1:10 (Apr. 1911). Lloyd defines government as a tool “men cannot do without” and notes that “To say that government itself is inevitably dangerous is nonsense.” Ab- bott writes on “homogenic love.” 2nd 1:12 (June 1911). Abbott contrasts the libertarian and state educational methods. 2nd 2:3/4 (Sept.–Oct. 1911). “Memorial number lovingly dedicated to the appreciation of the dearest sis- ter [ Lloyd] and truest comrade man ever had.” 3rd 1:1 (May 1912). FREE LANCE (1916) 79

NOTES

“The clear eye, the free brain, the red heart, the warm hand—Manhood in comradeship.” “The Free Comrade is a little personal newsletter of inspiration, humanism, and sincerity.” 2nd 1:1 (July 1910).

ENDNOTES

1. Quote attributed to William Walstein Gordak in I, no. 8 (July 1899). 2. Ironically, the issues dated Jan. 1900–Dec. 1902 are referred to as a “new series,” perhaps due to the fact that the Free Comrade originated as a “de- partment” in C. L. Swartz’s I. 7

Free Lance (1916)

Examined: 1:2 (Mar. 18, 1916); 1:5 (Apr. 8, 1916); 1:10 (May 13, 1916) Editor/Publisher: Herman Kuehn, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Associate Editor: Jean E. Spielman Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Willard Grosvenor, Joseph A. Labadie Features/Subjects: Temperance, Prohibition, “Low-Browism” OCLC Number: 1757622 Owning Libraries: Harvard University, Houghton Library; University of Michigan, Labadie Collection; Minnesota Historical Society

SELECTIONS

Editorial. “Enemies of the Republic.” 1:2 (Mar. 18, 1916). Jean E. Spielman. “Liquor and Efficiency.” 1:2 (Mar. 18, 1916). Jean E. Spielman. “The Fallacies of Prohibition.” 1:5 (Apr. 8, 1916); 1:10 (May 13, 1916). Willard Grovesnor. “Preparedness.” 1:5 (Apr. 8, 1916). Willard Grosvenor. “The Great Adventure.” 1:10 (May 13, 1916). Grosvenor refers to the California Single Tax ballot initiative to “open the earth to everyman who desires to use and occupy any land not already in use.” 80 FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904)

“Letters of Muley: A Mohammedan Missionary to the U.S.” 1:10 (May 13, 1916).

NOTES

“Resistance to tyranny is the first law of patriotism.” “The essential difference between a Republic and a ‘government’ consists in the fact that governments are based on the assumption that the individ- ual must yield all to the sovereignty, while the Republic is an organiza- tion for the defense of the individual’s against encroachment.” 1:2 (Mar. 18, 1916) “The Free Lance theory is that most people in this community (as in other communities) are decent folk who go along their own business, and make no clamorous professions of their superior virtues. These are quiet, unas- suming, and unpretentious people who form the backbone of progress and civilization. Confronting these is the pestilential minority of busy- bodies who never tire in their frantic protestations of being more virtu- ous than their neighbors and who presume to compel entire communi- ties to adjust individual conduct to coercionist standards of meddlers.” 1:2 (Mar. 18, 1916) 7

Free Society (1897–1904)1

Prospectus: Our policy is and will be to advocate conformity to common sense without regard to custom, and we shall hold to the right to mind our own affairs without awaiting the consent of any foreign powers or potentates. Economically we shall advocate voluntary cooperation on a communistic basis. Examined: 137 (Nov. 14, 1897)–454 (Feb. 21, 1904)2 Subtitles: An Advocate of Communal Life and Individual Sovereignty, 137 (Nov. 14, 1897)–150 (Feb. 13, 1898); An Exponent of Anarchist-Communism: Holding that Equality of Opportunity Alone Constitutes Liberty; That in the Absence of Monopoly Price and Competition Cannot Exist and That Communism Is an Inevitable Consequence, 151 (Feb. 20, 1898)–342 (Dec. 29, 1901); A Periodical of Anarchist Work, Thought and Literature, 343 (Jan. 5, 1902)–454 (Feb. 21, 1904) FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904) 81

Editors: Abe Isaak;3 James F. Morton Jr., 275 (July 15, 1900)–298 (Dec. 23, 1900) Publication Information: Free Society Publishing: San Francisco, Calif., 137 (Nov. 14, 1897)–298 (Dec. 23, 1900) and Chicago, Ill., 299 (Feb. 3, 1901)–344 (Jan. 12, 1902); Abe Isaak: Chicago, Ill., 345 (Jan. 19, 1902)–448 (Jan. 10, 1904); Free Society Group, Chicago, Ill., 449 (Jan. 17, 1904)–454 (Feb. 21, 1904); Free Society Publishing, New York, N.Y., 455 (Feb. 28, 1904)–491 (Nov. 20, 1904) Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Henry Addis, Americus, Kate Austin, A. L. Ballou, William F. Barnard, J. C. Barnes, F. A. Cowell, Viroqua Daniels, Voltairine de Cleyre, Dallan Doyle, Jay Fox, J. A. Gillie, Lizzie M. Holmes, William T. Holmes, Abraham Isaak Jr., Charles L. James, Nellie M. Jerauld, Harry M. Kelly, J. Alfred Kinghorn-Jones, Andrew Klemencic, Walter Leighton, A. Leory Loubal, Clinton Loveridge, John A. Morris, L. S. Oliver, A. A. Orcutt, Myra Pepper, Clemens Pfuetzner, Wat Tyler, William H. Van Ornum, Lois Waisbrooker, Ross Winn. Features/Subjects: Sex Question, Free Speech, The Firebrand—Obscenity Case, Free Thought, Secularism, Paris Congress (1900), History of the French Revolution, Vaccination, ’s Assassination of William McKinley, Suppressing Anarchism, John Turner—Deportation Case, La- bor Movement, “News from Everywhere,” General Strike in Holland, Reprints: Leo Tolstoy, Peter Kropotkin, Errico Malatesta, Jean Graves, Leo Tolstoy, Poetry Preceding Title: Firebrand (Portland, Ore.) OCLC Numbers: 25129990, 13439033, 15598219

SELECTIONS

F. A. Cowell. “What Is Socialism?” 139 (Nov. 28, 1897). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “Is Ours a Muzzled Press?” 143 (Dec. 26, 1897). Peter Kropotkin. “Law and Authority.” 144 (Jan. 2, 1898)–145 (Jan. 9, 1898). Andrew Klemencic. “Anarchy v. Statism.” 146 (Jan. 16, 1898). Lois Waisbrooker. “The Standard of Judgment.” 146 (Jan. 16, 1898). Wais- brooker demands “unqualified freedom for woman, as woman, and all the institutions of society made conformable to such freedom.” Enrico Malatesta. “A Talk about Anarchist-Communism, between Two Work- ers.” 147 (Jan. 23, 1898)–149 (Feb. 6, 1898). 82 FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904)

Dallan Doyle. “The Emancipation of Society from Government.” 151 (Feb. 20, 1898)–153 (Mar. 6, 1898). W. S. Bell. “Popular Delusions Concerning Popular Government.” 153 (Mar. 6, 1898). Peter Kropotkin. “Anarchist Morality.” 155 (Mar. 20, 1898)–157 (Apr. 3, 1898). Dallan Doyle. “Municipal Ownership.” 155 (Mar. 20, 1898)–159 (Apr. 17, 1898); 161 (May 1, 1898)–162 (May 8, 1898). W. S. Bell. “Patriotism.” 157 (Mar. 3, 1898). W. H. Van Ornum. “Mating or Marrying, Which?” 159 (Apr. 17, 1898)–160 (Apr. 24, 1898). “Selections from the Writings of Henry Addis.” 163 (May 15, 1898)–165 (May 29, 1898). C. L. James. “Evolution and Anarchism.” 167 (June 12, 1898). Peter Kropotkin. “Revolutionary Government.” 168 (June 19, 1898). Peter Kropotkin. “The Wage System.” 169 (June 26, 1898). Tito. “What We Anarchists Want: To Those Who Are Not Already Anar- chists.” 170 (July 3, 1898). Reprinted from the Firebrand. T. P. Quinn. “Reflections on E. V. Debs.” 170 (July 3, 1898). William Holmes. “Private Property under Free Conditions an Absurdity.” 172 (July 17, 1898). Peter Kropotkin. “Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal.” 172 (July 17, 1898)–174 (July 31, 1898). Abe Isaak Jr. “A New Declaration of Independence.” 175 (Aug. 7, 1898). Enrico Malatesta. “The General Strike and the Revolution.” 178 (Aug. 28, 1898). William Holmes. “Free Communism Our Heaven.” 180 (Sept. 11, 1898). Abe Isaak Jr. “The Killing of the Empress [Elizabeth] of Austria.” 181 (Sept. 18, 1898). Assassinated by Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni in Geneva, September 10, 1898. C. L. James. “Malthus and Ricardo.” 187 (Oct. 30, 1898). Issue 188 (Nov. 6, 1898) commemorates the tenth anniversary of the “Judi- cial Murder of the Chicago Anarchists.” Bolton Hall. “Anarchy in the Nursery.” 190 (Nov. 20, 1898). Reprinted from Outlook (New York). Henry Bauer. “Can Anarchism Be Killed?” 195 (Dec. 25, 1898). Dallan Doyle. “Men of Letters and Anarchy.” 196 (Jan. 1, 1899). James F. Morton Jr. “Our Glorious Constitution.” 197 (Jan. 8, 1899)–204 (Feb. 26, 1899). Viroqua Daniels. “Human Sacrifice.” 198 (Jan. 15, 1899). Kate Austin. “Are Women Inferior?” 200 (Jan. 22, 1899). FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904) 83

Emma Goldman. “Free Speech Suppressed in Barre, VT.” 205 (Mar. 5, 1899). Excerpt from lecture. Goldman refers to the police’s suppression of her lecture, “Authority v. Liberty.” Lizzie M. Holmes. “The Law Makers.” 209 (Apr. 2, 1899). N. C. Mathers. “The Cause and Cure of Crime.” 210 (Apr. 9, 1899). A. A. Orcutt. “The War and Its Lessons.” 211 (Apr. 16, 1899). Reprinted from the Independent Pulpit (Waco, Tex.). A. L. Ballou. “Anarchistic vs. State Socialism.” 213 (Apr. 30, 1899). Lizzie Holmes. “Woman and Economics.” 215 (May 14, 1899). Harry M. Kelly. “The International Labor Congress.” 215 (May 14, 1899). N. C. Mathers. “Who Are Freethinkers?” 217 (May 28, 1899). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Gods and the People.” 224 (July 16, 1899). A poem. A. L. Ballou. “Differences among Anarchists.” 225 (July 23, 1899)–226 (July 30, 1899); 228 (Aug. 13, 1899); 230 (Aug. 27, 1899); 232 (Sept. 16, 1899); 235 (Oct. 8, 1899); 237 (Oct. 22, 1899); 240 (Nov. 12, 1899); 242 (Nov. 26, 1899); 244 (Dec. 10, 1899). Max Nettlau. “Responsibility and Solidarity in the Labor Struggle: Their Pre- sent Limits and Their Possible Extension.” 256 (Mar. 4, 1900)–257 (Mar. 11, 1900). Paper delivered before Freedom Discussion Group in London, Dec. 5, 1899. James F. Morton Jr. “The Glorious Fourth.” 275 (July 15, 1900). Morton notes that “The Declaration expressly announces the right of revolution, and justifies any people in abolishing altogether a government which no longer meets their needs or secures their well being.” Further, Morton contends that anarchists alone are true to the spirit of the Declaration of Independence. Voltairine de Cleyre. “N. H. Burmin [sic].” 276 (July 22, 1900). A eulogy for Nahum H. Berman, who worked with the Freiheit (New York), Solidar- ity, the Alarm, and the Rebel. Voltairine de Cleyre. “Our Martyred Comrades.” 297 (Dec. 16, 1900). A me- morial address delivered in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1900. Horace Traubel. “A Timely Sermon.” 300 (Feb. 10, 1901). Reprinted from the Conservator (Philadelphia). Jay Fox. “ and Anarchy.” 300 (Feb. 10, 1901). Emma Goldman. “An Open Letter.” 301 (Feb. 17, 1901). Goldman offers her views on propaganda by the deed. Jay Fox. “Propaganda by the Deed.” 301 (Feb. 17, 1901). Elisee Reclus. “Legal Evolution vs. Anarchy.” 302 (Feb. 24, 1901). Translated from a lecture for Free Society. 84 FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904)

Kate Austin. “A Word for Servant Girls.” 302 (Feb. 24, 1901). Jay Fox. “Is Socialism a Step towards Anarchy?” 303 (Mar. 3, 1901). Leo Tolstoy. “How Shall We Escape?” 304 (Mar. 10, 1901). Reprinted from the Independent. Helen M. Tufts. “Walt Whitman’s Love of Comrades.” 307 (Mar. 31, 1901). Jay Fox. “Trade Unionism and Anarchism.” 309 (Apr. 14, 1901). Lizzie Holmes. “The Servant Girl Question.” 309 (Apr. 14, 1901). C. L. James. “History of the French Revolution.” 309 (Apr. 14, 1901)–331 (Oct. 6, 1901); 333 (Oct. 20, 1901)–334 (Oct. 27, 1901); 336 (Nov. 17, 1901)–342 (Dec. 29, 1901). “Free Speech Strangled.” 310 (Apr. 21, 1901). Emma Goldman. “Gaetano Bresci.” 316 (June 2, 1901). Bresci assassinated King Umberto of Italy in Monza, Italy, July 29, 1900. “An Interview with Bresci.” 317 (June 9, 1901). Reprinted from May 19, 1901, issue of the Philadelphia Times. Oscar Wilde. “The Soul of Man under Socialism.” 321 (July 7, 1901). Reprinted from Fortnightly Review (London). Wat Tyler. “An Era of Transition.” 322 (July 14, 1901)–328 (Aug. 25, 1901); 330 (Sept. 8, 1901). Voltairine de Cleyre. “A Report of the Movement in Philadelphia.” 327 (Aug. 18, 1901). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Anarchism.” 332 (Oct. 13, 1901). Lecture delivered in Philadelphia after police announced that lectures on anarchism would no longer be permitted. Voltairine de Cleyre. “Memorial Oration.” 337 (Nov. 24, 1901). An oration delivered in Chicago, November 11, 1901. Peter Kropotkin. “Organized Vengeance, Called ‘Justice.’” 344 (Jan. 12, 1902). James F. Morton Jr. “Present Factors in the Struggle for Ideal Social Condi- tions.” 345 (Jan. 19, 1902). Reprinted from Pacific Monthly (Portland). C. Cornelissen. “The Communist Movement in Holland.” 348 (Feb. 9, 1902). Reprinted from Freedom (London). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Anarchism in Literature.” 355 (Mar. 30, 1902). Alden S. Huling. “The Essential Spirit of Reform.” 358 (Apr. 20, 1902)–359 (Apr. 27, 1902). A. Hamon. “The Evils of Militarism.” 360 (May 4, 1902). Jay Fox. “The Revolt of Jewish Women.” 366 (June 15, 1902). Fox reports a strike against New York butchers. L. S. Bevington. “Why I Am an Expropriationist.” 367 (June 22, 1902). Reprinted from the May 1894 issue of Liberty (London). FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904) 85

William Thurston Brown. “Shall We Be Free?” 368 (June 29, 1902). . “White Slavery in the South.” 370 (July 13, 1902). Reprinted from the May 1902 issue of the Philistine (East Aurora, N.Y.). Emma Goldman. “To the Strikers in Paterson.” 371 (July 20, 1902). Reprinted from La Questione Sociale (Paterson, N.J.). A. Hamon. “The Psychology of the Anarchist.” 378 (Sept. 7, 1902)–379 (Sept. 14, 1902). Parish B. Ladd. “Imperialism at the Grave of Liberty.” 388 (Nov. 16, 1902)–389 (Nov. 23, 1902). Ida C. Craddock. “Ida Craddock’s Last Words.” 390 (Nov. 30, 1902). Crad- dock was arrested by Comstock himself for distributing her pamphlet The Wedding Night. Sentenced to five years in prison, she committed sui- cide rather than return to jail. Issue 390 (November 30, 1902) features tributes to Kate Austin. C. L. James. “A Vindication of Anarchism.” 395 (Jan. 4, 1903)–432 (Sept. 20, 1903). Peter Kropotkin. “Place of Anarchism in Socialistic Evolution.” 400 (Feb. 8, 1903)–402 (Feb. 22, 1903). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Facts and Theories.” 404 (Mar. 8, 1903). The subject of this article is Herman Helcher, a former pupil who attempted to as- sassinate her (the author). . “Authority.” 406 (Mar. 22, 1903). Reprinted from Moribund So- ciety and Anarchy. Lizzie Holmes. “Politics and Socialism.” 407 (Mar. 29, 1903). Clarence S. Darrow. “The Nature of the State.” 408 (Apr. 5, 1903). Reprinted from Resist Not Evil. Americus. “The Sex Question and Liberty.” 417 (June 7, 1903). . “The Labor Movement in Spain.” 420 (June 28, 1903)–422 (July 12, 1903); 445 (Dec. 20, 1903). Alvan Marlaw. “The Bugbear of Socialism.” 424 (July 26, 1903)–426 (Aug. 9, 1903). Americus. “Law and Lynching.” 429 (Aug. 30, 1903). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Making of an Anarchist.” 436 (Oct. 18, 1903). Reprinted from the Independent (New York). M. E. Saltykoff. “Conscience.” 436 (Oct. 18, 1903). Reprinted from Free Russia. John Turner. “The Anarchist Movement in England.” 438 (Nov. 1, 1903). Jay Fox. “The Propaganda: A Criticism and Suggestion.” 438 (Nov. 1, 1903), and “The Propaganda Again.” 447 (Jan. 3, 1904). 86 FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904)

James F. Morton Jr. “Free Speech.” 440 (Nov. 15, 1903). Excerpt from Do You Want Free Speech? W. F. Barnard. “Love and Progress.” 441 (Nov. 22, 1903)–444 (Dec. 13, 1903). Henry Glasse. “The Essence of Anarchism.” 447 (Jan. 3, 1904). Jean Grave. “Too Philosophical.” 448 (Jan. 10, 1904). Excerpt from Mori- bund Society and Anarchy. Domela Nieuwenhuis. “Must State Socialism Come First.” 449 (Jan. 17, 1904). Excerpt from Socialism in Danger. A. LeRoy Loubal. “Anarchist Communism: Is It Consistent?” 451 (Jan. 31, 1904). E. Armand. “Ideal Liberty and Its Realization.” 452 (Feb. 7, 1904). Translated by C. T. Brown from Nouvelle Era. Max Baginski. “Humor as a Rebel.” 454 (Feb. 21, 1904). Reprinted from Freiheit (New York). F. Cambensy. “The Modern Spanish Inquisition.” 454 (Feb. 21, 1904). Jay Fox. “Civilized or Savage?” 455 (Feb. 28, 1904). Alvan Marlaw. “The Use and Significance of Strikes.” 455 (Feb. 28, 1904). Reprinted from Voice of Labor (Glasgow). John Turner. “Anarchism and the Trade Unionism.” 456 (Mar. 13, 1904). John Turner. “What Anarchism Means.” 458 (Mar. 27, 1904). Peter Kropotkin. “The War in the Far East.” 459 (Apr. 3, 1904). Reprinted from the Speaker (London). Parish B. Ladd. “Evolution or Revolution: Which Shall It Be?” 460 (Apr. 10, 1904). [Franz] Delitzsch. “Babel and Bible.” 461 (Apr. 17, 1904). Reprinted from Tugeblatt (Berlin). Voltairine de Cleyre. “In Defense of Emma Goldman.” 463 (May 1, 1904). A lecture delivered in New York City, December 16, 1894. E. C. Walker. “Should Radicals Colonize?” 465 (May 15, 1904). Hugh O. Pentecost. “A History of Government.” 467 (May 29, 1904). Americus. “The Epithet, ‘Anarchist.’” 476 (Aug. 7, 1904). Wm. Holmes. “Human Nature and Anarchism.” 480 (Sept. 4, 1904). Wm. Holmes. “Were the Chicago Martyrs Anarchists?” 482 (Sept. 18, 1904). Peter Kropotkin. “Herbert Spencer.” 485 (Oct. 9, 1904)–488 (Oct. 30, 1904). Reprinted from Les Temps Nouveaux (Paris). E. Steinle. “A Brief Treatise on Society.” 486 (Oct. 16, 1904). Read at the St. Louis Anarchist Convention. James F. Morton Jr. “The Freethought Congress.” 487 (Oct. 23, 1904). FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904) 87

The Firebrand—Obscenity Case

Note: This case involved the arrest of Abner J. Pope, Abraham Isaak, and Henry Addis on obscenity charges for publishing Walt Whitman’s “A Woman Waits for Me” in the Firebrand, 3:6 (Mar. 14, 1897). “Firebrand Case.” 138 (Nov. 21, 1897). F. A. Cowell. “The Firebrand Case, etc.” 146 (Jan. 16, 1898). Chas. Doering. “The Firebrand Case.” 147 (Jan. 23, 1898). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “The Firebrand Case.” 150 (Feb. 13, 1898). Henry Addis. “The Firebrand Case.” 154 (Mar. 13, 1898). Henry Addis. “The Right of Free Press.” 155 (Mar. 20, 1898). Henry Addis. “The Firebrand Case Dismissed.” 170 (July 3, 1898).

Excerpts from Jacob Wilson’s Self-Control or Life without a Master

“The Rule of the Majority.” 247 (Dec. 31, 1899). “The State in Fact.” 248 (Jan. 7, 1900). “Master and Servant.” 249 (Jan. 14, 1900). “The Law of Self-Defense.” 252 (Feb. 4, 1900). “The Policy of the State.” 253 (Feb. 11, 1900).

Paris Congress (1900)

Peter Kropotkin. “The Revolutionary International Labor Congress.” 259 (Mar. 25, 1900). Emma Goldman. “The Propaganda and the Congress.” 261 (Apr. 8, 1900). An address read before the organizing committee of the Anarchist Con- gress, Paris. M. A. Cohn. “The Anarchist International Congress.” 272 (June 24, 1900). James F. Morton Jr. “The Paris Congress.” 276 (July 22, 1900). Emma Goldman. “The Paris Congress.” 289 (Oct. 21, 1900)–290 (Oct. 28, 1900).

James F. Morton Jr.’s “Across the Continent,” a Tour Diary

“Boston to Providence.” 259 (Mar. 25, 1900). “New York to Philadelphia.” 261 (Apr. 8, 1900). “Philadelphia to Pittsburg.” 262 (Apr. 15, 1900). “Pittsburg to Chicago.” 263 (Apr. 22, 1900). 88 FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904)

“Chicago to St. Louis.” 265 (May 6, 1900). “St. Louis to Spalding.” 266 (May 13, 1900). “Spalding to Caplinger Mills.” 267 (May 20, 1900). “Caplinger Mills to Denver.” 268 (May 27, 1900). “Denver to .” 269 (June 3, 1900). “Salt Lake City to Home.” 270 (June 10, 1900). “Home to Portland.” 271 (June 17, 1900). “Portland to San Francisco.” 272 (June 24, 1900).

Leon Czolgosz’s Assassination of William McKinley

Emma Goldman. “The Tragedy at Buffalo.” 331 (Oct. 6, 1901). Goldman explains, “That the economic and political conditions of this country have been pregnant with the embryo of greed and despotism, no one who thinks and has closely watched events can deny. It was therefore but a question of time for the first signs of labor pains to begin. And they be- gan when McKinley, more than any other president, had betrayed the trust of the people, and became the tool of the moneyed kings. They be- gan when he and his class had stained the memory of the men who pro- duced the Declaration of Independence, through the blood of the mas- sacred Filipinos. They grew more violent at the recollection of Hazelton, Virden, Idaho, and other places, where capital has waged war on labor; until the 6th of September the child begotten, nourished and reared by violence, was born.” A.I. “Why We Considered Czolgosz a Spy.” 331 (Oct. 6, 1901). Abe Isaak Jr. “The Price of Empire.” 332 (Oct.13, 1901). “The Dilemma of Authority.” 333 (Oct. 20, 1901). Reprinted from Freedom (London). Kate Austin. “Why Not Be Logical?” 339 (Dec. 8, 1901). Austin reasons that “From first to last the conduct of Czolgosz proved that his motives were identical with those king-slayers we have never denied, not even those who deplored their acts. For this reason I accept him and his deed as a part of the great movement against authoritarian institutions, as a part of that great human tide, constantly rising against oppression in direct re- sponse to natural law.” Wat Tyler. “Was Czolgosz Insane?” 349 (Feb. 16, 1902). Kate Austin. “The Experts and Their ‘Facts.’” 352 (Mar. 9, 1902). Walter C. Behlen. “Leon F. Czolgosz.” 359 (Apr. 27, 1902). Kate Austin. “An Anniversary.” 385 (Oct. 26, 1902). C. L. James. “Who Killed McKinley?” 394 (Dec. 28, 1902). FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904) 89

B. Sachatoff. “Who Was Czolgosz?” 397 (Jan. 18, 1903). H. Addis. “A Probable Cause.” 398 (Jan. 25, 1903).

Suppressing Anarchism

Abe Isaak Jr. “Splinters” and “The Outrage at Chicago.” 331 (Oct. 6, 1901). Isaak documents the arrest of the Free Society Group, Emma Goldman, Giuseppe Ciancabilla, editor of the Italian anarchist paper L’ Au ro ra , and others in the immediate aftermath of the McKinley shooting. Abe Isaak Jr. “Splinters.” 333 (Oct. 20, 1901). Isaak reports the sentencing of John Most to one year in prison for publishing a fifty-year-old article by Carl Heinzen advocating the assassination of rulers. See People v. Most, 75 NYS 591 (1902). C. L. James. “The Craze and Its Consequences.” 334 (Oct. 27, 1901). William Holmes. “Suppressing Anarchism.” 335 (Nov. 10, 1901). D. “Free Speech and Free Press.” 336 (Nov. 17, 1901). D. reports on an ad- dress delivered by Clarence Darrow concerning proposed anti-anarchist legislation. Wat Tyler. “Stamping Out Anarchism?” 337 (Nov. 24, 1901). Mary Hansen. “To Punish the Idea of Anarchism.” 338 (Dec. 1, 1901). Celia B. Whitehead. “The Deportation of Anarchists.” 338 (Dec. 1, 1901). Abe Isaak Jr. “An Anarchist to Roosevelt.” 340 (Dec. 15, 1901). David A Modell. “A Rejected Communication.” 342 (Dec. 29, 1901). A let- ter to the editor of Public Ledger (Philadelphia). Kate Austin. “A Disgraceful Agitation.” 342 (Dec. 29, 1901). Reflecting on proposed legislation in the U.S. , Austin notes, “Men shrink from the term treason, yet every liberty we enjoy today is the effect of treason- able efforts on the part of an intelligent and bold minority in past ages. How pitiable is the mental condition of a people who cannot reason from the plainest facts in history.” Kate Austin. “Anarchy and Law.” 343 (Jan. 5, 1902). Austin explains that “The end sought is the stamping out of anarchy. To attain this end they propose to outlaw an idea, to brand its advocates as criminals, and pre- scribe penalties for the ‘crime.’ In short, our wise men hope to legislate an idea out of existence.” W.H. “The Island Scheme.” 343 (Jan. 5, 1902). W.H. examines Senator Hoar’s proposal to banish all anarchists to an uninhabited island. Voltairine de Cleyre. “A Letter to Senator Hawley.” 357 (Apr. 13, 1902). Re- sponding to Senator Hawley’s pledge to pay $1,000 to have a shot at an anarchist, de Cleyre invites Hawley to come to Philadelphia and shoot at 90 FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904)

her, and pledges to devote the money “to the propaganda of the idea of a free society in which there shall be neither assassins nor presidents, beg- gars nor senators.” Abe Isaak Jr. “Anti-Anarchist Laws.” 404 (Mar. 8, 1903). Parish B. Ladd. “Anarchy—Act of Congress to Suppress.” 372 (July 27, 1902).

Excerpts from Leo Tolstoy’s The Slavery of Our Times

“The Essence of Legislation Is Organized Violence.” 362 (May 18, 1902). “What Are Governments? Is It Possible to Exist without Government?” 364 (June 1, 1902). “How Can Governments Be Abolished?” 365 (June 8, 1902).

General Strike in Holland

Interloper. “The General Strike in Holland.” 410 (Apr. 19, 1903). Peter Kropotkin. “The General Strike in Holland.” 412 (May 3, 1903). Translated from Les Temps Nouveaux (Paris). Christian Cornelissen. “Holland.” 417 (June 7, 1903). Translated for Free So- ciety. H.A. “Letter from [Amsterdam,] Holland.” 418 (June 14, 1903). H.A. “Letter from [Amsterdam,] Holland.” 434 (Oct. 4, 1903).

John Turner—Deportation Case

Note: See Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279 (1904). Americus. “Free Speech and Anarchism.” 440 (Nov. 11, 1903). “Deportation of Anarchists.” 440 (Nov. 15, 1903). Reprinted from the New York Evening Post. “Turner Case and Free Speech.” 441 (Nov. 22, 1903). Excerpts from Public (Chicago) and Truth Seeker (New York). “Russian Methods in America.” 442 (Nov. 29, 1903). Reprinted from the New York Daily News. “Letter from John Turner [Ellis Island, N.Y.].” 443 (Dec. 6, 1903). “New York Protest Meeting.” 444 (Dec. 13, 1903). “Letter of John Turner Read at [New York Protest] Meeting.” 444 (Dec. 13, 1903). Bertha Lieb. “Turner’s Case and Consistency.” 445 (Dec. 20, 1903). “Turner’s Case and Organized Labor.” 451 (Jan. 31, 1904). Reprinted from Freiheit (New York). FREE SOCIETY (1897–1904) 91

“The American Republic vs. John Turner.” 452 (Feb. 7, 1904). John Turner. “Signs of the Times.” 459 (Apr. 3, 1904). An address delivered at the Cooper Union Meeting in New York City, Mar. 24, 1904. Reporter. “The Turner Case.” 461 (Apr. 17, 1904). Abe Isaak Jr. “The Turner Case.” 467 (May 29, 1904). John Turner. “John Turner and the U.S. Government.” 473 (July 10, 1904). Reprinted from Freedom (London).

Cripple Creek Labor Wars

Interloper. “Club-Law Reigns in Colorado.” 470 (June 19, 1904). Observer. “From Colorado.” 471 (June 26, 1904). “Coal Miner’s Appeal.” 475 (July 24, 1904). Jay Fox. “What’s to Be Done?” 474 (Aug. 21, 1904). Reprinted from Inter- national Woodworker (Chicago).

NOTES

“Successor to Co-Operative Age.” “Formerly the Firebrand.” “Liberty, Not Bread, Will Free Mankind,” 299 (Feb. 3, 1901).

ENDNOTES

1. Free Society was the “foremost revolutionary anarchist paper in America around the turn of the century.” Paul Avrich, An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 79–80. 2. Reel microfilmed by Central Microfilm Service Corp., St. Louis, Missouri, and owned by the University of California, Berkeley (accession number 25129990) contains vols. 137 (Nov. 14, 1897)–446 (Dec. 27, 1903). Reel microfilmed by the University of Illinois contains 447 (Jan. 3, 1904)–454 (Feb. 21, 1904); except 450–452. Reel microfilmed by the State Histori- cal Society of Wisconsin contains 450 (Jan. 24, 1904)–452 (Feb. 7, 1904); 455 (Feb. 28, 1904)–471 (June 26, 1904); 473 (July 10, 1904)–491 (Nov. 20, 1904). 3. Although Free Society only lists Abe Isaak as its editor for issues 453 (Feb. 14, 1904)–491 (Nov. 20, 1904), Isaak is widely known as the editor of 92 FREE SOCIETY (1921–1922)

Free Society. Candace Falk, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds., Making Speech Free, 1902–1909, vol. 2 of Emma Goldman: A Documen- tary History of the American Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 551; Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 530. 7

Free Society (1921–1922)

Examined: 1:2 (Feb. 1921)–1:3 (Mar. 1921); 1:5 (May 1921)–1:10/11 (Jan.–Feb. 1922) Editors: Marcus Graham and Hippolyte Havel1 Publication Information: Anarchist Communist Groups of United States and Canada, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Monthly Features/Subjects: Russian Revolution, Bolshevism, International Anarchist Movement, Reprints: Voltairine de Cleyre, Albert R. Parsons, Peter Kropotkin Preceding Title: Anarchist Soviet Bulletin (New York) OCLC Number: 5047504

SELECTIONS

“Peter Kropotkin’s Last Message.” 1:3 (Mar. 1921). A. Lichkevich, Alexander Bukovetsky, A. Severny, and Mayer Libsohn Nehring. “From the Island of Tears.” 1:5 (May 1921). A letter from the Press Committee of Anarchists deported from Ellis Island on February 26, 1921. “Anarchism and Bolshevism.” 1:5 (May 1921). A. Severny, Alexander Krishtal, A. Proncudo, Isidore Uleynik, A. Litshke- vitch, and Mayer L. Nehring. “An Open Letter to the Russian Pre- mier Lenin.” 1:6/7 (Oct.–Nov. 1921). A letter authored by deported anarchist-communists also denied entrance to Russia by the Bolshevist government. “A Letter from the Anarchists of Russia to the Comrades Abroad.” 1:10/11 (Jan.–Feb. 1922). FREE SOCIETY LIBRARY (1898–1900) 93

“Reports and Resolutions of the International Anarchist Congress.” 1:10/11 (Jan.–Feb. 1922). Held in Berlin, Germany, Dec. 25–30, 1921. Fred S. Graham. “The Lessons of the Russian Revolution: Foreword.” 1:10/11 (Jan.–Feb. 1922).

ENDNOTE

1. No editors are identified in the issues I examined, but according to Paul Avrich, Marcus Graham and were the editors of Free So- ciety. See Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 488, n.110. 7

Free Society Library (1898–1900)

Examined: 3 (Mar. 1898)–6 (June 1898); 1 (1899)–3 (Dec. 1899); 5 (June 1900) Publication Information: Free Society Publishing Co., San Francisco, Calif., 1 (Mar. 1898)–6 (June 1898); Free Society Publishers, San Francisco, Calif., 1 (1899); A. Isaak, Free Society Library, San Francisco, Calif., 2 (Sept. 1899)–5 (June 1900) Frequency: Irregular Owning Libraries: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; University of Michigan, Labadie Collection (Misc. Reel No. 8)

PAMPHLETS

Dallan Doyle. “The Emancipation of Society from Government.” 3 (Mar. 1898). Peter Kropotkin. “Anarchist Morality.” 4 (Apr. 1898). Henry Addis. “Essays on the Social Problem.” 6 (June 1898). Including “Why I Am an Anarchist,” “The Tyranny of Majority Rule,” “Crime and Punishment,” and “Is Anarchism Practicable Now?” John P. Altgeld. “The Chicago Martyrs. The Famous Speeches of the Eight Anarchists in Judge Gary’s Court. October 7, 8, 9, 1886, and Reasons for 94 FREEDOM (1890–1892)

Pardoning Fielden, Neebe and Schwab.” 1 (1899). Introduction by William T. Holmes. Jean Grave. “Moribund Society and Anarchy.” 2 (Sept. 1899). Translated with preface by Voltairine de Cleyre. Wallace E. Nevill. “God and Government: The Siamese Twins of Supersti- tion.” 3 (Dec. 1899).

Issue 5 (May 1898) includes

William H. Van Ornum. “Mating or Marrying, Which?” Revised and en- larged from an address before the Lucifer Circle of Chicago, Oct. 1896. “A Lesson from History.” 5 (May 1898). Revised and republished from Twen- tieth Century. “The Problem of Criminality.” 5 (May 1898). Reprinted from Twentieth Cen- tury.

Issue 5 (June 1900) includes

Enrico Malatesta. “Anarchy.” James F. Morton Jr. “Is It All a Dream?” 7

Freedom (1890–1892)

Prospectus: Declaration of Principles: 1. Destruction of the existing class rule by all means, i.e., energetic, relentless, revolutionary, and international action. 2. Establishment of a free society based upon cooperative organi- zation of production. 3. Free exchange of equivalent products by and be- tween the productive organizations without commerce and profit mon- ger [sic]. 4. Organization of education on a secular, scientific, and equal basis for both sexes. 5. Equal rights for all without distinction to sex or race. 6. Regulation of all public affairs by free contracts between the au- tonomous (independent) and associations; resting on a feder- alistic basis. Examined: 1:1 (Nov. 11, 1890)–2:9 (Aug. 1892)1 Subtitles: A Revolutionary Communist—Anarchist Monthly, 1:1 (Nov. 11, 1890)–1:7 (May 1, 1891); A Revolutionary Anarchist—Communist Monthly, 1:10 (Oct. 1, 1891)–2:9 (Aug. 1892) FREEDOM (1890–1892) 95

Editor: Lucy E. Parsons2 Publication Information: Albert R. Parsons Assembly, IWPA, Chicago, Ill. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: John A. Andrews, Lizzie M. Holmes, William T. Holmes, Jo- hann Most. Features/Subjects: Autobiographies: August Spies and Albert R. Parsons, In- ternational Anarchist Movement, Race Prejudice, Women’s Rights, Po- litical Repression, Method of Propaganda OCLC Number: 32249319 Owning Libraries: Harvard University, Houghton Library; University of Wisconsin, Madison, Historical Society Library, Microforms Room

SELECTIONS

Hugh O. Pentecost. “Bloody Times Are Coming.” 1:1 (Nov. 11, 1890). Lucy E. Parsons. “Communism: It’s Historical Development.” 1:1 (Nov. 11, 1890). Excerpt from lecture delivered at the reopening of the Par- sons Assembly Meetings. Henry Bowers. “What Are the Causes of Poverty?” 1:2 (Dec. 1, 1891). Lecture delivered before the , Pennsylvania, Working Peo- ple’s Debating Club. . “Free Society.” 1:3 (Jan. 1, 1891)–1:6 (Apr. 1, 1891). Lizzie Holmes. “Necessity for General Agitation.” 1:4 (Feb. 1, 1891). J. A. Andrews. “The Struggle for Existence.” 1:7 (May 1, 1891). A. R. Parsons Assembly. “An Explanation.” 1:10 (Oct. 1891). Article de- scribes Freedom as “The only English organ in America advocating those principles for which our martyrs died and which we live to spread.” Lizzie M. Holmes. “Tendency of the Times.” 1:10 (Oct. 1891). Lucy E. Parsons. “.” 1:10 (Oct. 1891). Peter Kropotkin. “The Scientific Basis of Anarchy.” 2:3 (Feb. 1892)–2:9 (Aug. 1892). “Southern Lynchings.” 2:5 (Apr. 1892). Article quotes an attendant at a meeting of colored citizens in Chicago as saying, “The white race fur- nished us one John Brown; the next must come from our own race.” J. A. Andrews. “Communism.” 2:5 (Apr. 1892). Editorial. “The Part Dynamite Plays.” 2:6 (May 1892). “The Spirit of Revolt.” 2:6 (May 1892). Translated by Commonweal (Lon- don) from La Revolte (Paris). 96 FREEDOM (1890–1892)

“Lesson of the Dynamite Explosions.” 2:7 (June 1892). Reprinted from Ed- ward Bellamy’s newspaper, New Nation (Boston). Author states that “surely no one who knows from observation what is the condition of the lower classes in Europe can wonder that it turns men into ‘wild beasts.’ the wonder to us is that the masses are not all anarchists.” Lizzie M. Holmes. “Liberty and Its Restrictions.” 2:7 (June 1892). Holmes asks, “If we are not fit to govern ourselves, how is it that we are fit to gov- ern others?” L. Goaziou. “Among Miners—Their Deplorable Condition.” 2:7 (June 1892). Goaziou reports from Hastings, Pennsylvania. “Anarchism and Majority Rule.” 2:9 (Aug. 1892). Reprinted from Common- weal (London).

Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs

Note: Written during the summer of 1886, while awaiting execution in the Cook County Jail. Albert R. Parsons. “Auto-biography of A. R. Parsons.” 1:2 (Dec. 1, 1890)–1:3 (Jan. 1, 1891). August Spies. “Autobiography of August Spies.” 1:4 (Feb. 1, 1891)–1:7 (May 1, 1891).

Alexander Berkman’s Attempted Assassination of Henry Clay Frick

Lucy E. Parsons. “A Just Blow at a Tyrant.” 2:9 (Aug. 1892). Parsons states that “we have only the greatest admiration for a hero like Berkman.” “Our Liberties Fast Vanishing.” 2:9 (Aug. 1892). Author reports the arrest of Henry Bauer and Carl Nold for conspiracy.

NOTES

“Men Die but Principles Live.” 2:3 (Feb. 1892)–2:6 (May 1892). “Truth Crushed to Earth May Rise Again.” 2:3 (Feb. 1892)–2:6 (May 1892). “The Tools Belong to the Toilers—The Products to the Producers.” 2:5 (Apr. 1892)–2:9 (Aug. 1892).

ENDNOTES

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:1 (Nov. 11, 1890)–1:7 (May 1, 1891); 1:10 (Oct. 1, 1891); 2:3 (Feb. 1892)–2:7 (June 1892); 2:9 (Aug. 1892). FREEDOM (1910–1911) 97

2. No editor was identified in the issues I examined, but according to Car- olyn Ashbaugh, Lucy E. Parsons was the editor of Freedom. See Carolyn Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons: American Revolutionary (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1976), 183. 7

Freedom (1910–1911)

Prospectus: This being a journal of freedom devoted to the destruction of all forms of superstition and to the uplift of the underdog. It preaches no particular dogma; its mission is to arouse independence of thought. . . . Any man or any movement enlisted in the battle for the right of the worker to the earth and the fullness thereof will find a fighting friend in this journal, regardless of what regiment they belong to. If any institution has the elements of slavery within it we shall grill it, no matter how moss-grown it is with age. We have a strong notion to make a specialty of the purchased press, pusillanimous preachers, and pilfering politicians. If this journal shall succeed in sweeping the cob- webs of tradition from some of our readers’ eyes, so that they will be able to see the hideous cruelty of our present social system, hidden as it is under the mask of pious hypocrisy and sham patriotism, we shall feel satisfied. Should we be able to bring to their minds’ vision glimpses of a future society without financiers and legalized theft, without soldiers and bloodshed, without priests and ignorance, with- out politicians and graft, plutocrats and paupers, we shall feel tri- umphant indeed. Examined: 1:1 (Nov. 1910)–1:4 (Mar. 1911); 1:6 (June 1911) Subtitle: A Monthly Journal Devoted to the Destruction of Superstition and the Uplift of the Underdog. 1:3 (Jan. 1911)–1:4 (Mar. 1911) Editor: Eric B. Morton1 Publication Information: Freedom Publishing Co., San Francisco, Calif. Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Contributors: C. Bancroft, A. E. Brownson, Boswell R. Brownson, Birt Ely, Jay Fox, Job Harriman, A. Housmann, Austin Lewis, William McDevitt, A. J. Mooney, John Boyle O’Reilly, Robert M. Royce, H. L. Siggins, Ab- ner E. Woodruff Features/Subjects: Labor Movement, Free Thought, Free Speech OCLC Number: 19257709 98 FREEDOM (1919)

SELECTIONS

“Francisco Ferrer: In Memoriam.” 1:1 (Nov. 1910). Jay Fox. “The Ballot or the General Strike.” 1:1 (Nov. 1910). Boswell R. Brownson. “The Rebels Dictionary.” 1:2 (Dec. 1910). Brownson defines the ballot as “a device by which the workers at stated intervals put into power agents of their masters.” Austin Lewis. “The Right of Asylum.” 1:2 (Dec. 1910). Lewis calls for an ab- solute right of asylum for social revolutionaries who seek safety on our shores from political despotism. Birt Ely. “The Free-Speech Fight in Fresno.” 1:3 (Jan. 1911). Ely reports the agitation carried on by IWW men among Mexican and Russian workers and their subsequent arrest for speaking on the public streets. Eric B. Morton. “The Struggle for Free Speech.” 1:4 (Mar. 1911). A lecture delivered at the nineteenth anniversary celebration of the Free Discussion Society of San Francisco. Abner E. Woodruff. “A Stirring Letter.” 1:4 (Mar. 1911). Woodruff advocates the formation of a California Free Speech League. Eric B. Morton. “Roosevelt on ‘Murder.’” 1:6 (June 1911). An editorial on the L.A. Times Explosion (1910)—McNamara Case. Birt Ely. “Eight-Hour Procrastination.” 1:6 (June 1911). E. B. Foote. “Charity and the Limitation of Children.” 1:6 (June 1911). Reprinted from Critic and Guide (New York) and addressed to the presi- dent of the New York Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor.

ENDNOTE

1. No editor was identified in the issues I examined, but according to Paul Avrich, Eric B. Morton was the editor of Freedom. See Paul Avrich, Anar- chist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 531. 7

Freedom (1919)

Prospectus: Freedom enters the revolutionary field as the only English-speaking Anarchist publication of the Western hemisphere. For its appearance we FREEDOM (1919) 99

offer no apology, we are oppressed, depressed, and suppressed—yet we carry our colors majestically amid the turbulent conditions of Law and Order. For many years America has been void of a publication, whose voice spoke Revolution in every column. So it is to occupy this vacant space upon the intellectual rostrum that Freedom doth appear. . . . Free- dom’s mission is not to patch up a worn-out system along reform, or Socialist lines, but to abolish all existing institutions. Revolution means Revolution—not reform! It is only when Gods, Governments, Hypocrisy, Tyranny, and Slavery crumble away into oblivion that man will be able to assert himself. Man know thyself! Assert your individuality! Demand—work—and fight for individual freedom. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1919)–1:9/10 (Oct.–Nov. 1919) Subtitles: A Revolutionary Journal Dedicated to Human Freedom, 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1919)–1:4/5 (Apr.–May 1919); A Journal of Constructive Anar- chism, 1:6 (June 1919)–1:9/10 (Oct.–Nov. 1919) Editors: Archie Turner, 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1919)–1:4/5 (Apr.–May 1919); Harry M. Kelly, 1:6 (June 1919)–1:9/10 (Oct.–Nov. 1919) Associate Editor: Leonard D. Abbott. 1:6 (June 1919)–1:9/10 (Oct.–Nov. 1919). Publication Information: Freedom Publishing Group: New York, N.Y., 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1919)–1:4/5 (Apr.–May 1919); New Brunswick, N.J., 1:6 (June 1919)–1:9/10 (Oct.–Nov. 1919) Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Jacob Abrams, C. E. Bechofer, Morris Becker, J. Morrison Davidson, Hutchins Hapgood, Benzion Liber, Walter MacGregor, Gorham B. Munson, Arnold Spear, Mollie Steimer, Jack Williams Features/Subjects: Russian Revolution, Union Strikes, Imprisoned Anarchists, Assassination Attempts OCLC Number: 173751211 Owning Library: New York Public Library, Humanities and Social Sciences, Microforms

SELECTIONS

Harry Kelly. “Reflections on the War.” 1:1 (Jan. 15, 1919). Harry Kelly. “Principles and Tactics of Anarchism.” 1:2 (Feb. 15, 1919). Morris Becker. “Were You Ever in Jail?” 1:2 (Feb. 15, 1919). Becker was ar- rested on May 31, 1917, for distributing an anticonscription leaflet and a leaflet announcing an antiregistration meeting where Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were scheduled to speak. 100 FREEDOM (1919)

Morris Becker. “Alexander Berkman in Jail—Reminiscences of a Fellow- Prisoner.” 1:3 (Mar. 15, 1919). Emile Cottin. “Why I Shot [Georges] Clemenceau.” 1:3 (Mar. 15, 1919). Harry Kelly. “Reflections on Bolshevism.” 1:4/5 (Apr.–May 1919). Harry Kelly. “Nicholas Tchaikovsky: A Sketch and Some Comments.” 1:6 (June 1919). M. Eleanor Fitzgerald. “A Message from Prison.” 1:6 (June 1919). A May 25, 1919, letter reporting on Fitzgerald’s visit to Alexander Berkman in prison. June 3, 1919, letter from Alexander Berkman to “My Dear F.” 1:6 (June 1919). Arnold Spear. “The Individual in War and Peace.” 1:7 (July 1919). Frederick A. Blossom. “More Capitalist ‘Justice.’” 1:7 (July 1919). Blos- som reports the case of IWW member Charles Krieger, who allegedly exploded a bomb “under the front porch of the local head of Standard Oil in Tulsa, Oklahoma.” Emma Goldman. “An Unpublished Letter.” 1:9/10 (Oct.–Nov. 1919). A May 1919 letter written to the Liberator (New York) from the Missouri Penitentiary in Jefferson City, Missouri.

NOTES

Much of the paper is tattered and torn, with many articles in pieces; issue 8 is all but lost. “Constructive Anarchism—Practicing the art of self-government and thereby building a society wherein individual rights and social solidar- ity will be the keynote of the social organization; that each man is as good as he can be, and laws, codes, or rules of conduct have no justi- fication except as they appear ethical or beneficial to the individual af- fected by them. Constitutions and statutory laws constrain humanity and are destructive of human liberty; they are matters of expediency to be abridged or abrogated by the individuals living under them when- ever and wherever they see fit. No one’s liberty to be abridged without his consent, or as a matter of self-defense, for to do otherwise is to sub- stitute force instead of reason, thereby impeding the growth and de- velopment of mankind.” 1:9/10 (Oct.–Nov. 1919). 7 FREEDOM (1933–1934) 101 Freedom (1933–1934)

Prospectus: We do not pretend that the masses are calling us or that we would know exactly what they want if they did. We think we know what is good for them, but beyond that we decline to go. There are a number of liberty- loving individuals who want an organ that will represent their viewpoint and make articulate their desire for a society based upon freedom and good will instead of one based on classes and authority; and we will do our best to produce such an organ. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1933)–2:4 (June 1934) Cover Subtitles: A Journal of Anarchist News and Opinions, 1:6 (Feb. 11, 1933)–1:7 (Feb. 25, 1933); An Anarchist Weekly, 1:8 (Mar. 4, 1933)– 1:10 (Mar. 18, 1933); An Anarchist Monthly, 1:15 (Sept. 1933)–2:4 (June 1934) Masthead Subtitles: A Weekly Journal of Anarchist News and Opinions, 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1933)–1:10 (Mar. 18, 1933); A Monthly Journal of Anarchist News and Opinions, 1:11 (Apr. 1933)–2:4 (June 1934) Editors: Louis G. Raymond,1 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1933)–1:13 (June 1933); Harry M. Kelly, 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1933)–1:18 (Dec. 1933); Moritz Jagendorf, 1:2 (Jan. 9, 1933)–1:18 (Dec. 1933) Publication Information: Road to Freedom Association, New York City, N.Y. Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: Thomas H. Bell, Michael A. Cohn, Donald Crocker, Sam Dol- goff (pseud. Sam Weiner),2 Sophie Fagin, Alexis C. Ferm, Ammon A. Hennacy, Carl Nold, Maximiliano Olay (Onofre Dallas),3 Solano Pala- cio, Jules Scarcerciaux, Charles T. Sprading, John Turner, Thomas Wright Features/Subjects: Education, Theater, Book Reviews, Unemployed, Syndical- ism, Spanish Anarchists, Economic Theory, Fascism, Bolshevism Preceding Title: Road to Freedom (Stelton, N.J.) OCLC Numbers: 4266174, 9050269, 6651980, 28357724

SELECTIONS

Alexis C. Ferm. “Education.” 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1933). Ferm argues that the mo- ment you label a children’s school “anarchist,” it no longer stands for free- dom. Greetings from Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and Carl Zigrosser. 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1933). 102 FREEDOM (1933–1934)

Jacob Baker. “Mutual Enterprise of the Unemployed.” 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1933). Baker surveys the activities of the Natural Development Association in Salt Lake City and the Unemployed Citizens Leagues in Seattle, Port- land, and Tacoma. M. Olay. “Revolutionary Spain.” 1:2 (Jan. 9, 1933)–1:4 (Jan. 23, 1933). A. Souchy. “German Trade Unions Turn to the Right.” 1:2 (Jan. 9, 1933); 1:4 (Jan. 23, 1933). Translated by Eugene Bloch. M. Nettlau. “Anarchism and Syndicalism.” 1:3 (Jan. 16, 1933). Onofre Dallas. “The I.W.W. and Anarcho-Syndicalism.” 1:3 (Jan. 16, 1933). Dallas compares European anarchosyndicalism with the indus- trial unionism of the IWW. Ammon A. Hennacy. “Law Obedience a Stumbling Block.” 1:4 (Jan. 23, 1933). Hennacy advocates disobedience to unjust laws and criticizing much of the pacifist opposition to war as mere sentimentality. Ammon A. Hennacy. “The Individual vs. the State.” 1:5 (Feb. 4, 1933). Gorham Munson. “Kropotkin and the New Economics.” 1:6 (Feb. 11, 1933). S. Weiner. “Kropotkin’s Revolutionary Philosophy.” 1:6 (Feb. 11, 1933). Charles T. Sprading. “Cooperation, a Libertarian Discovery: Joseph [sic] Warren, the First to Demonstrate It Scientifically.” 1:6 (Feb. 11, 1933). Sophie Fagin. “The Student Anti-War Congress.” 1:6 (Feb. 11, 1933). Fa- gin reports on the National Student Anti-War Congress, held at the University of Chicago, December 28–29, 1932. Thomas Wright. “For Anarchist Federation.” 1:8 (Mar. 4, 1933). Solano Palacio. “The Revolt in Spain.” 1:8 (Mar. 4, 1933). Charles T. Sprading. “Co-Operation and Mutual Service.” 1:8 (Mar. 4, 1933)–1:9 (Mar. 11, 1933). Harry Kelly. “Make the Revolution Now!” 1:9 (Mar. 11, 1933). Michael A. Cohn. “Why a Government?” 1:9 (Mar. 11, 1933). Rudolph Rocker. “Multatuli—An Anarchist Seer.” 1:10 (Mar. 18, 1933)–1:11 (Apr. 1933). Multatuli was the pseudonym of Dutch au- thor Edward Douwes Decker. Translated by Jules Scarceriaux. Solano Palacio. “Spain under the Reign of Terror.” 1:11 (Apr. 1933). Emma Goldman. “—His Sixth Birthday.” 1:11 (Apr. 1933). John Turner. “Government vs. Administration.” 1:12 (May 1933). Onofre Dallas. “Anarcho-Syndicalism and the General Strike.” 1:12 (May 1933). Dallas reviews Ralph Chaplin’s The General Strike. Ammon A. Hennacy. “On Being Practical—The Viewpoint of a Christian Anarchist.” 1:12 (May 1933). FREEDOM (1933–1934) 103

Joseph J. Cohen. “The Sunrise Cooperative Farm Community.” 1:13 (June 1933). Cohen outlines a plan to establish a self-supporting community for approximately 200 families in Michigan. M. Jagendorf. “Herr Hitler.” 1:13 (June 1933). Donald Crocker. “The Servile State Is Here.” 1:14 (Aug. 1933). Winter Robb. “Old Turk—New Turk.” 1:15 (Sept. 1933). The author lived in Istanbul for four years. Onofre Dallas. “The C.N.T. and the Anarchists.” 1:16 (Oct. 1933). Public Relations Committee of the Anarchist Federation of Cuba, Federation of Anarchist Groups of Cuba. “To the Cuban Workers and the People in Gen- eral.” 1:17 (Nov. 1933). E. K. Nobushima. “The Free Federal Council of Trade Unions in Japan—Report V–VI.” 1:18 (Dec. 1933)–2:1 (Jan. 1934). T. H. Bell. “An Apology.” 1:18 (Dec. 1933). Written to Rose Pesotta and other anarchist labor organizers active in a dressmakers’ strike in Los Angeles. Solano Palacio. “The Revolutionary Uprising in Spain Is Crushed, Thanks to the Betrayal of Socialists and Communists.” 2:1 (Jan. 1934). Alexander Berkman. “The Anarchist Movement Today.” 2:2 (Feb. 1934). Orig- inally written for the General Jewish Encyclopedia. “Fascism—What It Has Done to the Italian People.” 2:3 (Mar. 1934). Reprinted from Freedom (London). William Mainwaring. “The Labor Movement and the Reaction in Great Britain.” 2:3 (Mar. 1934). Jules Scarcerciaux. “Dictatorship.” 2:4 (June 1934).

NOTES

“I had suggested a weekly of a more distinctly revolutionary-labor character, but I suppose they (the comrades) had their own ideas about the kind of paper they want to publish.” Excerpt from Alexander Berkman letter. 1:2 (Jan. 9, 1933). “That our movement is lagging, that our influence on the American scene is practically nil, we all know.” Excerpt from “Anarchist Conference.” 2:4 (June 1934).

ENDNOTES

1. Pen name of Manuel Rey y Garcia. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 394. 104 FREELAND (1904, 1909)

2. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 419. 3. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 516, n.469. 7

Freeland (1904, 1909)

Prospectus: Freeland, in making its bow, does not claim to be able to fill a long- felt want. It proposes to create a want—that is, its mission will be to propagate and discuss Dr. Theodor Hertzka’s economic theories and to aid in establishing the Spencerian conception of equal liberty. Prospectus (1909): The purpose of Freeland is to encourage, aid, and abet re- bellion; rebellion to the State, rebellion to morality—qua morality, re- bellion to convention—qua convention, rebellion to crime. . . . Freeland realizes fully that the imminent problem is an economic problem and that its settlement is more a matter of constructive experimenting than of political agitation and criticism. Examined: 1 (May 1, 1904)–2 (Dec. 1, 1904); 1 (July 1, 1909) Subtitles: A Journal with a Purpose. 1 (May 1, 1904); Organ of the Brother- hood of the Co-Operative Commonwealth. 2 (Dec. 1, 1904); A Bi- Monthly Journal of Economics and Politics. 1 (July 1, 1909) Editor: Alexander Horr Assistant Editor: W. P. Lawson. 1 (July 1, 1909) Publication Information: The Freeland Printing and Publishing Co.: New York, N.Y., 1 (May 1, 1904); Freeland Colony, Bow, Wash., 2 (Dec. 1, 1904); San Francisco, Calif., 1 (July 1, 1909) Frequency: Irregular Contributors: Steven T. Byington, C. Godfrey Gumpel, Bolton Hall, W. P. Lawson, William G. Lightbrown, Charles Erskine Scott Wood Features/Subjects: Freeland Movement and Colony, Free Speech, Land Ques- tion OCLC Number: 17336146 Owning Library: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection, Misc. Reel No. 8

SELECTIONS

Alexander Horr. “Why I Am Not an Anarchist.” 1 (May 1, 1904). Horr ex- plains that “[H]istorically Freelanders are anticrats and not anarchist. . . . HUMANITY FIRST (1919–1921) 105

[M]ore to the point is that anarchism expresses the idea of the absence of all invasion, a condition that will in all probability never be realized. An- ticratism means literally opposition to invasion, and so it may be prac- ticed anywhere, at any time, without the usual anachronism that an an- archist’s preaching and practice involves.” C. Godfrey Gumpel. “The Freeland Movement.” 1 (May 1, 1904). Excerpt from Social Problem. “Prospectus of the Freeland Colony.” 2 (Dec. 1, 1904). “Constitution and Bylaws [of the Freeland Colony].” 2 (Dec. 1, 1904). Steven T. Byington. “What Is Economic Rent Anyhow?” 2 (Dec. 1, 1904). Alexander Horr. “The Limits of Free Speech.” 1 (July 1, 1909). Wm. G. Lightbrown. “The Socialist’s Interest in Freeland.” 1 (July 1, 1909). Followed by a reply from A. Horr. W. P. Lawson. “A Criticism of the Apotheosis of Monogamy.” 1 (July 1, 1909). An address delivered before the Eugenic Society in Seattle, Wash- ington. C. E. S. Wood. “State v. Wm. Penn.” 1 (July 1, 1909).

NOTES

“Devoted to the realization of the maximum of liberty compatible with the equality of liberty.” 2 (Dec. 1, 1904). “Let Us Make Good Theories Work.” 1 (July 1, 1909). “A Journal with Purpose.” 1 (July 1, 1909). 7

Humanity First (1919–1921)

Prospectus: Humanity First is trying, in the spirit of John Ruskin, to remove the fundamental injustice which breeds class hatred. We hold that unless Privilege is curbed, red ruin will inevitably overrun the world. We stand for the abolition of interest and all the privileges, of which it is the dire- ful spring, and it seems to us that thus and thus only can society evolve, in a peaceful and orderly manner, to its next stage. Privilege and Hu- manity cannot co-exist. Governments, if well advised, will assure and ac- celerate a peaceful evolution of society by taking as their slogan, not Priv- ilege First, but Humanity First. 106 I (1898–1900)

Examined: 1:1 (July 1919)–1:4 (Apr. 1921) Editor/Publisher: John Basil Barnhill: Riverdale, Md., 1:1 (July 1919); Xenia, Ill., 1:2 (Jan. 1920)–1:4 (Apr. 1921) Frequency: Irregular Contributors: John Armsden, Eleanor F. Baldwin, Henri Barbusse, Hugo Bil- gram, Gilbert Cannan, Arthur Kitson, Achille Loria, H. J. Massingham, Harold Sherwood Spencer, Morrison I. Swift, Israel Zangwill Features/Subjects: Single Tax, Money Reform, Letters, Book Reviews OCLC Numbers: 28130281, 31681019

SELECTIONS

Hugo Bilgram. “Single Tax Not a Remedy.” 1:1 (July 1919). Excerpt from The Cause of Business Depressions. “The Impending Collapse of Civilization: Can It Be Averted? Was Ruskin a True Prophet?” 1:2 (Jan. 1920). Hugo Bilgram. “The Most Serious Obstacle to Rational Currency Reform.” 1:3 (July 1920). Charles Erskine Scott Wood. “The Poet in the Desert.” 1:4 (Apr. 1921).

NOTES

“We hold that the orderly evolution of society can be secured only by the abo- lition of interest.” 1:1 (July 1919). “To rescue man from the scrap-heap to which interest has thrown him is the mission of Humanity First. The orderly evolution of society can be se- cured only by the abolition of interest.” 1:2 (Jan. 1920)–1:3 (July 1920). “To rescue man from the scrap-heap to which interest has thrown him is the mission of Humanity First.” 1:4 (Apr. 1921). 7

I (1898–1900)

Prospectus: We must convince people that we don’t believe in God and super- stition and are never going to; that we believe in the abolition of govern- ment and can live without being governed; that we never do anything ex- I (1898–1900) 107

cept from motives of self-interest, and would not if we could; that we be- lieve in freedom in all human relations and that we practice it. Examined: 1 (July 1898)–11 (Mar. 1900); I-Supplement (Nov. 1900) Editor/Publisher: Clarence Lee Swartz, Wellesley, Mass. Frequency: Irregular Contributors: Grant Allen, William Walstein Gordak, Lillian Harman, J. William Lloyd, Edwin C. Walker, Alex E. Wight Features/Subjects: Free Speech, Comstockism, Vaccination, Marriage Ques- tion, Divorce, Prostitution, Reviews (Pamphlets, Books, Plays), Depart- ments (the Free Comrade, Fair Play, Calamus Leaves), Propaganda of Free Discussion Society Owning Library: Nos. 1–11 of I are owned by Harvard University, Houghton Library, and are located on a reel of microfilm that includes Land and Liberty and Petrel; the supplements to I are owned by University of Michigan, Labadie Collection, and are located on Misc. Reel No. 8

SELECTIONS

E.C.W. “A Phase of Medical Ethics.” I—Supplement, July 1899 (“Fair Play” Division). Walker blames sexual superstition and the state for the agony caused by and infanticide. Lillian Harman. “A Free Woman’s Views.” I—Supplement, Sept. 1899 (“Fair Play” Division). Excerpts from Some Problems of Social Freedom, an address delivered before the Legitimation League at its annual meeting in the Council Chamber, Holborn Restaurant, on April 30, 1898. Grant Allen. “Of Sex Cometh Beauty and Love.” I—Supplement, Mar. 1900 (“Fair Play” Division). Excerpt from New Hedonism.

NOTES

Comrade Gordak designed the cover first appearing in 5 (Jan. 1899). Two number 6s were issued (Mar. and Apr. 1899). Perry A. Ballou designed the cover first appearing in 7 (May 1899). J. Wm. Lloyd’s “The Free Comrade” first appeared as a department in 7 (May 1899). 7 108 INDIVIDUAL ACTION (1952–1955) Individual Action (1952–1955)

Prospectus: Individual Action . . . has two goals, that is to propagate anar- chism and to frustrate the war efforts of both Washington and the Kremlin. . . . [W]e feel that anarchism and antiwar propaganda are in- terrelated. Anarchists . . . are cognizant of the fact that so long as the State exists—war, or the threat of war, will plague humanity. Govern- ments could not maintain themselves without resorting to force and violence. Would the slaves submit to their masters if they were not afraid of the State’s armed force? When one takes such factors into consideration, he cannot help but come to the conclusion that only an anarchist society will obliterate violence from this earth. Examined: 1:2 (Nov. 18, 1952)–3:12 (Nov. 1955)1 Subtitles: An Anarchist Publication, 1:13 (June 23, 1953)–3:5 (Mar. 28, 1955); An Anarchist Monthly, 3:6 (May 1955)–3:12 (Nov. 1955) Editors: John Goldstein; Felix R. Ortiz Jr., 1:13 (June 23, 1953)–2:4 (Dec. 29, 1953); Russell Roemmele, 2:1 (Oct. 27, 1953)–2:3 (Dec. 8, 1953) Publication Information: John Goldstein, New York, N.Y., 1:2 (Nov. 18, 1952); John Goldstein and Felix R. Ortiz Jr., New York, N.Y., 1:13 (June 23, 1953)–2:4 (Dec. 29, 1953); John Goldstein, New York, N.Y., 2:8 (Mar. 23, 1954)–3:12 (Nov. 1955) Frequency: Varied (Biweekly) Contributors: David Dellinger, S. Dziengielewski, Ammon A. Hennacy, S. E. Parker, Russell Roemmele, Joffre Stewart, Robert F. Stowell Features/Subjects: Pacifism, Conscientious Objection, Puerto Rican Na- tionalists—U.S. Capital Shooting (1954), McCarthyism, Trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, Catholic Anarchism, Libertarian League, Labor Movement OCLC Numbers: 9160698, 3303595

SELECTIONS

“Tax Refusers Condemn War Budget.” 1:9 (Mar. 31, 1953). . “Reform vs. Revolution.” 1:13 (June 23, 1953). “Anarchist Protests A-Bomb Massacre.” 1:15 (Aug. 25, 1953). Robert F. Stowell. “Education for Peace.” 1:15 (Aug. 25, 1953)–1:16 (Sept. 14, 1953). INDIVIDUAL ACTION (1952–1955) 109

Russell Roemmele. “Ethics and Authority.” 1:17 (Oct. 6, 1953). John Goldstein. “World Government or Anarchism.” 2:1 (Oct. 27, 1953). John Goldstein and Ammon Hennacy. “Discussion on Martyrdom.” 2:4 (Dec. 29, 1953). Mike Graine. “Proposed Program for an Anarchist Federation.” 2:14 (Aug. 3, 1954). Germinal. “Our Enemy—The State.” 2:15 (Aug. 24, 1954). John Goldstein. “Anarchism and the Colonial Question.” 2:16 (Sept. 14, 1954). R. Blackwell. “Barcelona—May 1937.” 3:6 (May 1955). John Goldstein. “Comments on Bakunin’s Thoughts.” 3:7 (June 1955). Felix R. Ortiz Jr. “Juvenile Delinquency, Sex and the State.” 3:8 (July 1955). “Jim Crow Still Plagues Southern States.” 3:12 (Nov. 1955). S. E. Parker. “Some Notes on Anarchism and Violence.” 3:12 (Nov. 1955). Conrad J. Lynn and . “The [Emmett] Till Case: Two Views.” 3:12 (Nov. 1955).

Trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

David Dellinger. “Why Were the Rosenbergs Killed?” 1:14 (Aug. 4, 1953). David Dellinger. “The Rosenberg Trial.” 1:15 (Aug. 25, 1953)–1:16 (Sept. 14, 1953).

Puerto Rican Nationalists—U.S. Capital Shooting (1954)

Felix R. Ortiz Jr. “To the Puerto Rican Nationalists.” 2:8 (Mar. 23, 1954). Ruth M. Reynolds. “The United States Government Conspires Again against the Nationalist Party of .” 2:15 (Aug. 24, 1954). “Gov’t Prosecutes Nationalist Party.” 2:17 (Oct. 5, 1954). “Puerto Rican Nationalists Convicted.” 2:18 (Oct. 26, 1954). John Goldstein. “Government Oppression—And the Puerto Rican National- ists.” 3:1 (Nov. 30, 1954). “Government Violates More Liberties.” 3:5 (Mar. 28, 1955). “P.R. Nationalists Appeal Conviction.” 3:9 (Aug. 1955).

Libertarian League

“The Libertarian League: Provisional Statement of Principles.” 2:17 (Oct. 5, 1954). 110 THE INDIVIDUALIST (1889–1890)

S. E. Parker. “Some Thoughts of the Statement of the Libertarian League.” 3:2 (Dec. 20, 1954)–3:3 (Jan. 25, 1955).

Catholic Anarchism

G.W.R. “A Roman Catholic Anarchist: Absurdity of Absurdities.” 3:1 (Nov. 30, 1954). John Goldstein. “Catholic Anarchism?” 3:3 (Jan. 25, 1955). A.F. “Theists and—Anarchists.” 3:3 (Jan. 25, 1955). Ammon Hennacy. “Why I Am a Catholic Anarchist.” 3:3 (Jan. 25, 1955). G.W.R. “Catholic Anarchism: A Reply.” 3:4 (Feb. 21, 1955).

NOTE

“Notice: We advise all Stalinists, fellow travelers, and liberals not to send their manuscripts to us since they will be rejected. This will save the editors some work. And it will save the prospective contributors some postage.” 1:9 (Mar. 31, 1953).

ENDNOTE

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:2 (Nov. 18, 1952); 1:9 (Mar. 31, 1953); 1:13 (June 23, 1953)–2:4 (Dec. 29, 1953); 2:8 (Mar. 23, 1954); 2:14 (Aug. 3, 1954)–3:12 (Nov. 1955). 7

The Individualist (1889–1890)

Prospectus: Equality of Opportunities for All—hence, extinction of privilege and restriction, protection and oppression, chartered rights and vested wrongs. Free Land, Mutual Credit, and Equitable Commerce—hence, abolition of rent, interest and profits. Sovereignty of the Individual— hence, liberty, the cessation of authority, or industrial emancipation and social cooperation.1 Examined: 4:5 (July 13, 1889)–5:36 (Sept. 24, 1890)2 THE INDIVIDUALIST (1889–1890) 111

Subtitles: A Liberal and Reform Journal, 4:5 (July 13, 1889)–4:26 (Mar. 31, 1890); An Advocate of Human Freedom, 4:27 (Apr. 26, 1890)–5:36 (Sept. 24, 1890) Editors: F. Q. Stuart, 4:5 (July 13, 1889)–4:26 (Mar. 31, 1890); E. H. Loutrel (Manager), 4:27 (Apr. 26, 1890)–5:36 (Sept. 24, 1890) Associate Editor: Z. Shed, 4:23 (Feb. 15, 1890)–4:26 (Mar. 31, 1890) Publication Information: F. Q. Stuart, Denver, Colo., 4:5 (July 13, 1889)–4:26 (Mar. 31, 1890); Individualist Publishing Co., Denver, Colo., 4:27 (Apr. 26, 1890)–4:28 (May 10, 1890) and Highlands, Colo., 5:30 (June 16, 1890)–5:36 (Sept. 24, 1890) Frequency: Fortnightly Contributors: James Beeson, Warren E. Brokaw, Voltairine de Cleyre, Carl Gleeser, John Gillies, Lizzie M. Holmes, M. Edgeworth Lazarus, J. William Lloyd, Marie Louise, Dyer D. Lum, Caroline De Maupassant, Z. Shed, Clarence Lee Swartz, L. B. Tuckerman, John Waggener, William A. Whittick, Ross Winn, Zeno Features/Subjects: Single Tax, Natural Rights, Law of Equal Freedom, “The New Abolition,” Industrial Freedom, Free Thought, Individualism, Communism, Poetry OCLC Number: 9541165

SELECTIONS

Marie Louise. “Anarchism and the Fallacies of Some of Its Followers.” 4:5 (July 13, 1889)–4:9 (Sept. 7, 1889). “Individualism and Anarchism.” 4:10 (Sept. 21, 1889). “Natural Rights and Social Utility.” 4:12 (Oct. 19, 1889). N. W. Brown. “The Oppression of the Laborer and the Cause of Strikes.” 4:13 (Nov. 13, 1889). F. Q. Stuart. “Socialist or Anarchist, Which?” 4:15 (Dec. 14, 1889). Stuart answers, “Neither. I am a little of both and not much of either. I am an individual, but at the same time an eminently social individual; a gregar- ious egoist and an individualistic altruist; a conservative radical, or, if you please, a radical conservative.” “The New Abolition.” 4:15 (Dec. 14, 1889). Article calls for the abolition of titles to land other than the natural title of occupancy and use, laws for the collection of debt, laws that interfere in free trade, all charters, special priv- ileges and franchises to corporations, all forms of compulsory taxation, 112 THE INDIVIDUALIST (1889–1890)

and all other laws and customs that in any way conflict with the law of equal freedom; and calling for the collective maintenance and control of all public works. A. H. Simpson. “Anarchy: A Protest and an Explanation.” 4:20 (Jan. 18, 1890). “Marie Louise on Anarchism.” 4:21 (Feb. 1, 1890). “Politics, Anarchy, Pantarchy, etc.” 4:23 (Feb. 15, 1890). “Fighting Religion.” 4:24 (Mar. 1, 1890). “Attention Anarchist.” 4:26 (Mar. 31, 1890). Marie Louise. “Straight Anarchism.” 4:26 (Mar. 31, 1890). Marie Louise. “An Open Letter to My Friends and Correspondents.” 4:27 (Apr. 26, 1890)–4:28 (May 10, 1890). Frank Q. Stuart. “A Parting Word.” 4:27 (Apr. 26, 1890). A.H.S. “Anarchy and the State.” 4:29 (May 29, 1890). A.H.S. responds to an assertion by Marie Louise that a person ceases to be an anarchist when he (or she) believes in the “right of one or several men to dictate, constrain, restrain, or condemn another.” . “The Sunlight Lay across My Bed.” Reprinted from New Re- view. “Part I. Hell.” 5:30 (June 16, 1890), “Part II. Heaven.” 5:31 (June 28, 1890). J.W. “Danger in Cock-Sure-Ness.” 5:32 (July 12, 1890). J.W. comments on ’s criticisms of Herbert Spencer. T. “The Difference between Anarchism and .” 5:33 (July 26, 1890). Lizzie M. Holmes. “What Is Vice and Crime?” 5:33 (July 26, 1890). Marie Louise. “A Look at Anarchism by a ‘Straight’ Anarchist.” 5:34 (Aug. 11, 1890). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Resistance.” 5:35 (Aug. 26, 1890).

Dyer D. Lum. “Progress without Poverty.”

“Georgian Communism.” 4:5 (July 13, 1889)–4:7 (Aug. 10, 1889). “A Free Community.” 4:9 (Sept. 7, 1889). “Objections Answered.” 4:10 (Sept. 10, 1889)–4:13 (Nov. 13, 1889). “Conclusion.” 4:14 (Nov. 30, 1889).

NOTES

“The Individualist is a Liberal and Reform Journal, advocating Social Regen- eration and Industrial Emancipation. It is devoted to the rational exposi- INSTEAD OF A MAGAZINE (1915–1916) 113

tion of the philosophy of Freedom—mental, moral, and physical; social, industrial, and sexual. . . . The Individualist is published for a purpose, and that purpose is the promulgation of scientific reform thought. To that end it fearlessly and vigorously opposes all schemes, hobbies, theo- ries and isms that do not square with Herbert Spencer’s scientifically de- rived First Principle for the government of human social action.” 4:15 (Dec. 14, 1889).

Quotes Appearing at Head of Columns

“Every person has a natural right to do whatever he wills, provided that in the doing thereof he infringes not the equal rights of any other person.” Her- bert Spencer. “Has any race of men ever tried even the humblest experiment of freedom and found it fail?” Auberon Herbert. Benjamin Tucker wrote: The Individualist “seems to be edited by many anar- chists not completely agreed among themselves, and the consequence is that in every issue there are to be found contradictions and inconsisten- cies. This is just what popular government must result in, but is not the anarchistic plan.” 5:32 (July 12, 1890).

ENDNOTES

1. This statement of principles first appeared in ’s Alarm (1887–1889). 2. Detailed record of issues examined: 4:5 (July 13, 1889); 4:7 (Aug. 10, 1889)–4:24 (Mar. 1, 1890); 4:26 (Mar. 31, 1890)–4:28 (May 10, 1890); 5:30 (June 16, 1890)–5:36 (Sept. 24, 1890). 7

Instead of a Magazine (1915–1916)

Prospectus: Instead of a Magazine is not intended to “please the masses.” It is not published for profit, accepts no advertising, makes no promises, re- spects no prejudices. It is calculated to jar the sensibilities and to ruffle the temper of victims of “fixed” opinions, which includes pretty much everyone who “belongs” to any party, church, or cult. 114 INSTEAD OF A MAGAZINE (1915–1916)

Examined: 6 (Mar. 9, 1915); 12 (Apr. 26, 1915)–35 (May 29, 1916) Editor/Publisher: Herman Kuehn, Minneapolis, Minn. Frequency: Semimonthly Contributors: Hugo Bilgram, Steven T. Byington, Ben Capes, Cassius V. Cook, J. A. Demuth, Ray Goodheart, Willard Grosvenor, Lizzie M. Holmes, William T. Holmes, C. F. Hunt, Joseph A. Labadie, Jenny Me- lander, Hulda L. Potter-Loomis, John Beverley Robinson, Parker H. Ser- combe, Austin W. Wright, Victor S. Yarros Features/Subjects: Ricardo’s Theory of Rent, Monopoly, Money Reform, Spelling Reform, Altruism, Egoism, Natural Rights, United Nations, Constitution of the World, Metaphysics, War Preparedness, Margaret Sanger—Birth Control Case OCLC Number: 31681083 Owning Libraries: University of Michigan, Hatcher Graduate Library, Serials and Microfilm; Harvard University, Houghton Library

SELECTIONS

Joseph Labadie. “I Welcome Disorder.” 20 (July 20, 1915). Parker H. Sercombe. “For Municipal Ownership of the Daily Papers.” 22 (Aug. 27, 1915). Austin W. Wright. “The Boycott.” 29 (Dec. 19, 1915)–30 (Jan. 4, 1916). Ray Goodheart. “Non-Resistance vs. Passive Resistance.” 29 (Dec. 19, 1915). Austin W. Wright. “Competition as a Method for Determining Occupancy and Use of Land.” 31 (Jan. 19, 1916)–32 (Feb. 4, 1916). J. R. Cumings. “About Single Tax Philosophy.” 31 (Feb. 4, 1916). Hugo Bilgram. “More about Currency.” 31 (Feb. 4, 1916). Willard Grosvenor. “Preparedness and Disarmament.” 33 (Mar. 1, 1916). Austin W. Wright. “Empires vs. Peace.” 35 (May 29, 1916).

Egoism and Altruism

Austin W. Wright. “On the Pretence of Altruism.” 20 (July 20, 1915). Victor S. Yarros. “Spencer and Egoism.” 28 (Dec. 4, 1915). E. H. Fulton. “Egoism vs. Altruism.” 33 (Mar. 1, 1916). Ray Goodheart and Steven T. Byington. “The Relation of Egoism and Altru- ism.” 34 (Apr. 5, 1916). THE KANSAS LIBERAL (1881–1883) 115

Issue 21 (Aug. 15, 1915) Includes Supplementary Booklet:

John Beverley Robinson. “Ethics.” Frederic Bastiat. “Protection.” John Beverley Robinson. “Government.”

Margaret Sanger—Birth Control Case

W. S. Van Valkenburgh. “The Case of Margaret Sanger.” 33 (Mar. 1, 1916). W. S. Van Valkenburgh. “How Can the Truth Be Hidden?” 35 (May 29, 1916).

NOTES

“Instead of a Magazine is an open forum. Criticism of the opinions of the con- tributors and of the editor are especially welcome.” 16 (June 7, 1915). “I favor the allies because I love the French people, because I pity the Belgian people, because I admire the British influences that make for Liberty; be- cause I feel some (tho [sic] I regret to say, a decreasing) concern for the future of the American people; because I have a considerable sympathy for the people of Russia, and because I hate and fear the German people as a nation of domineering brutes, bent on turning the whole world into a police-ridden paradise of the Prussian pattern.” Benjamin R. Tucker’s answer to why he favors the Allies in a letter to Joseph Labadie. 23 (Sept.15, 1915). “Instead of Magazine is devoted to no Cause or Cult. It is an open forum for the discussion of topics of sociologic import. Its editor frankly admits skepticism of the efficacy of every mooted substitute for voluntary coop- eration.” 24 (Oct. 4, 1915). 7

The Kansas Liberal (1881–1883)

Prospectus: The Kansas Liberal is the Organ of no Sect—the Mouthpiece of No Organization. Its Object is to show that Liberty and Responsibility, like the Siamese twins, are Inseparable and that without these there can 116 THE KANSAS LIBERAL (1881–1883)

be no true morality—no high Development of noble traits of Character either for Man or for Woman. The Mission of the Liberal is to preach the gospel of Self-Sovereignty as opposed to the doctrine of man’s Allegiance to a supposed Autocrat in the skies, or to an Earthly Despotism,— whether that despotism takes its authority from the King, Nobility, or from a Democratic Majority. Examined:1 2:1 (Sept. 1, 1881)–2:26 (Dec. 29, 1882); New Series: 39 (Jan. 12, 1883)–53 (Aug. 3, 1883) Editors: Moses Harman; Edwin C. Walker, 2:25 (Dec. 1, 1882)–53 (Aug. 3, 1883) Managing Editor: Annie L. Diggs, 2:13 (May 18, 1882)–2:16 (June 22, 1882) Assistant Editor: D. T. Ward, 2:24 (Oct. 18, 1882) Publication Information: Valley Falls, Kans., 2:1 (Sept. 1, 1881)–2:7 (Mar. 1882); 2:24 (Oct. 18, 1882); Kansas Liberal Union, Lawrence, Kans., 2:8 (Apr. 13, 1882)–2:23 (Sept. 22, 1882); Moses Harman and Edwin C. Walker, Valley Falls, Kans., 2:25 (Dec. 1, 1882)–53 (Aug. 3, 1883) Frequency: Varied (Fortnightly) Contributors: J. E. Ball, John S. Brown, G. C. Castleman, John H. Cook, An- nie L. Diggs, H. H. Howard, Elmina D. Slenker, A. C. Stowe, J. J. Weis- bach Features/Subjects: Free Thought, Secularism, Kansas Liberal Union, Prohibi- tion, Temperance, Woman’s Rights, Labor and Financial Reform, Spiri- tualism, Ezra Heywood—Obscenity Case Preceding Title: Valley Falls Liberal (Valley Falls, Kans.) Succeeding Titles: Lucifer, the Light Bearer (Valley Falls, Kans., Topeka, Kans., and Chicago); American Journal of Eugenics (Chicago and Los Angeles) OCLC Numbers: 11910585, 25567950

SELECTIONS

“What We Demand for Woman.” 2:2 (Oct. 1, 1881). The editor demands that woman “be allowed the entire control of her own person. . . . In other words . . . not be compelled by law and custom to submit herself to the arbitrary will—to the ignorant, selfish, and often worse than bru- tal lustfulness of man. There! We have crossed the rubicon! We have thrown down the gauntlet and challenged to mortal combat one of the meanest, most hurtful, most cruel, most fiendish of despotisms that ever cursed the race of man.” THE KANSAS LIBERAL (1881–1883) 117

Mrs. J. E. Ball and Elmina D. Slenker. “Marrying an Infidel.” 2:3 (Nov. 1881)–2:7 (Mar. 1882). W. Perkins. “Common Sense and Science versus Bible and Prohibition.” 2:6 (Feb. 1882). “Our Mission.” 2:8 (Apr. 13, 1882). The author reveals the mission of the Kansas Liberal as twofold: “iconoclastic or destructive” and “constructive or educational.” Annie L. Diggs. “Woman under the Rule of the Law, the Government and the Church.” 2:9 (Apr. 20, 1882). Letter from E. C. Walker, secretary, Iowa State League. 2:11 (May 4, 1882). Walker argues that “security is not attained through the giving up of lib- erty. Only through the guarantee of perfect liberty is absolute security possible. And in proportion as the rights of each individual are protected is genuine order secured.” A. C. Stowe. “ and .” 2:16 (June 22, 1882). Stowe contends that “The church and corporations are linked as closely to rob labor of its reward in our own Republic, as king and priest ever were in other lands; and the sooner the workers know it the better.” “The Morals of Banking—A Few Thoughts on the Financial Problem.” 2:17 (June 29, 1882). Henry Ward Beecher. “Progress of Thought.” 2:21 (Aug. 17, 1882). Reprinted from North American Review (Boston). Edwin C. Walker. “Prohibition.” 2:23 (Sept. 22, 1882). Walker states that on the “free drink” issue, “The friends of self-government can make no con- cession, nor consent to any compromise.” Moses Harman. “Our Object.” 2:25 (Dec. 1, 1882). Harman advocates, among other things, “the sovereignty of the individual or self-government. We would have every man and every woman to be the proprietor of himself or herself! Every individual should be a centerstance—not a circumstance!—a sun, not a satellite;—a body regulated and governed from within, not from without.” D. “Socialism.” 2:26 (Dec. 29, 1882). Reprinted from National Reformer (London). “Era of Man 283.” 39 (Jan. 12, 1883). The author states that the era of man begins in 1600 with the burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno, “a mar- tyr to Science and the rights of man.” Moses Harman. “Self Government versus Theocratic Government.” 44 (Mar. 30, 1883)–45 (Apr. 13, 1883). Read at the National Reform Convention in Valley Falls, Kansas. 118 THE KANSAS LIBERAL (1881–1883)

Edwin C. Walker. “Liberty and Equality.” 47 (May 11, 1883). Walker states that “‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ is a grand motto, and a high aspi- ration, but Liberty is first, and of Liberty shall come the only true Equal- ity, and of this Equality shall be born true Fraternity; for there can be nei- ther Equality or Fraternity where Liberty is denied, whether by King William, Czar Alexander, or King Majority.” Moses Harman. “Anarchy—What Is It?” 53 (Aug. 3, 1883). Harman suggests that “The sovereignty of the individual is [anarchy’s] cardinal plank in- stead of the sovereignty of a god, the king, the nobles, the majority or the figment called Society.”

Method of Propaganda

J. S. Brown. “Which Method?” 2:14 (May 25, 1882). Brown asks, “Shall we make a direct attack on the old fortress of error, superstition, bigotry, and a church of forms and creeds, or shall we go right forward with our affir- mations of the truth.” M. Harman. “Which Method.” 2:15 (June 1, 1882). Harman responds that “The ground must first be cleared of rubbish—of the rank growths of er- ror before it is possible for the good seed to find a lodgment where it can grow and bring forth fruit.”

Ezra H. Heywood—Word—Obscenity Case

Edwin C. Walker. “E. H. Heywood.” 2:26 (Dec. 29, 1882). Walker reports the arrest of Ezra Heywood for, among other things, advertising a “vagi- nal instrument known as the Comstock syringe.” Edwin C. Walker. “The Heywood Trial.” 44 (Mar. 30, 1883). “E. H. Heywood.” 47 (May 11, 1883). Moses Harman. “Heywood Again under Arrest.” 49 (June 8, 1883). W. “Purity and Law.” 50 (June 22, 1883). “The Heywood Case.” 51 (July 6, 1883). Reprinted from Word.

Kansas Liberal Platform

Moses Harman. “Free Homes.” 39 (Jan. 12, 1883). Harman explains that “our ‘idea’ of ‘free homes’ is supplementary to and conditioned upon that of Free Land.” Moses Harman. “Free Money.” 42 (Mar. 2, 1883). THE KANSAS LIBERAL (1881–1883) 119

Moses Harman. “Free Marriage and Free Divorce.” 42 (Mar. 2, 1883). Har- man contends that “every man and every woman of adult age and of sound mind should have the right to regulate his or her marital relations without interference from civil or ecclesiastical government.” Moses Harman. “Free Mails.” 43 (Mar. 16, 1883). Harman argues that “with- out free mails, we cannot have a ‘free press,’ and without a free press we cannot have free government, and without free government we cannot long be a free people!”

Obscenity

D. C. Seymour. “Obscenity.” 48 (May 25, 1883). J. H. Cook. “Obscenity—What and Where.” 50 (June 22, 1883).

Communism

R. E. La Fetra. “Communism.” 49 (June 8, 1883). Edwin C. Walker. “Communism and Socialism.” 49 (June 8, 1883). A. Longley. “Lawful Communism.” 53 (Aug. 3, 1883).

NOTES

Irregular Dating of Paper

Issues 2:1 (Sept. 1, A.N. 106)–2:6 (Feb. A.N. 106) are dated from the birth of the American Nation rather than the birth of Jesus Christ. Issues 39 (Jan. 12, E.M. 283)–53 (Aug. 3, E.M. 283) are dated from the burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno (1600) rather than the birth of Jesus Christ

“Our Platform”

“Perfect Freedom of Thought and Action for every Individual so far and so long as he does not infringe upon the rights of others.” 2:1 (Sept. 1, 1881)–2:7 (Mar. 1882); 2:19 (July 20, 1882)–2:24 (Oct. 18, 1882). “Perfect Freedom of Thought and Action for every Individual” 2:25 (Dec. 1, 1882)–2:26 (Dec. 29, 1882). 120 LAND AND LIBERTY (1914–1915)

“Perfect Freedom of Thought and Action for every Individual. Self- Government the only True Government. Liberty and Responsibility the only Basis of Morality.” 39 (Jan. 12, E.M. 283)–53 (Aug. 3, E.M. 283).

Slogans Found in Title Block

“Total Separation of the State from Supernaturalism. Perfect Equality before the Law for all Men and Women. No privileged Classes or Orders.” 2:25 (Dec. 1, 1882)–53 (Aug. 3, 1883). “Diversity of Opinion—Unity of Purpose.” 2:8 (Apr. 13, 1882)–53 (Aug. 3, 1883).

ENDNOTE

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 2:1 (Sept. 1, 1881)–2:21 (Aug. 17, 1882); 2:23 (Sept. 22, 1882)–45 (Apr. 13, 1883); 47 (May 11, 1883)–53 (Aug. 3, 1883). 7

Land and Liberty (1914–1915)

Prospectus: Ignorance is the mother of misunderstandings; of endless waste of time and effort; of constant endeavors to do what experience has proved impracticable. Thought must be rendered clear and strong, and as an ef- fort toward that end we shall print a series of studies in which the basic positions of the Socialist, Anarchist, Single Tax, Syndicalist, I.W.W., and other divisions of the great army of discontent will be examined. For similar reasons we shall review in each issue some noted economic work. Our aim is not to think for others but to help them think, that they may become effective fighters in the great revolutionary struggle of which we are a part. Examined: 1:1 (May 1, 1914)–1:15 (July 1915) Subtitle: An Anti-Slavery Journal. 1:1 (May 1, 1914)–1:14 (June 1915) Editor: William C. Owen Publication Information: Land and Liberty Publishing Co., Hayward, Calif.1 Frequency: Monthly LAND AND LIBERTY (1914–1915) 121

Features/Subjects: Mexican Revolution, Revolutionary Notes, Great War (WWI), Militarism, Labor Movement, Land Monopoly, Book and Press Reviews, Letters OCLC Numbers: 17268786, 28701453

SELECTIONS

[Letter from] Ricardo Flores Magón, Enrique Flores Magón, Librado Rivera, Anselmo L. Figueroa, Antonio P. De Araujo. “To [the International] An- archist Congress.” 1:3 (July 1914). “Mexican Manifesto.” 1:3 (July 1914). P. J. Healy. “Where Ireland Stands.” 1:15 (July 1915).

What’s What and Why

“No. 1 Socialism.” 1:1 (May 1, 1914). “No. 2 Anarchism.” 1:2 (May 30, 1914). “No. 3 the Single Tax.” 1:3 (July 1914). “No. 5 the I.W.W.” 1:5 (Sept. 1914).

Great War (WWI)

William C. Owen. “Against Invaders Only War.” 1:6 (Oct. 1914). William C. Owen. “Can We Stand Neutral [on the War in Europe]?” 1:7 (Nov. 1914). William C. Owen. “Up, Guards, and at Them!” 1:8 (Dec. 1914). Owen crit- icizes the superficial analysis of revolutionary editors on the war in Eu- rope. “Noted Anarchists on the War.” 1:8 (Dec. 1914). William C. Owen. “Can We Stomach Conscription?” 1:10 (Feb. 1915). William C. Owen. “An Empire of the Mind.” 1:12 (Apr. 1915). William C. Owen. “Bismarkism’s Last Gasp.” 1:13 (May 1915). William C. Owen. “Firing on Fort Sumter.” 1:15 (July 1915).

NOTES

“Slavery Must Go.” “War Pamphlet Number.” 1:15 (July 1915). 122 THE LIBERATOR (1905–1906)

Land and Liberty took as its motto, “Slavery must go.” Thereby, it proclaimed its hostility to the invader; “for slavery is only oppression by the invader, acquiesced in, willingly or unwillingly, by the invaded. As a foe of the in- vader we make our fight.” 1:15 (July 1915).

ENDNOTE

1. Published from the Bakunin Institute with W. D. Guernsey as business manager, Regeneración 189 (May 16, 1914): 4. 7

The Liberator (1905–1906)

Prospectus: The editor does not necessarily endorse all views expressed by con- tributors, but as the Liberator is a free Forum we invite and welcome con- tributors upon all subjects pertaining to liberalism. Personalities will be rigidly excluded; we are working for the good of humanity at large. Examined: 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905)–1:30 (Apr. 15, 1906)1 Subtitle: A Weekly Devoted to Revolutionary Propaganda along Lines of An- archistic Thought Editor: Lucy E. Parsons Publication Information: Liberator Publishing Group, Chicago, Ill. Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Elizabeth B. Butler, William E. Curtis, Lizzie M. Holmes, Charles L. James, Andrew Klemencic, Emil W. Lingg, Max Nordau, He- len Oldfield, Rex (possibly Jay Fox),2 Fabius Silvain, Jean E. Spielman Features/Subjects: Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Labor Movement, Woman’s Rights, Science, Child Labor, Russian Revolution (1905), Gen- eral Strike, Haywood-Moyer-Pettibone—Murder Conspiracy Case OCLC Numbers: 30761236, 10060873, 27455748

SELECTIONS

Lucy E. Parsons. “Are Class Interests Identical? A Synopsis of the Aims and Objects of the Industrial Workers of the World.” 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905). T. P. Quinn. “The Teamsters Strike [in Chicago].” 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905). THE LIBERATOR (1905–1906) 123

Lucy E. Parsons. “Woman. Her Evolutionary Development. Not a Sex Ques- tion but a Question of Sex.” 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905). A. Klemencic. “Industrial Unionism.” 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905). C. L. James. “What Is Anarchy?” 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905); 1:3 (Sept. 17, 1905); 1:6 (Oct. 8, 1905); 1:8 (Oct. 22, 1905); 1:22 (Jan. 28, 1906); 1:26 (Mar. 18, 1906); 1:29 (Apr. 8, 1906)–1:30 (Apr. 15, 1906). Lizzie M. Holmes. “Prisons and Palaces. A New Study of the Conventional Lies of Our Christian Civilization.” 1:2 (Sept. 10, 1905). Lucy E. Parsons. “The Ballot Humbug. A Delusion and a Snare; A Mere Veil behind Which Politics Is Played.” 1:2 (Sept. 10, 1905). Ross Winn. “The Agnostic.” 1:2 (Sept. 10, 1905). A poem. Rex. “Collectivism vs. Individualism.” 1:3 (Sept. 17, 1905). Wm. E. Trautmann and Chas. O. Sherman. “Industrial Workers of the World.” 1:3 (Sept. 17, 1905). Lucy E. Parsons. “Americans Arouse Yourselves. Forty Years Ago You Drew Sword to Save the Black Slaves. What Will You Do Now?” 1:4 (Sept. 24, 1905). Lucy E. Parsons. “Strike While the Iron Is Hot.” 1:4 (Sept. 24, 1905). An ad- dress delivered at the Industrial Workers of the World’s inaugural con- vention held in Chicago, June 1905. Lucy E. Parsons. “The Woman Question Again.” 1:6 (Oct. 8, 1905). Lucy E. Parsons. “Our Statement Regarding [Jay] Fox.” 1:6 (Oct. 8, 1905). “The Labor Movement in Europe. The General Strike to Be Declared. The New Movement in French Labor Unions.” 1:8 (Oct. 22, 1905). Reprinted from Freedom (London). “Address by Clarence S. Darrow. Delivered to the Prisoners in the County Jail.” 1:8 (Oct. 22, 1905)–1:9 (Oct. 29, 1905). “Russia to Be Free! The General Strike Proves to Be the Most Important Weapon in the Hands of the Workers.” 1:9 (Oct. 29, 1905). L.M.H. “The Right to Live. Does Labor Possess This Right?” 1:10 (Nov. 5, 1905). Maxim Gorky. “Life and the Well-Balanced Man.” 1:10 (Nov. 5, 1905). Lucy E. Parsons. “Labors Long Struggle with Capital.” 1:10 (Nov. 5, 1905); 1:12 (Nov. 19, 1905); 1:14 (Dec. 3, 1905); 1:22 (Jan. 28, 1906)–1:27 (Mar. 25, 1906); 1:29 (Apr. 8, 1906). Ellen M. Henrotin. “Organization for Women.” 1:10 (Nov. 5, 1905). Reprinted from American Federationist (Washington, D.C.). Issue 1:11 (Nov. 11, 1905) dedicated to the martyred Chicago anarchists. Max Moscow. “Municipal Ownership. An Anarchist’s View.” 1:12 (Nov. 19, 1905). 124 THE LIBERATOR (1905–1906)

Max Moscow. “Population Question.” 1:14 (Dec. 3, 1905). Helen Oldfield. “Love Dies in Most Cases of Its Own Fierceness.” 1:14 (Dec. 3, 1905). A.A. “What Communistic Anarchy Means.” 1:15 (Dec. 10, 1905). S. “The Revolution in Russia and the General Strike.” 1:19 (Jan. 7, 1906). Reprinted from Freedom (London). Lawrence Casas. “Free Thinking and Anarchy.” 1:19 (Jan. 7, 1906). Max Nordau. “Love: The Measure of the Vital Energies of a People.” 1:19 (Jan. 7, 1906)–29 (Apr. 8, 1906). Peter Kropotkin. “Anarchy in the Evolution of Socialism.” 1:19 (Jan. 7, 1906)–1:20 (Jan. 14, 1906). Peter Kropotkin. “The Revolution in Russia.” 1:20 (Jan. 14, 1906). A Novem- ber 3, 1905, address delivered at “Wonderland” in White Chapel, London. Lucy E. Parsons. “Patriotism.” 1:20 (Jan. 14, 1906). Lucy E. Parsons. “The Molly Maguires—Their Origin.” 1:27 (Mar. 25, 1906). “Address of the First Annual Meeting of the Georgia Equal Rights Associa- tion.” 1:28 (Apr. 1, 1906). Delivered at a convention of 200 black dele- gates, including John Hope, W. E. B. DuBois, George A. Towns, and J. Max Barber, held in Macon, Georgia, February 13–14, 1906. Lucy E. Parsons. “The I.W.W. and the Short Hour Work Day.” 1:29 (Apr. 8, 1906).

Child Labor

Lucy E. Parsons. “Child Labor: The Curse of Our Capitalist System.” 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905). Lucy E. Parsons. “The Factory Child. Where Do the Burdens Fall Heaviest— on the Strong or the Helpless? An Earnest Appeal to Arouse Toilers from Their Apathy and Prove Themselves Men.” 1:2 (Sept. 10, 1905). Edward Howell Putman. “‘Angelic Childhood’: How This Christian Land Uti- lizes It.” 1:6 (Oct. 8, 1905). Reprinted from the Chicago Record-Herald. Lucy E. Parsons. “Who Foot the Rich Loafers Bills? How They Grind Their Dollars Out of Little Children’s Bones.” 1:7 (Oct. 15, 1905).

Famous Women of History

“The Life Story of Jenny Lind.” 1:7 (Oct. 15, 1905). “Florence Nightingale.” 1:8 (Oct. 22, 1905). “.” 1:9 (Oct. 29, 1905). THE LIBERATOR (1905–1906) 125

Wonders of Science

William Ashwell Shenstone. “Ether, the Greatest Mystery of Science.” 1:9 (Oct. 29, 1905). Enrico Ferri. “Science and Life.” 1:10 (Nov. 5, 1905); 1:12 (Nov. 19, 1905). Translated by Odon Por. Rex. “Magnetism.” 1:14 (Dec. 3, 1905).

Martyred Chicago Anarchists—Trial Speeches

“August Spies’ Speech.” 1:19 (Jan. 7, 1906). “Albert R. Parsons’ Speech.” 1:20 (Jan. 14, 1906); 1:22 (Jan. 28, 1906)–1:30 (Apr. 15, 1906).

Haywood-Moyer-Pettibone—Murder Conspiracy Case

Note: On December 30, 1905, a bomb killed former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg. Western Federation of Miners leaders , Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone were apprehended in Denver, Col- orado, and extradited to Idaho to stand trial for the murder. Lucy E. Parsons. “The Proposed Slaughter.” 1:24 (Mar. 4, 1906). Jean Spielman. “Correspondence. To Wage Workers.” 1:25 (Mar. 11, 1906). Lucy E. Parsons. “The Capitalist Conspiracy in Idaho.” 1:27 (Mar. 25, 1906). Eugene Debs. “Arouse, Ye Slaves.” 1:28 (Apr. 1, 1906). Reprinted from Ap- peal to Reason (Kansas City, Mo.). “The Moyer-Haywood Case.” 1:29 (Apr. 8, 1906). Emma Goldman. “The State of Idaho Is Shivering in Its Sleeves.” 1:29 (Apr. 8, 1906). Robert Hunter. “The History of the Case.” 1:30 (Apr. 15, 1906).

Johann Most Memorial

“John Most Gone, but Not Dead.” 1:27 (Mar. 25, 1906). “John Most Memorial. A Grand Success—A Magnificent Tribute.” 1:29 (Apr. 8, 1906).

NOTES

Issued under the label of the IWW. “Comrades, Let Us All Unite.” 126 LIBERTARIAN VIEWS (1941)

“Declaration of Principles Adopted by the Anarchists’ Congress Held in Pitts- burg, Pa.” [Issued by the Pittsburg Congress of the International Work- ing Peoples’ Association, October 16, 1883], appears in 1:22 (Jan. 28, 1906)–1:30 (Apr. 15, 1906).

ENDNOTES

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:1 (Sept. 3, 1905)–1:4 (Sept. 24, 1905); 1:6 (Oct. 8, 1905)–1:12 (Nov.19, 1905); 1:14 (Dec. 3, 1905)– 1:15 (Dec.10, 1905); 1:19 (Jan.7, 1906)–1:20 (Jan. 14, 1906); 1:22 (Jan. 28, 1906)–1:30 (Apr. 15, 1906). 2. Candace Falk, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds., Making Speech Free, 1902–1909, vol. 2 of Emma Goldman: A Documentary His- tory of the American Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 552. 7

Libertarian Views (1941)

Prospectus: The purpose of this modest magazine is to serve as a connecting link between the various libertarian groups and individuals in this coun- try. These are catastrophic times, and only by joint action arising from mutual understanding may we hope to accomplish anything. It is to the cause, therefore, of this mutual understanding that this publication is de- voted. Examined: 1 (Mar. 1941) Editors: Sidney and Clara Solomon1 Publication Information: Vanguard, New York, N.Y. Contributors: Melvin Grieg (pseud. Wat O’Connell),2 Peter Groot Features/Subjects: Libertarianism, Pacifism, Fascism, World War II OCLC Numbers: 30373808, 31680890 Owning Libraries: Northwestern University, Deering Library, Special Collec- tions; University of Wisconsin, , Fromkin Memorial Collec- tion; University of Michigan, Labadie Collection and Hatcher Graduate Library—Serials and Microforms LIBERTARIAN VIEWS (1941) 127

SELECTIONS

Editorial. “The Meaning of Libertarian Communism.” The editors define lib- ertarian communism, in part, as the quest for liberty, equality, and fra- ternity through , , and democracy. Ninu Kab. “Why This Is an Imperialist War.” Kab offers the slogan: “social- ism in the rear before we turn to fight fascism.” S. Morrison. “Hitler Must be Stopped!” Wat O’Connell. “Revolutionary Ascendancy or Revolutionary Bankruptcy?”

Libertarians and the War: A Symposium of Libertarian Views on the Nature and Significance of the Present War

Vasilav Kusim. “The Case for Libertarian Pacifism.” Peter Groot. “Class War and this War.”

NOTES

“A libertarian communist publication.” “So long as Hitler’s secret police, his armed forces, and his infectious ideolog- ical poison of hatred and blind obedience still prevail, so long as this con- summate reaction succeeds in its plan of making Europe one vast prison camp, there will be no possibility of the weakening of the super-state.” Excerpt from S. Morrison, “Hitler Must be Stopped!”

ENDNOTES

1. No editors were identified in the issue that I examined, but accord- ing to Paul Avrich, Sidney and Clara Solomon served as editors. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oak- land, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 531. Avrich also reveals that Sidney Solomon used the pen name S. Morrison. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 446. 2. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 455. 7 128 LIBERTY (1881–1908) Liberty (1881–1908)1

Prospectus: Monopoly and privilege must be destroyed, opportunity afforded, and competition encouraged. This is Liberty’s work, and “Down with Au- thority” her war cry. Examined: 1 (Aug. 6, 1881)–403 (Apr. 1908)2 Subtitle: Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order, 1 (Aug. 6, 1881)–390 (Nov. 1905) Editor/Publisher: Benjamin R. Tucker: Boston, Mass., 1 (Aug. 6, 1881)–218 (Feb. 13, 1892); New York, N.Y., 219 (Apr. 30, 1892)–403 (Apr. 1908) Associate Editors: Alan P. Kelly,3 42 (May 17, 1884)–124 (May 12, 1888); Victor Yarros, 159 (June 7, 1890)–218 (Feb. 13, 1892) Frequency: Varied (Fortnightly) Contributors: David A. Andrade, Henry Appleton (pseud. X),4 John Badcock Jr., William Bailie, A. L. Ballou, Hugo Bilgram, Francis Du Bosque, Steven T. Byington, Miriam Daniell, Wordsworth Donisthorpe, J. Greevz Fisher, George Forrest, Clement M. Hammond (pseud. Josephine D’aujourd’hui),5 Sara Elizabeth Holmes (pseud. Zelm),6 Florence Finch Kelly, Gertrude B. Kelly, John F. Kelly, Joseph A. Labadie, M. Edgeworth Lazarus, J. William Lloyd, Dyer D. Lum, George E. MacDonald, Sidney H. Morse, Vilfredo Pareto, John Beverley Robinson, George Schumm, A. H. Simpson, Lysander Spooner (pseud. O),7 Clarence Lee Swartz, Edwin C. Walker, James L. Walker (pseud. Tak Kak),8 Alfred B. Westrup, Rudolf Weyler, Austin W. Wright Features/Subjects: Charles Guiteau’s Assassination of James A. Garfield, Anarchist Trials in Lyons and Paris, France (1883), Free Thought, Free Speech, Hay- market Affair, Free Competition, Rent, Single Tax, Interest, Mutual Banks, Finance, Copyright, Herbert Spencer, Chinese Question, Malthusianism, Marriage Question, Children under Anarchy, Woman’s Suffrage, Prohibi- tion, Media Criticism, Method of Propaganda, Poetry, Russia, Ireland, Nihilism, Labor Question, Individualism, Egoism, Labor Movement, Reprints: Michael Bakunin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Pierre J. Proudhon OCLC Numbers: 1755832, 2391228, 16852220, 4675686, 10080221, 145153306

SELECTIONS

Delegate No. 22. “The [International] Revolutionary Congress.” 2 (Aug. 20, 1881). Held in London, July 14–20, 1881. LIBERTY (1881–1908) 129

Benjamin R. Tucker. “Government and the State.” 5 (Oct. 1, 1881). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Authority.” 6 (Oct. 15, 1881). “Michael Bakounine.” 9 (Nov. 26, 1881). John Swinton. “Honoring a Great Law-Breaker.” 10 (Dec. 10, 1881). A speech delivered on the twenty-second anniversary of the execution of John Brown at Turner Hall, New York City. Vera Zassulitch and Pierre Lavroff. “Appeal of the Nihilists.” 13 (Jan. 21, 1882). “A Review of German Socialism.” 15 (Feb. 18, 1882). Reprinted from Le Re- volte (Geneva). Elisee Reclus. “Anarchy and Universal Suffrage.” 16 (Mar. 4, 1882). A speech delivered before the section of Outlaws at St. Etienne, a branch of the In- ternational Working People’s Association. Lysander Spooner. “Legislation: Its Origin and Purpose.” 17 (Mar. 18, 1882). Excerpt from Natural Law. Benjamin R. Tucker. “Organization, False and True.” 18 (Apr. 1, 1882). “Emerson, the Reformer.” 20 (May 13, 1882). Lysander Spooner. “A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard, Challenging His Right— And That of All the Other So-Called Senators and Representatives in Congress—To Exercise Any Legislative Power Whatever over the People of the United States.” 21 (May 27, 1882). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Trade-Unionism.” 22 (June 10, 1882). Lysander Spooner. “Against Woman Suffrage.” 22 (June 10, 1882). Reprinted from the February 24, 1877, issue of J. M. L. Babcock’s journal, New Age. Benjamin R. Tucker. “Michael Davitt and His Seducer.” 23 (June 24, 1882). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Where We Stand.” 25 (Aug. 19, 1882). J. K. Ingalls. “ Examined: Should Land Be Nationalized or In- dividualized?” 27 supplement (Oct. 14, 1882). Benjamin R. Tucker. “American Czardom Unmasked.” 29 (Nov. 11, 1882). Benjamin R. Tucker. “ as Friend and Foe.” 35 (Apr. 14, 1883). “Proudhon Viewed by a Ph.D.” 41 (Dec. 15, 1883). A review of Richard T. Ely’s French and German Socialism in Modern Times. N. G. Tchernychewksy. “What’s to Be Done? A Romance.” 42 (May 17, 1884)–80 (May 1, 1886). A novel written in a Russian dungeon and con- sidered by Russian nihilists as a “faithful portraiture” of themselves and their movement. Translated by Benjamin R. Tucker. Lysander Spooner. “A Second Letter to Thomas F. Bayard, Challenging His Right—And That of All the Other So-Called Senators and Representa- tives in Congress—To Exercise Any Legislative Power Whatever over the People of the United States.” 42 (May 17, 1884). 130 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

Elisee Reclus. “An Anarchist on Anarchy.” 43 (May 31, 1884)–44 (June 14, 1884). Reprinted from Contemporary Review (London). H. “Liberty and Wealth.” 43 (May 31, 1884)–50 (Sept. 6, 1884). E. Vaughn. “The Criminal Record of Elisee Reclus.” 44 (June 14, 1884)–45 (June 28, 1884). Reprinted from L’Intransigente (Jesi, Italy). Josephine D’aujourd’hui. “Then and Now: Or, the Travels through Time of Miss Josephine D’aujourd’hui as Told by Herself.” 46 (July 12, 1884)–72 (Dec. 26, 1885). X. “Anarchism, True or False.” 50 (Sept. 6, 1884). K. “Masters and Slaves.” 51 (Sept. 20, 1884). Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Powers of Passive Resistance.” 52 (Oct. 4, 1884). S. Stepniak. “A Female Nihilist.” 56 (Dec. 13, 1884)–58 (Jan. 31, 1885). Au- thor of Underground Russia. “The Death of Chinese Gordon.” 59 (Feb. 28, 1885). . “What’s in a Name?” 60 (Apr. 11, 1885). Reprinted from the Anarchist (London). G. Bernard Shaw. “Proprietors and Their Slaves.” 62 (May 23, 1885). Read before the Liberal and Social Union in London, February 26, 1885. Lysander Spooner. “A Letter to Grover Cleveland: On His False, Absurd, Self- Contradictory, and Ridiculous Inaugural Address.” 63 (June 20, 1885)–81 (May 22, 1886). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Confessions of a Convert.” 63 (June 20, 1885). Lloyd con- cludes with “in my arm-full embrace of Freedom, I don the red cap of liberty. I become an anarchist.” Gertrude B. Kelly. “The Root of Prostitution.” 66 (Sept. 12, 1885). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Anarchy and Reform.” 66 (Sept. 12, 1885). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Vaccinate the Doctors with Cold Lead.” 67 (Oct. 3, 1885). Tucker recommends physical resistance to compulsory vaccina- tion. Joseph A. Labadie. “Uncle Sam the Real Culprit.” 67 (Oct. 3, 1885). Reprinted from the Detroit Labor Leaf; Labadie reports the massacre of Chinese in Rock Springs, Wyoming. Gertrude B. Kelly. “Mr. Spencer and Socialism.” 68 (Oct. 24, 1885). Reprinted from Contemporary Review (London). Georges Sauton. “Ireland!” 69 (Nov. 14, 1885)–121 (Mar. 31, 1888). Trans- lated by Sarah E. Holmes. Emile Zola. “Germinal and the Censors.” 70 (Nov. 28, 1885). Gertrude B. Kelly. “The Chinese Question.” 72 (Dec. 26, 1885). Gertrude B. Kelly. “A Woman’s Warning to Reformers.” 74 (Jan. 23, 1886). LIBERTY (1881–1908) 131

Sophie Kropotkin. “The Wife of Number 4,237.” 77 (Mar. 6, 1886)–81 (May 22, 1886). Translated by Sara E. Holmes. Dyer D. Lum. “Eighteen Christian Centuries: Or, the Evolution of the Gospel of Anarchy; an Essay on the Meaning of History.” 81 (May 22, 1886)–88 (Oct. 30, 1886). “[Nicholas] Tchernychewsky’s Life and Trial.” 82 (June 19, 1886)–85 (July 31, 1886). Translated by Victor Yarros. Victor Yarros. “The ‘Philosophical Anarchists.’” 85 (July 31, 1886). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Not Compromise, but Surrender.” 88 (Oct. 30, 1886). Tucker addresses E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman’s defense against charges of living together as man and wife without being or having been married. Stephen Pearl Andrews. “The Science of Society.” 88 (Oct. 30, 1886)–116 (Jan. 14, 1888). Michael Bakounine. “The Political Theology of Mazzini and the Interna- tional.” 88 (Oct. 30, 1886)–101 (June 18, 1887). Translated by Sarah E. Holmes. John F. Kelly. “[Henry] George’s ‘Protection or Free Trade.’” 90 (Dec. 11, 1886). Gertrude B. Kelly. “The Unconscious Evolution of Mutual Banking.” 93 (Feb. 12, 1887). John F. Kelly. “Morality and Its Origin.” 94 (Feb. 26, 1887). Gertrude B. Kelly. “Proudhon and the Woman Question.” 95 (Mar. 12, 1887). Tak Kak. “Egoism.” 97 (Apr. 9, 1887). John F. Kelly. “Intelligent Egotism Anti-Social.” 99 (May 7, 1887). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Our Nestor Taken from Us.” 100 (May 28, 1887). A memorial to Lysander Spooner. David A. Andrade. “What Is Anarchy?” 100 (May 28, 1887). Lecture origi- nally delivered in Melbourne, Australia. “Anarchism: Its Aims and Methods.” 113 (Dec. 3, 1887). Victor Yarros. “Neither Fish nor Flesh.” 116 (Jan. 14, 1888). An open letter to Dyer D. Lum, editor of the Alarm. P. J. Proudhon. “The State: Its Nature, Object, and Destiny.” 117 (Jan. 28, 1888)–118 (Feb. 11, 1888). Reprinted from the December 3, 1849, is- sue of La Voix du Peuple (Paris). Translated by Benjamin R. Tucker. “Attempt to Kill Louise Michel.” 118 (Feb. 11, 1888). Pierre Lucas attempted to assassinate Michel on January 22, 1888, after she had addressed work- ers in the Gaiety Music Hall in Le Havre, France. 132 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

Florence Finch Kelly. “The Economic Freedom of Women.” 119 (Feb. 25, 1888). “Love, Marriage, and Divorce, and the Sovereignty of the Individual: A Dis- cussion by Henry James, Horace Greeley, Stephen Pearl Andrews.” 119 (Feb. 25, 1888)–143 (Feb. 23, 1889). Florence Finch Kelly. “The Sexual Freedom of Women.” 120 (Mar. 10, 1888). Kelly declares that economic freedom is the only way for women to escape “The bondage of conventional marriage, which, according to the confessions of women themselves, is a condition which could have given Dante points for the inferno.” Benjamin R. Tucker. “State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree and Wherein They Differ.” 120 (Mar. 10, 1888). Felix Pyat. “The Rag-Picker of Paris.” 120 (Mar. 10, 1888)–158 (May 24, 1890). Translated by Benjamin R. Tucker. J. Wm. Lloyd. “Anarchy in the Intention.” 121 (Mar. 31, 1888). Marie Louise. “Child Slaves.” 124 (May 12, 1888). Victor Yarros. “ and the Labor Movement.” 126 (June 9, 1888)–128 (July 7, 1888). Zelm. “Love and Ideas, and Ideas about Love.” 130 (Aug. 4, 1888). Zelm notes that “Free love is natural only as anarchy is natural; both mean rev- olution. Both mean the overthrow of existing tyranny, and both may mean great and prolonged struggle. We do not become free lovers simply by letting ourselves be. Believing in freedom, we love, and we believe our- selves to be free in that love.” Vilfredo Pareto. “Letters from Italy.” 134 (Sept. 29, 1888); 137 (Nov. 10, 1888); 140 (Jan. 5, 1889); 151 (Oct. 5, 1889); 171 (Nov. 15, 1890); 179 (Mar. 7, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Passive Resistance.” 135 (Oct. 13, 1888). Yarros contends that “The best method of resistance is that which secures fully the rights of the injured without causing any unnecessary harm to the guilty. Unnecessary harm is invasion, and is sure to provoke resistance on the part of (imme- diately) disinterested witnesses.” John Boyle O’Reilly. “Crispus Attucks.” 138 (Dec. 1, 1888). Read November 14, 1888, at the unveiling of the monument erected on Boston Common to Crispus Attucks. J. Wm. Lloyd. “How Shall Lovers Live?” 139 (Dec. 15, 1888). Mona Caird. “Ideal Marriage.” 141 (Jan. 19, 1889). John Beverely Robinson. “Liberty and Aggression.” 142 (Feb. 2, 1889). Fol- lowed by reply from Tucker. Paul Berwig. “Liberty and Authority.” 144 (Mar. 16, 1889). LIBERTY (1881–1908) 133

J. A. Andrews. “Communism and Communist-Anarchism.” 145 (May 18, 1889). “Free Political Institutions: Their Nature, Essence, and Maintenance.” 146 (June 8, 1889)–153 (Dec. 28, 1889). An Abridgement and Rearrange- ment of Lysander Spooner’s “Trial by Jury.” Edited by Victor Yarros. Victor Yarros. “The Basis of Individualism.” 148 (July 20, 1889). John Beverley Robinson. “The Abolition of Marriage.” 148 (July 20, 1889). A lecture read before the Manhattan Liberal Club. A. H. Simpson. “The Two Socialisms.” 149 (Aug. 10, 1889). Victor Yarros. “Liberty and [Herbert Spencer’s] ‘First Principle.’” 150 (Sept. 7, 1889). J. Wm. Lloyd. “The True Basis of Individualism.” 150 (Sept. 7, 1889). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Liberty’s Debt to the Aborigine.” 152 (Nov. 23, 1889). Victor Yarros. “Origin and Nature of Rights.” 153 (Dec. 28, 1889). Wordsworth Donisthorpe. “Individualism: A System of Politics.” 153 (Dec. 28, 1889). Wordsworth Donisthorpe. “The Woes of an Anarchist.” 154 (Jan. 25, 1890). A. H. Simpson. “Eight-Hour Exploitation.” 154 (Jan. 25, 1890). Dyer D. Lum. “The Fiction of Natural Rights.” 155 (Feb. 15, 1890). Reprinted from the Pittsburg Truth. Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Economic Tendency of Freethought.” 155 (Feb. 15, 1890). A lecture delivered before the Boston Secular Society. Hugo Bilgram. “State Banking versus Mutual Banking.” 155 (Feb. 15, 1890). Victor Yarros. “Individualism and Political Economy.” 157 (Apr. 19, 1890)– 158 (May 24, 1890). Victor Yarros. “An Anarchistic View of the Social Problem.” 159 (June 7, 1890). Victor Yarros. “Unscientific Socialism; an Examination of the Various Cur- rent Doctrines of State Socialism.” 160 (June 21, 1890)–164 (Aug. 2, 1890). Victor Yarros. “The Filthy Horror of Sexual Passion.” 168 (Sept. 27, 1890). A response to Hugh Pentecost’s “Thirteenth-century Opinions on Love” published in Twentieth Century. A. H. Simpson. “Love and Sex.” 169 (Oct. 18, 1890). Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Relation of the State to the Individual.” 171 (Nov. 15, 1890). An address delivered before the Unitarian Ministers’ Institute in Salem, Mass., October 14, 1890. S. Englander. “Proudhon, the Father of Anarchism: His Personality and His Philosophy.” 173 (Dec. 13, 1890)–183 (May 2, 1891). Excerpt from Abolition of the State. 134 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

Ormonde. “Woman’s Emancipation and What It Means.” 176 (Jan. 24, 1891). John Beverley Robinson. “The Limits of Governmental Interference.” 192 (Aug. 15, 1891). J. Greevz Fisher. “The Equalization of Wage and Product.” 193 (Aug. 22, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Justice and Anarchism.” 194 (Aug. 29, 1891)–195 (Sept. 5, 1891); 197 (Sept. 19, 1891)–198 (Sept. 26, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Direct Legislation and Liberty.” 201 (Oct. 17, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Liberty and Boycotting.” 203 (Oct. 31, 1891). The Listener. “The American Flag a Fetish.” 207 (Nov. 28, 1891). Reprinted from the Boston Transcript. John Beverley Robinson. “Rule or Resistance, Which?” 211 (Dec. 26, 1891). William Bailie. “Bursting a Bubble.” 227 (June 25, 1892). This article ad- dresses the self-abnegating revolutionary. Benjamin R. Tucker. “Compulsory Education Not Anarchistic.” 232 (Aug. 6, 1892). C. L. Swartz. “Is Free Banking Proximate?” 234 (Aug. 20, 1892). William Bailie. “Compulsory Education and Anarchism.” 235 (Sept. 3, 1892). “Zola and Dynamite.” 247 (Nov. 26, 1892). “Extracts from the Works of Nietzsche.” 250 (Dec. 17, 1892). Translated by George Schumm. R. S. Littlefield. “Reminiscences of Colonel [William B.] Greene.” 251 (Dec. 24, 1892). Reprinted from the National Tribune. Stephen T. Byington. “Liberty and Property.” 252 (Dec. 31, 1892). “Religion and Government.” 253 (Jan. 7, 1893). Translated by George Schumm from Nietzsche’s Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. William Bailie. “Problems of Anarchism.” 253 (Jan. 7, 1893)–267 (Apr. 15, 1893); 271 (May 13, 1893)–272 (May 20, 1893); 276 (June 17, 1893); 279 (Aug. 1893). Bailie aims with this series to dissipate the “hopeless confusion,” expressed by some anarchists, in their economic ideas. Horace A Traubel. “Free Trade and Brotherhood.” 258 (Feb. 11, 1893). John Beverley Robinson. “How Liberty May Come.” 265 (Apr. 1, 1893). Hugo Bilgram. “Is Interest Just?” 268 (Apr. 22, 1893). An address delivered before the Friendship Liberal League of Philadelphia, April 9, 1893. Arthur Mulberger. “Marx versus Proudhon.” 269 (Apr. 29, 1893). Reprinted from Jahrbucher fur Nationalokonomie und Statistik (Stuttgart, Germany). Stephen T. Byington. “The Occupancy and Use Theory.” 274 (June 3, 1893). LIBERTY (1881–1908) 135

John Henry Mackay. “The Anarchists.” 281 (Feb. 24, 1894). A preface trans- lated from the “People’s Edition.” Benjamin R. Tucker. “Is Interest the Award of Ability?” 282 (Mar. 10, 1894). Stephen T. Byington. “Nationalism Dependent upon Anarchy.” 285 (Apr. 21, 1894). “Extracts from Nietzsche’s Works.” 286 (May 5, 1894). Translated by George Schumm. Stephen T. Byington. “Quasi-Invasion and the Boycott.” 287 (May 19, 1894). John Beverley Robinson. “The Marriage of the Future.” 287 (May 19, 1894). Francis A. Walker. “The Evils of a Restricted Currency.” 287 (May 19, 1894). Excerpt from Bimetallism: A Tract for the Times. Stephen T. Byington. “Anarchism and .” 289 (June 16, 1894). John Beverley Robinson. “Is Anarchism Atheistic?” 290 (June 30, 1894). Robinson concludes that “On the rainbow that hangs over the path to liberty is inscribed, ‘Neither master, nor God!’” Auberon Herbert. “Ethics of Dynamite.” 291 (July 14, 1894). Reprinted from Contemporary Review (London). Horace Traubel. “Individual Sovereignty.” 291 (July 14, 1894). Reprinted from Conservator (Philadelphia). Victor Yarros. “Government and the Bomb-Throwers.” 293 (Aug. 11, 1894). Yarros comments on an article by George MacDonald in Truth Seeker (New York). “The Defence of Jean Grave.” 293 (Aug. 11, 1894). Statement made to jury by Grave’s attorney, M. De Saint Auban. “The Trial of the Thirty [Anarchist-Communists] in Paris.” 293 (Aug. 11, 1894). Edwin C. Walker. “The Church and Woman Suffrage.” 299 (Nov. 3, 1894). “Hill’s Anti-Anarchist Bill.” 300 (Nov. 17, 1894). Victor Yarros. “Sympathetic Strikes.” 302 (Dec. 15, 1894). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Another Liberty Gone.” 303 (Dec. 29, 1894). Tucker examines the legal opinion in U.S. v. Debs, 64 F. 724 (C.C.Il., 1894), which criminalized the boycott as an illegal restraint on trade. He con- cludes, “One by one the authorities are stripping the laborers of all their non-invasive weapons, determined to leave them only the ballot and the bomb, both of which are weapons of invasion and neither of which can help them in the slightest.” Lillian Harman. “‘An Age-of-Consent’ Symposium.” 306 (Feb. 9, 1895); 314 (June 1, 1895). 136 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

Victor Yarros. “Radicalism at the Woman’s Congress.” 309 (Mar. 23, 1895). Triennial meeting of the National Council of Women. Victor Yarros. “Free Speech and Its Abuse.” 312 (May 4, 1895). A. W. Wright. “Banking and the State.” 313 (May 18, 1895). A paper read before the Single Tax Club of Chicago. Victor Yarros. “Jury Reform.” 314 (June 1, 1895). G. Bernard Shaw. “A Degenerate’s View of Nordau.” 318 (July 27, 1895).9 Stephen T. Byington. “Governments and Christian Missions.” 321 (Sept. 7, 1895). Victor Yarros. “The Right of Privacy.” 331 (Jan. 25, 1896). Yarros comments on the decision in the “Schuyler statue case.” See Schuyler v. Curtis, 42 N.E. 22 (N.Y., 1895). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Occupancy and Use.” 331 (Jan. 25, 1896). Stephen T. Byington. “The Occupancy-and-Use Doctrine.” 331 (Jan. 25, 1896). Joseph Labadie. “Liberty and Why We Want It.” 340 (May 30, 1896). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Liberty and Communism.” 342 (June 27, 1896). John Badcock Jr. “The Money Famine: An Introduction to a Study of the Money Questions of the Day.” 343 (July 11, 1896). Victor Yarros. “Strikers and Picket Duty.” 348 (Dec. 1896). A. W. Wright. “The State and Education.” 349 (Jan. 1897). Victor Yarros. “Predicament of the Courts.” 351 (Mar. 1897). Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Use of the Ballot.” 351 (Mar. 1897). Victor Yarros. “Liberty and the Ballot.” 351 (Mar. 1897). Victor Yarros. “The New Anti-Trust Law.” 352 (Apr. 1897). See U.S. v. Trans- Missouri Freight Association, 166 U.S. 290 (1897). A. Bellegarigue. “Anarchy Is Order.” 352 (Apr. 1897)–353 (May 1897); 356 (Sept. 1897)–357 (Dec. 1897). Originally published in 1850; reprinted from La Revolte (Geneva). Benjamin R. Tucker. “A Blow at Trial by Jury.” 354 (July 1897)–355 (Aug. 1897). An address delivered at Cooper Union, New York, June 25, 1897. Victor Yarros. “Judges in Defence of Injunctions.” 356 (Oct. 1897). “Labor’s Eyes Opening.” 356 (Oct. 1897). The author reports the resolutions adopted by the United Building Trades of New York in response to the massacre of unarmed miners at Lattimer mine, near Hazelton, Pennsyl- vania. John Beverley Robinson. “Ethics.” 357 (Dec. 1897). “An Undelivered Speech.” 359 (Jan. 1899). This article features an exchange between the Alexander Berkman Defense Association (Justus Schwab, Emma Goldman, and Edward Brady) and Benjamin R. Tucker on solic- iting the aid of Andrew Carnegie to gain Berkman’s release from prison. LIBERTY (1881–1908) 137

Stephen T. Byington. “What Is Anarchism?” 361 (May 1899). Stephen T. Byington. “What Anarchism Is Not.” 363 (Sept. 1899)–364 (Nov. 1899). Stephen T. Byington. “Marriage and Kindred Contracts.” 365 (Dec. 1900). Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Attitude of Anarchism towards Industrial Combi- nation.” 366 (Dec. 1902). An address delivered in the Central Music Hall in Chicago, September 14, 1899, before the Conference on Trusts held under the auspices of the Civic Federation. Steven T. Byington. “Passive Resistance To-day,” 373 (July 1903). Gaston Donnet. “The Misfortune of Being Black.” 374 (Aug. 1903). Reprinted from L’ Au ro re. William Bailie. “Achille Loria and Anarchism.” 376 (Oct. 1903). William Bailie. “Loria and Economic Interpretation.” 378 (Dec. 1903). Joseph Labadie. “What Anarchy Is and Is Not.” 382 (Apr. 1904). A paper read before the Band of Psychic Research, Detroit, Mich. Steven T. Byington. “Beginning Anarchy Now.” 384 (July 1904). Joseph Labadie. “The Anarchist View of the Expansion Question.” 387 (Feb. 1905)–388 (May 1905). S.R. “The [U.S.] Supreme Court as the Guardian of Liberty.” 389 (Aug. 1905). S.R. comments on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905). Steven T. Byington. “What Will Anarchy Do with Fraud?” 390 (Nov. 1905). William Bailie. “What Next in Russia?” 391 (Feb. 1906). C.L.S. “The First American Anarchist.” 392 (Apr. 1906). C.L.S. reviews William Bailie’s biography of Josiah Warren. Moustafa Kamel Pasha. “To the English Nation and the Civilized World!” 394 (Aug. 1906). Pasha reports the execution, flogging, and humiliation endured by the villagers of Denshawai, Egypt, that resulted from a con- frontation with British soldiers on a pigeon shoot. Steven T. Byington. “Government az a Spelling Reformer.” 395 (Oct. 1906). C.L.S. “The Solution of the ‘Negro Problem.’” 396 (Dec. 1906). C.L.S. ex- presses solidarity with the blacks of South Carolina boycotting white planters in the aftermath of the lynching of Willie Spain. C. E. S. Wood. “Comstock, St. Paul, et al.” 397 (Apr. 1907). Steven T. Byington. “Pre-Darwinianism.” 399 (Sept. 1907).

Charles Guiteau’s Assassination of James A. Garfield 10

“Distressing Problems.” 7 (Oct. 29, 1881). “Guiteau’s Malice.” 10 (Dec. 10, 1881). 138 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

“Guiteau’s ‘Devilish Depravity.’” 11 (Dec. 24, 1881). “Guiteau’s Wit.” 11 (Dec. 24, 1881). “The Guiteau Experts.” 12 (Jan. 7, 1882); 19 (Apr. 15, 1882). “Guiteau the Fraud-Spoiler.” 13 (Jan. 21, 1881). “The Forms of Law.” 24 (July 22, 1882).

Anarchist Trials in Lyons and Paris, France (1883)

“The Arrest of Kropotkine [sic].” 32 (Jan. 20, 1883). Kropotkin was arrested for belonging to the International Workingmen’s Association. “The Trial of the Anarchists at Lyons.” 33 (Feb. 17, 1883). Kropotkin was sentenced to five years in prison. This article features excerpts from the trial transcript. “Blind as Well as Brutal.” 33 (Feb. 17, 1883). “The Trial of Louise Michel.” 38 (July 21, 1883). Michel was charged with leading a demonstration of looters and was sentenced to six years in prison. This article features excerpts from the trial transcript.

Chinese Exclusion

Max. “Not the Chinese, but the Land Thieves.” 34 (Mar. 17, 1883). Patrick J. Healy. “‘Max,’ the Chinese and Liberty.” 36 (May 12, 1883). Benjamin Tucker. “On Picket Duty.” 36 (May 12, 1883).

Mormons and Polygamy

D.D.L. “Cleveland’s ‘Official’ View of Polygamy.” 72 (Dec. 26, 1885). X. “God and the State Mormons.” 72 (Dec. 26, 1885). Gertrude B. Kelly. “Mormon Immorality.” 73 (Jan. 9, 1886). Dyer D. Lum. “Mormon and Caesar.” 79 (Apr. 17, 1886). Dyer D. Lum. “Mormon Co-operation.” 83 (July 3, 1886).

Johann Most and Arson

Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Beast of Communism.” 78 (Mar. 27, 1886). Tucker ridicules Johann Most for his alleged refusal to repudiate a se- ries of arsons committed by his followers to defraud insurance compa- nies. Benjamin R. Tucker. “Time Will Tell.” 79 (Apr. 17, 1886). “The Facts Coming to Light.” 81 (May 22, 1886). LIBERTY (1881–1908) 139

Haymarket Affair

Benjamin R. Tucker. “Liberty and Violence.” 81 (May 22, 1886). Tucker as- serts that “The right to resist oppression by violence is beyond doubt; it is only the policy of exercising this right that Anarchists at this juncture have to consider. In Liberty’s view but one thing can justify its exercise on any large scale,—namely, the denial of free thought, free speech, and a free press. Even then its exercise would be unwise unless suppression were enforced so stringently that all other means of throwing it off had become hopeless.” X. “The Boston Anarchists.” 81 (May 22, 1886). The author exclaims that “The Boston Anarchists are ready to denounce the savage Communists of Chicago, who, falsely sailing under anarchistic colors, commit murder, arson, and mob violence, they yet wish to press most emphatically the fact that the so-called government is committing these very crimes every- day; has always committed them; and always intends to commit them.” Gertrude B. Kelly. “The Wages of Sin Is Death.” 81 (May 22, 1886). “Mr. [Dyer D.] Lum Finds Liberty Wanting.” 82 (June 19, 1886). Tucker replies that “The Chicago Communists have chosen the violent course, and the result is to be foreseen. Their predicament is due to a resort to methods that Liberty emphatically disapproves. As between them and the State Liberty’s sympathies are with them. But as they by their folly are do- ing their utmost to help the State, Liberty cannot work with them or de- vote much energy to their defense.” John F. Kelly. “The Lesson of Chicago.” 87 (Sept. 18, 1886). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Convicted by a Packed Jury.” 87 (Sept. 18, 1886). O. “Confession of an Atrocious Crime against the Anarchists Tried in Chicago.” 87 (Sept. 18, 1886). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Why Expect Justice from the State?” 87 (Sept. 18, 1886). Gertrude B. Kelly. “A Time to Beware of Passion.” 87 (Sept. 18, 1886). O. “Chicago Anarchists.” 90 (Dec. 11, 1886). Dyer D. Lum. “Pen-Pictures of the Prisoners.” 93 (Feb. 12, 1887). Adolph Fischer. “A Chicago Anarchist on Anarchy.” 94 (Feb. 26, 1887). Benjamin R. Tucker. “To the Breach, Comrades!” 112 (Nov. 19, 1887). Tucker remarks that “Of a deed so foul perpetrated upon men so brave, what words are not inadequate to paint the blackness on the one hand and the glory on the other? My heart was never so full, my pen never so halt. . . . The labor movement has had its Harper’s Ferry; when will come its Emancipation Proclamation?” 140 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

W. T. Doty. “The Demagogue and the Sophist.” 114 (Dec. 17, 1887). Doty refers to Henry George’s article in Standard (New York) on the Chicago anarchists and Judge Maguire’s legal opinion in the case. George Schumm. “Reflections on the Chicago Tragedy.” 115 (Dec. 31, 1887). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Vengeance: An Open Letter to the Communist-Anarchists of Chicago.” 116 (Jan. 14, 1888). Lloyd cautions, “I tell you, Communists of Chicago, that your eight martyrs have done more to advance your cause than would the sacking of eight cities like Chicago. But I tell you again that the blood of the first man you assassinate by way of revenge will wipe out half of their work, and when the first dynamite bomb thrown by your revengeful hands enters a drawing-room window and tears the tender flesh of innocent women and babes, the whole of it will be undone.”

Malthusians

Gertrude B. Kelly. “Mr. Walker’s Neo-Nonsense.” 82 (June 19, 1886). C. L. James. “A Plea for Parson Malthus.” 84 (July 17, 1886). Gertrude B. Kelly. “Wanted—A Malthusian Who Has Read Malthus.” 84 (July 17, 1886). Benjamin R. Tucker. “A Fable for Malthusians.” 85 (July 31, 1886). C. L. James. “Malthus’s ‘Main Principle.’” 86 (Aug. 21, 1886). Gertrude B. Kelly. “Waiting for Proof.” 86 (Aug. 21, 1886). Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Neo-est Malthusian of All.” 89 (Nov. 20, 1886).

Children under Anarchy

Victor. “The Woman Question.” 124 (May 12, 1888). Zelm. “A Reply to Victor.” 125 (May 26, 1888). A. Warren. “The Rights of Babies.” 127 (June 23, 1888). Zelm. “Children and Liberty.” 127 (June 23, 1888). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Liberty and Responsibility in Babyland.” 129 (July 21, 1888). A. Warren. “A Few More Words with Zelm.” 130 (Aug. 4, 1888). Zelm. “The Problem the Child Presents.” 132 (Sept. 1, 1888). Victor. “Individualism, Communism, and Love.” 133 (Sept. 15, 1888). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Love and Home.” 137 (Nov. 10, 1888). Clara Dixon Davidson. “Relations between Parents and Children.” 235 (Sept. 3, 1892). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Children under Anarchy.” 235 (Sept. 3, 1892). LIBERTY (1881–1908) 141

Benjamin R. Tucker. “Anarchism and the Children.” 312 (May 4, 1895). T. “A Sound Criticism.” 316 (June 29, 1895). T. “The Creed Essential to the Life.” 319 (Aug. 10, 1895). John Badcock Jr. “The Life More Than the Creed.” 319 (Aug. 10, 1895). William Gilmour. “An Apparent Contradiction.” 320 (Aug. 24, 1895). Benjamin R. Tucker. “L’Enfant Terrible.” 320 (Aug. 24, 1895). Tucker ad- dresses the parental ownership of children. J. Greevz Fisher. “Children as Chattels.” 320 (Aug. 24, 1895). J. Wm. Lloyd. “The Anarchist Child.” 322 (Sept. 21, 1895). A. S. Matter. “Are Children Property?” 322 (Sept. 21, 1895). John Badcock Jr. “On the Status of the Child.” 322 (Sept. 21, 1895); 327 (Nov. 30, 1895). Benjamin R. Tucker. “What Is Property?” 322 (Sept. 21, 1895)–323 (Oct. 5, 1895). Evacustes A. Phipson. “The Rights of Children.” 323 (Oct. 5, 1895). Stephen T. Byington. “The Defensive Contract.” 325 (Nov. 2, 1895). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Defence of Whom and by Whom?” 325 (Nov. 2, 1895). John Badcock Jr. “Proputty Proputty.” 328 (Dec. 14, 1895).

Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U.S. 86 (1890)

Note: This case involves the regulation of liquor sales. “Beauties of Government.” 172 (Nov. 29, 1890). Victor Yarros. “Supreme Imbecility.” 172 (Nov. 29, 1890).

Copyright

Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Question of Copyright.” 173 (Dec. 13, 1890). Victor Yarros. “More on Copyright.” 174 (Dec. 27, 1890). Victor Yarros. “The ‘General Principle’ and Copyright.” 176 (Jan. 24, 1891). A. H. Simpson. “Property in Ideas.” 176 (Jan. 24, 1891). Wordsworth Donisthorpe. “Copyright.” 176 (Jan. 24, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Property in Ideas and Equal Liberty.” 177 (Feb. 7, 1891). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Copyright.” 177 (Feb. 7, 1891). Victor Yarros. “The Right to Authorship.” 178 (Feb. 21, 1891). Tak Kak. “The Question of Copyright.” 179 (Feb. 21, 1891)–180 (Mar. 21, 1891); 185 (May 30, 1891). A. H. Simpson. “Spooner on Property in Ideas.” 180 (Mar. 21, 1891). 142 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

Victor Yarros. “The Objection to Property in Ideas.” 183 (May 2, 1891). John Beverley Robinson. “A New Argument against Copyright.” 184 (May 16, 1891). William Hanson. “Ideas Not Economic Quantities.” 186 (June 13, 1891).

Prohibition

Victor Yarros. “The Right to Buy and Sell Liquors.” 175 (Jan. 10, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Prohibition and Crime.” 177 (Feb. 7, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Prohibition and Equal Liberty.” 179 (Mar. 7, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Equal Liberty versus Prohibition.” 183 (May 2, 1891).

Alexander Berkman’s Attempted Assassination of Henry C. Frick

Benjamin R. Tucker. “Save Labor from its Friends.” 231 (July 30, 1892). Tucker concludes that “If the revolution comes by violence and in ad- vance of light, the old struggle will have to be begun anew. The hope of humanity lies in the avoidance of that revolution by force which the Berkmans are trying to precipitate. No pity for Frick, no praise for Berk- man, such is the attitude of Liberty in the present crisis.” Joseph A. Labadie. “Cranky Notions.” 233 (Aug. 13, 1892). Reprinted from Detroit News. Hugo Bilgram. “Is Frick a Soldier of Liberty?” 234 (Aug. 20, 1892). Followed by a reply from Tucker.

Colonization

J. Wm. Lloyd. “Shall We Colonize?” 259 (Feb. 18, 1893). T. “Still Preaching Goodness.” 261 (Mar. 4, 1893).

Capital Controversy—Debating Whether Money Is Capital

Hugo Bilgram. “Differing Concepts of Capital.” 279 (Aug. 1893). J. Greevz Fisher. “Money Is Capital.” 279 (Aug. 1893). A. E. Porter. “Whether Money Is Capital.” 279 (Aug. 1893). Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Capital Controversy.” 279 (Aug. 1893). Herman Kuehn. “The Capital Controversy.” 280 (Sept. 1893). Jonathan Mayo Crane. “What Constitutes a Definition?” 280 (Sept. 1893). LIBERTY (1881–1908) 143

The Case of Auguste Vaillant

Note: Auguste Vaillant was a French anarchist who threw a bomb into France’s Chamber of Deputies on December 9, 1893. Although no one had been killed, Vaillant was condemned to death and executed. “The Vaillant Trial.” 281 (Feb. 24, 1894). “The Execution of Vaillant.” 282 (Mar. 10, 1894). The author notes that, halfway to the guillotine, Valliant shouted, “Death to the bourgeois soci- ety. Vive l’anarchie!” “French Opinion of Vaillant and His Act.” 282 (Mar. 10, 1894)–283 (Mar. 24, 1894). “The Attitude of Intellectual France.” 284 (Apr. 7, 1894). Published in the New York Evening Post under the heading “Anarchy’s Apologist.”

Compulsory Vaccination

George E. MacDonald. “The ‘Vaccination’ Outrage.” 287 (May 19, 1894). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York). John Beverley Robinson. “Compulsory Vaccination.” 288 (June 2, 1894). “The Vaccination Outrage.” 288 (June 2, 1894).

Sante Caserio

Note: Italian anarchist Sante Caserio assassinated French President Sadi Carnot in Lyons, France, on June 24, 1894. Benjamin R. Tucker. “Violence Breeding Violence.” 290 (June 30, 1894). Victor Yarros. “Lessons of the Carnot Incident.” 291 (July 14, 1894).

Pullman Strike, the American Railway Union, and the Debs Case

Victor Yarros. “The Great Strike.” 291 (July 14, 1894). “The Appeal and the Response.” 291 (July 14, 1894). Victor Yarros. “The Strike and the Editors.” 292 (July 28, 1894). Stephen T. Byington. “The Compulsory-Arbitration Menace.” 294 (Aug. 28, 1894). Moses Harman. “Legalism and the Late Strike.” 294 (Aug. 28, 1894). Reprinted from Lucifer, the Light Bearer. T. “Another Liberty Gone.” 303 (Dec. 29, 1894). 144 LIBERTY (1881–1908)

The White Flag

J. Wm. Lloyd. “White-Flag Anarchism—A Color Line.” 292 (July 28, 1894). Lloyd argues that “Red has always been the color of piracy, war, blood, fire, and hate” and proposes that “instead of a red flag we have a white flag with a red heart in the centre. And over the heart, our watchword, Equal Liberty; beneath the motto, ‘The world is our country,’ in letters of green.” Lizzie M. Holmes. “That ‘Color Line.’” 293 (Aug. 11, 1894). J. Wm. Lloyd. “White Anarchism, Force, and Sentiment.” 295 (Sept. 8, 1894). William Bailie. “Away with the Red Flag.” 295 (Sept. 8, 1894). F.D.T. “Reds We Remain.” 298 (Oct. 20, 1894).

Oscar Wilde’s Case

Note: Wilde was charged with multiple counts of conspiracy to commit gross indecency and sodomy and was sentenced to two years’ hard labor. Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Criminal Jailers of Oscar Wilde.” 315 (June 15, 1895). Benjamin R. Tucker. “A ‘Liberal’ Comstock.” 317 (July 13, 1895). Octave Mirbeau. “Oscar Wilde’s Imprisonment.” 317 (July 13, 1895). Reprinted from Le Journal (Lyon, France). E. B. Foote. “Liberty Run Wilde.” 317 (July 13, 1895).

Municipal Theater and Public Enterprise

Victor Yarros. “The Municipal Theatre Absurdity.” 338 (May 2, 1896). G. Bernard Shaw. “The Municipal Theatre Absurdity.” 344 (Aug. 1, 1896). Victor Yarros. “Mr. Shaw’s Defence of Public Enterprise.” 345 (Aug. 22, 1896)–346 (Oct. 1896).

Boycott

Victor Yarros. “The Stupidity of Anti-Boycotters.” 363 (Sept. 1899). Joseph Labadie. “Why They Hate the Boycott.” 368 (Feb. 1903). Reprinted from Detroit To-day. Labadie reasons that the exploiting classes hate the boycott because the boycott is noninvasive, and authoritarians do not know how to deal with weapons that do not need force or violence to be effective. LIBERTY (1881–1908) 145

Benjamin R. Tucker. “Free Competition and the Boycott.” 369 (Mar. 1903). Hugo Bilgram. “Is the Boycott Invasive?” 370 (Apr. 1903). Hugo Bilgram. “Is Boycotting Criminal?” 372 (June 1903). S.R. “The ‘Sun’ and the Boycott.” 378 (Dec. 1903). Steven T. Byington. “The Distinction as to Boycotts.” 386 (Dec. 1904).

Freelanders and the Freeland Colony in Bow, Washington

Benjamin Tucker. “On Picket Duty.” 383 (June 1904). Tucker comments on Horr’s preference for the label “anticrat” rather than “anarchist.” C.L.S. “A Social Anticipation.” 388 (May 1905). Arthur Wastall. “Another Unsatisfied Freelander.” 389 (Aug. 1905). Alex Horr. “A Protest from an Anticrat.” 389 (Aug. 1905). C.L.S. “Freeland and Its Protagonist.” 389 (Aug. 1905).

NOTES

“For always in thine eyes, O Liberty! Shines that high light whereby the world is saved. And though thou slay us, we will trust in thee.” John Hay. 1 (Aug. 6, 1881)–391 (Feb. 1906). “A free man is one who enjoys the use of his reason and his faculties; who is neither blinded by passion, nor hindered or driven by oppression, nor de- ceived by erroneous opinions.” Pierre J. Proudhon. 1 (Aug. 6, 1881)–85 (July 31, 1886). “In abolishing rent and interest, the last vestiges of old-time slavery, the Rev- olution abolishes at one stroke the sword of the executioner, the seal of the magistrate, the club of the policeman, the gauge of the exciseman, the erasing-knife of the department clerk, all those insignia of Politics, which young Liberty grinds beneath her heel.” Pierre J. Proudhon. 86 (Aug. 21, 1886)–391 (Feb. 1906).

ENDNOTES

1. In 1908, when Benjamin Tucker’s printing press was destroyed in a ware- house fire, effectively ending his publishing career, Liberty was “still recog- nized in philosophic and progressive circles as the ablest and most author- itative champion of anarchism, both in Europe and America.” New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, 3d ed., s.v. “Tucker, Benjamin R.” 146 LIBERTY (1902–1903)

2. The full run of Liberty is browsable and full-text searchable from Pro- quest, American Periodicals Series Online. 3. Alan P. Kelly used Max as a pen name. McElroy, “Liberty,” http://tmh .floonet.net/index/two_m.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 4. Wendy McElroy, “Liberty, 1881–1908: A Comprehensive Index,” http:// tmh.floonet.net/index/two_a.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 5. McElroy, “Liberty,” http://tmh.floonet.net/index/two_a.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 6. Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870–1920 (Philadelphia: Press, 1981), 78. 7. Lysander Spooner’s articles for Liberty covered such topics as: Charles Guiteau, the Supreme Court, Andover Theological Seminary, polygamy, fast proclamations, Chinese Gordon, and the Haymarket demonstration, and usually bore no name or simply the letter “O.” Charles Shively, “Biography,” in The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner (Weston, Mass.: M&S Press, 1971), 1:53; Charles Shively, “Lysander Spooner, Tucker and Liberty,”http://uncletaz.com/liberty/ spooner.html (accessed 17 March 2009). Furthermore, many of the early unsigned editorials, often ascribed to Tucker, were actually writ- ten by Lysander Spooner or Henry Appleton. Wendy McElroy, “Ben- jamin Tucker, Liberty, and Individualist Anarchism” Independent Re- view 2, no. 3 (Winter 1998): 425. 8. McElroy, “Benjamin Tucker,” 426. 9. This was George Bernard Shaw’s first original article to appear in the United States. Wendy McElroy, “Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, and Individ- ualist Anarchism,” Independent Review 2, no. 3 (Winter 1998): 421. 10. The following selections on Charles Guiteau and the assassination of Pres- ident James A. Garfield were written by Lysander Spooner. Charles Shiv- ely, “Lysander Spooner, Tucker & Liberty,” http://uncletaz.com/liberty/ spooner.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 7

Liberty (1902–1903)

Prospectus: Liberty advocates an increasing war against Capitalism and Gov- ernmentalism, by any and every means. . . . We are firmly convinced that the economic basis of Society is responsible for its political condition and that, therefore, the first act of the Revolutionist is to destroy the eco- LIBERTY (1902–1903) 147

nomic support that the present society has: Capitalism. This can be best done by permeating the ranks of organized labor, and by showing them the inequities committed by their bosses, induce them to go in for coop- erative endeavor. Examined: 1:1 (Apr. 1, 1902)–1:11 (Mar. 1903)1 Subtitle: A Weekly Revolutionary Paper. 1:5 (Dec. 6, 1902)–1:10 (Jan. 24, 1903) Editors: William MacQueen, 1:1 (Apr. 1, 1902)–1:6 (Dec. 13, 1902); Inter- national Propaganda Groups of America, 1:10 (Jan. 24, 1903) Publication Information: William MacQueen, New York, N.Y., 1:1 (Apr. 1, 1902); International Propaganda Groups of America, New York, N.Y., and Paterson, N.J., 1:5 (Dec. 6, 1902)–1:11 (Mar. 1903) Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Jay Fox, William MacQueen, Redcap Features/Subjects: Silk Workers’ Strike—Paterson, New Jersey, Labor Move- ment OCLC Number: 27209634

SELECTIONS

Jay Fox. “Compulsory Arbitration a Dangerous Pitfall.” 1:1 (Apr. 1, 1902). Fox warns that “An arbitration-law is a trick to destroy the worker’s only weapon of defense—the strike.” Redcap. “Science and Revolution.” 1:5 (Dec. 6, 1902). “The Marseilles General Strike.” 1:6 (Dec. 13, 1902). Carl Heinzen. “The Philosophy of Violence.” 1:6 (Dec. 13, 1902). Excerpt from Murder and Liberty. “On Organization.” 1:10 (Jan. 24, 1903). MacQueen Family Relief Committee. “The Deporting of MacQueen’s Fam- ily.” 1:10 (Jan. 24, 1903). MacQueen’s wife and children arrived in the United States, January 3, 1903, aboard the S.S. Umbria, were arrested as undesirable persons, and deported. Peter Kropotkin. “The Revolutionary Spirit.” 1:11 (Mar. 1903). Translated by Redcap.

Silk Workers’ Strike—Paterson, New Jersey

William MacQueen. “Justice Is Satisfied.” 1:5 (Dec. 6, 1902). MacQueen was arrested with and Rudolf Grossman for “inciting a ” 148 LIBERTY LIBRARY (1896–1897)

during a silk workers’ strike in Paterson, New Jersey. MacQueen was sen- tenced to five years’ hard labor. William MacQueen. “The Propaganda in Paterson.” 1:11 (Mar. 1903). A let- ter stolen from the pocket of MacQueen and used against him by the prosecutor during his trial.

NOTE

“But what should be our idea about the [assassination of President McKin- ley], as Anarchists,—revolutionists? We don’t advocate murder—the shedding of human blood is an anti-social act. It has no place in anar- chistic ideas. But, we can remember the old saying—he who lives by the sword shall die by the sword and say frankly, ‘If McKinley was murdered, it was because of his doctrine and use of murder.’ Dirt always requires a broom. Irrespective of right or wrong we compare the characters of the two, and say with all our hearts, ‘Our respect for you, Leon, is only equaled by our detestation of the Irish American boodle hunting vulture, over whose grave so many crocodile tears are shed.’” William MacQueen. 1:11 (Jan. 24, 1903).

ENDNOTE

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:1 (Apr. 1, 1902); 1:5 (Dec. 6, 1902); 1:6 (Dec. 13, 1902); 1:10 (Jan. 24, 1903); 1:11 (Mar. 1903). 7

Liberty Library (1896–1897)

Prospectus: Liberty Library is a monthly publication, the literature of which is devoted to radical investigation and criticism of prevalent superstitions and existing institutions; and to the exposition of theories pertaining to the welfare of human society. Examined: William Holmes, “The Historical, Philosophical and Economical Bases of Anarchy,” 1 (Jan. 1896); Francis D. Tandy, “Free Competition: An Outline of the Principles of Philosophical Anarchism,” 6 (June 1896), essay read before the Denver Sunday Lecture Club in January 1894; E. H. LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 149

Fulton, “Land, Money, and Property,” 8/9 (Aug.–Sept. 1896); Francis D. Tandy, “Modern Socialistic Tendencies.” 14 (July 1897), a lecture deliv- ered before the Unity Club in Unity Church, Denver, March 28, 1897 Editor/Publisher: Edward H. Fulton, Columbus Junction, Iowa Frequency: Monthly OCLC Number: 30345905 7

Lucifer, the Light Bearer (1883–1907)1

Prospectus: In short, Lucifer stands for Light against Darkness, for Liberty against Despotism, for Equality against Privilege; it stands for Human Solidarity, that is, for the Oneness, for the Common Interests, of the Race, against all forms of Exclusiveness,—domestic, religious, commer- cial and political—and therefore it has no sympathy with the prejudices and the slogans of clans and of churches, of monopolies and of nations, and it stands for Mental Honesty against the everywhere creeping and crawling Hypocrisy which is the deadliest foe of Truth and Justice that re- mains to us To-day as a heritage from the time when an anti-natural and proscriptive Church ruled the world with a merciless cruelty without par- allels in the annals of Man. To scatter the seeds of Truth, to spread the light of Liberty, to establish the order of Justice—this is the work which Lucifer, according to its ability and power, essays to do. Will you help? Examined: 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–1074 (Sept. 13, 1906)2 Editors: Moses Harman;3 Edwin C. Walker, 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–93 (Apr. 3, 1885); 130 (Jan. 1, 1886)–248 (Apr. 27, 1888); Lois Waisbrooker, 1892–18934 Assistant Editor: Lillie D. White, 453 (Nov. 25, 1892)–462 (Jan. 27, 1893) Publication Information: M. Harman and Edwin C. Walker, Valley Falls, Kans. 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–93 (Apr. 3, 1885); Moses Harman, Valley Falls, Kans. 94 (Apr. 10, 1885)–103 (June 12, 1885); Moses Harman and Geo. S. Harman, Valley Falls, Kans. 119 (Oct. 9, 1885)–248 (Apr. 27, 1888); Moses Harman, Valley Falls, Kans. 263 (Aug. 10, 1888)–338 (Feb. 28, 1890); Moses Harman, Topeka, Kans. 406 (Oct.2, 1891)–452 (Nov. 18, 1892); Moses Harman and Lillie D. White, Topeka, Kans. 453 (Nov. 25, 1892)–462 (Jan. 27, 1893); Moses Harman, Topeka, Kans. 478 (May 19, 1893)–604 (Apr. 17, 1896) and Chicago, Ill. 605 (May 8, 1896)–1074 (Sept. 13, 1906) 150 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: Kate Austin, William Francis Barnard, Francis Barry, Edward W. Chamberlin, Adeline Champney, John H. Cook, Cyrus W. Cool- ridge, Jonathan Mayo Crane, Voltairine de Cleyre, James S. Denson, E. B. Foote, Lillian Harman, Joseph Henry, Lizzie M. Holmes, Sidney Holmes, H. H. Hutcheson, Charles L. James, Robert B. Kerr, M. Edge- worth Lazarus, Joseph LeClerc, Francis B. Livesey, J. William Lloyd, James F. Morton Jr., David Overmyer, Henry M. Parkhurst, Myra Pep- per, A. J. Searl, Juliet H. Severance, S. R. Shepherd, Elimina D. Slenker, B. F. Underwood, Lois Waisbrooker, Alvin Warren, Lillie D. White, Celia B. Whitehead, Zeno Features/Subjects: Liberal League, Prohibition, Comstockism, Free Speech— Obscenity Cases, , E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman— Felonious Cohabitation Case, Marriage Question, Contraceptives, Free Love, Free Motherhood, Dianism, Free Thought, Anglo–Boer War, Chil- dren under Anarchy, Health, “Sociologic Lessons,” “Popular Follies and Crimes,” “Plumb-line Penographs,” Population Question, Education, Poetry, Imperialism, Vaccination and Vivisection, Leon Czolgosz’s Assas- sination of William McKinley Preceding Titles: Valley Falls Liberal (Valley Falls, Kans.); Kansas Liberal (Val- ley Falls, Kans.) Succeeding Title: American Journal of Eugenics (Chicago and Los Angeles) OCLC Numbers: 16507761, 11910543, 2759905, 31083987

SELECTIONS

Moses Harman. “The .” 56 (Sept. 28, 1883). Harman argues that “A censorship of the mails, such as [the Comstock] laws authorize, is a step towards establishing a national code of morals, and since Christian morals are founded upon Christian creeds, it follows that the establish- ment of Christian morality by the U.S. Government is a step towards the establishment of the Christian religion by the same authority.” Edwin C. Walker. “Morals and Rights.” 58 (Nov. 2, 1883). Walker contends that “As to what a man’s physical and moral habits may be the State has no right of inquiry.” A. Warren. “Co-Operative Housekeeping: Its Relation to the Labor Ques- tion.” 59 (Nov. 16, 1883)–60 (Nov. 30, 1883). Warren qualifies house- keeping as an industry. LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 151

Edwin C. Walker. “Purity and Persecution. Harrying Heywood.” 61 (Dec. 14, 1883). J. Kinser. “The Chinese Question.” 66 (Feb. 22, 1884). Kinser contends that the United States has gone against humanity, justice, and the Constitu- tion by forbidding Chinese immigration. Edwin C. Walker. “Heywood, [Frank] Tousey, the Postal Statutes.” 68 (Mar. 21, 1884). Walker reports on the proposal before Congress to exclude from the mails all newspapers that contain advertisements or notices of lotteries or of patent medicines. Edwin C. Walker. “Civilization vs. Legislation: Despotism in the Guise of Law.” 69 (Apr. 4, 1884). Reprinted from the July 1881 issue of Ameri- can Citizen. Moses Harman. “Marriage.” 74 (June 13, 1884). Harman clarifies that he does not oppose marriage or monogamy as such, but rather state en- forcement or interference with what should be strictly a private and per- sonal matter. Edward B. Aveling. “Irreligion of Science.” 85 (Dec. 19, 1884)–86 (Jan. 2, 1885). Aveling argues that science and religion are irreconcilable. Moses Harman. “The Dynamite Question.” 89 (Feb. 13, 1885). Harman condemns the Fenian’s bombing of the House of Parliament in London “because the lives of hundreds of innocent persons were, without warn- ing, put in jeopardy,” while respecting the Russian nihilist who “issued their declaration of war, thereby giving fair warning to all to keep at a safe distance from the object of their destructive missiles.” Moses Harman. “A Word to Strikers and Wage Workers Everywhere.” 90 (Feb. 27, 1885). Addressing the miners of Hocking Valley in particular, and strikers in general, Harman concludes, “Stand up! Be men, not spaniels! Allow no man, no corporation, no government to stand between you and your natural right to the soil and to what the soil covers. Pre- empt your claim to your birthright, and if any man, any corporation, any government attempts to drive you from that claim then meet force with force !” Edwin C. Walker. “Comstock, the Censor.” 91 (Mar. 13, 1885). Walker de- scribes the Vice Society as a “moral smelling club composed partly of hypocrites and partly of ignoramuses.” Edgeworth. “Accumulation Not Exploitation.” 99 (May 15, 1885). L.P. “Theology, Alias Mythology.” 104 (June 19, 1885)–108 (July 17, 1885). Moses Harman. “Violence.” 105 (June 26, 1885). Harman rejects violent rev- olution. 152 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

“The Chinese.” 110 (July 31, 1885). The author supports an immigration policy that “invites all without distinction of race or color to come and aid us in making America a paradise for all who will work, and to get rid of the idlers and loafers who now infest the hives of industry for the pur- pose of stealing from the industrious workers, through rent, interest, and profits.” Henri B. Armand. “Chinesephobia.” 127 (Dec. 11, 1885). Armand argues that “The opposition to the Chinese has its root in race prejudice, just as the Irishman in America once hated the ‘naygur’ and the Eastern laborer is now aroused against the Pole and the Hungarian.” “‘The Central Radical League.’ Responses to the New Proposed Organiza- tion.” 124 (Nov. 20, 1885)–132 (Jan. 15, 1886). Elizabeth Cady Stanton. “Religion for Women and Children.” 141 (Mar. 19, 1886)–143 (Apr. 2, 1886). Elizabeth Cady Stanton. “The Christian Church and Women.” 144 (Apr. 9, 1886); 148 (May 7, 1886); 151 (May 28, 1886)–153 (June 11, 1886); 155 (June 25, 1886); 159 (July 23, 1886). Reprinted from Index (Boston). Sada Bailey Fowler. “Slavery Not Abolished. Frederick Douglass at Association Hall—The 25th Anniversary of the Proclamation of Emancipation.” 284 (Jan. 18, 1888). John J. Ingalls. “The Importance of Contraceptics.” 449 (Oct. 28, 1892). Lucinda B. Chandler. “The Woman Movement.” 451 (Nov. 11, 1892). Reprinted from Arena (Boston). Lillian Harman. “An ‘Age-of-Consent’ Symposium.” 551 (Mar. 1, 1895)–554 (Mar. 22, 1895). Harman responds to the Arena’s (Boston) symposium on age-of-consent laws. “Evolution of Marriage. Old Institutions Are Passing Away—New Light Changing Beliefs—The Hope of the Civilized People Rests in a Woman Recovering the Place Lost to Her—Her Right of Selection—False Edu- cation and False Ideas of Modesty.” 558 (May 3, 1895)–559 (May 17, 1895). “Miss [Voltairine] de Cleyre Thinks the Woman Did Not.” 568 (July 26, 1895). A review of Grant Allen’s The Woman Who Did. E. C. Walker. “The New Woman. What Is She? Who Will She Be?” 571 (Aug. 23, 1895)–573 (Sept. 6, 1895). Lillian Harman. “Marriage, Sex Freedom and Offspring.” 587 (Dec. 20, 1895). Edwin C. Walker. “The Revival of Puritanism.” 601 (Mar. 27, 1896)–602 (Apr. 3, 1896). LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 153

“Mrs. Waisbrooker’s Case. Agreed Statement of Facts.” 606 (May 8, 1896). Elmina D. Slenker. “Dianism.” 631 (Oct. 30, 1896); 634 (Nov. 20, 1896); 637 (Dec. 11, 1896); 654 (Apr. 14, 1897); 661 (June 2, 1897); 820 (June 30, 1900). Slenker starts with a definition of Dianism as “love, af- fectionateness, sympathy and comradeship, reserving the sex-act for parentage alone. It is being socially free to caress, embrace, and fondle each other, with no expectation, and as little desire as possible for further association, unless children are wished for.” Lillian Harman. “Freedom of Choice, the Foundation Principle.” 647 (Feb. 24, 1897). Moses Harman. “The Gospel of Discontent.” 653 (Apr. 7, 1897). Harman notes that Lucifer is not an organ of any sect or “ism,” and that its most important work is to “preach the gospel of discontent.” C. L. James. “From Prostitution and Marriage to Love.” 657 (May 5, 1897). Jonathan Mayo Crane. “The Case of Joseph R. Dunlop.” 658 (May 12, 1897). Crane reports how Dunlap, editor of the Dispatch (Chicago), was sentenced to two years in prison for circulating obscene literature. E. B. Foote. “One or Many Loves.” 663 (June 16, 1897)–666 (July 7, 1897). Orford Northcote. “Contagious Diseases and Governmental Remedies.” 667 (July 14, 1897)–669 (July 28, 1897). J. William Lloyd. “The Children of Plural Love.” 671 (Aug. 11, 1897). Cyrus W. Coolridge. “Thomas Paine on Love and Marriage.” 740 (Dec. 10, 1898). Kate Austin. “Is Woman Man’s Inferior?” 744 (Jan. 7, 1899). R. B. Kerr. “Is Man Woman’s Inferior?” 747 (Jan. 28, 1899). James F. Morton Jr. “Wife and Prostitute.” 748 (Feb. 4, 1899). Kate Austin. “The Equality of the Sexes.” 751 (Feb. 24, 1899). Elmina D. Slenker. “Dianism Further Explained.” 752 (Mar. 4, 1899). Edwin C. Walker. “Medical Ethics as Related to Abortion and Prevention.” 753 (Mar. 11, 1899). Kate Austin. “What Shall We Do with the Children?” 759 (Apr. 29, 1899). Orford Northcote. “Freethought and Free Love.” 688 (Dec. 8, 1897)–690 (Dec. 22, 1897). James S. Denson. “Sexual and Economic Reform—A Question of Prece- dence.” 704 (Mar. 30, 1898). Moses Harman. “The New Feudalism.” 770 (July 15, 1899). Lizzie M. Holmes. “The Population and Economic Question.” 772 (July 29, 1899). C. L. James. “Liberty the Chief Factor in Progress.” 850 (Feb. 2, 1901). Moses Harman. “Plain Words on the Woman Question.” 851 (Feb. 9, 1901). 154 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

Moses Harman. “Rise and Persistence of Hierarchies.” 854 (Mar. 2, 1901). C. L. James. “Great Spirits Gone.” 855 (Mar. 9, 1901)–856 (Mar. 16, 1901). Tribute to Friedrich Nietzsche, Robert Ingersoll, and Oscar Wilde. J. William Lloyd. “Love, Sacrifice, Parenthood.” 863 (May 4, 1901). Excerpt from Dawn Thought. Rachel Campbell. “Man’s Inhumanity to Woman.” 878 (Aug. 17, 1901). Ex- cerpt from The Prodigal Daughter. A. F. Tindall. “The Social Question and Individualism.” 879 (Aug. 24, 1901). E. C. Walker. “Crimes and Criminals; or the Problems Presented by Anti-Social Acts.” 896 (Dec. 19, 1901)–897 (Dec. 26, 1901). Moses Harman. “The Literature of Sex Freedom.” 901 (Jan. 23, 1902). Moses Harman. “The Disease of Diseases—Archism.” 904 (Feb. 13, 1902). Moses Harman. “Theism versus Atheism.” 906 (Feb. 27, 1902). Moses Harman. “Militarism, Nationalism, Imperialism.” 916 (May 8, 1902). Kate Austin. “Who Are the Fallen [Women]?” 916 (May 8, 1902). Followed by a reply from Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Hopelessly Fallen.” 920 (June 5, 1902). “The Free Speech League.” 919 (May 29, 1902). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York). C. L. James. “Platonic Love.” 922 (June 19, 1902). C. L. James. “Shakespeare’s Bad Women.” 936 (Sept. 25, 1902)–937 (Oct. 2, 1902). “Elizabeth Cady Stanton.” 942 (Nov. 6, 1902). A memorial reprinted from the Chicago Inter-Ocean. “Mrs. Stanton’s Last Plea for Women.” 946 (Dec. 4, 1902). Intended as a contribution to the “symposium for the discussion of how to solve the di- vorce problem” running in the Hearst newspapers. Cyrus W. Coolridge. “Anthony Comstock under Fire.” 950 (Jan. 1, 1903). Flora W. Fox. “Liberals, Be Consistent.”5 956 (Feb. 12, 1903). Fox suggests that if there is to be hero worship in the form of a day of recognition for Thomas Paine, then there should also be a “little she-ro worship” by set- ting aside a day to recognize Mary Wollstonecraft. Moses Harman. “Bible Morals vs. Freedom in Love.” 957 (Feb. 19, 1903). J. Wm. Lloyd. “The Tao of Lao-Tze—A Review.” 964 (Apr. 9, 1903). “Mary Wollstonecraft: A Symposium.” 967 (Apr. 30, 1903). Includes contri- butions from Laura H. Earle, Celia B. Whitehead, Lizzie M. Holmes, Charlotte Watson, and Lucy N. Colman. Jonathan Mayo Crane. “The Evolution of Modesty.” 1007 (Feb. 11, 1904). “A Most Unspeakable Law.” 1008 (Feb. 18, 1904). LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 155

Free Speech League. “Shall Liberty Be Murdered in the Land?” 1046 (Aug. 17, 1905). Alice Stone Blackwell. “The Postoffice and Free Speech.” 1046 (Aug. 17, 1905). Reprinted from Woman’s Journal (Boston). Louis F. Post. “Our Advancing Postal Censorship.” 1046 (Aug. 17, 1905). Reprinted from Public (Chicago). Jonathan Mayo Crane. “Brief History of Latest Attempt to Suppress All Free and Fair Discussion of Race Improvement.” 1066 (May 24, 1906). “Review of the Persecution [of Moses Harman] in Kansas.” 1066 (May 24, 1906). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Comstock and His Methods.” 1067 (June 7, 1906). Addison Tucker. “Comstockism and Its Consequences.” 1070 (July 19, 1906). Edwin C. Walker. “The Degeneration of the American Ideal.” 1072 (Aug. 16, 1906). Ida Husted Harper. “Would Freedom Degrade Women?” 1074 (Sept. 13, 1906). Originally published in the Boston Transcript.

Haymarket Affair

Moses Harman. “The Chicago .” 148 (May 7, 1886). Harman suggests that the Chicago anarchists had betrayed and crucified the cause of labor, and credits Wendell Philips with saying, “So long as free speech and free press is allowed, we have no use for dynamite as a revolutionary weapon.” Moses Harman. “The Lesson of Chicago.” 149 (May 14, 1886). Dyer D. Lum. “Lum to Plumb-Line.” 154 (June 18, 1886). Moses Harman. “That ‘Bomb’ Once More.” 158 (July 16, 1886). “[Albert] Parsons Speaks.” 159 (July 23, 1886)–160 (July 30, 1886). Moses Harman. “Brief Comment.” 163 (Aug. 20, 1886). “The Great Trial Closed.” 164 (Aug. 27, 1886). C.T.F. “The Chicago Trial—Who Threw the Bomb?” 165 (Sept. 3, 1886). Moses Harman. “Brief Comment.” 166 (Sept. 10, 1886)–167 (Sept. 17, 1886). M. M. Trumbull. “Was It a Fair Trial? An Appeal to the Governor of Illinois.” 224 (Nov. 11, 1887)–225 (Nov. 18, 1887).

Edwin C. Walker and Lillian Harman—Felonious Cohabitation Case

E. C. Walker. “Kansas Liberty and Justice.” 168 (Sept. 24, 1886)–172 (Oct. 22, 1886); 174 (Nov. 5, 1886). Letters from jail. 156 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

“Autonomistic Marriage Practicalized.” 169 (Oct. 1, 1886). This article fea- tures the statements of M. Harman, E. C. Walker, and Lillian Harman made during their autonomistic marriage ceremony. “Legality versus Justice. Convicted by the Jury.” 171 (Oct. 15, 1886). John R. Kelso. “That Marriage. To the ‘Outraged’ Christians of Valley Falls, Kansas.” 171 (Oct.15, 1886)–172 (Oct. 22, 1886); 177 (Dec. 3, 1886). “Who Are the Criminals?” 179 (Dec. 17, 1886)–180 (Dec. 24, 1886). David Overmyer. “In the Supreme Court of Kansas.” 183 (Jan. 28, 1887). Meyer was Walker and Harman’s attorney. “The Appeal: What It Means.” 188 (Mar. 4, 1887)–189 (Mar. 11, 1887). “Six Months in Jail.” 190 (Mar. 18, 1887). Edwin C. Walker and Lillian Harman. “Past and Present.” 193 (Apr. 8, 1887).

Moses Harman—Lucifer—Obscenity Cases

“Comstock in the West.” 191 (Mar. 25, 1887). Moses Harman. “Our Offense.” 205 (July 1, 1887). In this article, Harman speculates that the charge of mailing an obscene publication refers to the publication of a letter by W. G. Markland that strongly condemned the “crime of legalized rape.” Moses Harman. “The Approaching Trial.” 211 (Sept. 2, 1887). Edwin C. Walker. “Our Prosecution.” 220 (Oct. 14, 1887). Edwin C. Walker. “Indictments by Wholesale.” 223 (Nov. 4, 1887). Moses Harman. “Outraged Law. Lucifer to Confront the Outraged Law Again.” 248 (Apr. 27, 1888). “The Prosecutions. Lucifer’s Defensive Fight in the Courts against Church–State Despotism.” 280 (Dec. 14, 1888). “Comstockism vs. Lucifer.” 291 (Mar. 8, 1889). “The Fight for Free Speech in the U.S. Court.” 294 (Mar. 29, 1889). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “The Never Ending Struggle for Liberty. An Appeal by the Treasurer of the National Defense Association.” 297 (Apr. 19, 1889). “Demurrer Overruled.” 302 (May 24, 1889)–303 (May 31, 1889). Celia B. Whitehead. “Open Letter to Judge Foster.” 305 (June 14, 1889). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “Judge Foster’s Opinion. On the Whole a Good One.” 306 (June 21, 1889). “Freedom of Speech and of Press. Extract from the Speech of Hon. David Overmyer before Judge Foster, on Motion to Quash the Indictments against Lucifer.” 308 (July 5, 1889)–309 (July 12, 1889). Ira H. Wilson. “Another Legal Opinion.” 310 (July 19, 1889). LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 157

Samuel Blodgett. “Judge Foster’s Ruling.” 318 (Sept. 13, 1889). Lois Waisbrooker. “For Truth and Justice. Another Open Letter to the United States District Court.” 319 (Sept. 20, 1889). “A Summary of the Moses Harman Case.” 430 (May 20, 1892). Moses Harman. “Prison Echoes.” 460 (Jan. 13, 1893). A letter from prison. H. H. Artz. “The Case of Moses Harman.” 562 (June 14, 1895). Hugh O. Pentecost. “A Good Man Sent to Prison.” 563 (June 21, 1895). Reprinted from Twentieth Century. “From the Editor in Prison.” 563 (June 21, 1895). M. A. Lowe. “Moses Harman. In a Prison Cell—Humanity on the Rack.” 564 (June 28, 1895). “The Persecution of Moses Harman.” 565 (July 5, 1895). “What They Say of the Persecution.” 567 (July 19, 1895). “The Persecution of Moses Harman.” 572 (Aug. 30, 1895).

L. Lum Smith—Criminal Libel Case

J. A. Wilson. “The Comstock-Lum Trial.” 327 (Dec. 6, 1889). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “Comstock’s Latest Triumph.” 327 (Dec. 6, 1889). Smith was sentenced to six months in jail for calling Anthony Comstock, among other things, a smut-bag, a fraud, and a hypocrite. “The Smith-Comstock Trial.” 327 (Dec. 6, 1889).

The Firebrand–Obscenity Case

Moses Harman. “The Portland Outrage.” 680 (Oct. 13, 1897). Chas. B. Cooper. “The Arrest of A. J. Pope and Henry Addis.” 681 (Oct. 20, 1897). Abner J. Pope. “A Voice from Portland Jail.” 684 (Nov. 10, 1897). “Another Letter from A. J. Pope.” 687 (Dec. 1, 1897). Edwin C. Walker. “The Postal Inquisition in Oregon.” 690 (Dec. 22, 1897). Edwin C. Walker. “The Result in Oregon.” 695 (Jan. 28, 1898). Abner J. Pope. “Another Letter from Portland Jail.” 696 (Feb. 2, 1898). Moses Harman. “Progress of the American Inquisition.” 702 (Mar. 16, 1898).

Spanish-American War

Charles Gano Baylor. “Cuba Shares the Same Fate of Poland—The Holy Al- liance Renewed in the New World.” 706 (Apr. 13, 1898). 158 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

Edwin C. Walker. “At Present Wars of All Kinds ‘Are Inevitable.’” 710 (May 14, 1898). Moses Harman. “Intervention. How and When?” 711 (May 21, 1898). Moses Harman. “Some Inequalities of War.” 717 (July 2, 1898). Charles Gano Baylor. “The Cuban Skeleton Unveiled.” 723 (Aug. 13, 1898). “Why War Was Declared.” 724 (Aug. 20, 1898). Moses Harman. “What Shall the Harvest Be?” 725 (Aug. 27, 1898). “Revolution.” 728 (Sept. 17, 1898).

George Bedborough—Obscenity Case

Note: Editor of the Adult (London), secretary of the Legitimation League, and London representative of Lucifer, Bedborough was arrested for attempting to “corrupt the morals of Her Majesty’s subjects” by publishing and sell- ing ’s book Studies of Psychology of Sex—Sexual Inversion. Sidney Holmes. “A Victim of Social Degenerates.” 715 (June 18, 1898). “Comstockism at Work in England.” 715 (June 18, 1898). This article in- cludes Lillian Harman’s account of Bedborough’s arrest. “The Arrest of George Bedborough.” 716 (June 25, 1898). This article in- cludes a letter from Henry Seymour. Sidney Laytone. “Our English Comrades—George Bedborough.” 716 (June 25, 1898). Laytone contends that without Bedborough there would be no English free-love movement. “Sir John Bridge and His Justice.” 718 (July 9, 1898). Lillian Harman. “Methods of Prosecution in England.” 718 (July 9, 1898). George Bedborough. “To My Friends in America.” 719 (July 16, 1898). “Letter from George Bedborough.” 720 (July 23, 1898). George Bedborough. “The Bedborough Case.” 725 (Aug. 27, 1898). R. B. Kerr. “The Sins of George Bedborough.” 726 (Sept. 3, 1898). George Bedborough. “Indictments against George Bedborough.” 728 (Sept. 17, 1898). Lillian Harman. “The English Inquisition.” 736 (Nov. 12, 1898). “Who Is the Coward?” 737 (Nov. 19, 1898). The author discusses Bedbor- ough’s decision to plead guilty to three counts of obscenity in the indict- ment against him. E. W. Chamberlin. “The Bedborough Fizzle.” 739 (Dec. 3, 1898).

Race Question—Lynching of Sam Hose—Miscegenation

Lillian Harman. “The Race Question.” 764 (June 3, 1899). Harman notes that “If every white man who had ever outraged a black woman had met LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 159

the fate of Sam Hose, many of the men who burn Negroes would not be alive today—many of them would have never been born.” Lillian Harman. “Our Brethren of Darker Hue.” 767 (June 24, 1899). Harman promotes Ida Wells-Barnett’s pamphlet “Lynch Law in Georgia.” “Various Voices: Letter from M.E.W., Montgomery, Alabama.” 772 (July 29, 1899). James F. Morton Jr. “Southern Barbarism.” 775 (Aug. 19, 1899). “Various Voices: Letter from M.E.W., Montgomery, Alabama.” 779 (Sept. 16, 1899). Lillian Harman. “From My Point of View.” 779 (Sept. 16, 1899). C. L. James. “‘Washing Out’ the Color Line.” 781 (Sept. 30, 1899). Moses Harman. “Personal and Impersonal.” 784 (Oct. 21, 1899). Noting that the “Negro question” has taken up considerable space in Lucifer’s columns over the past few months, Harman reminds his readers that “The race ques- tion, or color line, is a side issue rather than a principal one in our work.” R. B. Kerr. “The Negro Problem.” 784 (Oct. 21, 1899). “Various Voices: James Beeson, Hytop, Alabama.” 784 (Oct. 21, 1899).

Anglo–Boer War

Moses Harman. “Robber Nations in a Trust—The British–Boer War.” 803 (Mar. 3, 1900). Moses Harman. “Imperialism’s Logic.” 804 (Mar. 10, 1900). R. B. Kerr. “The British–Boer War.” 809 (Apr. 14, 1900). C. De Maupassant. “The Boer War.” 810 (Apr. 28, 1900). Moses Harman. “The Boers and Their British Kinsmen.” 848 (Dec. 8, 1900). Moses Harman. “Americans Helping to Conquer the Boers.” 847 (Jan. 12, 1901).

Children under Anarchy

Kate Austin. “Are Children Human Beings?” 818 (June 16, 1900). Edgar D. Brinkerhoff. “Ownership of Children.” 821 (July 7, 1900). R. B. Kerr. “The Guardianship of Children.” 822 (July 14, 1900). Kate Austin. “Liberty vs. Property Rights.” 825 (Aug. 4, 1900). Amy Linnett. “Ownership of Children.” 828 (Aug. 25, 1900).

Charles L. Govan—Discontent—Obscenity Case

Note: Govan was arrested for mailing a Henry Addis article, pled guilty to an obscenity charge, and was fined $75. 160 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

James W. Adams. “Christmas at Home.” 847 (Jan. 12, 1901). Moses Harman. “More Legalized Robbery—The Govan Case.” 849 (Jan. 26, 1901).

Should Love Die?

May Huntley.6 “Nature and the Law.” 859 (Apr. 6, 1901)–860 (Apr. 13, 1901). Moses Harman. “Love Dies—Why Should Love Die?” 864 (May 11, 1901). Harman begins with a letter from May Huntley that explains the “tragic ending” in her story, “Nature and the Law.” Helen Webster. “Why Should Love Die?” 867 (June 1, 1901). Mabel M’Coy Irwin. “Why Does Love Die?—A Suggestion.” 873 (July 13, 1901). Elsie Cole Wilcox. “Some Reasons Why Love Should Die.” 876 (Aug. 3, 1901). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Death of Love.” 883 (Sept. 21, 1901). De Cleyre concludes that “Love—when free—dies in its due season. It dies to make way for other activities, equally imperative in the build- ing up of character. Don’t seek to prolong the agony; let it die in peace.”

Vaccination and Vivisection

C. L. James. “Vivisection Defended.” 859 (Apr. 6, 1901). Edwin C. Walker. “The Perversion of a Pithy Phrase.” 861 (Apr. 20, 1901). Moses Harman. “The Vivisection Controversy.” 861 (Apr. 20, 1901). Flora W. Fox. “Vaccination.” 864 (May 11, 1901). Paul L. Stautter. “Vaccination and Vivisection.” 865 (May 18, 1901). C. L. James. “Symposial.” 867 (June 1, 1901). Moses Harman. “Vaccination and Vivisection.” 867 (June 1, 1901). C. L. James. “Information Wanted.” 870 (June 22, 1901). C.E.W. “A Physician’s Testimony.” 873 (July 13, 1901). Ironicus. “The Statistics of Vaccination.” 924 (July 3, 1902).

Twenty-First Anniversary of Lucifer, Commemoration Issue. 880 (Aug. 31, 1901)

Edwin C. Walker. “Two Decades and a Year.” Moses Harman. “Lucifer Coming of Age.” LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 161

Leon Czolgosz’s Assassination of William McKinley

Moses Harman. “Another National Tragedy.” 882 (Sept. 14, 1901). Moses Harman. “The Lesson of the Hour.” 883 (Sept. 21, 1901). Harman concludes that “If [Czolgosz’s] aim had been the exact opposite of what he said it was; if he had desired to defeat the purposes of anarchism as taught by its logical thinkers and reasoners . . . if Czolgosz had desired to strengthen the power of the Trusts, and consolidate and perpetuate the rule of the few over the many, he could have done nothing better for his purpose than to slay the president of the United States.” Lillian Harman. “From My Point of View.” 884 (Sept. 28, 1901). Moses Harman. “Sentenced to Die.” 885 (Oct. 5, 1901). Moses Harman. “Archism versus Anarchism.” 886 (Oct. 12, 1901). Moses Harman. “Cowardly Murder—McKinley and Czolgosz.” 889 (Oct. 31, 1901).

Suppressing Anarchism—Free Society Group, Emma Goldman

“Jane Addams and the Imprisoned Anarchists.” 883 (Sept. 21, 1901). Lillian Harman. “Unconditionally Released.” 884 (Sept. 28, 1901). Harman announces the release of the Free Society Group and Emma Goldman. Lillian Harman. “From My Point of View.” 885 (Oct. 5, 1901). Harman comments on the editor of Free Thought magazine (Chicago), H. L. Green’s suggestion that all anarchists and free lovers be banished to a Pa- cific island. “Emma Goldman Denied a Hearing.” 886 (Oct. 12, 1901). This article re- ports the city of Chicago’s decision to prohibit Goldman from delivering her lecture on the “Modern Phases of Anarchy,” which had allegedly in- cited Czolgosz to assassinate McKinley.

Suppressing Anarchism—Home Colony—Obscenity Cases and Post Office Closure

“Another Arrest.” 885 (Oct. 5, 1901). James F. Morton Jr. “The Latest Press Outrage.” 887 (Oct. 16, 1901). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “The Home Colonists.” 890 (Nov. 7, 1901). Jas. W. Adams. “The Post Office at Home, Washington, Threatened.” 916 (May 8, 1902). J. Wm. Lloyd. “What It Means.” 918 (May 22, 1902). Reprinted from Free Comrade. 162 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

James F. Morton. “Ruminations.” 919 (May 29, 1902); 929 (Aug. 7, 1902)–930 (Aug. 14, 1902). Moses Harman. “The [Lois] Waisbrooker and [Mattie D.] Penhallow Case.” 929 (Aug. 7, 1902). Waisbrooker was arrested for publishing “The Aw- ful Fate of Fallen Women” in her paper Clothed with the Sun, while Pen- hallow, the postmistress of Home, was arrested for mailing the paper. Ul- timately, Waisbrooker was fined $100, and, although Penhallow was acquitted, as a punitive measure, the federal government closed Home’s post office.

Suppressing Anarchism—Johann Most—Free Speech Case

Note: Most was charged with endangering the public peace and sentenced to one year in prison for publishing a fifty-year-old article by Carl Heinzen that advocated the assassination of political rulers. See People v. Most, 75 NYS 591 (1902). George MacDonald. “Commission of Crime Not Essential to Conviction.” 889 (Oct. 31, 1901). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York). Frederick W. Mitchell. “John Most and Freiheit.” 895 (Dec. 12, 1901). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York).

Ida C. Craddock—Obscenity Case

Note: Ida was sentenced to five years in prison for distributing “The Wedding Night” through the mail. E. B. Foote. “Comstock versus Craddock.” 906 (Feb. 27, 1902). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “The Persecution of Craddock.” 915 (May 1, 1902). Ed. W. Chamberlin. “Craddock Assaulted.” 918 (May 22, 1902). Cyrus W. Coolridge. “The Craddock Dinner.” 925 (July 10, 1902). E. W. Chamberlin. “The Blackmailing of Mrs. Craddock.” 926 (July 17, 1902). Moses Harman. “Mrs. Craddock’s Workhouse Experience.” 930 (Aug. 14, 1902). J. Wm. Lloyd. “Ida C. Craddock.” 942 (Nov. 6, 1902). A poem. “Ida C. Craddock’s Last Words.” 943 (Nov. 13, 1902). Craddock chose to commit suicide rather than serve five years in prison. James F. Morton Jr. “Ruminations.” 943 (Nov. 13, 1902). “George MacDonald on the Craddock Case.” 947 (Dec. 11, 1902). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York). LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 163

Herman Helcher’s Attempted Assassination of Voltairine de Cleyre

Moses Harman. “A Word from Voltairine de Cleyre.” 950 (Jan. 1, 1903). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Facts and Theories.” 961 (Mar. 19, 1903).

Robert G. Ingersoll

Moses Harman. “A Conflict of Opinions—Ingersoll on Marriage.” 966 (Apr. 28, 1903). T. P. Quinn. “Truth of History—Ingersoll and Anarchists.” 968 (May 7, 1903). George A. Schilling. “Ingersoll and the Anarchists—Important Testimony.” 969 (May 14, 1903). Moses Harman. “The Ingersoll Symposium—A Review.” 970 (May 21, 1903). Moses Harman. “The Truth of History Once More—Ingersoll, MacDonald, Quinn, Schilling.” 973 (June 11, 1903). “Clarence Darrow on the Inconsistencies of Ingersoll.” 975 (June 25, 1903). Moses Harman. “The Ingersoll Controversy—A Summing Up.” 978 (July 16, 1903). Xelda. “Ingersoll’s Last Words on Woman.” 979 (July 23, 1903).

Free Thought

Moses Harman. “The Outlook for Free Thought, Free Speech, Free Action.” 969 (May 14, 1903). Moses Harman. “Free Thought: Its Meaning, Its Demands.” 974 (June 17, 1903). Moses Harman. “What Free Thought Means: A Review.” 981 (Aug. 6, 1903). Moses Harman. “Holding the Mirror Up to Free Thinkers.” 982 (Aug. 13, 1903). Jonathan Mayo Crane. “Does It Pay to Be a Radical?” 988 (Sept. 24, 1903). Moses Harman. “Organized Freethought on Trial.” 991 (Oct. 17, 1903). M. J. Hoffman. “True and False Radicals.” 990 (Oct. 10, 1903). Myra Pepper. “Does It Pay to Be a Radical?” 993 (Oct. 29, 1903). G.E.M. “Does It Pay to Be a Radical?” 993 (Oct. 29, 1903). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York). Lillie White. “Who Shall Say Who Are Radicals?” 995 (Nov. 12, 1903). 164 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

Lucifer and the Postal Censors—Moses Harman—Obscenity Case

Note: In 1905, at the age of seventy-five, Moses Harman was sentenced to one year of hard labor breaking rocks at Joliet prison. Lillian Harman. “Lucifer and the Post Office Department.” 996 (Nov. 19, 1903). Lillian Harman. “The Censor Strikes at Lucifer.” 1001 (Dec. 31, 1903). Albina L. Washburn. “Lucifer under the Ban.” 1002 (Jan. 7, 1904). Moses Harman. “The Stroke of the Censor.” 1003 (Jan. 14, 1904). Moses Harman. “Our Attitude.” 1035 (Mar. 16, 1905) Moses Harman. “The Trial.” 1042 (June 22, 1905). Moses Harman. “The American Postal Inquisition. The Prisoner and the Judge: A Reminiscence.” 1042 (June 22, 1905). Free Speech League. “The Administrative Process in America.” 1043 (July 6, 1905). Seymour Stedman. “From a Lawyer’s Standpoint.” 1043 (July 6, 1905). Moses Harman. “The Real Cause of Lucifer’s Offense.” 1043 (July 6, 1905). Moses Harman. “To Lucifer’s Friends: Greetings and Farewell.” 1060 (Mar. 1, 1906). A letter from the Cook County Jail. Lillian Harman. “A Victim of the Postal Inquisition.” 1061 (Mar. 15, 1906).

George Bernard Shaw

Moses Harman. “Bernard Shaw and His Critics.” 1050 (Oct. 12, 1905). Moses Harman. “Bernard Shaw in Self-Defense.” 1053 (Nov. 23, 1905). R. B. Kerr. “G. Bernard Shaw.” 1056 (Jan. 4, 1906).

NOTES

“Late Kansas Liberal.” 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–92 (Mar. 27, 1885). “A weekly journal devoted chiefly to woman’s emancipation from sex slavery, by and through a better understanding of sexology—including heredity and stirpiculture—and by and through a radical reorganization of our in- dustrial and economic systems.” 406 (Oct. 2, 1891). “Censored by the postal authorities before delivery to subscribers.” 1045 (Aug. 13, 1905)–1059 (Feb. 15, 1906). “Our Platform . . . Perfect freedom of thought and action for every individual so long as he does not infringe upon the rights of others. Self-government LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907) 165

the only true government. Liberty and responsibility the only basis of morality.” 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–56 (Sept. 28, 1883).

Slogans Found in Title Block

“Total Separation of the state from supernaturalism,” “Perfect equality before the law for all men and women,” “No privileged Classes or Orders.” 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–56 (Sept. 28, 1883). “A Journal of Investigation and Reform.” 427 (Apr. 22, 1892)–538 (Oct. 26, 1894). “Devoted to the emancipation of woman from sex slavery; an untrammeled press.” 427 (Apr. 22, 1892)–538 (Oct. 26, 1894).

ENDNOTES

1. Lucifer was the only anarchist journal throughout the 1890s that consis- tently denounced the oppression of women. Margaret Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870–1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), 56. By 1897, Lucifer had reached readers in over thirty-seven states and territories, the District of Columbia, and more than eight countries beyond the United States. Joanne E. Passet, Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women’s Equality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 56. 2. Scattered issues of Lucifer are browsable and full-text searchable through the Readex Database: American Historical Newspapers, 1690–1922. De- tailed record of issues examined: 54 (Aug. 24, 1883)–81 (Oct.17, 1884); 83 (Nov. 21, 1884); 85 (Dec. 19, 1884)–12 [sic] (Sept. 18, 1885); 118 (Oct. 2, 1885)–174 (Nov. 12, 1886); 177 (Dec. 3, 1886)–186 (Feb. 18, 1887); 188 (Mar. 4, 1887)–194 (Apr. 15, 1887); 200 (May 27, 1887)–203 (June 17, 1887); 205 (July 1, 1887)–211 (Aug. 12, 1887); 213 (Aug. 26, 1887)–225 (Nov.18, 1887); 248 (Apr. 27, 1888); 256 (June 22, 1888); 263 (Aug. 24, 1888); 268 (Sept. 14, 1888); 280 (Dec. 14, 1888)–295 (Apr. 5, 1889); 297 (Apr. 19, 1889); 299 (May 3, 1889)–303 (May 31, 1889); 305 (June 14, 1889)–320 (Sept. 27, 1889); 322 (Oct. 11, 1889)–323 (Nov. 8, 1889); 327 (Dec. 6, 1889); 337 (Feb. 28, 1890); 406 (Oct. 2, 1891); 427 (Apr. 22, 1892); 430 (May 20, 1892); 446 (Oct. 7, 1892); 449 (Oct. 28, 1892); 451 (Nov. 11, 1892); 453 (Nov. 25, 1892)–454 (Dec. 2, 1892); 460 (Jan. 13, 1893); 462 (Jan. 27, 1893); 478 (May 19, 1893); 482 (June 16, 1893); 485 (July 14, 1893); 538 (Oct. 26, 1894); 549 (Feb. 15, 166 LUCIFER, THE LIGHT BEARER (1883–1907)

1895); 551 (Mar. 1, 1895)–555 (Mar. 29, 1895); 556 (Apr. 12, 1895)–577 (Oct. 4, 1895); 579 (Oct. 18, 1895)–580 (Oct. 25, 1895); 582 (Nov. 15, 1895)–619 (Aug. 7, 1896); 621 (Aug. 21, 1896); 624 (Sept. 11, 1896)–641 (Jan. 13, 1897); 643 (Jan. 27, 1897)–650 (Mar. 17, 1897); 652 (Mar. 31, 1897)–948 (Dec. 25, 1902); 950 (Jan. 1, 1903)–1008 (Feb. 18, 1904); 1035 (Mar.16, 1905); 1038 (Apr. 27, 1905); 1042 (June 22, 1905)–1043 (July 6, 1905); 1045 (Aug. 3, 1905)–1046 (Aug. 17, 1905); 1049 (Sept. 28, 1905)–1056 (Jan. 4, 1906); 1058 (Feb. 1, 1906)–1067 (June 7, 1906); 1069 (July 5, 1906)–1074 (Sept. 13, 1906). 3. Emma Goldman hailed Moses Harman as the pioneer of the free moth- erhood movement in America, while Margaret Marsh has qualified Harman as the “most important male feminist among the anarchists.” Richard Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 167; Marsh, Anarchist Women, 55. 4. Marsh reveals that in the 1890s, Lois Waisbrooker edited Lucifer while Moses Harman was in jail for violation of the Comstock laws. Marsh, An- archist Women, 73. Likewise, Joanne E. Passat identifies Waibrooker as the acting editor of Lucifer between 1892 and 1893. Joanne E. Passet, “Power through Print: Lois Waisbrooker and Grassroots Feminism,” in Women in Print: Essays on the Print Culture of American Women from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ed. James P. Danky and Wayne A. Wiegand (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), 246, n.2. Finally, Hal D. Sears credits Lois Waisbrooker, Lillie D. White, and Lillian Harman with editing Lucifer during Harman’s imprisonments. Hal D. Sears, Sex Radi- cals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977), 134. 5. According to Paul Avrich, Voltairine de Cleyre used “Flora W. Fox” as a pseudonym to write this article. However, Avrich does not specify whether other articles appearing in Lucifer and signed “Flora W. Fox” were also written by de Cleyre. Paul Avrich, An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 159, n.34. 6. May Huntley was a pseudonym used by Lizzie M. Holmes. Herbert G. Gutman, “Alarm,” in The American Radical Press (1880–1960), ed. Joseph R. Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974), 2:381. 7 MAN! (1933–1940) 167 Man! (1933–1940)

Prospectus: Man! has and shall have ideas to place before those who are will- ing to face the truth, and act for themselves. If it aims at anything at all— it is—for Man to regain confidence in himself, in his own great power to achieve liberation from every form of slavery that now encircles him. Man! is a journal of the Anarchist Ideal and movement. Every social ques- tion will be met consistently, without offering any quarter to compro- mise, the doom of so many ideals and idealists. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1933)–8:4 (Apr. 1940) Subtitle: A Journal of the Anarchist Ideal and Movement Editors: Marcus Graham,1 1:1 (Jan. 1933)–4:7 (July 1936) and 5:5/6 (July–Aug. 1937)–8:4 (Apr. 1940); Hippolyte Havel, 4:8/9 (Aug.–Sept. 1936)–5:4 (June 1937) Publication Information: International Group of San Francisco: Oakland, Calif., 1:1 (Jan. 1933)–2:9/10 (Sept.–Oct. 1934) and San Francisco, Calif., 2:11–12 (Nov.–Dec. 1934)–4:7 (July 1936); H. Havel, New York, N.Y., 4:8/9 (Aug.–Sept. 1936)–5:4 (June 1937); Man!, Los Angeles, Calif., 5:5/6 (July–Aug. 1937)–8:4 (Apr. 1940) Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Mandayam P. Tirumal Acharya, V. Aretta, Walter Brooks, J. Globus, Rudolf Grossmann (pseud. Pierre Ramus),2 Jacob Hauser, Am- mon A. Hennacy, Bert Hillside, Laurance Labadie, Carl Nold, Samuel Polinow, Ray Randall, Jules Scarceriaux, Raffaele Schiavina (pseud. Mel- chior Seele),3 Neil Turnspur Features/Subjects: Spanish Revolution, International Anarchist Movement, Bol- shevism, Fascism-Nazism-Hitlerism, Burning of the Reichstag, Dominick Sallitto, Vincenzo Ferrero, and Marcus Graham—Deportation Cases, An- archist Profiles, Art and Literature, Book Reviews, Labor Strikes OCLC Numbers: 3930443, 12561939, 5359330, 5796168, 9165109, 7894541, 32357612, 30367528

SELECTIONS

America Scarfo. “The Last Visit.” 1:3 (Mar. 1933). An account of Scarfo’s last visit with Italian anarchist Paulino Scarfo, executed along with comrade in Argentina. 168 MAN! (1933–1940)

Giuseppe Guelfi. “Restless Spain.” 1:3 (Mar. 1933). Written from a Barcelona prison. L. Bertoni. “An Insurrectional Attempt [in Spain].” 1:4 (Apr. 1933). Federica Montseny. “Anarchism in the Insurrection of Spain.” 1:5/6 (May–June 1933). Translated by Onofre Dallas. M. Acharya. “Nationalism in India.” 1:7 (July 1933). Maximilian Olay. “Is Anarchy a Utopia?” 1:7 (July 1933). Caesar. “The Background History of the Sacco Vanzetti Judicial Murder.” 1:8/9 (Aug.–Sept. 1933). Melchior Seele. “A Fragment of Luigi Galleani’s Life.” 1:11 (Nov. 1933). “The Issue of Anarchist Principles in Spain.” 1:12 (Dec. 1933). Melchior Seele. “A ?” 2:1 (Jan. 1934). Melchior Seele. “The ‘Planless’ Revolution.” 2:2 (Feb. 1934). Marcus Graham. “What Ought to Be the Anarchist Attitude towards the Ma- chine?” 2:3 (Mar. 1934). “Government’s Foul Conspiracy to Destroy Man! ” 2:5 (May 1934). Kate Austin. “Is Woman Doomed by Natural Law to Be the Mental Inferior of Man?” 2:6/7 (June–July 1934). Previously unpublished, this essay was copied from the original manuscript in the Labadie Collection, Ann Ar- bor, Michigan. Marcus Graham. “Was There a General Strike [in San Francisco]?” 2:8 (Aug. 1934). Hippolyte Havel, , and Helen Tufts Bailie. “The Background of Francisco Ferrer’s Assassination.” 2:9/10 (Sept.–Oct. 1934). Laurance Labadie. “Some Reflections on Marxian Economics.” 2:11/12 (Nov.–Dec. 1934). Tranquillo. “The Proclamation of the Catalan Republic.” 2:9/10 (Sept.–Oct. 1934). Reprinted from L’Adunata dei Refrattari (New York). W. . “Toward a Future Free Society.” 3:5 (May 1935). Reprinted from Freie Arbeiter Stimme (New York). M. Stein. “Diverse Opinions. The Sunrise Colony.” 3:6 (June 1935). Harold Preece. “Georgia—A Symbol of Injustice to the Negro.” 3:9 (Sept. 1935). Preece tells the story of Angelo Herndon, leader of hunger marches and a sharecropper organizer, whose effectiveness drew the at- tention of the authorities, an arrest for “attempting to incite insurrec- tion,” and a sentence of eighteen to twenty years on the chain gang. See Herndon v. State, 174 S.E. 597 (Ga., 1934), Herndon v. State, 176 S.E. 620 (Ga., 1934), Lowry v. Herndon, 186 S.E. 429 (Ga., 1936). Pierre Ramus. “Why Does Anarchism Progress so Slowly?” 3:9 (Sept. 1935). MAN! (1933–1940) 169

Sebastien Faure. “Anarchists Are Totally Pacifists.” 4:1 (Jan. 1936). Translated by Jules Scarceriaux from Le Libertaire (Paris). Pierre Ramus. “Anarcho-Bolsheviks Who Changed Their Minds.” 4:3 (Mar. 1936). Laurance Labadie. “The Motivating Idea behind Anarchism.” 4:3 (Mar. 1936). George Hedley. “The Siege and Fall of ‘Pacific Weekly.’” 4:6 (June 1936). Laurance Labadie. “Proudhon’s Ideas Interpreted.” 4:6 (June 1936). Pierre Ramus. “The Anarchists’ Role in Social .” 4:7 (July 1936). Marcus Graham. “Alexander Berkman—Rebel Anarchist.” 4:7 (July 1936). “What Happened in Spain?” 4:8/9 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). Hippolyte Havel. “Japanese Martyrs.” 5:1 (Jan. 1937). This article includes let- ters from Denjiro Kotoku. Marcus Graham. “Warren K. Billings—Forgotten Martyr of Labor.” 5:2/3 (Feb.–Mar. 1937). Samuel Polinow. “International Brigands Lead the World.” 6:4 (Apr. 1938). Pierre Ramus. “Militarism, Anarchism and ‘Absolute’ Fascism.” 6:4 (Apr. 1938). Samuel Polinow. “How to Combat Fascism-Nazism.” 6:6 (June 1938). Harry Kelly. “Abraham Isaak: 1856–1937.” 6:12 (Dec. 1938). Marcus Graham. “Why Was the General Strike [in France] a Failure?” 7:1 (Jan. 1939). Marcus Graham. “Three Historical Events: The Paris Commune, the Kron- stadt Uprising and Spain’s Struggle.” 7:3 (Mar. 1939). Walter Brooks. “Damn the Alien!” 7:4 (May 1939). M.S. “The Problem of Minorities.” 7:6 (June 1939). M.S. “On War and Neutrality.” 7:7 (July 1939). Walter Brooks. “The Right of Asylum.” 7:8 (Aug. 1939). Steven T. Byington. “Benjamin Ricketson Tucker.” 7:8 (Aug. 1939). “The Union between Stalin and Hitler.” 7:9/10 (Sept.–Oct. 1939). Hippolyte Havel. “Anarchism and the State.” 8:1 (Jan. 1940). Pierre Ramus. “Spain’s Struggle in the Light of Anarchism.” 8:2 (Feb. 1940). Samuel Polinow. “Hitler Brings Aryan Civilization to Poland.” 8:3 (Mar. 1940). Edwin Cunningham. “As Youth Faces War and Insecurity.” 8:4 (Apr. 1940).

Anarchists Profiles

V. Aretta. “Errico Malatesta.” 1:1 (Jan. 1933). M.S. “Severino Di Giovanni.” 1:2 (Feb. 1933). Di Giovanni was an Italian anarchist living in , the editor of Culmine Anarchia, and was executed by the Uriburu dictatorship in Argentina. 170 MAN! (1933–1940)

Marcus Graham. “Chaim Weinberg.” 1:4 (Apr. 1933). Carl Nold. “Robert Reitzel.” 1:7 (July 1933). Melchior Seele. “William Godwin.” 1:10 (Oct. 1933). Carl Nold. “Joseph A. Labadie.” 1:11 (Nov. 1933). Hippolyte Havel. “John Most—The Stormy Petrel.” 2:1 (Jan. 1934). Carl Nold. “Kate Austin.” 2:6/7 (June–July 1934). Marcus Graham. “Nestor Platon Makhno.” 2:9/10 (Sept.–Oct. 1934). Otto Hermann. “Carl Nold.” 3:1 (Jan. 1935). Luce Fabbri. “Luigi Fabbri.” 4:3 (Mar. 1936). “Carlo Cafiero.” 4:5 (May 1936).

Michael Schirru

Note: Michael Schirru was an Italian anarchist executed by the Mussolini dictatorship. “The Testament of Michael Schirru.” 1:5/6 (May–June 1933). Melchior Seele. “Michael Schirru.” 1:5/6 (May–June 1933).

Marinus Van Der Lubbe—Burning of the Reichstag

“The Burning of the Reichstag Trial.” 1:10 (Oct. 1933). Melchior Seele. “.” 1:11 (Nov. 1933). Marcus Graham. “The Role of the Socialists and Communists in the As- sassination of a Revolutionist.” 2:2 (Feb. 1934). Guy A. Aldred. “Comrade, Farewell.” 2:2 (Feb. 1934). “Correspondence: Rudolf Rocker and Marinus Van Der Lubbe.” 2:4 (Apr. 1934). “Correspondence: The Protest Letter that the F.A.S. [Freie Arbeiter Stimme] Suppressed.” 2:4 (Apr. 1934).

Spain’s

Note: Issue 3:3 (Mar. 1935) features the following articles on Spain’s “Oc- tober Revolution”: Tranquillo. “What Happened in the Last Uprising of Spain?” Peninsular Committee. “Statement of the Iberian Anarchist Federa- tion.” Louis Raymond. “An Appeal.” MAN! (1933–1940) 171

Dominick Sallitto and Vincenzo Ferrero—Deportation Case

Note: Sallitto and Ferrero were arrested as alien anarchists and threatened with deportation. Nationwide protest led to Sallitto’s release; however, Ferrero, facing deportation to fascist Italy and the prospect of execution, jumped bail and went underground. “Freedom of Thought and Expression on Trial.” 3:4 (Apr. 1935). “Resisting Attempt to Throttle Freedom of Thought.” 3:7/8 (July–Aug. 1935). This article features letters of support, including a letter from Charles Erskine Scott Wood. “The Fight against .” 3:9 (Sept. 1935). “The Struggle to Save Ferrero and Sallitto.” 4:1 (Jan. 1936). “Deportation Officials’ Unlimited Perfidies.” 4:2 (Feb. 1936). “Deportations under a ‘New Deal’ Regime.” 4:4 (Apr. 1936). James Boler. “Infamous Deportation Law Still Menaces Ferrero and Sallitto.” 5:7 (Sept. 1937). Walter Brooks. “Haven of Refuge—Where?” 6:11 (Nov. 1938). “Ferrero Defense Committee, Struggle for Freedom of Thought Goes On. Asylum—Not Exile—for Ferrero.” 6:12 (Dec. 1938). “Vincent Ferrero. Another Refugee.” 7:11 (Nov. 1939).

Scottsboro Case

“The Scottsboro Case of Injustice.” 3:5 (May 1935). Bert Hillside. “Nine Negro Boys and White Man’s Justice.” 4:2 (Feb. 1936).

Marcus Graham—Deportation Case

Note: Beginning in 1919, the government sought to deport Graham as an alien anarchist. His case lay dormant until 1936 when he was ordered to present himself to the Immigration Department of San Francisco. Marcus Graham and International Group of San Francisco. “In Retrospect of Current Events. A Statement of Facts.” 4:8/9 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). Marcus Graham. “U.S. Government Raids Man! and Jails Editor.” 5:8 (Oct. 1937). “Resistance to Attack on Freedom.” 5:9 (Nov. 1937). This article includes a letter from Roger Baldwin. “Anarchy on Trial in United States Court.” 6:1 (Jan. 1938). Speech of Marcus Graham before being ordered jailed for six months or until he voluntarily 172 MAN! (1933–1940)

agreed to answer immigration inspectors’ questions regarding his age and birthplace. “Anarchy—As Viewed by Judge and Attorney. Judge Yankwich’s Opinion in the Marcus Graham Case.” 6:2 (Feb. 1938). “Protesting Voices on Behalf of Freedom.” 6:3 (Mar. 1938). This article fea- tures protests from Guy A. Aldred, Steven T. Byington, and others. Marcus Graham Freedom of the Press Committee. “Stop the Persecution of Graham and Man! (A Plan of Action).” 6:3 (Mar. 1938). “Press Defends Freedom of Thought.” 6:4 (Apr. 1938). Excerpts from Freie Arbeiter Stimme (New York); Il Risveglio (Geneva); L’Adunata dei Refrat- tari (New York); and Le Libertaire (Paris). “Four Years Government Persecution of Man! ” 6:5 (May 1938). “The Press That Defends Freedom of Thought.” 6:6 (June 1938). Excerpts from Humanity, Vanguard, Truth Seeker (New York). Lee Baylor Stanton and A. L. Wirin. “Attorney’s Brief Exposes the Injustice of ‘Legal Justice’ in the Marcus Graham Case.” 6:7 (July 1938). Marcus Graham Freedom of the Press Committee. “Struggle for Freedom of Thought Goes On. The Graham Case.” 6:12 (Dec. 1938). “Judge Leon R. Yankwich and Freedom of Thought.” 7:2 (Feb. 1939). This article features an exchange of letters between the Marcus Graham Free- dom of the Press Committee and Judge Leon R. Yankwich. “Graham Sentenced.” 7:7 (July 1939).

Spanish Revolution

Walter Brooks. “Adelante, Compañeros.” 4:10/11 (Oct.–Nov. 1936). “Behind the Lines in Spain.” 4:10/11 (Oct.–Nov. 1936). Marcus Graham. “The People of Spain Call to You.” 5:1 (Dec. 1936–Jan. 1937). Errico Malatesta. “Save Spain—Save Yourselves.” 5:2/3 (Feb.–Mar. 1937). “The Position of the F.A.I. [Iberian Anarchist Federation].” 5:2/3 (Feb.–Mar. 1937). Ray Randall. “Camillo Berneri—Murdered by Counter-Revolutionists in Spain.” 5:4 (June 1937). Augustin Souchy. “What Happened in Barcelona during May 3–8?” 5:5/6 (July–Aug. 1937). Anonymous. “Anarchist’s Role in Spain’s Present Struggle.” 5:8 (Oct. 1937). Translated by Jules Scarceriaux from L’Espagne Nouvelle (Nimes, France). Emma Goldman. “Political Persecution in Republican Spain.” 6:1 (Jan. 1938). Pierre Ramus. “Catalonia: Anarchism in Practice.” 6:2 (Feb. 1938). MAN! (1933–1940) 173

C.N.T.–F.A.I. Information Bulletin. “Spain’s Heroic Fighting People Call for Arms!” 6:5 (May 1938). Marcus Graham. “Spain’s Menace—Counter-Revolution—Within.” 6:7(July 1938). Graham criticizes the C.N.T.–F.A.I. for assuming cabinet posts in the Spanish government. Pierre Ramus. “Iberian Anarchist Federation’s New Stand.” 6:8 (Aug. 1938)–6:9/10 (Oct. 1938). Albert Yensen. “What Really Happened in Spain?” 6:11 (Nov. 1938)–6:12 (Dec. 1938). Translated by Samuel Polinow from Freie Arbeiter Stimme (New York). “Tragic End of the Heroic Spanish Struggle.” 7:2 (Feb. 1939).

Libertarian Socialism

Libertarian Socialist League. “Manifesto of Libertarian Socialist League.” 6:12 (Dec. 1938). This manifesto is signed by Harry Kelly and was drafted at a conference held at the Mohegan Colony in New York, Sept. 5–12, 1938. Hippolyte Havel. “Ersatz Anarchists: An Answer on the Manifesto.” 6:12 (Dec. 1938). Harry Kelly. “Ersatz Anarchists.” 7:1 (Jan. 1939). A letter. Walter Brooks. “Streamlined Anarchism.” 7:2 (Feb. 1939). Melchior Seele. “What Is in a Name?” 7:4 (Apr. 1939). F. Wertgen. “As to the Socialist League.” 7:5 (May 1939). A letter. Melchior Seele. “On .” 7:6 (June 1939). “On Libertarian Socialism.” 7:8 (Aug. 1939). Letters from Harry Kelly and Mel- chior Seele. “As to the Manifesto on Libertarian Socialism.” 7:11 (Nov. 1939). Letters from Harry Kelly and Melchior Seele.

NOTES

“Man Is the Measurement of Everything.” “If there is anything that Cannot Bear Free Thought—Let it Crack!—,” 5:5/6 (July–Aug. 1937)–8:4 (Apr. 1940).

ENDNOTES

1. Pen name of Shmuel Marcus. Edward C. Weber, “Guide to the Manu- scripts in the Labadie Collection,” http://www.lib.umich.edu/spec-coll/ labadie/labadiemanuscripts.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 174 MODERN SCHOOL (1912–1922)

2. Candace Falk, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds., Making Speech Free, 1902–1909, vol. 2 of Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 526. 3. Raffaele Schiavina, “Autobiographical Notes by Raffaele Schiavina aka Max Sartin,” Bulletin of the , no. 22 (May 2000): 4. 7

Modern School (1912–1922)

Prospectus: The Modern School has never been spectacular or melodramatic and, as we live in an age where these superficialities abound, its circula- tion has been limited and its influence circumscribed. Unmoved by the roar and clamor around us and frantic appeals “To do something”— which in reality means “Talk about something”—the handful of men and women who have conducted this little publication and the school it stands for are doing nothing strikingly picturesque except trying to cre- ate a free society by creating free children that will make such a society possible and lasting. Examined: 1:1 (Feb. 1912)–9 (Sum. 1922)1 Subtitles: A Monthly Bulletin. 1:3 (Mar. 1, 1914)–1:10 (Oct. 1, 1914); A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Advanced Ideas in Education. 3:1 (May 1916)–3:12 (May 1917); A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Libertarian Ideas in Education. 4:1 (June–July 1917)–Sum. 1921; A Quarterly Mag- azine Devoted to Libertarian Ideas in Education. 8:4 (Oct.–Dec. 1921)–9 (Sum. 1922) Editors: Lola Ridge, 1:1 (Feb. 1912); Leonard D. Abbott, no. 3 (Win. 1913)–no. 4 (Spr. 1913), and 2:1 (Jan. 1915)–2:7/8 (July–Aug. 1915); Harry M. Kelly, no. 5 (Aug. 1913), and 1:3 (Mar. 1, 1914)–1:12 (Dec. 1914); Stewart Kerr, 1:11 (Nov. 1914)–1:12 (Dec. 1914); William Thurston Brown, 3:1 (May 1916)–3:12 (May 1917); Carl Zigrosser, 4:1 (June–July 1917)–4:1 (Jan. 1919); 4:4/5 (Apr.–May 1919); Frank V. An- derson. 7:1/2/3 (Jan.–Mar. 1920)–7:? (Oct. 1920). Associate Editors: Harry M. Kelly, no. 3 (Win. 1913)–no. 4 (Spr. 1913), and 2:2/3 (Feb.–Mar. 1915)–2:7/8 (July–Aug. 1915); Manuel Komroff, no. 3 (Win. 1913)–no. 4 (Spr. 1913); Adolf Wolff, no. 4 (Spr. 1913) Contributing Editors: Harry M. Kelly, 2:1 (Jan. 1915), and 3:1 (May 1916)–3:11 (Apr. 1917); Stewart Kerr, 2:1 (Jan. 1915), and 3:1 (May 1916)–3:6/7 (Nov.–Dec. 1916); Leonard D. Abbott, 3:1 (May MODERN SCHOOL (1912–1922) 175

1916)–3:11 (Apr. 1917); Carl Zigrosser, 3:8 (Jan. 1917)–3:11 (Apr. 1917) Numbers Issued by an Editorial Board: 4:2 (Feb. 1919)–4:3 (Mar. 1919): Leonard D. Abbott, William Thurston Brown, Harry M. Kelly, Carl Zi- grosser, Elsie Pratt, Robert H. Hutchinson, Margaretta Schuyler; 6:6/7 (June–July 1919)–6: 10/11/12 (Oct.–Dec. 1919): Leonard D. Abbott, Frank V. Anderson, William Thurston Brown (only nos. 6/7–8) Harry M. Kelly, Carl Zigrosser, Elsie Pratt (only nos. 6/7–8), Margaretta Schuyler; 8:4 (Oct.–Dec. 1921)–9 (Sum. 1922): John Edelman, Jacob Robins, Paul Scott, Sherwood Trask (only 9 [Sum. 1922]) Publication Information: Francisco Ferrer Association: New York, N.Y., 1:1 (Feb. 1912)–1:6 (June 1, 1914); Ridgefield, N.J., 1:7 (July 1, 1914)–2:5 (May 1915); Ferrer Colony, Stelton, N.J., 2:7/8 (July–Aug. 1915); Mod- ern School Association: Ferrer Colony, Stelton, N.J., 3:1 (May 1916)–3:4 (Sept. 1916); Modern School Association of North America: Ferrer Colony, Stelton, N.J., 3:5 (Oct. 1916)–9 (Sum. 1922) Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Contributors: Leonard D. Abbott, William Thurston Brown, Ananda Coomavaswamy, Will Durant, Elizabeth Byrne Ferm, Rose Florence Free- man, Delia D. Hutchinson, Robert H. Hutchinson, Harry M. Kelly, Manuel Komroff, , Margaret H. Sanger, Margaretta Schuyler, Bernard Sexton, Cora Bennett Stephenson, John Weichsel, Carl Zigrosser Features/Subjects: Ferrer Modern School, Libertarian Education, Poetry, “Readings in Libertarian Education,” Book Reviews OCLC Numbers: 3372733, 19333138, 227505290

SELECTIONS

Leonard D. Abbott. “Francisco Ferrer’s Great Discovery.” 1:1 (Feb. 1912). Harry Kelly. “What Is a Modern School?” no. 3 (Win. 1913). Alexander Berkman. “A School for Genius.” no. 3 (Win. 1913). William Thurston Brown. “The New Education: Its Principles and Program.” no. 4 (Spr. 1913). Excerpt from a lecture delivered at the Ferrer School, New York City, New York. Harry Kelly. “A Short History of the Francisco Ferrer Association.” no. 5 (Aut. 1913). Stewart Kerr. “Ferrer and Montessori.” no. 5 (Aut. 1913). Stewart Kerr. “The Functions of the Modern School.” 1:6 (June 1, 1914). “Report of the Modern School for the Year 1913–1914.” 1:7 (July 1, 1914). 176 MODERN SCHOOL (1912–1922)

“The Lexington Avenue Explosion.” 1:8 (Aug. 1, 1914). Arthur Caron, Charles Berg, and Carl Hanson were killed when a bomb they were as- sembling, in order to assassinate John D. Rockefeller, prematurely ex- ploded. The Francisco Ferrer Association. “Prospectus of the Modern School for the Year 1914–1915.” 1:9 (Sept. 1, 1914). Editorial. “War.” 1:9 (Sept. 1, 1914). Stewart Kerr. “[Margaret Sanger’s] The Woman Rebel.” 1:11 (Nov. 1914). Harry Kelly. “Bombs and the Ferrer Association.” 1:12 (Dec. 1914). Harry Kelly. “Old Year Reflections.” 2:1 (Jan. 1915). Harry Kelly. “A New International—An Appeal and a Call.” 2:2/3 (Feb.–Mar. 1915). Robert H. Hutchinson. “Herbert Spencer and the Modern School.” 2:2/3 (Feb.–Mar. 1915). “Isadora Duncan and the Libertarian Spirit.” 2:4 (Apr. 1915). Hippolyte Havel. “Has the International Broken Down?” 2:5 (May 1915). Harry Kelly. “‘Justice’ and Violence.” 2:5 (May 1915). Joseph J. Cohen. “The Realization of a Life-Long Dream.” 2:6 (June 1915). Cohen commemorates the opening of the Country School. Joseph J. Cohen. “The School in the Making.” 2:7/8 (July–Aug. 1915). Margaret H. Sanger. “Modern Schools in Spain.” 3:1 (May 1916)–3:2 (July 1916); 3:4 (Sept. 1916). Leonard D. Abbott. “The Background of Our Movement.” 3:1 (May 1916). Leonard D. Abbott. “The Stelton School—Past, Present and Future.” 3:2 (July 1916). Will Durant. “The Political and Philosophical Bases of Educational Theory.” 3:3 (Aug. 1916)–3:6/7 (Nov.–Dec. 1916). Margaret Sanger. “[Lorenzo] Portet and [Francisco] Ferrer.” 3:6/7 (Nov.–Dec. 1916)–3:9 (Feb. 1917). Voltairine de Cleyre. “A Posthumous Letter.” 3:9 (Feb. 1917). This letter is dated December 6, 1909, and addressed to “Dear Old Girl.” J. William Lloyd. “The Case of Nietzsche.” 3:9 (Feb. 1917)–4:1 (June–July 1917); 4:3 (Sept. 1917). Clarence Darrow and Scott Nearing. “Will Democracy Cure the Social Ills of the World?” 3:10 (Mar. 1917)–3:11 (Apr. 1917). A debate held at Gar- rick Theater, Chicago, Illinois. Robert H. Hutchinson. “The Sex Question.” 3:12 (May 1917). Laura B. Garrett. “The Approach to Sex Hygiene.” 4:2 (Aug. 1917). William Thurston Brown. “The Work of a Libertarian School.” 4:3 (Sept. 1917). MODERN SCHOOL (1912–1922) 177

Elizabeth Byrne Ferm. “The Spirit of Freedom.” 4:4 (Oct. 1917). Delia D. Hutchinson. “Ethics and the Infant.” 4:5 (Nov. 1917). Walter Pact. “Universality in Art.” 5:2 (Feb. 1918). Ananda Coomaraswamy. “Young India.” 5:2 (Feb. 1918)–5:3 (Mar. 1918). Charlotte Perkins Gilman. “The Collective Aspect of Education.” 5:5 (May 1918). Excerpt from a lecture given under the auspices of the Modern School. Mary Ware Dennett. “The Sex Side of Life.” 5:6 (June 1918). Reprinted from Medical Review of Reviews (New York). Will Levington Comfort. “Putting Fear to Flight as Part of the New Educa- tion.” 5:8 (Aug. 1918). Albert Gleizes. “The Abbey of Creteil: A Communistic Experiment.” 5:10 (Oct. 1918). Translated by Alexander Harvey. Franz Boas. “The Mental Attitude of the Educated Classes.” 5:11 (Nov. 1918). Reprinted from Dial (Chicago). Minnie Inez Termaat. “Children and Punishment.” 6:1 (Jan. 1919). “Walt Whitman Number.” 6:4/5 (Apr.–May 1919). Elizabeth Byrne Ferm. “Self-Determination in Education.” 6:6/7 (June–July 1919). Bernard Sexton. “An Educational Policy for the Irish Republic.” 7:1/2/3 (Jan.–Mar. 1920). Benzion Liber. “Obedience and the Child.” 7:? (Oct. 1920). Excerpt from The Child and the Home.

Education in Russia

Frank V. Anderson. “Schools of Revolutionary Russia.” 6:10/11/12 (Oct.–Dec. 1919). “[Arthur] Ransom on Education in Russia.” 6:10/11/12 (Oct.–Dec. 1919). Excerpt from Russia in 1919. N. K. Ulyanova. “Adult Education in Soviet Russia.” 7:1/2/3 (Jan.–Mar. 1920). An address delivered at the first all-Russian Congress of National Education, Moscow, August, 1918; reprinted from Socialist Review (New York), Jan./Mar. 1920.

NOTE

Two numbers issued as 8:4: “Convention Number.” (Sept. 1921) and (Oct.–Dec. 1921). 178 MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917)

ENDNOTE

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:1 (Feb. 1912); no. 3 (Win. 1913)–no. 5 (Autumn, 1913); 1:3 (Mar. 1, 1914)–2:7–8 (July–Aug. 1915); 3:1 (May 1916)–7:4–6 (Apr.–June 1920); 7:? (Oct. 1920); Sum. No. 1921; 8:4 (Sept. 1921); 8:4 (Oct.–Dec. 1921); 9 (Mid-Win. 1922); 9 (Sum. 1922). 7

Mother Earth (1906–1917)

Prospectus: Mother Earth will endeavor to attract and appeal to all those who oppose encroachment on public and individual life. It will appeal to those who strive for something higher, weary of the commonplace; to those who feel that stagnation is a deadweight on the firm and elastic step of progress; to those who breathe freely only in limitless space; to those who long for the tender shade of a new dawn for a humanity free from the dread of want, the dread of starvation in the face of mountains of riches. The Earth free for the free individual! Examined: 1:1 (Mar. 1906)–7:6 (Aug. 1917) Subtitle: Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature Editors: Emma Goldman, 1:1 (Mar. 1906)–3:8 (Oct. 1908); Alexander Berk- man, 3:1 (Mar. 1908)–10:1 (Mar. 1915); Emma Goldman, 10:2 (Apr. 1915)–12:6 (Aug. 1917) Publication Information: Emma Goldman: New York, N.Y., 1:1 (Mar. 1906)–2:12 (Feb. 1908); Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman: 210 East 13th St., New York, N.Y., 3:1 (Mar. 1908)–3:8 (Oct. 1908); Emma Goldman: New York, N.Y., 3:9 (Nov. 1908)–12:6 (Aug. 1917) Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Leonard D. Abbott, Max Baginski, Alexander Berkman, Bayard Boyesen, Lillian Browne, Ram Chandra, Stella Cominsky (Stella Comyn),1 John Russell Coryell (pseud. Margaret Grant),2 Voltairine de Cleyre, Bolton Hall, Sadakichi Hartmann, Hippolyte Havel, Charles L. James, Harry M. Kelly, Enrique Flores Magón, Robert Minor, Gertrude Nafe, Grace Fallow Norton, William C. Owen, Rebekah Raney, Man Ray, Ben L. Reitman, Victor Robinson, Margaret H. Sanger, Theodore Schroeder, Warren S. Van Valkenburgh MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917) 179

Features/Subjects: Free Speech Fights, Lecture Tour Diaries/Reports, Woman’s Emancipation, Birth Control—Margaret H. Sanger and Emma Gold- man Cases, Education, Atheism, Broad Street Riot, Lexington Avenue Explosion, Russian Revolution (1917), Mexican Revolution, Anarchist PLM (Mexico Liberal Party), Magón Brothers—Regeneración—Incite- ment Case, Police Brutality, Anarchist Congresses, Martyred Japanese Anarchists (Denjiro Kotoku, Toshihiko Sakai, Sen Katayama, Tokijiro Kato), Great War (WWI), San Francisco Preparedness Day Bomb (1916)—Cases of Thomas Mooney, Warren K. Billings, et al., L.A. Times Explosion (1910)—Cases of Matt A. Schmidt and David Caplan, War Preparedness, Reprints: Maxim Gorky, Friedrich Nietzsche, Walt Whit- man, Fedor Dostoyevsky, Peter Kropotkin Succeeding Title: Mother Earth Bulletin (New York) OCLC Numbers: 1715211, 4678851, 7034867, 28383233, 12358890, 27141795, 32804685, 6600103, 7246015, 64221583, 145160902

SELECTIONS

Emma Goldman. “The Tragedy of Women’s Emancipation.” 1:1 (Mar. 1906). Max Baginski. “Without Government.” 1:1 (Mar. 1906). John R. Coryell. “Comstockery.” 1:1 (Mar. 1906). Emma Goldman. “The Child and Its Enemies.” 1:2 (Apr. 1906). John R. Coryell. “Marriage and the Home.” 1:2 (Apr. 1906). Theodore Schroeder. “Paternalistic Government.” 1:3 (May 1906)–1:4 (June 1906). Peter Kropotkin. “Brain Work and Manual Work.” 1:4 (June 1906). Henriette Fuerth. “Motherhood and Marriage.” 1:4 (June 1906). Translated by Anny Mali Hicks. Max Baginksi. “Aim and Tactics of the Trade-Union Movement.” 1:4 (June 1906)–1:5 (July 1906). Alvan V. Sanborn. “The Revolutionary Spirit in French Literature.” 1:5 (July 1906)–1:7 (Sept. 1906) Peter Kropotkin. “Modern Science and Anarchism.” 1:6 (Aug. 1906)–1:10 (Dec. 1906). Alexander Berkman. “Prisons and Crime.” 1:6 (Aug. 1906). An article com- piled from notes made by Berkman in 1895, while in prison. Max Baginksi. “Leon Czolgosz.” 1:8 (Oct. 1908). 180 MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917)

William Holmes. “Anarchists of America.” 1:9 (Nov. 1906). Margaret Grant. “What Is Morality?” 1:9 (Nov. 1906). Theodore Schroeder. “Our Vanishing Liberty of the Press.” 1:10 (Dec. 1906). Reprinted from the December 1906 issue of the Arena (Boston). Theodore Schroeder. “On Suppressing the Advocacy of Crime.” 1:11 (Jan. 1906). Leonard D. Abbott. “Reminiscences of Ernest Crosby.” 1:12 (Feb. 1907). Crosby was a leading proponent of Tolstoyan anarchism in the United States. Voltairine de Cleyre. “Hugh Pentecost.” 2:1 (Mar. 1907). Maurice Maeterlinck. “The Social Revolution.” 2:1 (Mar. 1907). Reprinted from the March 1907 issue of Putnam’s Monthly (New Rochelle, N.Y.). Emma Goldman. “On the Road.” 2:2 (Apr. 1907)–2:3 (May 1907); 2:5 (July 1907). Hugh Pentecost. “Anarchism.” 2:2 (Apr. 1907). A lecture delivered in June 1889. T. F. Meade. “Giordano Bruno.” 2:3 (May 1907). Max Baginski. “The Haywood Trial.” 2:5 (July 1907). Emma Goldman. “The Situation in America.” 2:7 (Sept. 1907)–2:8 (Oct. 1907). Goldman’s report to the International Anarchist Conference at Amsterdam, 1907. Voltairine de Cleyre. “McKinley’s Assassination from the Anarchist Stand- point.” 2:8 (Oct. 1907). Jay Fox. “Trade Unionism and Anarchism (A Letter to a Brother Unionist).” 2:9 (Nov. 1907). M.N. “Are There Still New Fields for Anarchist Activity?” 2:10 (Dec. 1907). Jean Spielman. “Are the I.W.W. Still Revolutionary?” 2:10 (Dec. 1907). Voltairine de Cleyre. “They Who Marry Do Ill.” 2:11 (Jan. 1908). A lecture delivered April 28, 1907, before the Radical Liberal League in Philadel- phia. John Russell Coryell. “Marriage or Free Union; Which?” 2:12 (Feb. 1908). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Why I Am an Anarchist.” 3:1 (Mar. 1908). A lecture delivered in Hammond, Indiana. Alexander Berkman. “Violence and Anarchism.” 3:2 (Apr. 1908). Theodore Schroeder. “Our Progressive Despotism.” 3:2 (Apr. 1908). John R Coryell. “Drive Out the Reds.” 3:3 (May 1908). W. C. Owen. “Proper Methods of a Propaganda.” 3:6 (Aug. 1908). Emma Goldman. “George Pettibone.” 3:6 (Aug. 1908). W. C. Owen. “Politics: A Delusion and a Snare.” 3:8 (Oct. 1908). MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917) 181

Voltairine de Cleyre. “Anarchism and American Traditions.” 3:10 (Dec. 1908)–3:11 (Jan. 1909). Emma Goldman. “The Joys of Touring.” 3:11 (Jan. 1909). Emma Goldman. “On Trial.” 3:12 (Feb. 1909). Goldman was charged with unlawful assemblage and “preaching anarchist’s doctrines” in San Fran- cisco. Margaret Grant. “Indecency on the Stage.” 4:1 (Mar. 1909). C. L. James. “Anarchism and Malthus.” 4:2 (Apr. 1909)–4:3 (May 1909); 4:5 (July 1909)–4:6 (Aug. 1909). H. Kelly. “Anarchism and Education.” 4:3 (May 1909). National Free Speech Committee. “A Demand for Free Speech.” 4:4 (June 1909). A manifesto pledging to fight against the police’s systematic in- fringement of Emma Goldman’s right of free speech; signed by Bolton Hall, Leonard D. Abbott, Alexander Irvine, Meyer London, and Grace Porter. Voltairine de Cleyre. “On Liberty.” 4:5 July 1909). A speech delivered June 30, 1909, at a Cooper Union Protest Meeting. B. Russell Herts. “On Patriotism.” 4:6 (Aug. 1909). Alexander Berkman. “The Pennsylvania Constabulary and the McKees Rocks Strike.” 4:7 (Sept. 1909). Berkman describes the strikers as “unorganized, without friends or money, these despised ‘foreigners’ have single- handed[ly] fought the rich and powerful Steel Car Company, with its pri- vate police, State Constabulary, strike-breakers, and—last, but not least—its subsidized press.” Emma Goldman. “Adventures in the Desert of American Liberty.” 4:7 (Sept. 1909); 4:9 (Nov. 1909). A.Z. “The Evolution of Anarchist Theories.” 4:8 (Oct. 1909). Francisco Ferrer. “The Modern School.” 4:9 (Nov. 1909). Translated by Voltairine de Cleyre.3 Hippolyte Havel. “The Social Struggle in Spain.” 4:10 (Dec. 1909). Lillian Browne. “Emerson the Anarchist.” 4:10 (Dec. 1909). Emma Goldman. “The White Slave Traffic.” 4:11 (Jan. 1910). Alexander Berkman. “Comstock and Mother Earth.” 4:12 (Feb. 1910). Berk- man addresses the hold up of Mother Earth’s January 1910 issue by the New York Post Office. Emma Goldman. “Light and Shadows in the Life of an Avant-Guard.” 4:12 (Feb. 1910)–5:4 (June 1910). Johnathan Mayo Crane and James F. Morton Jr. “Moses Harman.” 5:1 (Mar. 1910). 182 MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917)

Ben L. Reitman. “The Free Speech Fight.” 5:1 (Mar. 1910). An address de- livered January 19, 1910, in Chicago. Theodore Schroeder. “Liberal Opponents and Conservative Friends of Unabridged Free Speech.” 5:3 (May 1910). Schroeder advocates “an unabridgable freedom of utterance as a matter of constitutionally guar- anteed, natural right.” Excerpt from a lecture delivered March 13, 1910, before the Brooklyn Philosophical Association. Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Dominant Idea.” 5:3 (May 1910)–5:4 (June 1910). Alexander Berkman. “The Failure of Compromise.” 5:4 (June 1910)–5:5 (July 1910). Wm. C. Owen. “Marx vs. Nietzsche.” 5:6 (Aug. 1910)–5:7 (Sept. 1910). C. L. James. “Economy as Viewed by an Anarchist.” 5:7 (Sept. 1910)–5:8 (Oct. 1910); 5:11 (Jan. 1911); 6:1 (Mar. 1911)–6:2 (Apr. 1911); 6:4 (June 1911); 6:6 (Aug. 1911)–6:7 (Sept. 1911); 6:10 (Dec. 1911)–6:11 (Jan. 1912). Alexander Berkman. “The Need of Translating Ideals into Life.” 5:9 (Nov. 1910). Adeline Champney. “What Is Worthwhile?” 5:9 (Nov. 1910)–5:11 (Jan. 1911). Wm. C. Owen. “The Los Angeles Times Explosion.” 5:10 (Dec. 1910). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Tour Impressions.” 5:10 (Dec. 1910)–5:11 (Jan. 1911). Max Baginski. “The Pioneer of Communist Anarchism in America.” 6:1 (Mar. 1911). A tribute to Johann Most. Leonard Abbott. “The Ideal of Libertarian Education.” 6:4 (June 1911). Emma Goldman. “October the Twenty-Ninth, 1901.” 6:8 (Oct. 1911). Ten years after the execution of Leon Czolgosz, Goldman recollects, “Not . . . the knavish soul of the newspaper clique, nor yet the brutal soul of the police; nor even the mob soul, so appalling in its massiveness. But more than all else, it was the soul of the so-called radicals, manifesting itself in such contemptible cowardice and moral weakness, that impressed me with never-to-be-forgotten vividness.” Max Baginski. “Wendell Phillips, the Agitator.” 6:9 (Nov. 1911). James F. Morton Jr. “A Monumental Defence of Free Speech.” 6:10 (Dec. 1911). Morton reviews Theodore Schroeder’s Obscene Literature and Constitutional Law. Max Baginski. “Syndicalist Tendencies in the American Labor Movement.” 6:12 (Feb. 1912). E. J. Higgins. “Direct Action versus .” 7:2 (Apr. 1912). MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917) 183

Emma Goldman. “The Power of the Ideal.” 7:1 (Mar. 1912)–7:6 (Aug. 1912). A. Sylvester Yates. “Lessons in Patriotism.” 7:3 (May 1912). “San Diego Edition Patriotism in Action.” 7:4 (June 1912). “Voltairine de Cleyre: A Tribute.” 7:5 (July 1912). Contributors include Harry Kelly, George Brown, Mary Hansen, and Alexander Berkman. M.B. “John Brown, Direct Actionist.” 7:6 (Aug. 1912). Harry Kelly. “A Syndicalist League.” 7:7 (Sept. 1912). Leonard D. Abbott. “A Priestess of Pity and of Vengeance.” 7:7 (Sept. 1912). Reprinted from the International (New York). Ada May Krecker. “The Passing of the Family.” 7:8 (Oct. 1912). Issue 7:9 (Nov. 1912) commemorates the twenty-fifth anniversary of the ex- ecution of the Chicago anarchists. Issue 7:10 (Dec. 1912) commemorates Peter Kropotkin’s seventieth birthday. Emma Goldman. “Syndicalism: Its Theory and Practice.” 7:11 (Jan. 1913)–7:12 (Feb. 1913). James Montgomery. “The Black Hundreds of Plutocracy and Government.” 7:12 (Feb. 1913). Stephen Daniels. “In Memoriam of John Most.” 8:1 (Mar. 1913). Emma Goldman. “Victims of Morality.” 8:1 (Mar. 1913). Emma Goldman. “The Failure of Christianity.” 8:2 (Apr. 1913). Harry Kelly. “An Anarchist in the Making.” 8:2 (Apr. 1913), continued by “An Anarchist in Evolution.” 8:3 (May 1913). Emma Goldman. “The Ups and Downs in the Life of an Anarchist Agitator.” 8:4 (June 1913), continued by “The Ups and Downs of An Anarchist Propagandist.” 8:5 (July 1913)–8:7 (Sept. 1913). Harry Kelly. “Voltairine de Cleyre.” 8:4 (June 1913). Elisee Reclus. “Why Anarchists Don’t Vote.” 8:5 (July 1913). Emile Pataud and Emile Pouget. “The Revolt of the Army.” 8:6 (Aug. 1913)–8:7 (Sept. 1913). Excerpt from Syndicalism and the Cooperative Commonwealth. Peter Kropotkin. “Prisons: Universities of Crime.” 8:8 (Oct. 1913). A paper read before the British Medical Association. John R. Coryell. “The Value of Chastity.” 8:9 (Nov. 1913)–8:10 (Dec. 1913). Pierre Ramus. “Anarchism in the German-Speaking Countries.” 8:10 (Dec. 1913). Alexander Berkman. “The Confession of a Convict.” 8:11 (Jan. 1914). Emma Goldman. “Self-Defense for Labor.” 8:11 (Jan. 1914). Lincoln Steffens. “Liberty in the United States.” 8:11 (Jan. 1914). An address delivered January 5, 1914, at the Paterson Free Speech protest meeting. 184 MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917)

Emma Goldman. “Intellectual Proletarians.” 8:12 (Feb. 1914). Alexander Berkman. “The Menace of the Unemployed.” 9:1 (Mar. 1914). Alexander Berkman. “The Movement of the Unemployed.” 9:2 (Apr. 1914). Leonard D. Abbott. “Let Us Make War against War.” 9:3 (May 1914). Peter Kropotkin. “Mutual Aid: An Important Factor in Evolution.” 9:4 (June 1914). Issue 9:5 (July 1914) features coverage of the “Free Speech Fight” in Tarry- town and the Lexington Avenue explosion that killed Arthur Caron, Charles Berg, and Carl Hanson when a bomb they were assembling, in order to assassinate John D. Rockefeller, prematurely exploded. Max Nettlau. “Anarchism: Communist or Individualist?—Both.” 9:5 (July 1914). Cassius V. Cook. “Why Emma Goldman Is a Dangerous Woman.” 10:1 (Mar. 1915). Sadakichi Hartmann. “Voltairine de Cleyre.” 10:2 (Apr. 1915). Emma Goldman. “The Philosophy of Atheism.” 10:12 (Feb. 1916). “Birth Control Number.” 11:2 (Apr. 1916). Peter Kropotkin. “Anarchist Morality.” 11:9 (Nov. 1916)–12:1 (Mar. 1917). “The Trial and Imprisonment of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman.” 12:5 (July 1917).

The “Broad Street Riot”

Note: The Broad Street riot occurred in Philadelphia on February 20, 1908, following an unemployment demonstration at New Auditorium Hall. Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Case in Philadelphia. An Appeal.” 3:1 (Mar. 1908). Speakers de Cleyre and Chaim Weinberg were arrested, charged with inciting to riot, and held under $1,500 bail. Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Philadelphia Farce.” 3:5 (July 1908). This article includes the trial transcript. Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Case of the Imprisoned .” 3:8 (Oct. 1908). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Release of Michael Costello.” 4:4 (June 1909).

William Buwalda Case

Note: Buwalda was court-martialed and sentenced to five years in military prison for attending an Emma Goldman lecture in San Francisco and shaking her hand. Buwalda later returned a medal awarded to him for service in the Philippines. Alexander Berkman. “Observations and Comments.” 4:3 (May 1909). MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917) 185

“Wm. Buwalda’s Letter to the United States Government.” 4:3 (May 1909). An April 6, 1909, letter addressed to Hon. Joseph M. Dickinson, Secre- tary of War.

Free Speech Fight in Philadelphia

Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Free Speech Fight in Philadelphia (Report).” 4:8 (Oct. 1909). Emma Goldman, Horace Traubel, Charles Edward Russell, et al. “In Defense of Free Speech.” 4:8 (Oct. 1909).

Anarchist Symposium

Note: “Excerpts from the world’s greatest thinkers and writers on the subject of anarchism.” “Pierre Proudhon.” 4:11 (Jan. 1910). “Josiah Warren.” 4:12 (Feb. 1910). “Leo Tolstoy.” 5:2 (Apr. 1910)–5:3 (May 1910). “.” 5:6 (Aug. 1910). “Peter Kropotkin.” 5:7 (Sept. 1910).

Philadelphia—General Strike

Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Philadelphia [Trolley] Strike.” 5:1 (Mar. 1910). Voltairine de Cleyre. “A Study of the General Strike in Philadelphia.” 5:2 (Apr. 1910).

Martyred Japanese Anarchists

Hippolyte Havel. “The Kotoku Case.” 5:10 (Dec. 1910). Denjiro Kotoku founded the radical monthly Tatsu Kwa; translated the writings of Karl Marx, Leo Tolstoy, and Peter Kropotkin; was known as the leader of the “Kropotkinists”; and was arrested with twenty-five other Japanese radicals for allegedly conspiring to assassinate the emperor of Japan and the royal family. Hippolyte Havel. “Justice in Japan.” 5:11 (Jan. 1911). Hippolyte Havel. “Long Live Anarchy.” 5:12 (Feb. 1911). F. Sako. “Barbarous Japan.” 5:12 (Feb. 1911). Alexander Berkman. “Kotoku Demonstrations.” 5:12 (Feb. 1911). Berkman speaks out against the legal assassination of twelve Japanese anarchists and socialists. 186 MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917)

“Are Kotoku Protests Justified?” 6:2 (Apr. 1911). A letter from Bolton Hall followed by a reply from Emma Goldman. Alexander Berkman. “The Martyrs of Japan.” 6:3 (May 1911). Toshihiko Sakai and Tokijiro Kato. “Voices from Japan.” 6:5 (July 1911). Hippolyte Havel. “Kotoku’s Correspondence with Albert Johnson.” 6:6 (Aug. 1911)–6:7 (Sept. 1911); 6:9 (Nov. 1911). M. Jarui. “Present Conditions in Japan.” 6:8 (Oct. 1911).

Mexican Revolution

Wm. C. Owen. “Viva Mexico.” 6:2 (Apr. 1911). Ricardo Flores Magón. “The Appeal of Mexico to American Labor.” 6:2 (Apr. 1911). Wm. C. Owen. “Mexico’s Hour of Need.” 6:4 (June 1911). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Mexican Revolt.” 6:6 (Aug. 1911). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Mexican Revolution.” 6:10 (Dec. 1911)–6:12 (Feb. 1912). A lecture delivered October 29, 1911, in Chicago. Mexican Liberal Party. “Manifesto of the Mexican Revolution.” 7:1 (Mar. 1912). Reprinted from Regeneración (Los Angeles). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Report of the Work of the Chicago Mexican Liberal Defense League.” 7:2 (Apr. 1912). Max Baginski. “The Significance of the Mexican Situation.” 8:10 (Dec. 1913).

Memorial to Charles Leigh James (1846–1911)

“Observations and Comments: The Death of C. L. James.” 6:4 (June 1911). Voltairine de Cleyre. “C. L. James.” 6:5 (July 1911). Honore J. Jaxon. “A Reminiscence of Charlie James.” 6:5 (July 1911). James F. Morton Jr. “C. L. James.” 6:6 (Aug. 1911). Abe Isaak Jr. “C. L. James.” 6:8 (Oct. 1911).

Jesus Rangel and Charles Cline et al.—Constructive Murder Case

“Appeal of the Rangel-Cline Defense Fund.” 8:10 (Dec. 1913). “Observations and Comments.” 8:12 (Feb. 1914). “Tyranny in Texas.” 8:12 (Feb. 1914). “The Rangel-Cline Case.” 9:4 (June 1914); 9:6 (Aug. 1914). “Mexican Notes.” 11:8 (Oct. 1916). MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917) 187

Ludlow Massacre

Hippolyte Havel. “The Civil War in Colorado.” 9:3 (May 1914). Julia May Courtney. “Remember Ludlow!” 9:3 (May 1914).

Great War (WWI)

Charles A. Breckenridge. “Down with Militarism! Up with the Rights of Man.” 9:6 (Aug. 1914). Gustave Herve. “Insurrection Rather Than War.” 9:6 (Aug. 1914). Guy de Maupassant. “War: The Triumph of Barbarism.” 9:7 (Sept. 1914). “If We Must Fight, Let Us Fight for the Social Revolution.” 9:8 (Oct. 1914). “Kropotkin on the Present War.” 9:9 (Nov. 1914). Followed by a reply from Berkman. Peter Kropotkin. “Wars and Capitalism.” 9:9 (Nov. 1914)–9:10 (Dec. 1914); 9:12 (Feb. 1915)–10:1 (Mar. 1915). Originally written in 1913. E. Malatesta and E. Armand. “Opinions and Letters on the War.” 9:11 (Jan. 1915). “International on the War.” 10:3 (May 1915). Anna Strunsky. “The Revolutionist and War.” 10:4 (June 1915). Rudolph Rocker. “A Study in Fact.” 10:6 (Aug. 1915). Conclusions from a se- ries of articles published in the London Spur on the war in opposition to Peter Kropotkin’s pro-Ally writings. W. S. Van Valkenburgh. “War and the Worker.” 10:8 (Oct. 1915). Emma Goldman. “Preparedness, the Road to Universal Slaughter.” 10:10 (Dec. 1915). Emma Goldman. “The Promoters of the War Mania.” 12:1 (Mar. 1917). Ben L. Reitman. “Why You Shouldn’t Go to War.” 12:2 (Apr. 1917). Randolph Bourne. “The War and the .” 12:4 (June 1917)–12:5 (July 1917). Excerpt from The Seven Arts. Leonard D. Abbott. “The War Hysteria and Our Protest.” 12:6 (Aug. 1917).

Rebecca Edelsohn—Hunger Strike

Alexander Berkman. “: The First Political Hunger Striker in America.” 9:6 (Aug. 1914). Rebecca Edelsohn. “Hunger Striking in America.” 9:7 (Sept. 1914). 188 MOTHER EARTH (1906–1917)

Margaret H. Sanger—Birth Control Case

Harry Breckenridge. “The Persecution of Margaret Sanger.” 9:9 (Nov. 1914). Leonard D. Abbott. “The Sanger Case.” 9:12 (Feb. 1915). Leonard D. Abbott. “The Present Status of the Sanger Case.” 10:1 (Mar. 1915). “A Letter from Margaret Sanger.” 10:2 (Apr. 1915). “The Sanger Case.” 10:4 (June 1915). Margaret Sanger. “Not Guilty.” 10:11 (Jan. 1916). Margaret Sanger. “To My Friends.” 10:12 (Feb. 1916). “A Letter from Margaret Sanger.” 11:2 (Apr. 1916).

L.A. Times Explosion (1910)—Cases of Matt A. Schmidt and David Caplan

Ben L. Reitman. “Schmidt and Caplan.” 10:1 (Mar. 1915). “Rally to the Defense of Caplan and Schmidt.” 10:5 (July 1915). Alexander Berkman. “The Schmidt-Caplan Defense.” 5:6 (Aug. 1916). Eric the Red.4 “Caplan and Schmidt.” 10:7 (Sept. 1915). Max Baginski. “Schmidt and Caplan on Trial.” 10:8 (Oct. 1915). Matthew Schmidt. “Orrors, Orrors.” 10:8 (Oct. 1915). “Prosecution Tactics in Schmidt Trial.” 10:10 (Dec. 1915). “In Defense of Caplan-Schmidt.” 10:10 (Dec. 1915). Emma Goldman. “Donald Vose: The Accursed.” 10:11 (Jan. 1916). “Address of Matthew Schmidt.” 10:12 (Feb. 1916). Emma Goldman. “David Caplan.” 11:1 (Mar. 1916).

Emma Goldman—Birth Control Case

Emma Goldman. “My Arrest and Preliminary Hearing.” 11:1 (Mar. 1916). Emma Goldman. “Before the Bar.” 11:3 (May 1916). Leonard D. Abbott. “Reflections on Emma Goldman’s Trial.” 11:3 (May 1916).

Magón Brothers—Regeneración—Incitement Case

E. Pinchon. “The Arrest of the Magón Brothers.” 11:2 (Apr. 1916). “An Appeal in Behalf of the Magóns.” 11:4 (June 1916). “Letter from Enrique Magón.” 11:5 (July 1916). MOTHER EARTH (1933–1934) 189

“Address of Enrique Magón in Federal Court, Los Angeles, June 22, 1916.” 11:6 (Aug. 1916).

San Francisco Preparedness Day Bomb (1916)

Note: Cases of Thomas Mooney, Warren K. Billings, et al. Alexander Berkman. “Planning Judicial Murder.” 11:7 (Sept. 1916). Robert Minor. “The San Francisco Bomb.” 11:7 (Sept. 1916). Alexander Berkman. “Legal Assassination.” 11:8 (Oct. 1916). Alexander Berkman. “The Life and Death Struggle in San Francisco.” 11:10 (Dec. 1916). “Anarchism on Trial in San Francisco.” 11:12 (Feb. 1917). Thomas Mooney. “Lynch Jury in San Francisco Convicts.” 12:1 (Mar. 1917).

Russian Revolution (1917)

“The Russian Revolution.” 12:2 (Apr. 1917). Alexander Berkman. “America and the Russian Revolution.” 12:3 (May 1917).

ENDNOTES

1. Candace Falk, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds., Making Speech Free, 1902–1909, vol. 2 of Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 516. 2. Falk, Pateman, and Moran, Making Speech Free, 517. 3. Paul Avrich, An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Prince- ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 217, n.5. 4. Pen name of Eric B. Morton. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral His- tory of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 484, n.78. 7

Mother Earth (1933–1934)

Prospectus: Present Purposes: (1) To call all Americans into action against the money power; (2) to spread the Farmers’ Holiday Movement especially 190 MOTHER EARTH (1933–1934)

in the Eastern States; (3) to promote decentralization of population, sim- plification of life, and the love of mother earth; (4) to teach the meaning and value of liberty. . . . How our present liberties may be kept. . . . How further liberties may be gained and to show that liberty of the individual is the foundation of any JUST social order. By Liberty we mean especially freedom from the State, from rulers, and from manmade laws, all of which hinder individual development. Examined: 1 (Apr. 1933)–17 (Oct.–Dec. 1934) Subtitles: Libertarian Farm Magazine, 3 (June 1933)–4 (July 1933); Libertar- ian Farm Paper, 5 (Aug. 1933)–8 (Nov. 1933); Libertarian Farm Paper Devoted to the Life of Thoreauvian Anarchy, 9 (Dec. 1933)–17 (Oct.–Dec. 1934) Editors: John G. Scott, 1 (Apr. 1933)–17 (Oct.–Dec. 1934); Jo Ann Wheeler, 1 (Apr. 1933)–13 (Apr. 1934); 16 (Sept. 1934)–17 (Oct.–Dec. 1934) Publication Information: John G. Scott and Jo Ann Wheeler: Craryville, N.Y., 1 (Apr. 1933)–15 (June 1934); John G. Scott, Craryville, N.Y., and Jo Ann Wheeler, Stelton, N.J., 16 (Sept. 1934); John G. Scott and Jo Ann Wheeler: Stelton, N.J., 17 (Oct.–Dec. 1934) Frequency: Irregular Contributors: Thomas H. Bell, Warren E. Brokaw, Andrew Cordian, John L. Kepler, Laurance Labadie, Dorothy Lillian Post. Features/Subjects: National Farmers’ Holiday Association, Mutual Banks, Social Credit, Debt Forgiveness, Anti-Tax, Draft Resistance, Poetry, Letters OCLC Numbers: 5844479, 5359319, 62315610, 32533894

SELECTIONS

T. H. Bell. “A Declaration of Independence.” 2 (May 1933). Bell declares that “We put our faith not in any politics or politicians, but in a people disil- lusioned and aroused, finally taking hold of its own affairs. We are not governmentalists but Libertarians. We want no dictatorships, no Stalin, no Mussolini or Hitler, no Morgan or Rockefeller. We are for free speech, individual liberty, voluntary association, genuine solidarity. No brutality or cruelty. No tyranny . . . Communist, Fascist, or Financial. A free peo- ple is a free country.” Andrew Cordian. “Down with .” 5 (Aug. 1933)–7 (Oct. 1933). Warren E. Brokaw. “Equal Freedom.” 7 (Oct. 1933). MOTHER EARTH BULLETIN (1917–1918) 191

Andrew Cordian. “The Natural Economic Order of Silvio Gesell.” 8 (Nov. 1933). Thomas H. Bell. “Banking and Liberty: Proudhon’s Mutual Banking Mod- ernized.” 9 (Dec. 1933). Laurance Labadie. “Liberty and the State.” 10 (Jan. 1934). Harold Loeb. “A Letter to Those Who Love the Land.” 12 (Mar. 1934). Loeb examines the Continental Committee on Technocracy’s Plan of Plenty. “Philip Grosser.” 13 (Apr. 1934). A tribute to a World War I . Ewing Baskette. “Ray Becker, No. 9413.” 14 (May 1934). Becker was im- prisoned for his defense of an IWW hall in Centralia, Washington, against a raid by the Centralia Legionnaires on November 11, 1919. Laurance Labadie. “Is Communism Sound?” 15 (June 1934). “Thoreauvian Anarchy.” 16 (Sept. 1934). The author defines Thoreauvian anarchists as anarchists who oppose the state, teach the duty of civil dis- obedience, and advocate personal revolution as the means to accom- plishing a free society.

NOTE

“Proclaim Liberty throughout the Land!” 7

Mother Earth Bulletin (1917–1918)

Prospectus: This is the wee Babe of Mother Earth. It was conceived during the greatest human crisis—born into a tragic, disintegrating world. To give it life, Mother Earth had to choose death, yet out of Death must come life again. The Babe is frail of body, but it comes with a heritage of strength, determination, and idealism to be worthy of her who gave it birth. To bring a child into the world these days is almost an unpardonable luxury. But the child of Mother Earth comes to you for a share of the beautiful love and devotion you gave its mother. Assured of that, it will make a brave effort to Live and Do. Examined: 1:1 (Oct. 1917)–1:7 (Apr. 1918)1 Editor: Emma Goldman 192 MOTHER EARTH BULLETIN (1917–1918)

Publication Information: Emma Goldman, New York, N.Y., 1:1 (Oct. 1917)–1:6 (Mar. 1918); Bulletin Association, New York, N.Y., 1:7 (Apr. 1918) Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Leonard D. Abbott, Alexander Berkman, , David Leigh, Louise Olivereau, Ben L. Reitman, Harry Weinberger Features/Subjects: Free Speech, Russian Revolution (1917), Political Repres- sion, Industrial Workers of the World, Draft Act, Political Amnesty League OCLC Numbers: 4678851, 1758760, 11820699, 7246015, 12376211, 6600103, 28383265, 32805123, 64221583, 219830983, 37999297, 38050987, 145160902

SELECTIONS

Ben Reitman. “To the Third Postmaster General. Excerpts from a Letter.” 1:1 (Oct. 1917). A September 22, 1917, letter regarding the suppression of Mother Earth. “Chicago, 1887–San Francisco, 1917.” 1:2 (Nov. 1917). Alexander Berkman. “More of the Frame-Up [in the San Francisco Bomb Cases].” 1:3 (Dec. 1917). Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. “Farwell, Friends and Comrades.” 2:4 (Jan. 1918). The authors announce the U.S. Supreme Court’s deci- sion upholding the draft law and the conspiracy charges against Gold- man, Berkman, Morris Becker, and Louis Kramer. See Goldman et al. v. United States, 245 U.S. 474 (1918). Emma Goldman. “The Milwaukee Frame-Up.” 1:4 (Jan. 1918). Goldman re- ports the killing of Antonio Fornasier and Augusto Marinelli by police, and the arrest of eleven Italian anarchists, later sentenced to twenty-five years each. Harry Weinberger. “[Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman Have] Gone to Jail.” 1:5 (Feb. 1918). Emma Goldman. “The League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners: Its Pur- pose and Programme.” 1:5 (Feb. 1918). Prison Messages from Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. 1:6 (Mar. 1918). Stella Comyn. “Our Prisoners.” 1:6 (Mar. 1918). Emma Goldman. “To All My Dear Ones.” 1:7 (Apr. 1918). A letter from prison. THE MUTUALIST (1925–1928) 193

Russian Revolution (1917)

Alexander Berkman. “Russia and Elsewhere.” 1:1 (Oct. 1917). Alexander Berkman. “The Boylsheviki Spirit and History.” 1:2 (Nov. 1917). Emma Goldman. “The Russian Revolution.” 1:3 (Dec. 1917). Alexander Berkman. “The Trotsky Idea.” 1:4 (Jan. 1918). Emma Goldman. “The Great Hope.” 1:4 (Jan. 1918). Alexander Berkman. “The Surgeon’s Duty.” 1:4 (Jan. 1918). Berkman ex- plains how he, as an anarchist, is able to support the Bolsheviks.

ENDNOTE

1. The full run of Mother Earth Bulletin (1917–1918) is freely available online at Anarchy Archives: An Online Research Center on the History and Theory of Anarchism, http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/ goldman/ME/me.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 7

The Mutualist (1925–1928)

Prospectus: The Mutualist advocates the maximum of liberty compatible with equality of liberty, and holds that all the affairs of men should be managed by individuals, or by voluntary associations instead of coer- cive organizations; and to this end it favors the extension of liberty and the curtailment of the powers of authority over the noninvasive indi- vidual, until the most highly satisfactory form of society possible is at- tained. Examined: 49 (Oct. 1925)–58 (Mar.–Apr. 1927); 69 (Nov.–Dec. 1928) Editor/Publisher: Edward H. Fulton: Clinton, Iowa, 49 (Oct. 1925)–58 (Mar.–Apr. 1927); Peoria, Ill., 69 (Nov.–Dec. 1928) Frequency: Varied (Bimonthly) Contributors: R. Jacob Baker, James R. Bann, Steven T. Byington, Henry Co- hen, John K. Freeman, Joseph A. Labadie, Clarence Lee Swartz Features/Subjects: Mutual Banks, Land Question, Free Thought Preceding Titles: New Order (Clinton, Iowa), 1776 American (Clinton, Iowa), Ego (Clinton, Iowa), Egoist (Clinton, Iowa) OCLC Numbers: 3963484, 36275788 194 THE MUTUALIST (1925–1928)

SELECTIONS

“The Question of Wages. A Man’s Just Wage Is His Product.” 49 (Oct. 1925). Edward H. Fulton. “Is Government Necessary?” 49 (Oct. 1925). “Public and Private School Control.” 49 (Oct. 1925). W. E. Brokaw and Edward H. Fulton. “The Equitist Plan.” 49 (Oct. 1925). A letter from Brokaw followed by criticism, answer, and rejoinder. Wm. B. Greene. “Communism vs. Mutualism.” 54 (Sept. 1926). Excerpt from Communism, Mutualism, etc. (1875). James R. Bann. “How to Abolish the Land Monopoly.” 55 (Oct. 1926). Clarence Lee Swartz. “The Practicability of Mutualism.” 56 (Dec. 1, 1926)–57 (Jan.–Feb. 1927). Henry Cohen. “Bernard Shaw on the Land Question.” 56 (Dec. 1, 1926). “Comments on Increase in Land Value.” 56 (Dec. 1, 1926). Commentators include James Bann, John K. Freeman, Henry Cohen, Stephen T. Bying- ton, Hugo Bilgram, Edward H. Fulton, and Edward T. Totten. R. J. Baker. “Anarchism in America.” 57 (Jan.–Feb. 1927). Excerpt from an address delivered to the anarchist-communist group of New York. James Bann. “For Outlawing Ground Rent.” 57 (Jan.–Feb. 1927). “Is Government Necessary? Various Views and Definitions.” 58 (Mar.–Apr. 1927). Virgile Esperance. “Let Government Stay Out of Business.” 69 (Nov.–Dec. 1928). “What of a Grand and Glorious Revolution? The Attitude of the Mutualist.” 69 (Nov.–Dec. 1928).

NOTES

“Advocating Free Political and Economic Institutions.” 49 (Oct. 1925)–50 (Nov. 1925); 69 (Nov.–Dec. 1928). “For the Abolition of all Monopoly Maintaining and Liberty Infringing Laws.” 51 (May 1926). “Stands for Non-Governmental Society.” 51 (May 1926). “The Affairs of Men Should Be Managed by Individuals or Voluntary Asso- ciations.” 52 (July 1926). “A Liberal Magazine—Order Based on Volition, Not Coercion.” 53 (Aug. 1926)–56 (Dec.1, 1926). 7 THE NEW ORDER (1919) 195 The New Era (1897)1

Prospectus: The columns of this paper will be open to the discussion of any topic that tends to better mankind’s condition, and to give them the ab- solute freedom that is theirs by right, and that no generation, of the past, present, or future, may in any manner abridge. Examined: 1:1 (Mar. 1897)–1:3 (May 1897). Editor/Publisher: Oliver A. Verity, Lakebay, Wash. Frequency: Monthly OCLC Number: 28282717 Owning Library: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection

SELECTIONS

“Proposed Articles of Incorporation and Agreement of the Mutual Home As- sociation.” 1:1 (Mar. 1897). Agreement ensures that “The freedom of the individual in all things is maintained, the association does not interfere in any way with the religious, political, or private belief of its members.” O. A. Verity. “Why I Am an Anarchist.” 1:2 (Apr. 1897).

ENDNOTE

1. New Era was the first newspaper issued from Home, Washington, “printed on a used, hand-operated job press that covered only half a page at a time,” and “freely distributed throughout radical circles.” Charles Pierce LeWarne, Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975), 173. 7

The New Order (1919)

Prospectus: [S]tands for: Noninvasive liberty as a paramount individual right. Voluntary society versus compulsory forms. The management of all the affairs of men by individuals, or voluntary associations, each person or group having no power over the noninvasive acts or pursuits of others. 196 NEW TRENDS (1945–1946)

Nonintervention, by aggressive force or violence, in the affairs or liberties of individuals or voluntary associations, irrespective of their nature in other than invasive ways. The use of force justifiable only in repression of absolute crime. Denial of the right of mastery to all-imposing states as well as to individual enslavers, and opposition to every doctrine, theory, institution, or policy based on the principle of absolute authority or com- pulsion; or that does not recognize the higher and independent right of non-invasive individual freedom. Examined: 1:1 (July 1919); 1:3 (Sept. 1919). Editor/Publisher: Edward H. Fulton, Clinton, Iowa Contributor: Steven T. Byington Features/Subjects: Society of the New Order, Excerpts: Edmund Burke, Ben- jamin R. Tucker, Frequency: Monthly OCLC Number: 3960043 Owning Libraries: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library, Rare Book and Manuscript Library

SELECTIONS

“The Society of the New Order Announcement No. 1.” 1:1 (July 1919). Steven T. Byington. “The Foundation.” 1:1 (July 1919). Steven T. Byington. “The Society of the New Order.” 1:3 (Sept. 1919). “What This Magazine Stands For.” 1:3 (Sept. 1919). Succeeding Titles: 1776 American (Clinton, Iowa), Ego (Clinton, Iowa), Egoist (Clinton, Iowa), Mutualist (Clinton, Iowa). 7

New Trends (1945–1946)

Prospectus: Our motto is Freedom—one and indivisible. We will remain true to it and will oppose any attempt to split it up into four, ten, or a hun- dred little freedoms—for everyone to pick and choose from. Freedom for all—or else we shall have four, ten, or a thousand and one forms of slav- ery. We are not attached to any political party—whether behind us, or in front of us. Let us repeat this as emphatically as we can: we have no party shielding us from behind. We trust no party. Because we trust neither power nor capture of power,—whether for ourselves or for others. We NEW TRENDS (1945–1946) 197

have no strings attached to our pen. Criticism will be distributed equally to friend or foe, so long as we consider such criticism well merited. Nei- ther fear nor favoritism will dictate our written word. Examined: 1:1 (Sept. 1945)–1:10 (Aug. 1946) Subtitle: A Magazine of Modern Thought and Action Editor: Alexander Shapiro1 Publication Information: New Trends Associates, Inc., New York, N.Y. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: John N. Beffel, Pierre Besnard, Glenn Carrington (pseud. George Creighton),2 Eric Duane, Joseph Harap, Gabriel Javsicas, George Michel, Sidney Solomon (pseud. Sidney Morrison),3 Jack Schlesinger (pseud. Jack White)4 Features/Subjects: Libertarian Movement, Anarcho-Syndicalism, Fascist Spain, Spanish Government in Exile, Totalitarian Russia, Assassination of Carlo Tresca OCLC Numbers: 1759985, 9367035, 6655168

SELECTIONS

Gabriel Javsicas. “The Anti-Franco Forces in Spain.” 1:1 (Sept. 1945). John N. Beffel. “Warning from Texas.” 1:2 (Oct. 1945). Beffel examines Tex- ans’ attitudes towards fair employment laws and highlights Jim Crow conditions in the South. “Spanish Libertarians Adopt New Program.” 1:3 (Nov. 1945). Pierre Besnard. “French Syndicalism at a Crossroads.” 1:3 (Nov. 1945). Rudolf Rocker. “Origin of Libertarian Thought in America.” 1:4 (Jan. 1946). The concluding chapter from Pioneers of American Freedom. George Michel. “Dark Currents in Russia.” 1:7 (Apr. 1946). George Creighton. “Problems of Negro Migration.” 1:7 (Apr. 1946). National Alliance of Democratic Forces. “Text of the Manifesto.” Issued Sep- tember 1945 from “Somewhere in Spain.” Reprinted from the Novem- ber 10, 1945, issue of Solidaridad Obrera (Mexico City). 7:1 (Apr. 1946). George Creighton. “Avoiding Racial Frustrations.” 1:8 (May 1946). Creighton asks, “Is every member of an oppressed group morally or oth- erwise obligated to be eternally concerned with problems of discrimina- tion against his group?” Rudolph Rocker. “Objectives of Anarcho-Syndicalism.” 1:8 (May 1946)–1:9 (June 1946). Excerpt from Anarcho-Syndicalism. George Woodcock. “Syndicalism and [Georges] Sorel.” 1:9 (June 1946). 198 NEW TRENDS (1945–1946)

“Anarcho-Syndicalism in England.” 1:10 (Aug. 1946). Resolutions adopted by the Anarchist Federation in Britain. Reprinted from the March 1946 issue of Direct Action (London).

Assassination of Carlo Tresca

Eric Duane. “Fog over the Tresca Case.” 1:3 (Nov. 1945). Eric Duane. “Tresca Case Dogs [Frank S.] Hogan.” 1:4 (Jan. 1946). Eric Duane. “Tresca ‘Clues’ on Page 1.” 1:5/6 (Feb.–Mar. 1946).

Issue 1:5/6 (Feb.–Mar. 1946)

Note: This issue features articles addressing the question of whether the CNT should collaborate with the Spanish government in exile in order to “uproot Franco.” “Unite for the Defense of Spain.” Reprinted from the November 24, 1945, issue of Solidaridad Obrera (Mexico City). “Youth and Terror.” Reprinted from the December 8, 1945, issue of Soli- daridad Obrera (Mexico City). “Opposed to Collaboration.” Signed ESGLEAS, secretary, for the National Committee of the MLE-CNT in France, Sept. 30, 1945. Jose Viadiu. “An Inescapable Dilemma.” Reprinted from the September 1945 issue of Estudios Sociales (Mexico City). Gabriel Javsicas. “Spain-in-Exile: Its Background.”

NOTE

“Build a libertarian movement! Subscribe to New Trends!” 1:7 (Apr. 1946)–1:8 (May 1946).

ENDNOTES

1. No editor was identified in the issues I examined, but according to Paul Avrich, Alexander Shapiro was the editor of New Trends. See Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 532. 2. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 423. 3. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 446. 4. Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 423–24. 7 OPEN VISTAS (1925) 199 Open Vistas (1925)

Prospectus: It will give us great satisfaction to offer to the readers in Open Vistas the views of some of the great iconoclasts on social life: views subversive of the present order and emphasizing the necessity for a complete social transformation. Art and Revolution, the two insepara- ble twins. Examined: 1:1 (Jan.–Feb. 1925)–1:6 (Dec. 1925) Subtitle: A Bi-Monthly of Life and Letters Editors: Hippolyte Havel and Joseph J. Ishill Publication Information: Free Spirit Press: Stelton, N.J., 1:1 (Jan.–Feb. 1925)–1:3 (May–June 1925); Berkeley Heights, N.J., 1:4/5 (Nov. 1925)–1:6 (Dec. 1925) Frequency: Bimonthly Contributors: Gustave Brocher, Maurice Duvalet, Elie Faure, Rose Florence Freeman, Isaac Goldberg, Richard Jefferies, Henry S. Salt, Marguerite Tracy Features/Subjects: Poetry, Short Stories, Woodcuts, Literary Criticism, Book Reviews, Excerpts: Havelock Ellis, Francisco Ferrer, William Godwin, William Morris, Friedrich Nietzsche, Elisee Reclus OCLC Numbers: 31160447, 31680918

SELECTIONS

Rose Florence Freeman. “Carved Crosses.” 1:1 (Jan.–Feb. 1925). Hippolyte Havel. “Art and the Social Life.” 1:2 (Mar.–Apr. 1925). Havel con- tends that “It is the discontented intellectuals who are the leading spirits in the struggle.” Dyer D. Lum. “The Tramp” and “Irene.” 1:2 (Mar.–Apr. 1925). Two previ- ously unpublished poems. Mrs. Havelock Ellis. “Love as a Fine Art.” 1:3 (May–June 1925). Excerpt from posthumous book The New Horizon in Love and Life. Elie Faure. “Elie Reclus.” 1:3 (May–June 1925). Henry S. Salt. “A Faddist’s Diversions.” 1:4/5 (Nov. 1925). Gustave Brocher. “A Brave Parisian Lad.” 1:4/5 (Nov. 1925). J. Wm. Lloyd. “A Letter on Tahiti.” 1:6 (Dec. 1925). Joseph Ishill. “ by Alexander Berkman.” 1:6 (Dec. 1925). 7 200 OUR NEW HUMANITY (1895–1897) Our New Humanity (1895–1897)

Prospectus: Our New Humanity hopes to unify, harmonize, and coordinate the various phalanxes of the now disunited army of reform. Our finance re- formers will work more earnestly, more intelligently and effectively be- cause they know that only under a just financial system can mothers give birth to children so well endowed that life will be a blessing to them and not a curse. Our land reformers will work more diligently, more ration- ally and hopefully when they see and know that the “free home”—the untaxed home, is one of the necessary conditions under which mother- hood can do its perfect work. Our marriage and divorce reformers will re- ceive new inspiration when they fully realize that our present laws and customs regarding marriage are the most prolific source of crime, vice and imbecility, through prenatal impression. And so on to the end of the chapter of reforms. Examined: 1:1 (Sept. 1895)–2:3 (Apr. 1897)1 Editor: Moses Harman Publication Information: Our New Humanity Publishing Co.: Topeka, Kans., 1:1 (Sept. 1895)–1:3 (Mar. 1896); Chicago, Ill., 1:4 (June 1896)–2:3 (Apr. 1897) Frequency: Quarterly Contributors: Francis Barry, Lucinda B. Chandler, Albert Chavannes, Lucy N. Coleman, E. B. Foote Jr., Lillian Harman, Lizzie M. Holmes (pseud. May Huntley),2 Charles L. James, Mary Florence Johnson, J. William Lloyd, James F. Morton Jr., Oscar Rotter, Charlotte Perkins Stetson, Ed- win C. Walker, Alvin Warren, Ella Wheeler, Ernest Winne Features/Subjects: Free Motherhood, Free Love, Marriage Question, Free Thought, Poetry OCLC Numbers: 1761587, 19333297

SELECTIONS

Robert C. Adams. “Love and Law.” 1:1 (Sept. 1895). Adams responds to the Arena’s (Boston) symposium on age of consent laws. “‘Prostitution within the Marriage Bond.’ An Epoch-Making Article.” 1:1 (Sept. 1895). The author reviews Benjamin O. Flower’s article published in the June 1895 issue of Arena (Boston). May Huntley. “A Common Story Seldom Told.” 1:1 (Sept. 1895). OUR NEW HUMANITY (1895–1897) 201

“Persecutions of Moses Harman.” 1:1 (Sept. 1895). This article provides a complete history of Harman’s persecution under the Comstock laws. Reprinted from Advertiser’s Guide. Rachel Campbell. “Prodigal Daughter; Or, the Price of Virtue.” 1:2 (Dec. 1895). An essay read before the Free Love League in Sci- ence Hall Boston, February 1881. Campbell observes that “Organized oppression is well aware of our aim and purpose to effectually overthrow and destroy every form of tyranny and injustice and to break every yoke and fetter that cripples the growth or hinders the happiness of human- ity.” X. “Marriage—What It Was and Is. Will the Coming Woman Marry?” 1:2 (Dec. 1895). X states that “It may perhaps be objected that it is not mar- riage itself but the abuses of marriage that should be eliminated or re- formed, and that the coming woman will accept marriage minus its abuses. Let us not deceive ourselves in a matter so fearfully important. Careful investigation will show us that, as Burke said of ‘government’— ‘the thing, the thing itself, is the abuse!’ To reform the abuses of marriage then is to abolish marriage!” Lizzie M. Holmes. “The ‘Unwomanly’ Woman.” 1:3 (Mar. 1896). An address delivered before the New Century Club, Chicago. Holmes explains that “The true woman . . . is not asking to be a ruler, she is not asking for the privilege to be coarse, masculine, boisterous, rude, [or] pugnacious. She is not asking to be useless, idle, hard, childless, [or] loveless. What she asks and all she asks is the right to own herself; to be recognized as an in- dividual with an equal right with everyone else to do exactly as she pleases limited only by natural obstacles and the equal rights of others. . . . It means that woman shall be considered—as she never has in the history of the world—as a human being—an individual—not alone as wife, mother, [or] sweetheart.” John Beverly Robinson. “The Abolition of Marriage.” 1:4 (June 1896). An address delivered in 1899 before the Manhattan Liberal Club in New York. Alvin Warren. “Reminiscences of Berlin Heights.” 1:4 (June 1896). M. Harman. “Reminiscences—Then and Now.” 1:4 (June 1896). Oscar Rotter. “Jealousy, the Foe of Freedom.” 2:1 (Sept. 1896). Rotter con- cludes that “Love to be true and noble, must be capable of welcoming happiness befalling its object, no matter through what or through whom it is bestowed. It must be free from envy and full of good will. Jealousy is on the other hand incarnate and tyrannical selfishness and therefore in- compatible with and destructive to ideal Love.” 202 THE PEACEFUL REVOLUTIONIST (1833, 1848)

Moses Harman. “Motherhood in Freedom.” 2:1 (Sept. 1896). C. L. Swartz. “The Freedom Not to Do.” 2:2 (Jan. 1897). C. L. James. “True and False Morality.” 2:2 (Jan. 1897). R. B. Kerr. “The Rights of Children.” 2:3 (Apr. 1897). Kerr contends that “The rights of children are two: 1. The right to be born as well as possi- ble. 2. The right to be brought up as well as possible.” M. Harman. “A Free Man’s Creed.” 2:3 (Apr. 1897). Harman explains that “My creed is short . . . I believe in Freedom—the negation of all slaver- ies. I believe in Love—the negation of all hate. I believe in Wisdom, Knowledge utilized—the negation of all ignorance.”

NOTE

Issue 1:2 (Dec. 1895) misnumbered 1:1 (Dec. 1895).

ENDNOTES

1. The Center for Research Libraries has made the full run of Our New Humanity freely available online at http://catalog.crl.edu/record =b1300643~S5. 2. May Huntley was a pseudonym used by Lizzie M. Holmes. Herbert G. Gutman, “Alarm,” in The American Radical Press (1880–1960), ed. Joseph R. Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974), 2:381. 7

The Peaceful Revolutionist (1833, 1848)

Examined: 1:2 (Feb. 5, 1833); 1:4 (Apr. 5, 1833); 2:1 (May 1848) Editor/Publisher: Josiah Warren: Cincinnati, Ohio, 1:2 (Feb. 5, 1833)–1:4 (Apr. 5, 1833); Utopia, Clermont Co., Ohio, 2:1 (May 1848) Correspondents: James Bayliss, E. G. Cubberley Features/Subjects: Equitable Commerce, Individual Sovereignty OCLC Number: 31932227 THE PERIODICAL LETTER (1854–1858) 203

SELECTIONS

“Of Our State Difficulties.” 1:2 (Feb. 5, 1833). The author addresses the question of nullification. “Individuality.” 1:4 (Apr.5, 1833). “Education by Legislation.” 1:4 (Apr. 5, 1833). The author opposes public schools.

NOTES

“Devoted to the Practical Details of Equitable Commerce.” 2:1 (May 1848). “This paper may be considered the continuation of the Peaceful Revolution- ist of 1833, of the ‘Gazette of Equitable Commerce’ and of the ‘Problem Solved’ of 1846. It will be devoted to the description of the practical de- tails of Equitable Commerce as they have been or may be worked out.” 2:1 (May 1848). 7

The Periodical Letter (1854–1858)

Prospectus: Men have always been under or subordinate to their institu- tions, and have been required by authority of some kind to conform to them; but these new institutions or principles are subordinate to the judgment of each individual, singly, each being for himself the supreme deciding power, as to how far he is willing to regulate his business or movements by them. This is a practical novelty, but it is Liberty; and it is the regulator and harmonizer of the whole [Equity] movement. Examined:1 1:3 (Sept. 1854)–2:4 (July 1856); 2nd Series: 1:1 (Sept. 1856)–1:9 (July 1858) Subtitles: On the Principles and Progress of the Equity Movement, 1:3 (Sept. 1854)–1:8 (Mar. 1855); On the Principles and Progress of Equity, 2:3 (Mar. 1856); On Principles and Progress, 2:4 (July 1856)–2nd 1:1 (Sept. 1856); Showing the Practical Applications of the Principles of Equity, 2nd 1:3 (Dec. 1856)–2nd 1:9 (July 1858) 204 THE PERIODICAL LETTER (1854–1858)

Editor/Publisher: Josiah Warren: Long Island, N.Y., 1:3 (Sept. 1854)–1:8 (Mar. 1855); Boston, Mass., 2:3 (Mar. 1856)–2nd 1:3 (Dec. 1856); Long Island, N.Y., 2nd 1:5 (July 1857)–2nd 1:9 (July 1858) Correspondents: Stephen Pearl Andrews, A. C. Cuddon, William Pare, La Roy Sunderland Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Features/Subjects: Equity Villages, Houses of Equity, Principle of Equivalents, Equitable Money, Individual Sovereignty, Equitable Commerce OCLC Numbers: 34940379, 191223353, 191222642

SELECTIONS

“Notes of the Past. Conversation on the Rights of Property. 1851.” 1:6 (Jan. 1855). “Equitable Intercourse with Children.” 1:6 (Jan. 1855). “Curiosities of Liberty.” 1:7 (Feb. 1855). “Security of Person and Property.” 1:7 (Feb. 1855)–1:8 (Mar. 1855). “Division of Labor.” 1:7 (Feb. 1855)–1:8 (Mar. 1855). “Houses of Equity.” 2:3 (Mar. 1856). “A Glance at the Causes of War.” 2:3 (Mar. 1856). “Equity Stores.” 2nd 1:3 (Dec. 1856). “Money.” 2nd 1:3 (Dec. 1856); 2nd 1:6 (Sept. 1857)–2nd 1:7 (Jan. 1858). “‘Individual Sovereignty’ as a Regulator of Human Intercourse.” 2nd 1:5 (July 1857)–2nd 1:6 (Sept. 1857). S.P.A. “The Sovereignty of the Individual.” 2nd 1:6 (Sept. 1857). “Our Civilization.” 2nd 1:8 (Apr. 1858).

NOTE

“To those who have not lost all hope of justice, order, and peace on earth.” 1:3 (Sept. 1854)–1:8 (Mar. 1855).

ENDNOTE

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:3 (Sept. 1854); 1:5 (Dec. 1854)–1:8 (Mar. 1855); 2:3 (Mar. 1856)–2:4 (July 1856); 2nd Series: 1:1 (Sept. 1856); 1:3 (Dec. 1856); 1:5 (July 1857)–1:9 (July 1858). 7 QUARTERLY LETTER (1867) 205 The Petrel (1904)

Prospectus: Our motto: “You will not bend, you will not break us!” Neces- sity is the mother of our methods: Force contra force! Our “Three qualities of success are, to dare, to dare, and again to dare!” Our con- ditions of surrender: To return and again renew the fight in the near future. Examined: 1:1 (Feb. 1, 1904)–1:3 (Feb. 29, 1904) Subtitle: An Anarchist-Communist Periodical, 1:1 (Feb. 1, 1904) Editor/Publisher:1 Samuel Mintz, San Francisco, Calif. Contributors: Henry Glasse, Siegfried Nacht Frequency: Semimonthly Features/Subjects: Labor Movement, Reprints: Errico Malatesta, Emile Zola, Peter Kropotkin Owning Library: Harvard University, Houghton Library (Available on mi- crofilm reel containing Land and Liberty)

SELECTIONS

Siegfried Nacht. “The Social Revolution and Death.” 1:2 (Feb. 15, 1904). Henry Glasse. “The Superstition of Government.” 1:3 (Feb. 29, 1904).

ENDNOTE

1. Samuel Mintz is the only person identified as editor in the issues I ex- amined. But according to Paul Avrich, Eugene Travaglio also served as editor of the Petrel. See Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 532. 7

Quarterly Letter (1867)

Examined: 1 (Oct. 1867) Editor/Publisher: Josiah Warren, Cliftondale, Mass. OCLC Number: 34979877 206 RADICAL REVIEW (1877–1878)

Owning Libraries: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection and Hatcher Graduate Library—Serials and Microforms; University of Wisconsin at Madison, Historical Society Library Pamphlet Collection

SELECTION

Josiah Warren. “Labor for Labor: Its Origin and the Way It Has Worked.”

NOTES

Devoted Mainly to Showing the Practical Applications and Progress of “Eq- uity.” A Subject of Serious Importance to All Classes, but Most Immediately to the Men and Women of Labor and Sorrow! By the Author of “Equitable Commerce,” “The Periodical Letter,” “True Civ- ilization,” etc. 7

Radical Review (1877–1878)1

Prospectus: The Radical Review, as its name implies, is a publication for the thorough, fearless, and impartial discussion of all sides of all subjects per- taining to human welfare, whether social, economic, scientific, literary, aesthetic, or religious. Although under radical management, or rather be- cause under radical management, it shows no partiality to any particular school or special system of belief. Sincerity and earnestness of purpose, depth and subtlety of thought, ability and propriety of presentation— these, regardless of conclusions reached, are the principal qualifications essential in commanding admission to its pages. Examined: 1:1 (May 1877)–1:4 (Feb. 1878) Editor/Publisher: Benjamin R. Tucker, New Bedford, Mass. Frequency: Quarterly Contributors: Stephen Pearl Andrews, B. W. Ball, Ezra H. Heywood, Dyer D. Lum, Sidney H. Morse, Lysander Spooner, John Weiss RADICAL REVIEW (1877–1878) 207

Features/Subjects: Poetry, Religion (Reform), “Current Literature,” Labor Bank, Money Monopoly, Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Reprint: Elie Reclus OCLC Number: 5038103

SELECTIONS

P. J. Proudhon. “System of Economical Contradictions: or, the Philosophy of Misery.” 1:1 (May 1877)–1:4 (Feb. 1878). Elie Reclus. “Female Kinship and Maternal Filiation.” 1:2 (Aug. 1877). Stephen Pearl Andrews. “The Labor Dollar.” 1:2 (Aug. 1877). Ezra H. Heywood. “The Great Strike: Its Relations to Labor, Property, and Government.” 1:3 (Nov. 1877). J. K. Ingalls. “Work and Wealth.” 1:4 (Feb. 1878).

Money Monopoly

Lysander Spooner. “Our Financiers: Their Ignorance, Usurpations, and Frauds.” 1:1 (May 1877). Lysander Spooner. “The Law of Prices: A Demonstration of the Necessity for an Indefinite Increase of Money.” 1:2 (Aug. 1877). Lysander Spooner. “Gold and Silver as Standards of Value: The Flagrant Cheat in Regard to Them.” 1:4 (Feb. 1878).

NOTE

Advertisement for P. J. Proudhon’s What Is Property? and Josiah Warren’s True Civilization appears on the back cover of each issue.

ENDNOTE

1. Radical Review has been described as the one organ in which the promi- nent pioneer expositors of American anarchism were united. James J. Martin, Men against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908 (DeKalb, Ill.: Adrian Allen, 1953), 204. For a com- prehensive index of Radical Review, see Wendy McElroy, “Index to the 208 THE REBEL (1895–1896)

Radical Review” Memory Hole http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/radical revindex.shtml (accessed 14 April 2009). 7

The Rebel (1895–1896)1

Prospectus: Our motto is: Educate, in order to understand our true value as workers in society; Agitate, in order to arouse our apathetic fellow work- ers; Organize, to overthrow the power of government, capitalism, and su- perstition, and thus pave the way for that bright future when the work- ers shall have free access to the means of life, and the world shall cease to know misery, poverty, and crime. Examined: 1:1 (Sept. 20, 1895)–1:6 (Mar.–Apr. 1896)2 Subtitles: A Monthly Journal Devoted to the Exposition of Anarchist Com- munism; An Anarchist-Communist Journal Devoted to the Solution of the Labor Question Editors: Charles W. Mowbray, Harry M. Kelly, and Nahum H. Berman3 Publication Information: Rebel Group, Boston, Mass. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Voltairine de Cleyre (pseud. X.Y.Z.),4 John H. Edelmann, A. Hamon, A. Henry, Lizzie M. Holmes, Lucy E. Parsons, John Turner, Ross Winn Features/Subjects: Anarchists Movement News, Ladies Liberal League, Hay- market Martyrs, Labor Strikes, Charles W. Mowbray’s Propaganda Tour, International Socialist Workers and Trade-Union Congress, Paris Com- mune, Reprints: Peter Kropotkin, Louise Michel OCLC Numbers: 1714446, 30654126, 5348816, 6567264, 145199493

SELECTIONS

William C. Owen. “Freedom or Protection? Which?” 1:1 (Sept. 20, 1895). “Government and Anarchy.” 1:1 (Sept. 20, 1895). The editors ask and an- swer, “What is anarchy? The negation of government. What is the nega- tion of government? The affirmation of the people. What is the affirma- tion of the people? Individual liberty. What is individual liberty? The sovereignty of each. What is the sovereignty of each? Equality. What is THE REBEL (1895–1896) 209

equality? Solidarity. What is solidarity? Social order. What, then, is anar- chy? SOCIAL ORDER!” Peter Kropotkin. “The New Era.” 1:1 (Sept. 20, 1895)–1:4 (Jan. 1896); 1:6 (Mar.–Apr. 1896). Pietro Gori. “The Tyranny of the Ruling Class in Italy (An Open Letter to the American Comrades).” 1:2 (Oct. 20, 1895). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Past and Future of the Ladies Liberal League.” 1:2 (Oct. 20, 1895)–1:4 (Jan. 1896). A White Southerner. “The American Negro.” 1:4 (Jan. 1896). The author concludes that “The color line Confederate South, the Papacy, and capi- talism constitute the hydra-headed monster which the American Negro as well as the white wage slave has to face. This triple alliance of oppression is aided by protestant plutocracy. This formidable union of barbarism, ec- clesiasticism, and capitalism will in time surely wreck the Republic.” “A Few Hints to an Enquirer.” 1:5 (Feb. 1896)–1:6 (Mar.–Apr. 1896). The author provides a “living conception of the views and aspirations of anarchists-communists.” H.E. “Anarchy Pure and Simple.” 1:5 (Feb. 1896). A letter addressed to John H. Edelmann, written for Solidarity.

International Socialists and Trade-Union Congress

John H. Edelmann. “The International Congress.” 1:2 (Oct. 20, 1895). Re- flecting on the social democratic promoters of the Congress, Edelmann notes that “ is attractive to those who long for a new so- ciety and would like to get it without paying the inevitable price of rev- olution.” “Manifesto Issued by the London Anarchist Alliance. The International So- cialist Workers and Congress 1896.” 1:2 (Oct. 20, 1895). The manifesto denounces as treason to the cause of labor the exclusion of anarchists from the Congress due to their rejection of political action.

Eleventh of November

Ross Winn. “A Voice from Texas.” 1:2 (Oct. 20, 1895). Winn contends that the martyrdom of the Chicago anarchists “was the real beginning of the anarchist propaganda in America.” William Holmes. “A Crime and Its Results.” 1:3 (Nov. 1895). X.Y.Z. “The Fruit of the Sacrifice.” 1:3 (Nov. 1895). 210 THE REBEL (1895–1896)

Labor Strikes

A. Henry. “The Carmaux Strike [in France].” 1:4 (Jan. 1896). “A Bloody Attack on Workingmen at Davos, Switzerland.” 1:4 (Jan. 1896). Reprinted from Le Plebien (Dison, Belgium). X.Y.Z. “The Philadelphia Street Car Strike.” 1:4 (Jan. 1896).

Paris Commune

Louise Michel. “The Eighteenth of March.” 1:6 (Mar.–Apr. 1896). John H. Edelmann. “The Commune of Paris.” 1:6 (Mar.–Apr. 1896).

NOTE

Printed by Union Cooperative Printing Society.

ENDNOTES

1. The Rebel raised $70 for its first issue by holding a raffle in which the first place prize was a tailor-made suit. See Robert D. Marcus, “The Rebel,” in The American Radical Press (1880–1960), ed. Joseph R. Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974), 2:389. 2. The full run of the Rebel (1895–1896) is freely available online at http:// libertarian-labyrinth.org/wiki/index.php?title=the_Rebel_(1895–1896) (accessed 17 March 2009). 3. In the masthead of the Rebel, only Charles W. Mowbray is identified as the editor. However, according to Paul Avrich, although Mowbray’s name ap- peared as editor of the Rebel, Berman was in fact “the editor and compos- itor” as well as “writer, publisher, and pressman.” Paul Avrich, An Ameri- can Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 128. On the other hand, Falk, Pateman, and Moran credit Harry Kelly, Charles W. Mowbray, and Nahum Berman as coeditors of the Rebel. Candace Falk, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds., Made for America, 1890–1901, vol. 1 of Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years (Berkeley: University of Cali- fornia Press, 2003–2005), 537. 4. Avrich, An American Anarchist, 105. 7 REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918) 211 Regeneración (1910–1918)1

Prospectus: Here we are again in the field, the torch of revolution in our right hand and the program of the liberal party in the left, and we declare war. We are not whining messengers of peace, we are revolutionists. Our bal- lots will be the bullets issuing from our rifles. Examined: 1 (Sept. 3, 1910)–262 (Mar. 16, 1918)2 Subtitles: Semanal Revolucionario, 1 (Sept. 3, 1910)–241 (Jul 29, 1916); Pe- riodico Revolucionario, 242 (Aug. 12, 1916)–262 (Mar. 16, 1918) Editors: Anselmo L. Figueroa, 1 (Sept. 3, 1910)–205 (Mar. 6, 1915); Enrique F. Magón, 206 (Oct. 2, 1915)–262 (Mar. 16, 1918) Editors (English Section): Alfred Sanftleban, 1 (Sept. 3, 1910)–15 (Dec. 10, 1910); Ethel D. Turner, 19 (Jan. 7, 1911)–32 (Apr. 8, 1911); William C. Owen,3 33 (Apr. 15, 1911)–114 (Nov. 2, 1912), and 125 (Jan. 25, 1913)–249 (Nov. 25, 1916) Publication Information: Los Angeles, Calif. Frequency: Varied (Weekly) Contributors: R. G. Cox, R. B. Garcia, Stanley M. Gue, Georgia Kotsch, Celso Marquina, P. D. Noel, William C. Owen, John K. Turner, Mary F. Winnen, Valdez Zarate Features/Subjects: Mexican Revolution, Mexican Liberal Party, Neutrality Law Case, Zapatistas, L.A. Times Explosion (1910)—Case of James B. and John J. McNamara, Syndicalism, San Diego Free Speech Fight, Jesus Rangel, Charles Cline et al.—Constructive Murder Case, Unemployed, Great War (WWI), Suppression of Radical Papers OCLC Numbers: 7107272, 17020547, 5661347, 33157263, 10611764, 213511485

SELECTIONS

“Platform of the Mexican Liberal Party.” 1 (Sept. 3, 1910). Concluding with the slogan “Reform, Liberty, and Justice,” the platform was originally is- sued by the Junta of the Liberal Party of Mexico, from St. Louis, Mis- souri, on July 1, 1906. Antonio I. Villarreal. “Reminiscences of My Prison Life.” 2 (Sept. 10, 1910)–4 (Sept. 24, 1910). Praxedis G. Guerrero. “Episodes of the Revolution of 1908.” 4 (Sept. 24, 1910)–5 (Oct. 1, 1910). 212 REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918)

“Program of the Liberal Party and Manifesto to .” 6 (Oct. 8, 1910)–13 (Nov. 26, 1910). This manifesto was originally issued by the Junta of the Liberal Party of Mexico, from St. Louis, Missouri, on July 1, 1906. Antonio I. Villarreal. “Organize and Rise to Manhood. A Call to Mexicans in the United States.” 12 (Nov. 19, 1910). Villarreal points out that “in this cosmopolitan republic no other race is more despised and lives under greater oppression than ours,” and encourages Mexicans to organize unions and to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor. John K. Turner. “The American Partners of Diaz.” 15 (Dec. 10, 1910). Ex- cerpt from Barbarous Mexico. Eugene V. Debs. “Just a Word, Mr. President.” 16 (Dec. 17, 1910). Debs states that “The Mexican people . . . are rising against Diaz and his Wall Street administration of assassination in Mexico and they are going to overthrow that bloody despotism, based upon the robbery of the people, and maintained by force and murder, in spite of the aid and comfort and connivance of your administration in the United States.” Ricardo F. Magón. “The Work of Alfred G. Sanftleban.” 17 (Dec. 24, 1910). Magón announces and rejects the resignation of Sanftleban, who had served as editor of the English-language section since its inception. “The Revolution Is Winning.” 18 (Dec. 31, 1910). Ricardo F. Magón. “Praxedis G. Guerrero Dead.” 20 (Jan. 14, 1911). Trans- lated by “El Cronista.” Ricardo F. Magón. “Awake, Proletarian.” 21 (Jan. 21, 1911). “Juarez Falls to Rebels.” 23 (Feb. 4, 1911). “Gompers and Magón.” 31 (Apr. 1, 1911). This story features an exchange of letters between , president of the A.F. of L., and Ricardo F. Magón. Organized Junta of the Mexican Liberal Party. “Manifesto to the Workers of the World.” 32 (Apr. 8, 1911). This manifesto requests “a world-wide protest against the interference of the powers in Mexican Affairs, class conscious workers determined to propagate the doctrine of social eman- cipation . . . and money for the support of the social revolution.” William C. Owen. “Away with Shams.” 33 (Apr. 15, 1911). Owen suggests that the American press is deluded if it believes the Mexican peon’s eco- nomic revolution “against the absentee landlord and money leech . . . can be settled by giving Madero, or any other reformer, office.” E.D.T. “[William] Stanley Dies in Glorious Victory.” 33 (Apr. 15, 1911). “Emma Goldman in Hearty Sympathy.” 34 (Apr. 22, 1911). Goldman de- nounces the enslavement of the Mexican people by absentee syndicates REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918) 213

and suggests that the Mexican Revolution transcends all “isms” and de- serves sympathy, solidarity, and financial contributions from all wings of the great army of discontent. Ethel D. Turner. “Simon Berthold. Rebel Soldier [Is Dead].” 36 (May 6, 1911). “Four Weeks of Revolution.” 39 (May 27, 1911)–40 (June 3, 1911). A sum- mary of events chronicled by Regeneración between April 29 and May 20, 1911. “Zapatista Activity Shows No Signs of Abating.” 59 (Oct. 14, 1911). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Land and Liberty. Its Message to Mankind.” 61 (Oct. 28, 1911)–62 (Nov. 4, 1911). Reprinted from Mother Earth. Wm. C. Owen. “[Jose] Limantour Still the Power behind the Throne.” 62 (Nov. 4, 1911). Voltairine de Cleyre. “Will the Struggle Be Drowned in Blood?” 63 (Nov. 11, 1911)–64 (Nov. 18, 1911). Reprinted from the Bohemian weekly, Volne Listy (New York). Wm. C. Owen. “What Wall Street Means to Mexico.” 64 (Nov. 18, 1911). Wm. C. Owen. “United States Intervention Again Threatened.” 65 (Nov. 25, 1911). “Zapata Represents Aspirations of the Masses.” 65 (Nov. 25, 1911)–66 (Dec. 2, 1911). The editor announces that “we at Regeneración hail him as a com- rade, for with all the force at his command he is encouraging and aiding his brother Indians, and the peasantry in general, to take back the land.” Ricardo F. Magón. “‘Intervention!’ Is Wall Street’s Cry.” 66 (Dec. 2, 1911). Wm. C. Owen. “Reyes’ Military Program Comes to Utter Grief. Land Ques- tion Forges to the Front with Great Rapidity. Zapata Declares He Will Hang Madero within a Month.” 70 (Dec. 30, 1911). “Progress and Outcome of Mexican Revolution.” 74 (Jan. 27, 1912), contin- ued by “Mexico’s Struggle for Economic Freedom.” 76 (Feb. 10, 1912)–78 (Feb. 24, 1912); 82 (Mar. 23, 1912). Ricardo F. Magón. “Why This Fight Is Irrepressible.” 78 (Feb. 24, 1912). “All Mexico in Grip of Guerilla Warfare.” 91 (May 25, 1912). William Z. Foster. “Direct Action.” 97 (July 6, 1912). Foster argues that the A.F. of L. could be radicalized by the agitation of a militant minority within the old trade unions. Aristide Pratelle. “Then and Now. Past and Present of Mexico Sketched.” 97 (July 6, 1912)–99 (July 20, 1912); 101 (Aug. 3, 1912). Reprinted from Les Temps Nouveaux (Paris). Enrique F. Magón. “Mexico’s Struggle as the Magóns Know It.” 98 (July 13, 1912)–102 (Aug. 10, 1912). 214 REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918)

Hippolyte Havel and Harry Kelly. “The Syndicalist League.” 115 (Nov. 9, 1912). Ricardo F. Magón. “What Good Is Authority?” 116 (Nov. 16, 1912). Trans- lated by William C. Owen. Lucy E. Parsons. “The Eleventh of November, 1887.” 117 (Nov. 23, 1912). Wm. C. Owen. “Why Should Slaves Respect the Law?” 125 (Jan. 25, 1913). “What Zapata Stands For.” 143 (May 31, 1913). This article features a man- ifesto issued by Zapata and thirteen other leaders of independent forces. “Free Speech Again Suppressed.” 144 (June 1913). The author reports the ar- rest of IWW organizers and striking silk workers in New York and New Jersey on charges of unlawful assemblage, rioting, and inciting hostility to the government. “[Pedro] Esteve Writes for Those Who Can’t Understand.” 147 (June 28, 1913)–148 (July 5, 1913). Translated and reprinted from Cultura Ob- rera (New York). Ricardo F. Magón. “To Arms! To Arms! For Land and Liberty.” 148 (July 5, 1913). Wm. C. Owen. “Free Speech Crushed. What Can You Expect?” 152 (Aug. 2, 1913). Wm. C. Owen. “Let the Economic Attack Be Straight.” 155 (Aug. 30, 1913). Reviewing “The I.W.W. and Revolution” by Frank Chester Pease, which appeared in the Aug. 1913 issue of The Forum (New York). Wm. C. Owen. “What Is Your Idea of Revolution?” 162 (Oct. 25, 1913). Originally written for Malatesta’s paper, Volonta. Wm. C. Owen. “Why Intervene?” 172 (Jan. 10, 1914)–173 (Jan. 24, 1914). Reprinted from Everyman. Enrique F. Magón. “Back Again to Our Post.” 174 (Jan. 31, 1914). Wm. C. Owen. “Emma Goldman and the Intellectuals.” 180 (Mar. 14, 1914). Wm. C. Owen. “[Har] Dayal Arrested.” 183 (Apr. 4, 1914). Dayal, a well- known “Hindu revolutionist” and founder of the Bakunin Institute, was arrested at the instigation of the British government under the federal anti-anarchist law. Ricardo F. Magón. “For Land and Liberty.” 203 (Nov. 28, 1914). “Manifesto: The Organizing Junta of the Mexican Liberal Party. To the Work- ers of the United States.” 205 (Mar. 6, 1915). “Manifesto to Mexicans. Issued by Emiliano Zapata and Signed by Him and Thirty-Four Officers, August, 1914.” 208 (Oct. 16, 1915)–209 (Oct. 23, 1915). Wm. C. Owen. “The Propagandists Golden Opportunity Is Now.” 224 (Feb. 5, 1916). Originally written for Volne Listy (New York). REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918) 215

Wm. C. Owen. “Surely Against Invasion All Must Unite.” 240 (July 12, 1916). Owen states that Zapata’s decision to join forces with Huerta to repel an invasion by the United States ranks Zapata as “a real revolutionist; the most clear-headed, practical, and successful leader operating beyond the border.” Further, Owen contends that “every nation has to sink, for the time being, its class struggles and internal feuds, the moment it finds it- self facing an armed invader.” Wm. C. Owen. “Priest, Soldier, State Are Out of Date.” 246 (Oct. 14, 1916). Emma Goldman. “On the Way to Golgotha.” 262 (Mar. 16, 1918). A Feb- ruary 6, 1918, letter written from the Jefferson prison in Jefferson City, Missouri.

Mexican Liberal Party Junta—Neutrality Law Case

Note: Ricardo F. Magón, Enrique F. Magón, Anselmo L. Figueroa, and Li- brado Rivera were arrested on charges of conspiring to violate the neu- trality laws, and sentenced to twenty-three months’ imprisonment in the federal penitentiary at McNeill’s Island, Washington. “Leaders of the Mexican Liberal Party Junta Put under Arrest.” 42 (June 17, 1911). “Junta Leaders Will Stand Penniless in the Dock.” 85 (Apr. 13, 1912). “Junta on Trial.” 93 (June 8, 1912). “Junta Trial Moves with Unexpected Rapidity.” 94 (June 15, 1912). “Junta Held Guilty.” 95 (June 22, 1912). Wm. C. Owen. “No Song of Grief! No Song of Sighs!” 96 (June 29, 1912). “Riot Follows.” 96 (June 29, 1912). “[Capt. Paul] Smith Gives More Details.” 135 (Apr. 5, 1913). Affidavit given in the case against the junta members of the Mexican Liberal Party. “Score Magóns and Praise Otis. Public Prosecutors Throw New Light on Junta Trial.” 136 (Apr. 12, 1913) continued as “Testify to Power of Agi- tation.” 137 (Apr. 19, 1913). Testimony given by assistant U.S. attorney for the Southern District of California; excerpted from Senate Report en- titled “Revolutions in Mexico.” “Another Affidavit.” 138 (Apr. 26, 1913). Featuring the affidavit of Willedd [sic] Andrews. “President Wilson Urged to Act.” 142 (May 24, 1913). Signed by Teo M. Gaitan, Blas Lara, Alberto Tellez, Juan Rincon, Trinidad Villarreal, and William C. Owen (staff of Regeneración, organ of the Mexican Liberal Party). Stanley M. Gue. “Our Comrades Now Free.” 173 (Jan. 24, 1914). 216 REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918)

L.A. Times Explosion (1910)—Case of James B. and John J. McNamara

Wm. C. Owen. “What about the McNamara Case?” 67 (Dec. 9, 1911). “Socialist Papers Busy Hunting Scapegoats.” 68 (Dec. 16, 1911). Wm. C. Owen. “McNamara Case and Socialism.” 73 (Jan. 20, 1912).

San Diego Free Speech Fight

“One Hundred Jailed.” 89 (May 11, 1912). Wm. C. Owen. “For All This Must San Diego Answer.” 90 (May 18, 1912). “Joseph Mikolasek.” 90 (May 18, 1912). This story reports the police killing of an IWW soap-boxer. “San Diego’s Curse.” 91 (May 25, 1912). “Emma Driven Out of San Diego. With [Ben] Reitman and [William] Gerke Thrown into Jail.” 142 (May 24, 1913).

Jesus Rangel, Charles Cline, et al.—Constructive Murder Case

Note: On September 11, 1913, Rangel, Cline, and their small party of dedi- cated revolutionaries, syndicalists, and wobblies (members of the IWW) attempted to cross the border into Mexico but were intercepted by Texas Rangers who killed their sentry, Sylvestre Lomas. On September 13, Texas Rangers and U.S. Cavalry again attacked Rangel and his party at Carrizo Springs, killing three Mexicans but losing one of their own, Deputy Sheriff Ortiz. Rangel and his party were taken into custody and charged with constructive murder. Six of them faced the death penalty. “Mexican Notes: A Legal Tangle.” 157 (Sept. 20, 1913). “Twenty-Five Years.” 160 (Oct. 11, 1913). “This Is Your Cause; That of Each One of You.” 161 (Oct. 18, 1913). Covington Hall. “I.W.W. to the Rescue.” 162 (Oct. 25, 1913). Reprinted from Voice of the People (New Orleans). J. M. Rangel. “Rangel Appeals to Workers.” Reprinted from Voice of the Peo- ple (New Orleans). Frank Roney. “For Our Texas Comrades.” 162 (Oct. 25, 1913). “Campaign Started” and “Rangel-Cline Defense Fund Formed.” 163 (Nov. 1, 1913). “Working to Save Them from the Gallows.” 164 (Nov. 8, 1913). Antonio P. Araujo. “To Texas Workers.” 165 (Nov. 15, 1913). Rangel-Cline Defense Fund. “To Socialists.” 169 (Dec. 13, 1913). “Constructive Murder.” 178 (Feb. 28, 1914). REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918) 217

Georgia Kotsch. “Rangle-Cline Defense Meeting.” 190 (May 23, 1914). Stanley M. Gue. “The Real Crime of Rangel and Cline.” 191 (May 30, 1914). Enrique F. Magón. “Agitation, Publicity and Money Shall Save the Lives of Rangel Cline et al.” 193 (June 27, 1914). Enrique F. Magón. “[Leonardo L.] Vasquez Sentenced.” 197 (July 25, 1914). Anselmo L. Figueroa. “Let Us Quit Slumber!” 198 (Aug. 8, 1914). Enrique F. Magón. “Our Comrades in Texas.” 201 (Sept. 26, 1914). “Letter of Thanks from J. M. Rangel.” 205 (Mar. 6, 1915). “Rangel-Cline Resolution.” 207 (Oct. 9, 1915). Signed by Fred Batchler and addressed to James E. Ferguson, governor of Texas. Georgia Kotsch. “Lest We Forget Rangel and Cline.” 209 (Oct. 23, 1915). Enrique F. Magón. “Stop It.” 220 (Jan. 8, 1916). Magón reports the murder of Lucio R. Ortiz by a prison guard. Covington Hall. “Shall Cline Be Abandoned?” 230 (Mar. 18, 1916). R. G. Cox. “Our Texas Prisoners.” 245 (Sept. 30, 1916). Cox reports the murder of Eugenio Alzalde by a prison guard.

Great War (WWI)

Wm. C. Owen. “The European War.” 202 (Nov. 14, 1914). Owen encour- ages the revolutionary movement to “study the evidence as to the origin of this war, because as between invader and invaded no honest man is jus- tified in standing neutral.” Wm. C. Owen. “Imperialism Means Blood in Torrents.” 204 (Dec. 12, 1914). Owen reveals that “Intellectually and spiritually I am the foe of the invader and whatever might be his nationality I would do my ut- most to expel him. If he were my own brother I would assist in pun- ishing him, for I see in him the universal foe, who strips men of their rights, makes them bow beneath the yoke, reduces them to helpless- ness and is, therefore, the direct author of all that poverty, ignorance, and crime which still beset this thoughtless yet thought-distracted world.” Wm. C. Owen. “Do You Believe That Might Makes Right?” 213 (Nov. 20, 1915). Owen exclaims that “It is shameful to proclaim for years solidar- ity with the people in all their struggles and draw back into one’s shell when the real struggles come along. Alleged revolutionists who stand in- differently neutral toward the Mexican upheaval do precisely that. Al- leged revolutionists who stand indifferent toward what has taken place in Europe do even worse than that. . . . The revolutionary movement has 218 REGENERACIÓN (1910–1918)

proved wanting in the hour of trial; and it is necessary to probe for the causes mercilessly.” Wm. C. Owen. “Shall America Also Be Forced to Militarism?” 218 (Dec. 25, 1915). Owen points out that Germany’s military is “forcing the curse of militarism on all the world.”

Magón Brothers—Regeneración—Incitement Case

Note: The Magón brothers were arrested February 18, 1916, on charges of in- citing murder, arson, and treason through the mails. Owen, also indicted, apparently went underground. R. B. Garcia. “The Inquisition Continues.” 227 (Feb. 26, 1916). Celso Marquina. “Arrest of the Magóns.” 227 (Feb. 26, 1916). Celso Marquina. “The Prosecution of ‘Regeneracion.’” 228 (Mar. 4, 1916). R. B. Garcia. “Notes on the Magón Case.” 229 (Mar. 11, 1916)–230 (Mar. 181, 1916). Wm. C. Owen. “The Way I Judge Invasions.” 231 (Mar. 25, 1916). “The Articles in Question.” 232 (Apr. 1, 1916), continued by “The Second Indicted Article.” 233 (Apr. 8, 1916), “The Third Indicted Article.” 235 (Apr. 22, 1916), and “The Fourth Indicted Article.” 236 (Apr. 29, 1916), which reproduced the articles the indictment against the Regeneración ed- itors was based on. P. D. Noel. “Shall Free Thought Be Throttled?” 232 (Apr. 1, 1916). R. G. Cox. “Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón Convicted.” 238 (May 13, 1916). R. G. Cox. “Magón Brothers Sentenced and Released on Bail Pending Ap- peal.” 240 (July 12, 1916). Cox announces that Ricardo was sentenced to one year and Enrique to three years in prison, and credits Emma Gold- man and Alexander Berkman with gaining their release. “Address by Enrique Flores Magón Suppressed by the Federal Court of Los Angeles, June 22, 1916.” 241 (July 29, 1916)–244 (Sept. 16, 1916); 249 (Nov. 25, 1916).

ENDNOTES

1. On September 3, 1910, after spending three years in prison, Ricardo Flo- res Magón revived the Mexican Liberal Party’s (PLM) weekly organ, Re- generación. New to the paper was a one-page English-language section, initially designed to appeal to the American Socialists and labor elements RESISTANCE (1947–1954) 219

that had shown support for the PLM over the previous three years. Ac- cording to James A. Sandos, “Regeneración had become genuinely bina- tional in its concerns.” James A. Sandos, Rebellion in the Borderlands: An- archism and the Plan of San Diego, 1904–1923 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 18. With the addition of William C. Owen in April 1911, the PLM’s anarchism became explicit in the English section of Regeneración. Voltairine de Cleyre would later commend the paper for containing more genuine fighting anarchism than “the rest of our publi- cations put together!” Paul Avrich, An American Anarchist: The life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 227. 2. I only examined the one-page English section of Regeneración. The entire run of Regeneración (1910–1918) is freely available online at http://www .archivomagon.net/Inicio.html (accessed 17 March 2009). 3. In no. 114 Regeneración announced that William C. Owen would no longer be editor of the English section. For nos. 115–148, no person is identified as editor of the English section. Nonetheless, I have chosen to credit Owen as editor for numbers 125–148 given the appearance of weekly lead editorials from Owen. 7

Resistance (1947–1954)

Prospectus: We offer no blueprints of a future society, no handed-down pro- gram, no ready-made philosophy. We ask you to stop depending on oth- ers for leadership, and to think and act for yourselves. Organized mass murder, called “war”—conquest and plundering of nations, called “liber- ation”—regimentation of human beings, called “patriotism”—economic exploitation and poverty, called “the American system”—repression of healthy sexuality, creativity and living, called “morality” and “Christian- ity”—these are the warp and woof of present-day society. These things ex- ist because a small group of politicians, militarists, and bankers, control- ling the wealth of the nation, is able to starve people into submission, to buy their minds and bodies, and hire them to kill and imprison each other. These things exist because people are trained, in the home, in the school, and on the job, to obedience and submission to authority, and are beaten into indifference by the dog-eat-dog struggle for existence; because people cling to ancient myths of religion, patriotism, race, and authority, 220 RESISTANCE (1947–1954)

and let hirelings of the ruling group do their thinking for them. We be- lieve this system can be ended by our refusing to be pawns of the ruling group, by our learning to think and act for ourselves, by our finding ways of living and working together in peaceful, free cooperation. Examined: 6:1 (May 1947)–12:4 (Dec. 1954)1 Cover Subtitles: An Anarchist Monthly, 6:1 (May 1947)–6:4 (Aug. 1947); An Anarchist Bi-Monthly, 11:2 (Oct. 1953)–12:4 (Dec. 1954) Masthead Subtitle: An Anarchist Review, 6:5 (Sept. 1947)–12:4 (Dec. 1954) Editors: William Young, 6:1 (May 1947)–7:2 (July–Aug. 1948); Resistance Group (David T. Wieck et al.),2 7:3 (Nov.–Dec. 1948)–12:4 (Dec. 1954) Publication Information: Resistance Group, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Varied (Bimonthly) Contributors: Diva Agostinelli, David Dellinger, Irving Feldman, A. Geller, Paul Goodman, Marcus Graham, Melvin Grieg, Howard Griffin, David Koven (pseud. D.K.),3 Jackson MacLow, David T. Wieck, George Wood- cock Features/Subjects: Labor Movement, Draft Resistance, Segregation, Anarchist Movement, Spanish Revolution, Poetry, Diet, Book Reviews Preceding Title: Why? (New York) OCLC Numbers: 3434274, 12547694, 34507140, 213788520

SELECTIONS

“Busting Jim Crow.” 6:1 (May 1947). The author reports how an interracial group, sponsored by the Fellowship for Reconciliation and the Congress of Racial Equality, tested the U.S. Supreme Court’s ban on segregation in interstate travel by violating bus and train segregation policies in four southern states. Herbert Read. “Anarchism: Past and Future.” 6:2 (June 1947). Reprinted from Freedom (London). Read identifies personal freedom, mutual aid, and as the fundamental beliefs or attitudes underlying anarchism. George Woodcock. “The Commune: A Factor in a Free Society.” 6:2 (June 1947). Woodcock argues that “The kind of industrial organization that has been advocated by many anarcho-syndicalists in the past has no real relation to modern social and technical developments, and that we should envisage a return to a purer form of anarchist communism as the basis for our new libertarian approach.” Alexander Lowen. “Sex and Adolescence.” 6:5 (Sept. 1947). Reprinted from International Journal of Sex-Economy and Orgone-Research (New York). RESISTANCE (1947–1954) 221

Lowen begins with the assertion that “Adolescents must be helped to a satisfactory sexual life, if possible. Bear in mind that the alternative is a generation of neurotic adults, dominated by secondary drives, who con- fuse pornography with sex.” D.K. “Anarchism and/or the Family.” 6:8 (Jan.–Feb. 1948). D.K. considers the numerous problems family life presents to “those individuals who feel the need to work for revolutionary objectives.” D.T.W. “The Anarchist Method.” 6:9 (Mar.–Apr. 1948). D.T.W. concludes that “The anarchist method is to learn to close the gap among ourselves; to learn to live without the State and the system of regimentation and rulership; to work things out for ourselves in our own groups and com- munities.” “Jim Crow in Militarism.” 7:1 (May–June 1948). The author encourages sup- port of A. Philip Randolph’s civil disobedience campaign against segre- gation in the armed forces. Lowell Naeve. “A Field of Broken Stones.” 7:2 (July–Aug. 1948). Excerpts from the unpublished manuscript of A Field of Broken Stones, which chronicles the experiences of a war objector in U.S. prisons. Resistance Group. “Anarchism.” 7:3 (Nov.–Dec. 1948). The authors identify three major areas of action: direct action (economic, antimilitarist, an- tiracist); the anarchist movement (federated groups of anarchists propa- gandizing and living anarchistically); and education that fosters creativ- ity, promotes independence and initiative, and does not shy away from questions of morality and authority in the family. “Childhood and Social Revolution.” 8:2 (Aug.–Sept. 1949). Summary of article that originally appeared in Freedom (London). The author is quoted as saying children “know beyond all intellectual reasoning that adults as a class are gross hypocrites and enemies of their freedom. Never was a revolt more justified than the spiritual revolt of children against adults.” Byron B. Bryant. “When Czolgosz Shot McKinley—A Study in Anti-Anarchist Hysteria.” 8:3 (Dec. 1949). David Wieck. “Ideas of Anarchy: The Individual and Community.” 8:4 (Mar. 1950). David Wieck. “The Dream and the Street.” 9:1 (June–July 1950). Wieck notes that “The general libertarian movement . . . is of a subterranean sort; not on a political stage, not by grandiose planning . . . of essential principles there are just enough: , liberty, fraternity, noncoercion, whether what is in question is the growing of food or the education of children.” 222 RESISTANCE (1947–1954)

David Wieck. “1. War Is Not a Means to Peace,” “2. War Is the Health of the State,” “3. Towards Peace: An Anarchist Proposal.” 9:2 (Oct.–Nov. 1950). D.T.W. “The Politics of the Permanent War.” 9:3 (Apr. 1951). D.T.W. laments that “war is now just as accepted a part of American society as the assemblyline, the Congress, [and] the money markets.” David Wieck. “Essays on the War.” 10:1 (July 1952). Wieck examines “(1) the permanent war and the popular sentiments it engenders; (2) the changed character of the society; [and] (3) the general dispositions to- ward more authoritarian government.” David Thoreau Wieck. “Essentials of Anarchism.” 11:1 (Aug. 1953). Topics explored in this article include “The Life We Live,” “The Limits and Fail- ures of Reform,” “Why the Anarchist Proposals Are So Extreme,” and “Why Freedom Must Be Earned.” James J. Martin. “Agnes Inglis: Recollections and Impressions.” 11:1 (Aug. 1953). Martin pays tribute to Inglis, the first curator of the Joseph Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan. David Wieck. “The Logic of Liberty.” 11:2 (Oct. 1953). Wieck criticizes lib- erals who support the aims of the but who complain about McCarthyism, and argues in favor of an absolute right to associate, prop- agandize, and speak freely, even when the propaganda is absurd and the association conspiratorial. David Wieck. “From Politics to Social Revolution.” 12:1 (Apr. 1954). Wieck believes that the social revolution must begin now through (1) the cre- ation of workers’ cooperatives and a revival of craftsmanship, (2) the for- mation of small communities and libertarian associations “who demon- strate freedom and are strengthened by it,” (3) the formation of schools that “educate for individuality, thought, [and] creative activity,” (4) “The exclusion of law and conventional morality from private relations,” and (5) “The revival of sincerity in art, and the abandonment of standards of commercialism and success.” David Wieck. “Reforms and Emancipation.” 12:3 (Aug.–Oct. 1954). Wieck surveys the racial reforms achieved through legal-political methods and recommends widespread use of civil disobedience and direct action (boy- cott, picketing, and strikes) to eradicate the color-caste system.

Draft Resistance

Paul Goodman. “To Young Resisters.” 7:4 (Mar. 1949). Goodman questions the tactic of “enlisting in jails” to protest war and the draft. RETORT (1942–1951) 223

David Wieck. “Reflections on Draft Resistance.” 7:4 (Mar. 1949). Howard Griffin. “Draft Resistance: A Reply to Paul Goodman.” 8:1 (June 1949).

Spanish Revolution

Gaston Leval. “The Popular Intelligence in the Spanish Revolution.” 11:3 (Dec. 1953). Excerpt from Neither Franco nor Stalin. George Woodcock. “The Spanish Revolution Examined.” 11:4 (Feb. 1954). Gaston Leval. “Principles and Lessons of the Spanish Revolution.” 12:1 (Apr. 1954). Gaston Leval. “The Binefar Collective.” 12:3 (Aug.–Oct. 1954).

NOTE

“Against Oppression—For Freedom!” 6:1 (May 1947).

ENDNOTES

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 6:1 (May 1947)–7:4 (Mar. 1949); 8:1 (June 1949)–9:3 (Apr. 1951); 10:1 (Jul. 1952); 11:1 (Aug. 1953)–12:4 (Dec. 1954). 2. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 533. 3. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 462. 7

Retort (1942–1951)

Prospectus: Retort was started as an organ of expression for the independent left, those radicals who have lost faith in the traditional dogmas and ready-made formulas of the revolutionary movement, but who have not succumbed to despair or made their peace with the status quo. Examined: 1:1 (Win. 1942)–5:1 (Aut. 1951) Subtitles: A Quarterly of Social Philosophy and the Arts, 1:1 (Win. 1942)–3:2 (Spr. 1946); An Anarchist Quarterly of Social Philosophy and the Arts, 224 RETORT (1942–1951)

3:3 (Win. 1947)–4:3 (Win. 1949); An Anarchist Review, 4:4 (Win. 1951)–5:1 (Aut. 1951) Editors: Holley R. Cantine Jr., 1:1 (Win. 1942)–5:1 (Aut. 1951); Dachine Rainer, 3:2 (Spr. 1946)–5:1(Aut. 1951) Associate Editor: Dorothy Paul. 1:1 (Win. 1942)–3:1 (Fall 1945) Publication Information: Retort Press, Bearsville, N.Y. Frequency: Quarterly Contributors: Saul Bellow, Alex Comfort, Paul Goodman, Alexander Lang, Jack- son MacLow, Kenneth Patchen, Herbert Read, Kenneth Rexroth, Sanders Russell, George Woodcock Features/Subjects: Poetry, Short Stories, Book and Record Reviews, Pacifism, Conscientious Objectors, Militarism, Conscription, “Retorting,” Reprints: Leo Tolstoi, Rudolf Rocker, Carlo Tresca, and Volin OCLC Numbers: 4357598, 1623564, 5348612, 9427637, 28385601, 29653393

SELECTIONS

H. R. Cantine Jr. “Egoism and Revolution.” 1:1 (Win. 1942). Cantine con- cludes that “A revolution which merely changes the economic system, while retaining the principle of leadership and neglecting to provide creative self- expression for the masses, is sure to degenerate into an autocratic .” S. Lerner. “Democracy and American Radicalism.” 1:1 (Win. 1942). S. G. Bellow. “Mr. Katz, Mr. Cohen and Cosmology.” 1:2 (June 1942). Harry Paxton Howard. “Marxism vs. Socialism.” 1:2 (June 1942)–1:3 (Dec. 1942). H. R. Cantine Jr. “The Myth of Automatic Progress.” 1:3 (Dec. 1942). “Carlo Tresca.” 1:4 (Spr. 1943). The author argues that Tresca’s life reminds us that “There can be more to radicalism than electioneering and devious plot- ting, that there is such a thing as a revolutionary way of life, which is above opportunism and compromise.” Alex Comfort. “The Martyrdom of the House.” 1:4 (Spr. 1943). H. R. Cantine Jr. “Towards a Revolutionary Morality.” 1:4 (Spr. 1943). Kenneth Patchen. “A Letter to God.” 2:1 (Nov. 1943). Rudolf Rocker. “Power versus Culture.” 2:1 (Nov. 1943). Excerpt from Nation- alism and Culture. H. R. Cantine Jr. “State, or Revolution.” 2:2 (June 1944). Cantine argues that “Radicals must resist every increase in the power of the govern- RETORT (1942–1951) 225

ment, and all manifestations of bureaucracy, regimentation, and tyranny, not only in the established state, but also in the institutions of the working class itself—trade unions, cooperatives, labor parties, etc.” “Statement of David Dellinger.” 2:2 (June 1944). Dellinger’s statement to the federal authorities regarding his refusal to accept civilian public service. Carlo Tresca. “The Unemployed and the IWW.” 2:2 (June 1944). Excerpt from Tresca’s unpublished autobiography. Editorial. “Left About-Face: Radicals and the War.” 2:4 (Spr. 1945). The ed- itor argues that “It is absurd to consider anyone a radical while he is sup- porting, however critically, the government—especially in wartime when it is at its most repressive and vicious.” “Excerpts from Debs Trial Speech.” Reprint of plea to the jury made by Eu- gene V. Debs at his trial for treason in September 1918. George Woodcock. “London Letter to Retort.” 2:4 (Spr. 1945)–3:2 (Spr. 1946). Kenneth Patchen. “A Section from ‘Sleepers Awake on the Precipice.’” 3:1 (Fall 1945). Holley Cantine. “The Environment of Freedom.” 3:2 (Spr. 1946). Frank Triest. “Pacifism and Revolution.” 3:2 (Spr. 1946). Triest concludes that “Pacifists must be revolutionary, and the social revolutionists must be pacifists today in order to communicate the values in which both be- lieve.” Don Calhoun and Holley Cantine. “The Economics of Anarchy: An Ex- change.” 3:3 (Win. 1947). . “Anti-Bolshevik Communism in Germany.” 3:4 (Spr. 1947). Holley Cantine Jr. “Art: Play and Its Perversions.” 4:1 (Aut. 1947). Cantine notes that “if the play impulse is recognized for what it is—one of the fundamental needs of mankind—art is not depreciated but truly liber- ated when it is understood as a manifestation of this impulse.” Michael Grieg. “Michael Bakunin. A Pioneer of Anarchist Resistance.” 4:1 (Aut. 1947). Anton Pannekoek. “Revolt of the Scientists.” 4:2 (Spr. 1948). Clif Bennet. “Resistance in Prison.” 4:3 (Win. 1949). Bennet provides infor- mation for the convict seeking to resist prison regulations and generally make trouble for prison wardens. Byron R. Bryant. “The Confronts the Modern State.” 4:4 (Win. 1951). 226 REVOLT (1916)

NOTE

Retort ceased publication for nearly two years between 4:3 (Win. 1949) and 4:4 (Win. 1951). 7

Revolt (1916)

Prospectus: To succeed in our mission, we will not hesitate to proclaim our en- mity to all the wrongs, shames, and hypocrisies in contemporary life. The Revolt will be the voice of the conscious rebels and it will not shrink from the duty of exposing all compromises and underhand dealings which dis- grace the labor movement of this country. The Revolt will have no sympa- thy with ex-revolutionists, ex-idealists, commonsense men, sneaks, cowards, and businessmen, gents who use the “horny hand” for the purpose of climb- ing to a higher position in the capitalist society; those who are revolutionists in theory and reactionists in practice. The conscious workingman is tired of wise, practical, matter-of-fact climbers. The Revolt will not be tolerant. Our whole social, political, and artistic life is corrupted by the philosophy of tol- erance—the philosophy of the mollusk. The Revolt will not work hand-in- hand with the dear, good, sympathizers, the meek golden-rule people, who say neither yea nor nay, men who preach harmony between capital and la- bor, those who never want to hurt the enemy. The Revolt will have little sym- pathy with the man of common sense. Common sense is a good quality for a horse dealer or a bond broker, but out of place in the revolutionary move- ment. It will not pave the way for the social upheaval. And first, last, and all the time, the Revolt will have nothing but a good dose of contempt for those sweet aesthetes who “see beauty everywhere.” Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1916)–1:8 (Mar. 11, 1916)1 Editor: Hippolyte Havel Publication Information: Revolt Publishing Association, New York, N.Y.2 Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Leonard D. Abbott, Benjamin De Casseres, , Jay Fox, Harry Kemp, Robert Minor, William C. Owen, W. W. Strick- land, Clarence Lee Swartz, Warren S. Van Valkenburgh Features/Subjects: War, Japanese and Chinese Anarchists, Freedom of Expres- sion, Political Repression, Labor Movement OCLC Number: 28234449 THE REVOLUTIONARY ALMANAC (1914) 227

SELECTIONS

“The Office of the Revolt Raided by the Police.” 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1916). Benjamin De Casseres. “Parents: What Are They Good For?” 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1916). Octave Mirbeau. “Are You Bourgeois?” 1:2 (Jan. 15, 1916). Preface written for Jean Grave’s La Societe Mourante et L’Anarchie. Issue 1:3 (Jan. 22, 1916) profiles Japanese and Chinese anarchists. Neith Boyce. “Thoughts on Bernard Shaw and the War.” 1:3 (Jan. 22, 1916). Harry Kemp. “The End of War.” 1:3 (Jan. 22, 1916). Warren Van Valkenburgh. “The Justification of Violence.” 1:4 (Jan. 29, 1916). Harry Kelly. “Amicus Plato.” 1:4 (Jan. 29, 1916). A letter concerning freedom of expression. Theodore Dreiser. “Change.” 1:5 (Feb. 5, 1916). W. W. Strickland. “The Christian Ideal.” 1:6 (Feb. 12, 1916). Clarence Lee Swartz. “The Claims of Women.” 1:6 (Feb. 12, 1916). Leonard D. Abbott. “Emma Goldman’s Arrest.” 1:7 (Feb. 19, 1916). Ab- bott reports Goldman’s arrest for disseminating information on birth control. William C. Owen. “Give Us Anything but Chloroform.” 1:8 (Mar. 11, 1916).

ENDNOTES

1. The entire seventh issue of Revolt was locked up by the U.S. government, forcing Havel to clandestinely issue no. 8. William O. Reichert, Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anarchism (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowl- ing Green University Popular Press, 1976), 430. 2. Advisory Board: Leonard D. Abbott, Elizabeth Gurly Flynn, Alexander Berkman, Harry M. Kelly, Margaret H. Sanger. 7

The Revolutionary Almanac (1914)

Prospectus: It gives us great satisfaction to offer to our comrades the views of some of the greatest iconoclasts on the social revolution—views in all 228 THE REVOLUTIONARY ALMANAC (1914)

instances subversive of the present order and emphasizing the necessity for a complete upheaval. Editor: Hippolyte Havel Publication Information: The Rabelais Press, New York, N.Y. Features/Subjects: Reprints: Social Revolutionary Tracts, Poetry OCLC Numbers: 6067266, 70142632

SELECTIONS

Maurice Maeterlinck. “The Social Revolution.” Previously published in Mother Earth (Mar. 1907). Starr E. Bountar. “The Free Rebel.” Bountar notes that the free rebel comes to a social crisis unheralded and from nowhere, without heavy books, no leaders above, no organization behind, and no “medicine box, full of plans and panaceas.” Instead, Bountar argues, all the free rebel possesses “is a heart full of burning, all-consuming hatred to the past, the old, to wrong and oppression, and a soul exalted with the dim vision of glorious future.” Lily Gair Wilkinson. “Women in Rebellion.” Excerpt from Wilkinson’s Woman’s Freedom. Examining the Suffragists’ slogan “on the same terms as men” Wilkinson exclaims, “But men, the great majority of men are slaves; therefore, ‘on the same terms as men’ means terms of slavery.” Gustave Herve. “Insurrection Rather Than War.” Previously published in the August 1914 issue of Mother Earth. Herve suggests that “The proletari- ans that give their lives for the present countries are dupes [and] stupid brutes. . . . There is only one war which is worthy of intelligent men, that is civil war, social revolution.” William C. Owen. “Land and Liberty.” Margaret H. Sanger. “The Paterson [Silk] Strike [of 1913].” Henry George Jr. “The Man Who Killed a King.” This article addresses Gae- tano Bresci’s assassination of King Umberto of Italy. Alexander Berkman. “The McNamaras.” Berkman asks the law-and-order crowd, “Has a single step been made on the road of progress without vi- olence and bloodshed? Has capital ever granted concessions without be- ing forced to it? Has labor won aught but defeat and humiliation in the arena of legality? Away with deceit and cant! As long as you uphold the capitalist system of murder and robbery, just so long will labor resort to violence to wrest better terms.” Emma Goldman. “The Tragedy of Buffalo.” Reprinted from the October 6, 1901 issue of Free Society. RISING YOUTH (1928–1929) 229

Max Baginski. “The Pioneer of Communist Anarchism in America.” A trib- ute to Johann Most; reprinted from the March 1911 issue of Mother Earth. 7

Rising Youth (1928–1929)

Prospectus: It is to the youth, unsullied even by the rough contact with a sor- did world, it is to the youth that senses something is wrong, resents it and has the courage to strive to correct it, it is to the youth that has been denied the privilege of thinking, that has been enslaved and en- thralled by relentless masters, it is to all youth that we direct our appeal. You who feel and perceive that rank injustice, hateful oppression, squalid poverty, and ugliness reign supreme in a world where you had hoped and perhaps are still hoping to find justice, equality, beauty, and harmony, you have a place in our ranks. You who have been oppressed, exploited, and abused, whose minds and bodies have been stunted in their development by cruel, capitalist tyrants and dictators, you too have a place in our ranks. Examined: 1:1 (May 1928)–2:5 (Nov. 1929)1 Subtitle: A Voice of Youth without the Authority of Age Editors/Publishers: The Rising Youth Group (Sara Goodman, Elizabeth Good- man, et al.),2 New York, N.Y. Frequency: Irregular Contributors: Joseph Floria, Bennie Frumkin, Harold Goldfinger, Joseph Ienuso, Robert Ross, I. U. Valeriano, Wayne Walden Features/Subjects: Anarchist Communism, Political Prisoners, Rising Youth Group Activities, Poetry, Letters OCLC Numbers: 32606028, 36275657

SELECTIONS

S.H. “Youth’s Ideals.” 1:1 (May 1928). The author states, “That between the lines in history’s pages may be read the truth of the ages that every for- ward step has been sponsored by the youth and denounced by those ap- proaching the grave.” Elizabeth Goodman. “The Role of Action in Idealism.” 1:3 (Oct. 1928). 230 ROAD TO FREEDOM (1924–1932)

“Letter from [Alexander] Berkman.” 2:2 (Apr. 1929). Berkman suggests that to awaken some idealism in the youth, Rising Youth must be a paper writ- ten, edited, and circulated by boys and girls willing to deal—in a plain, bold, and honest fashion—with the actual conditions confronting youth. Max Nettlau. “The American Situation and the Task of Anarchists.” 2:3 (May 1929)–2:4 (Aug. 1929). Joseph Floria. “Two Years After.” 2:4 (Aug. 1929). Floria commemorates the judicial murder of . “Letter from [Alexander] Shapiro.” 2:4 (Aug. 1929). Jos. Ienuso. “Our ‘Youngsters.’” 2:4 (Aug. 1929)–2:5 (Nov. 1929). Ienuso ad- vises and asks, “At best we may hold open the book of life, to us known, for them to read from, advise them not as superior authorities but as friends, companions; compromising with them and in collaboration in- stead of antagonizing. It may seem eccentric but it is dynamic, positive, so why waste it into fixity and presumptuous jam? Do we want to make automatons of them, or free men?” “This World in Convulsion.” 2:5 (Nov. 1929). The author reports a textile strike in Gastonia, , and the murder of Ella May Wiggins.

ENDNOTES

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:1 (May 1928)–1:3 (Oct. 1928); 2:1 (Feb. 1929)–2:5 (Nov. 1929). 2. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 533. 7

Road to Freedom (1924–1932)1

Prospectus: Road to Freedom aims to represent the theoretical conception of anarchism in the United States. It assumes a position of tolerance to- wards all shades of anarchist opinion, be they expounded by commu- nists, individualists, syndicalists, or anarchists of no affiliation whatever and to the end that all may have equal opportunity to express their views, the columns of Road to Freedom shall be open, within reasonable bounds, to every comrade having something to say and who is able to say it. ROAD TO FREEDOM (1924–1932) 231

Examined: 1:1 (Nov. 1924)–8:10 (June 1932) Subtitle: A Periodical of Anarchist Thought, Work, and Literature Editors: Hippolyte Havel, 1:1 (Nov. 1924)–3:3 (Nov. 1928); Warren S. Van Valkenburgh, 5:4 (Dec. 1928)–6:3 (Nov. 1929); Walter Starrett,2 6:4 (Dec. 1929)–7:11 (July 1931); Hippolyte Havel, 7:12 (Aug. 1931)–8:10 (June 1932) Associate Editors: Abe Grossner, 7:12 (Aug. 1931)–8:2 (Oct. 1931); Archie Turner, 7:12 (Aug. 1931)–8:10 (June 1932) Publication Information: Road to Freedom Publishing Association: Stelton, N.J., 1:1 (Nov. 1924)–3:3 (Oct. 1, 1926); New York, N.Y., 3:4 (Nov. 1, 1926)–8:10 (June 1932) Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Leonard D. Abbott, Mandayam P. Tirumal Acharya, Thomas Hastie Bell, Alexander Berkman, Abraham Blecher, Donald Crocker, Alexis C. Ferm, Emma Goldman, Harry M. Kelly, Joseph A. Labadie, Louis Genin (pseud. Grant Lowry),3 S. H. Marcus, Max Nettlau, Maxi- miliano Olay (pseud. Onofre Dallas),4 Samuel Polinow, Rudolf Rocker, Alfred G. Sanftleban (pseud. Slovak),5 Lilly Sarnoff, Anna Sasnovksy, Mark Schmidt (pseud. Senex),6 Joseph Spivak Features/Subjects: Sacco and Vanzetti Case, Imprisoned Revolutionist, Ameri- can Anarchism, State Socialism, Bolshevism, Anarchists and the Spanish Republic, Education, Fascism, Poetry, Reprints: , Peter Kropotkin, Voltairine de Cleyre, Errico Malatesta, Edmunde Burke, Succeeding Title: Freedom (New York) OCLC Numbers: 9766335, 5359358, 1764420, 32278701

SELECTIONS

“The Lesson of Chicago.” 1:1 (Nov. 1924). The Anarchist Red Cross. “To the Workers of America.” 1:2 (Dec. 1924). An appeal “To help liberate Anarchists, Syndicalists, Socialists, and all revo- lutionists in the prisons and concentration camps of Russia and those ex- iled by the Soviet government.” Harry Kelly. “British ‘Socialism’ and Russian ‘Communism.’” 1:3(Jan. 1925). Magón. “Socialist Tyranny in Mexico.” 1:3 (Jan. 1925). William Morris. “Education under Capitalism.” 1:4 (Feb. 1925). Emma Goldman. “Samuel Gompers.” 1:5 (Mar. 1925). “The French Anarchist Congress.” 1:5 (Mar. 1925). 232 ROAD TO FREEDOM (1924–1932)

The Defence Committee for the Prisoners of Texas. “Mexican Martyrs in U.S. Jails.” 1:5 (Mar. 1925). Jesus M. Rangel, Charles Cline, Abraham Cis- neros, Pedro Perales, Jesus Gonzalez, and Leonardo L. Vazquez, members of the Mexican Liberal Party, jailed in Texas after the killing of a deputy sheriff as they attempted to cross the border to join the Mexican Revolu- tion in September 1913. Harry Kelly. “From Anarchism to ‘Communism’ (State Socialism).” 1:6 (Apr. 1925). Kelly comments on an article by Jay Fox in the Worker’s Monthly in which Fox chronicles his path from anarchism to Bolshevism. Rabindranath Tagore. “People and the Nation.” 1:6 (Apr. 1925)–1:7 (May 1925). Tagore explains his views on “national megalomania.” Max Nettlau. “Anarchism: Communist or Individualist?—Both.” 1:8 (June 1925). A reprint. D. Isakovitz. “Anarchism and Revolution.” 1:8 (June 1925). A lecture deliv- ered January 1925 at the Workers’ Centre in New York. Max Baginski. “The Basis of Liberty.” 1:9 (July 1925). Alexander Berkman. “Why Revolution?” 1:9 (July 1925). Enrique Flores Magón. “Humbug Socialism of Mexican Officialdom.” 1:9 (July 1925). Central Committee of the Italian Syndicalist Union. “Appeal.” 1:10 (Aug. 1925). The committee pleads for “fraternal solidarity” in the face of fas- cist terrorism. Abe Blecher. “The War in the International Ladies Garment Workers Union.” 1:10 (Aug. 1925). Pedro Esteve. “The Anarchist Conference: Discussion on Propaganda and Press.” 1:11 (Sept. 1925). Anna Sasnovsky and Hippolyte Havel. “The Anarchist Conference: Discus- sion on Propaganda and Press.” 1:12 (Oct. 1925). Errico Malatesta. “Syndicalism and Anarchism.” 1:12 (Oct. 1925). Reprinted from the Apr.–May 1925 issue of Pensiero e Volonta (Rome). Inda Pine. “The Need for an Organized Movement.” 2:1 (Nov. 1925). Peter Kropotkin. “Here Is My Opinion.” 2:2 (Dec. 1925). Kropotkin’s opin- ion on the Bolshevik Revolution taken from his November 23, 1920, notes. A. Blecher. “The American Federation of Labor.” 2:2 (Dec. 1925). Pedro Esteve. “Social Emancipation.” 2:3 (Jan. 1926). Reprinted from Cul- tura Obrera (New York). Rudolf Rocker. “Kropotkin as a Scientist.” 2:4 (Feb. 1926). Leonard D. Abbott. “The Anarchist Side of Walt Whitman.” 2:5 (Mar. 1926). ROAD TO FREEDOM (1924–1932) 233

F. Kraemer. “Associational Anarchism: A New Current in the Anarchist Movement.” 2:5 (Mar. 1926)–2:7 (May 1926); 2:9 (July 1, 1926). Donald Crocker. “Anarchism as Point of View and Way of Life.” 2:6 (Apr. 1926). An address delivered January 20, 1926, at the Worker’s Centre in New York City. Thos. L. Dabney. “The Negro and Radical Movements.” 2:6 (Apr. 1926). Lillian Browne. “Emerson the Anarchist.” 2:7 (May 1926). Luigi Fabbri. “Elisee Reclus’ Anarchism.” 2:7 (May 1926)–2:8 (June 1926). Emma Goldman. “America by Comparison.” 2:9 (July 1, 1926)–2:10 (July 15, 1926). Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman. “The Reckoning.” 2:9 (July 1, 1926). Berkman reports Sholem Schwartzbard’s assassination of Symon Petliura, the Ukranian organizer of , in a Paris café. Samuel Polinow. “Propaganda and Education.” 2:10 (July 15, 1926). A. Blecher. “Problems of Theory and Practice.” 2:11 (Aug. 1, 1926)–3:1 (Sept. 1, 1926). B. De Ligt. “Revolution and Anti-Militarism.” 2:12 (Aug. 15, 1926). Anna Riedel. “Childhood’s Road to Freedom.” 3:1 (Sept. 1, 1926). Wayne Walden. “New Hopes for Old.” 3:2 (Sept. 15, 1926)–3:3 (Oct. 1, 1926). M. Acharya. “The Mystery behind the Chinese Trouble.” 3:4 (Nov. 1, 1926). The editors describe Acharya as a “Hindu revolutionist” deported from the United States during the . A. Blecher. “Anarchism and Organization.” 3:6 (Jan. 1927). Emma Goldman. “Patience and Postage.” 3:6 (Jan. 1927); 3:8 (Mar. 1927)–3:9 (Apr. 1927); 3:11 (June 1927). Chronicling her lecture tour through Canada. W. S. Van Valkenburgh. “Anarchism—The Negation of All Authority.” 3:8 (Mar. 1927). W. S. Van Valkenburgh. “Anarchist-Communism,” 3:9 (Apr. 1927). E. Armand. “The Coming of an Anarchist Organization.” 3:12 (July 1927)–4:1 (Aug. 1927). Alexander Berkman. “The Tenth Anniversary of the Russian Revolution.” 4:1 (Aug. 1927). T. H. Bell. “What Is Mutualism?” 4:2 (Sept. 1927). Donald Crocker. “The Mistake of Marx.” 4:4 (Nov. 1927). An abstract of an address delivered December 22, 1926, before the International Anarchist Group in New York City. Sebastien Faure. “Scrutinizing Our Conscience.” 4:9 (Apr. 1928). Translated by Jules Scarceriaux from Le Libertaire (Paris). 234 ROAD TO FREEDOM (1924–1932)

“An Anarchist Scholar.” 4:10 (May 1928). A tribute to C. L. James. V. Kravchuk. “The Contents of the Anarchist’s Bomb.” 4:10 (May 1928)–4:11 (June–July 1928). Alexander Berkman. “The Failure of Compromise.” 5:1 (Sept. 1928). Hippolyte Havel. “Francisco Ferrer y Guardia.” 5:2 (Oct. 1928). Rudolf Rocker. “Historical Reflections.” 5:3 (Nov. 1928). Rudolf Rocker. “Fascism and the Labor Movement.” 5:7 (Mar. 1929)–5:8 (Apr. 1929); 5:11 (July 1929). Emma Goldman. “An Unexpected Dash through Spain.” 5:8 (Apr. 1929)–5:9 (May 1929). Hippolyte Havel. “Voltairine de Cleyre.” 6:3 (Nov. 1929). Alexis C. Ferm and Elizabeth Byrne Ferm. “Educational Section—Some Ob- servations on Adolescence.” 6:3 (Nov. 1929)–6:4 (Dec. 1929). “Unemployment.” 6:5 (Jan. 1930)–6:8 (Apr. 1930). Joseph Ishill. “Peter Kropotkin—The Rebel.” 6:6 (Feb. 1930). Hippolyte Havel. “Gandhi’s Ideal.” 6:10 (June 1930). Rudolf Rocker. “The State and Culture.” 6:10 (June 1930). Translated by David Zimmerman. Emma Goldman. “What Anarchism Stands For.” 6:10 (June 1930)–6:11 (July 1930). Henry Arrigoni. “Are the Individualists Detrimental to the Movement?” 6:11 (July 1930). M. Acharya. “Gandhi and Non-Violence.” 7:1 (Sept. 1930). T. H. Bell. “An Open Letter to Emma Goldman.” 7:2 (Oct. 1930). Bell ar- gues for new anarchist propaganda. M. Olay. “Labels.” 7:3 (Nov. 1930). Translated from La Protesta (Santiago, Chile). Leonard D. Abbott. “The Courage and Faith of Alexander Berkman.” 7:4 (Dec. 1930). Ammon A. Hennacy. “In Prison with Alexander Berkman.” 7:4 (Dec. 1930). Hennacy and Berkman served two years in prison together for “conspir- acy to defraud the government of enforcing the draft law.” Enrico Malatesta. “Syndicalism and Anarchism.” 7:5 (Jan. 1931)–7:6 (Feb. 1931). Translated by M. Olay from a 1925 article appearing in La Prensa. Max Nettlau. “The Betrayal of Labour.” 7:9 (May 1931). Diego Abad de Santillan. “The Military Dictatorship in Argentina.” 7:10 (June 1931)–7:11 (July 1931). Leonard D. Abbott. “, a Radical Genius.” 8:1 (Sept. 1931). “Emma Goldman Defends Her Attack on Henry George.” 8:3 (Nov. 1931). ROAD TO FREEDOM (1924–1932) 235

Errico Malatesta. “Peter Kropotkin: Remembrances and Criticisms of an Old Friend.” 8:4 (Dec. 1931)–8:5 (Jan. 1932). Samuel Polinow. “Industrial Slavery.” 8:5 (Jan. 1932)–8:6 (Feb. 1932). Abba Gordin. “J. William Lloyd.” 8:7 (Mar. 1932)–8:8 (Apr. 1932). Onofre Dallas. “Anarchism as a Living Reality.” 8:7 (Mar. 1932). Leonard D. Abbott. “Emma Goldman, ‘Daughter of the Dream.’” 8:8 (Apr. 1932). A review of Goldman’s autobiography. Senex. “Revolutionary Strategy and the IWW.” 8:10 (June 1932). T. H. Bell. “Recollections of Librado Rivera.” 8:10 (June 1932).

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

S. Monaldi. “Save Sacco and Vanzetti.” 1:3(Jan. 1925). E. Monaldi. “Sacco and Vanzetti.” 2:1 (Nov. 1925). “Save Sacco and Vanzetti.” 2:8 (June 1926). Amleto Fabbri. “Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Appeals to Labor.” 2:9 (July 1, 1926). “The Present Status of Sacco and Vanzetti.” 3:5 (Dec. 1926). Letter from Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco to Governor Fuller. 3:11 (June 1927). Armando Borghi. “Half an Hour with Sacco.” 3:11 (June 1927). Letters from Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco to their loved ones. 4:2 (Sept. 1927). Leonard D. Abbott. “Sacco and Vanzetti as I Knew Them.” 4:3 (Oct. 1927). Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco. “Last Letters of Our Martyrs.” 4:12 (Aug. 1928). Special Sacco-Vanzetti Number and Sacco-Vanzetti Supplement. 5:12 (Aug. 1929)–6:1 (Sept. 1929).

General Strike in England

J. A. Cook (secretary of the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain). “The Great Betrayal.” 2:10 (July 15, 1926)–2:12 (Aug. 15, 1926). Emma Goldman. “Reflections of the General Strike in England.” 2:11 (Aug. 1, 1926).

Bolshevism

Alexander Berkman. “A Decade of Bolshevism.” 4:5 (Dec. 1927). “From Marxism to Stalinism.” 4:7 (Feb. 1928). 236 ROAD TO FREEDOM (1924–1932)

Rudolf Rocker. “The Failure of an Experiment.” 5:4 (Dec. 1928). Rudolf Rocker. “The Bankruptcy of a Principle.” 5:5 (Jan. 1929).

What Is Wrong with Our Movement?

Joseph Spivak. “What Is Wrong with Our Movement?” 4:9 (Apr. 1928). W. S. Van Valkenburgh. “What Is Wrong with Our Movement?” 4:10 (May 1928). Paul Boattini. “What Is Wrong with Spivak?” 4:10 (May 1928). Joseph Spivak. “Tolerance in Our Movement.” 4:12 (Aug. 1928).

American Anarchism

T. H. Bell. “‘American’ Anarchism.” 4:11 (June–July 1928). T. H. Bell. “An American Anarchism.” 5:6 (Feb. 1929); 5:9 (May 1929).

Anarchism and Religion

Jules Kelak. “Anarchism and Religion.” 7:2 (Oct. 1930). Ammon A. Hennacy. “The Christian Anarchist Attitude.” 7:7 (Mar. 1931); 7:10 (June 1931)–7:11 (July 1931).

Anarchists and the Spanish Republic

Solano Palacio. “The Spanish Republic.” 7:10 (June 1931). Max Nettlau. “The Burning of Convents in Spain.” 7:11 (July 1931)–7:12 (Aug. 1931). Augustin Souchy. “The Anarchists in Spain.” 8:2 (Oct. 1931).

NOTE

“Anarchy: A social theory which regards the union of order with the absence of all direct government of man by man as the political ideal, absolute in- dividual liberty.”

ENDNOTES

1. Road to Freedom was the principal anarchist newspaper of the 1920s. Blaine McKinley, “‘Quagmires of Necessity’: American Anarchists and SOCIAL REVOLUTIONIST (1856–1857) 237

Dilemmas of Vocation,” American Quarterly 34, no. 5 (Winter 1982): 510. 2. Pen name of Warren S. Van Valkenburgh. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 494, n.183. 3. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 439. 4. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 516, n.469. 5. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 486, n.92. 6. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 453. 7

Social Revolutionist (1856–1857)1

Prospectus:

The time has come to preach the soul; No meager shred—the manly whole. Let agitation come. Who fears? We need a flood. The filth of years Has gathered round us. Roll, then, on! What can not stand, has best be gone.

Let us have a free press, resting on a free soil, supported by free men, and the redemption of the world draweth nigh. The Social Revolutionist is thus free. It will advocate what its editors believe to be true, fashionable or un- fashionable; whether it pays or costs, and whether the great and noble fa- vor or oppose. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1856)–4:6 (Dec. 1857) Resident Editors: John Patterson; William Denton, 1:2 (Feb. 1856)–1:6 (June 1856); W. S. Bush, 3:4 (Apr. 1857)–3:6 (June 1857) Corresponding Editors: William Denton, 1:1 (Jan. 1856); 2:1 (July 1856)–2:6 (Dec. 1856); L. A. Hine, 1:2 (Feb. 1856)–1:6 (June 1856) Publication Information: Rising Star Association, Cincinnati, Ohio Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Francis Barry, L. H. Bigarel, Damaris C. Bush (pseud. Minerva Putman),2 W. S. Bush, Mary A. Chilton, John H. Cook, Alfred Cridge, Anne Denton Cridge, William Denton, Amos Gilbert, L. A. Hine, William McDiarmid, C. M. Overton, J. M. Stahl, LaRoy Sunderland, J. W. Towner, Joseph Treat, Lily White, John B. Wolff, Thomas P. Wright 238 SOCIAL REVOLUTIONIST (1856–1857)

Features/Subjects: Socialism, Colonization, Marriage Question, Free Love, Spiritualism, Poetry OCLC Numbers: 1765689, 166585742, 17267573

SELECTIONS

Alfred Cridge. “Present Position and Future Prospects of American Social- ism.” 1:1 (Jan. 1856). Cridge reports on the status of socialist colonies. John Patterson. “The Marriage Question.” 1:1 (Jan. 1856)–1:2 (Feb. 1856); 1:4 (Apr. 1856)–1:5 (May 1856). Rejected by Type of the Times (Cincin- nati) as unsuitable for their columns. Anne Denton Cridge. “My Soul’s Thralldom and Its Deliverance. An Autobi- ography.” 1:1 (Jan. 1856)–1:2 (Feb. 1856); 1:4 (Apr. 1856); 1:6 (June 1856); 2:2 (Aug. 1856); 2:4 (Oct. 1856); 2:6 (Dec. 1856)–3:1 (Jan. 1857). J. H. Cook. “Liberty.” 1:2 (Feb. 1856). J. M. Stahl. “Social and Moral Conditions of the World.” 1:2 (Feb. 1856)–1:3 (Mar. 1856); 1:5 (May 1856)–1:6 (June 1856); 2:2 (Aug. 1856). Francis Barry. “Individual Freedom.” 1:2 (Feb. 1856). John B. Wolff. “Socialism—The Causes of Failure.” 1:3 (Mar. 1856). “North Pole Sea and the Free Love League.” 1:3 (Mar. 1856). “Socialism—Actual Movement.” 1:4 (Apr. 1856). J. H. Cook. “Follow Your Social Attractions.” 1:4 (Apr. 1856). J. W. Towner. “Journalism—The Degrees of Its Freedom.” 1:4 (Apr. 1856). Alfred Cridge. “Spiritualism, Socialism, and Free Love.” 1:4 (Apr. 1856). Thomas P. Wright. “The Philosophy of Love.” 1:5 (May 1856). Joseph Treat. “Social Revolutionist. I Like the Name—Am I the Thing?” 1:5 (May 1856). Exeprincep. “Free Love—Obligation of Contracts.” 1:6 (June 1856). J. W. Towner. “Practical Socialism: How, When and Where.” 1:6 (June 1856). Joseph Treat. “Things to Think Of.” 2:1 (July 1856). Treat addresses, among other things, self-government, copyright, and common schools. L. A. Hine. “Free Love.” 2:2 (Aug. 1856). George Pyburn. “The Law of Love.” 2:2 (Aug. 1856). J. H. Cook. “What Some Reformers Do.” 2:2 (Aug. 1856). J. W. Towner. “Love—A Definition and an Application.” 2:3 (Sept. 1856). Francis Barry. “Practical Socialism.” 2:3 (Sept. 1856). J. W. Towner. “Love and ‘Material Union.’” 2:4 (Oct. 1856); 3:3 (Mar. 1857). Peter Socialist. “To Free Lovers à la Treat and Pyburn. The Rights of Sexual Love and the Conditions of Freedom.” 2:4 (Oct. 1856). SOCIAL REVOLUTIONIST (1856–1857) 239

Vivian Grey. “Sexual Slavery.” 2:5 (Nov. 1856). Joseph Treat. “Socialism—How to Come at It. The Whole Thing in One View.” 2:5 (Nov. 1856). W. S. Bush. “Social Contract vs. Individual Freedom.” 2:6 (Dec. 1856). “The Entire Front of Reform.” 3:1 (Jan. 1857)–3:6 (June 1857). Reforms ad- dressed include temperance, dietetic and medical topics, government, woman’s rights, and dress. Francis Barry. “What Is Marriage?” 3:2 (Feb. 1857). Barry argues that mar- riage is a system of slavery, prostitution, rape, and masturbation. George Roberts. “The Marriage Tie and Woman’s Rights.” 3:2 (Feb. 1857). “Maintaining the Children.” 3:2 (Feb. 1857). Minerva Putman. “A Woman’s Experience in Freedom.” 3:3 (Mar. 1857). C. M. Overton. “What Is It to Be a Free Lover?” 3:3 (Mar. 1857). Lily White. “Sexual Abuse in Marriage.” 3:3 (Mar. 1857). James W. Towner. “The Work and Its Obstacles.” 3:4 (Apr. 1857). P. I. Blacker. “The Sovereignty of Each Individual to Be Exercised at His or Her Own Cost.” 3:6 (June 1857). Mary A. Chilton. “Do We Need Marriage?” 3:6 (June 1857). J. K. Moore. “Government and Reform, or Theism and Atheism.” 3:6 (June 1857). Moore states that “Governments are an outgrowth of Theism; Re- form is the child of Atheism. Theism is a system of slavery; Atheism is a system of Liberty, Peace, and Harmony.” LaRoy Sunderland. “Polygamy.” 4:3 (Sept. 1857). C. M. Overton. “The Paternity of Free Love.” 4:4 (Oct. 1857). Francis Barry. “The Berlin Convention.” 4:4 (Oct. 1857). Includes a list of resolutions discussed. Francis Barry. “To the Berlin Socialist.” 4:4 (Oct. 1857). C. M. Overton. “Horrors of Slavery.” 4:6 (Dec. 1857).

Variety

J. R. Monroe. “Variety in Love.” 4:1 (July 1857). Charlotte H. Bowen. “Exclusiveness in Love.” 4:1 (July 1857). Cordelia Barry. “Laying Down the Law.” 4:2 (Aug. 1857).

NOTES

“A medium for the free discussion of general principles and practical mea- sures, pertaining to human progress and general well-being.” 240 THE SOCIAL WAR (1917)

“The cause of truth is best promoted by free inquiry. Error alone fears inves- tigation.” “We are independent thinkers and practical Socialists, with an abiding faith in the instincts of fraternity and the omnipotence of right; and the pur- pose of our monthly is inquiry and propagandism.” 1:1 (Jan. 1856). “When November [1857] no. of the [Social Revolutionist] was ready to be mailed, our friend Francis Barry took part of the edition embracing over 450 copies to the Post Office, but was intercepted by a mob in front of the office door. Two men pounced upon him, and held him fast, maltreating him in the act, while a gang of infuriated women, hissed on by their owners, ran off with the packages and burned them. . . . We are determined to protect our property and our persons by all justifiable means. . . . We are neither moral nor physical nonresis- tants, and shall teach our enemies to respect our rights.” 4:6 (Dec. 1857).

ENDNOTES

1. The editors of Free Society (1897–1904) included Social Revolutionist in a list of English-language anarchist periodicals published in the United States. “Anarchist Periodicals,” Free Society 349 (Feb. 16, 1902): 3. Al- though Social Revolutionist reported only 350–400 reliable subscribers, it circulated to men and women in nine states and available copies were widely shared among friends and neighbors. Joanne E. Passet, Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women’s Equality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 52–53, 56. 2. “A Dear One Departed,” Social Revolutionist 4, no. 6 (Dec. 1857): 181. 7

The Social War (1917)

Prospectus: The International Propaganda Group of Chicago is organized for the purpose of bringing the ideas of anarchism before the working class. The Group advocates a new social order, where private owner- ship of land, capital, and machinery shall cease to exist; where the tools of production shall become society’s common property to be THE SOCIAL WAR (1917) 241

managed by the workers themselves. The Group realizes that one of the great obstacles on the way of mankind’s road to progress is the compulsory authority exercised by one class upon another. Therefore, the Group declares itself against all forms of government, and propa- gates the idea of voluntary association. The overthrow of the present system cannot be accomplished through statutory enactments, but by the social revolution. The Group, therefore, repudiates politics and politicians, and advocates direct action by the workers in their strug- gle for emancipation. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1917)–1:9 (Nov. 1917) Editor:1 Hippolyte Havel. 1:5 (May 1917)–1:9 (Nov. 1917) Publication Information: International Propaganda Group, Chicago, Ill. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Theodore Dreiser, Vilma Dunn, Byrl R. Enoch, Hutchins Hapgood, Gerhart Hauptmann, Jack Isaacson, William Judin, Courte- nay Lemon, Robert Minor, Lucy E. Parsons, Fred A. Pease, Andrea Sis- toni Features/Subjects: San Francisco Preparedness Day Bomb (1916)—Cases of Thomas Mooney, Warren K. Billings, et al., Conscription, Free Speech OCLC Number: 17269596 Owning Library: New York Public Library, Humanities and Social Sciences, Microforms

SELECTIONS

“What We Want.” 1:1 (Jan. 1917). The editors explains that “We want a state of society where the individual, freed from every fetter, having only to fight against natural difficulties, may be able to move at ease, associate ac- cording to his needs and affinities, breaking the association whenever it fetters him, or when it shall have accomplished the work for which it was formed, and to remake other groups, to satisfy fresh needs, and to attain new ends.” Courtenay Lemon. “Free Speech.” 1:1 (Jan. 1917)–1:4 (Apr. 1917). Jack Isaacson. “How to Prevent War.” 1:3 (Mar. 1917). “Syndicalism—Its Aims and Tactics.” 1:3 (Mar. 1917). “The Evolution of Anarchist Theories.” 1:6 (June 1917)–1:7 (July–Sept.[?] 1917). Jack Isaacson. “The Anarchist Movement.” 1:8 (Oct. 1917). 242 THE SOCIAL WAR BULLETIN (1918)

NOTES

Many pages are tattered and torn. “To the Readers: The Current Issue is printed privately—excuse the mistakes. The Editor and his Comrades will appear before the Federal Grand Jury in Chicago next month.” 1:7 (July–Sept.[?] 1917).

ENDNOTE

1. Hippolyte Havel is the only person identified as editor in the issues I ex- amined, and was also identified as editor in an announcement for the newspaper in Regeneración. See “The Social War,” Regeneración 252 (Jan. 13, 1917): 4. But according to Paul Avrich, Randolph Miller and William Judin served as the editors of Social War. See Paul Avrich, The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press 2006), 408. 7

The Social War Bulletin (1918)

Prospectus: The Social War Bulletin will do all it can to shatter the idols of our master class. Examined: 1:1 (Feb. 1918); 1:2 (Mar. 1918); 1:4 (May 1918); 1:5 (Aug. 1918) Editors: Randolph Miller, 1:1 (Feb. 1918)–1:4 (May 1918); James Pascol, 1:5 (Aug. 1918) Publication Information: International Propaganda Group, Chicago, Ill. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: William Cohen, J. B. Culemans, Hippolyte Havel, James Huneker, William Judin, Harry M. Kelly, Charles A. Moore, G. F. Morgan, William Nathanson, William Newborn, Ateo Rivolta, Edward Roberts, Lil- lian Browne Thayer, Herman Titus, X.Y.Z. Features/Subjects: Revolutionary Russia, Labor Relations, Postwar Reconstruction OCLC Number: 54771212 Owning Libraries: Indiana University, Lilly Library; University of Wisconsin, Madison, Historical Society Library Pamphlet Collection THE SOCIAL WAR BULLETIN (1918) 243

SELECTIONS

L.D.A. “The Triumph of Revolutionary Principles in Russia.” 1:1 (Feb. 1918). L.D.A. contends that the Russian Revolution is a revolution on “behalf of internationalism . . . based on class-struggle . . . [and] most im- portant of all, a challenge to the very idea of government.” X.Y.Z. “Patriotism and Government.” 1:1 (Feb. 1918). Herman Titus. “The Four-Hour Day.” 1:1 (Feb. 1918). Ateo Rivolta. “Light on Milwaukee.” 1:1 (Feb. 1918). Rivolta reports the po- lice killings of Antonio Fornasier and Augusto Marinelli and the arrest of eleven Italian anarchists, who were later sentenced to twenty-five years each. Harry Kelly. “Social Reconstruction after the War.” 1:2 (Mar. 1918). A speech delivered at the opening of a series of discussions organized by the Ferrer Modern School, Stelton, New Jersey. “The League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners. Its Purposes and Pro- gramme.” 1:2 (Mar. 1918). J. B. Culemans. “After the War, Peace?” 1:4 (May 1918). “[Tribute to] .” 1:4 (May 1918). Cipriani was an Italian an- archist, participant in the Paris Commune (1871) and Greco-Turkish War (1897), and a contributor to several anarchists’ journals, including Le Plébéien. James Huneker. “Freedom in Music.” 1:5 (Aug. 1918). William Judin. “A Voice from Cook County Dungeon.” 1:5 (Aug. 1918). Judin was arrested for distributing the Social War Bulletin. G. F. Morgan. “Daniel H. Morgan—Founder of League of Humanity— ‘Shanghaied’ into Eternity.” 1:5 (Aug. 1918).

NOTES

“Beginning with the April issue of the Social War Bulletin, two pages will be in Italian. Aeto Rivolta will be the editor of the Italian section.” Excerpt from “To Our Italian Comrades.” 1:2 (Mar. 1918). “The Social War Bulletin is a militant monthly of social reconstruction.” 1:4 (May 1918). 7 244 SOLIDARITY (1892–1898) Solidarity (1892–1898)

Prospectus: The word is in itself a programme. It means that the social problem must be resolved, not in the interest of some class or fraction of a class, but of all—i.e., in view of the total abolition of class distinctions and denom- inations. The word indicates also the method by which that end can be reached. To bind men together to forsake and fight class spirit, rivalries, and interests is our task. The present organization being distinguished by class hierarchy and class struggles, what we strive for must be characterized by solidarity. Solidarity implies liberty, as it may only exist among free men, and will guarantee the permanency of liberty in society. It also im- plies equality of social opportunities, without assuming uniformity of any kind. Economically, solidarity means cooperation all through; politically, it means the absence of a coercing power; morally, it means mutual help, mutual love, and the greatest development of individual and social life. Solidarity, therefore, is the synthetical expression for socialism and anar- chism, taking the broadest and deepest view of both, and of the nature, constitution, and requirements of human society. Examined: 1 (June 18, 1892)–23 (Aug. 26, 1893); New Series: 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1895)–1:16 (July 1, 1898) Subtitles: A Fortnightly Review of the Relations between Different Sections of the Working Community of the United States and an Exponent of Anarchist- Socialism, 1 (June 18, 1892)–23 (Aug. 26, 1893); An International Re- view of Anarchist Communism, 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1895)–1:16 (July 1, 1898) Editors: F. Saverio Merlino,1 1 (June 18, 1892)–15 (Jan. 21, 1893); John H. Edelmann, 16 (Feb. 9, 1893)–23 (Aug. 26, 1893); 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1895)–1:16 (July 1, 1898) Publication Information: Solidarity Group, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Fortnightly Contributors: Charles B. Cooper, Voltairine de Cleyre, Rachelle Edelmann, Emma Goldman, William T. Holmes, Harry M. Kelly, Marie Louise, Jacob A. Maryson (pseud. F. A. Frank),2 William C. Owen, Abner J. Pope, Tim- othy Quinn, Jefferson Ray, John Beverley Robinson, Giovanni Rossi, John Turner, William H. Van Ornum Features/Subjects: Colonization, Labor Movement, Method of Propaganda, International Anarchist Movement, Electoral Politics, Alexander Berk- man’s Attempted Assassination of Henry Clay Frick, Jules Moineau Af- fair, Censorship, Comstockism, Electoral Politics OCLC Numbers: 4119061, 17270894 SOLIDARITY (1892–1898) 245

SELECTIONS

S. Merlino. “International Solidarity.” 6 (Sept. 8, 1892). An address delivered September 3, 1892, in Buffalo, New York. Merlino states, “There are two policies which may be pursued by the workingmen in order to better their lot or prevent it from becoming worse: one is the policy of isolation. Each trade shutting itself, each union contriving to keep its ground and discouraging the influx of outstanding workmen by heavy entrance fees, closing of the membership’s books, restriction of apprenticeship and le- gal restriction or prohibition of immigration. . . . The policy of isolation and egotism is a suicidal policy. There is but one salvation for the work- ing classes, and this is solidarity. No class or section of the working com- munity can alone fight the capitalists.” Juliet Severance. “Shall Such Things Continue?” 17 (Feb. 25, 1893). Sever- ance reports on the imprisonment of George Wilson, proprietor of an ag- nostic publishing house in Chicago, for sending his catalog to a Com- stock agent. S.M. “Socialist-Anarchism. How to Restore Peace, Equality, Justice and Lib- erty to the Commonwealth.” 19 (Apr. 22, 1893). W. C. Owen. “The New American Revolution.” 21 (June 24, 1893). A lec- ture delivered in England. William Holmes. “Altgeld and the Anarchists.” 22 (July 29, 1893). Holmes announces the pardon of Samuel Fielden, Michael Schwab, and Oscar Neebe. John Edelmann. “To the Unemployed.” 23 (Aug. 26, 1893). Giovani Rossi. “Caecilia: Notes on an Experimental Anarchistic Colony in Brazil.” 1:1 (Jan. 1, 1895)–1:6 (Mar. 15, 1895). “[Charles W.] Mowbray’s Arrest.” 1:2 (Jan. 15, 1895). Following a lecture to the Ladies’ Liberal League, Mowbray was arrested on December 28, 1894, and charged with inciting to riot and sedition against the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania. Charles Mowbray. “Strikes, Organized Labor and the Militia.” 1:3 (Feb. 1, 1895). Mowbray insists that “We must denounce the brutal indifference of the employed to the sufferings of the unemployed—the criminals, the tramps, the casual laborers, the victims in short, of the brutal system of class monopoly we are all suffering under. The old style sectional union is played out. The only hope of the workers is in solidarity.” “A Judas.” 1:3 (Feb. 1, 1895). This article refers to Eugene Cotin; reprinted from Pere Peinard (London). 246 SOLIDARITY (1892–1898)

E. Malatesta. “International Federation of Revolutionary Anarchist-Socialists.” 1:4 (Feb. 15, 1895). “The Acquittal of Savario Merlino.” 1:6 (Mar. 15, 1895). Reprinted from Cristoforo Colombo (Florence, Italy). Merlino had been charged with pub- lishing seditious literature and was defended by Enrico Ferri. F. A. Frank. “Anarchy Pure and Simple.” 1:7 (Apr. 1, 1895). Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Miracles of Political Magic.” 1:10 (Apr. 1, 1898). A. J. Pope. “A Brief Account of the Suppression of ‘The Firebrand’ and the Arrest of A. J. Pope, H. Addis, and A. Isaak.” 1:12 (May 1, 1898). Louise Michel. “Solidarity.” 1:13 (May 15, 1898). Michel reports on her ef- forts to create a “refuge-colony in England for the proscribed.” Saverio Merlino. “Against .” 1:14 (June 1, 1898). Reprinted from Der Socialist (Berlin). Merlino states, “Without believing that the social question can be settled by laws or decrees, I am nevertheless in favor of voting and of the Parliamentary struggle. Since it is not contrary to So- cialistic and Anarchistic principles, for the people to defend its interests and try to enforce its will in every possible manner.” J. A. Maryson. “The Different Schools of Anarchism.” 1:14 (June 1, 1898)–1:15 (June 15, 1898). Chas. B. Cooper. “The Sex Question—Another Prosecution.” 1:15 (June 15, 1898). This article refers to the arrest of George Bedborough, editor of the Adult (London). “Enrico Malatesta to Savario Merlino.” 1:16 (July 1, 1898). Malatesta ad- dresses Merlino’s attempt to reconcile anarchism and parliamentarism. Emma Goldman. “A Short Account of My Late Tour.” 1:16 (July 1, 1898). Louise Michel. “The Red Century.” 1:16 (July 1, 1898).

Homestead Strike

W. C. Owen. “The Lesson of the Hour.” 3 (July 9, 1892). Owen comments on Andrew Carnegie and the Homestead strike. “‘Homestead’ Again” and “Holy Simplicity.” 4 (July 30, 1892).

Alexander Berkman’s Attempted Assassination of Henry Clay Frick

“A Few Words for Comrade Berkman.” 4 (July 30, 1892). The editor declares, “To all new and great ideas, governments have but one argument to op- pose: force. Eventually, however, the violence of the repression turns out to be the greatest motor of Progress.” SOLIDARITY (1892–1898) 247

“Berkman Interviewed.” 4 (July 30, 1892). Reprinted from the first edition of the July 24, 1892, issue of the Philadelphia Record. “Sentenced.” 8 (Oct. 8, 1892). The author notes that Berkman “refused to employ lawyers for his defense. He could be sentenced, not convicted. He was a victim brought to the altar, not a criminal before his judges. His judges were his enemies, the enemies and exploiters of Labor, the sworn enemies of the cause he represented.” “Opinion of the ‘Revolte’ on Berkman and His Deeds.” 8 (Oct. 8, 1892). Re- volte comments, “Berkman has done more for the propaganda of our principles among the masses which do not read our papers, than all the writings we may publish. He has shown that there are, among the Anar- chists, men capable of being revolted by the crimes of Capitalism . . . and he has proved that our Chicago martyrs were not the last Mohicans of the anarchistic movement in the United States.” Alexander Berkman Letter. 16 (Feb. 9, 1893). A January 5, 1893, letter writ- ten from the Western Penitentiary in Allegheny, Pennsylvania.

Jules Moineau Affair

Note: Moineau was sentenced to twenty-five years’ hard labor for exploding a “minute quantity” of stolen dynamite on the step of the house of Judge Renson. Marie Louise. “Jules Moineau.” 6 (Sept. 8, 1892). Louise highlights Moineau’s statement before the Court of Liege, Belgium. Marie Louise. “The Affair of Jules Moineau.” 7 (Sept. 24, 1892); 9 (Oct. 22, 1892); 11 (Nov. 19, 1892). Louise highlights the plea to the court and jury by Moineau’s attorney, Emile Royer.

Methods of Propaganda

John H. Edelmann. “Caution.” 9 (Oct. 22, 1892). Edelmann calls for writ- ten and spoken propaganda governed by “boldness of expression, clear- ness in statement of principles, and no recommendation or appeals to specific deeds. . . . The individual propaganda of action must be left to individual initiative, and as to general revolt, that must be a spontaneous action and can neither be created [n]or controlled by conspiracy or agree- ment.” William Holmes. “Methods of Propaganda.” 13 (Dec. 17, 1892). Criticizing past methods, Holmes notes, “We have employed means which, while they have not perceptibly crippled the enemy, have injured ourselves. We 248 SOLIDARITY (1892–1898)

have used bravado where we should have used cunning; we have strained our legal rights where we might have fortified ourselves behind them. We have been butting our heads against the strong wall of authority; we should have undermined it.” S. Merlino. “Kid-Gloved Anarchists.” 13 (Dec. 17, 1892). Merlino believes that Holmes seeks to take “The anarchist movement from the workshop to the drawing room, from the street to the church, from the saloon to the social gatherings of well-to-do people.” Merlino concludes, “We must agitate and fight in the ranks of the toilers. We must be ready to give our life for the cause at any time, if we wish to accomplish anything at all.”

Lattimer, Pennsylvania Massacre

Voltairine de Cleyre. “Hazelton and After.” 1:9 (Mar. 15, 1898). De Cleyre described the trial as comparable to “trying the devil in hell.” J. Edelmann. “Lattimer.” 1:9 (Mar. 15, 1898). Edelmann reports the acquit- tal of Sheriff James Martin and his deputies, who were charged with mur- dering nineteen striking Hazelton miners as they marched from Hazelton to Lattimer to persuade their fellow workers to join their strike.

Spanish-American War

S.J. “The Crisis.” 1:10 (Apr. 1, 1898). J. “Free Cuba.” 1:11 (Apr. 15, 1898). Chas. B. Cooper. “Cuba.” 1:12 (May 1, 1898). S. E. Kiser. “Setting Cuba Free.” 1:13 (May 15, 1898). A poem.

NOTE

Solidarity discontinued publication between August 26, 1893, and January 1895 and between April 1895 and March 1898.

ENDNOTES

1. Paul Avrich, An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre (Prince- ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 152, n.21; Candace Falk, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds., Making Speech Free, SPANISH REVOLUTION (1936–1938) 249

1902–1909, vol. 2 of Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the Amer- ican Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 534. 2. John H. Edelmann assumed responsibility for issuing Solidarity when Saverio Merlino left for Europe. J. H. Edelmann. “To the Readers of Sol- idarity,” Solidarity, 22 (July 29, 1893): 1. I have chosen to credit Merlino as editor for the first fifteen issues, given the evidence that he was already in Europe by the time no. 16 (Feb. 9, 1893) was issued. See S. Merlino. “Letter from England. The Scotch Anarchists’ Conference,” Solidarity, 16 (Feb. 9, 1893): 2–3. 7

Spanish Revolution (1936–1938)

Prospectus: A publication dedicated to current labor news from Spain, pub- lished by the United Libertarian Organizations, against Fascism and for Support of Spanish Workers. Examined: 1:1 (Aug. 19, 1936)–2:12 (May 1, 1938) Editors/Publishers: United Libertarian Organizations, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Semiweekly Contributors:1 National Confederation of Labor (CNT), Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), Regional Committee of the C.N.T. and the F.A.I., U.L.O. Affiliates (Cultura Proletaria; Freedom Group, Libertarian Workers Group; General Recruiting Union; Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); Il Martello; Jewish Anarchist Federation; Marine Transport Workers; Russian Toilers; Spanish Youth Group; Vanguard Group Features/Subjects: Agricultural Collectivization, Industrial Collectivization, Stalinist/Communist Counterrevolution, Militarization, CNT–UGT Unity Pact OCLC Numbers: 12697178, 6624449, 16949886, 49383456, 30367127, 8684498, 28274446

SELECTIONS

“Don’t Discuss Fascism, Destroy It Says Durruti in Broadcast.” 1:4 (Oct. 19, 1936). “Workers Councils to Clear Spain of Fascism.” 1:4 (Oct. 19, 1936). 250 THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE (1849–1850)

“Revolutionary Councils Taking Control of Spain. Madrid Begins to Carry Out Anarcho-Syndicalist’s Program.” 1:5 (Nov. 6, 1936). “New Society Born in Catalonia. Anarcho-Syndicalists Build Free Socialism in Catalonia.” 1:6 (Dec. 9, 1936). Emma Goldman. “On the United Front in Spain.” 1:9 (Jan. 8, 1937). “Expropriation on Basis of Revolutionary Equity.” 1:10 (Jan. 25, 1937). “Birth Control Advanced in Catalonia.” 1:12 (Feb. 26, 1937). “Toward a Political Crisis in Catalonia: Stalinist-Bourgeois Block Charged with Conspiracy against Anarchists of Catalonia.” 1:15 (Apr. 9, 1937). “Why Is Soviet Russia Opposed to Revolution in Spain?” 1:18 (May 21, 1937). “Communists Fight Agricultural Collectives.” 1:21 (July 2, 1937). “Moscow Trials on Spanish.” 1:21 (July 2, 1937). “Stalinists- Plan Totalitarian Party in Order to Combat Unity of CNT-UGT.” 2:1 (Sept. 7, 1937).

ENDNOTE

1. Most articles in Spanish Revolution were unsigned, because they had been worked out in general editorial meetings and generally reflected the think- ing of the Spanish Libertarians. Russell Blackwell, “Spanish Revolution (United Libertarian Organizations),” in The American Radical Press (1880–1960), ed. Joseph R. Conlin (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974), 2:482–83. 7

The Spirit of the Age (1849–1850)

Prospectus: The Spirit of the Age seeks as its end the peaceful transformation of human societies from isolated to associated interests, from competitive to cooperative industry, from disunity to unity. Amidst Revolution and Re- action, it advocates Reorganization. It desires to reconcile conflicting classes and to harmonize man’s various tendencies by an orderly arrange- ment of all relations, in the Family, the Township, the Nation, the World. Thus would it aid to introduce the Era of Confederated Communities, which in spirit, truth, and deed shall be the kingdom of God and his Righteousness, a Heaven upon Earth. THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE (1849–1850) 251

Examined: 1:1 (July 7, 1849)–2:17 (Apr. 27, 1850)1 Editor: William H. Channing Publication Information: Fowlers & Wells, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Weekly Contributors: A. Brisbane, Elihu Burritt, Charles A. Dana, Thomas L. Harris, J. K. Ingalls, Charles Lane, M. Edgeworth Lazarus, W. H. Muller Features/Subjects: Christian Socialism, Associative Movement, Fourierism, Antislavery, Cholera Epidemic, European Affairs, Political Economy, Mutual Banks, Land Reform, Equitable Exchange, Currency Reform, “Reform Movements,” Poetry, Reprints: John Stuart Mill, Johann G. Fichte, Pierre Leroux, Victor Considerant, Henry James Preceding Title: The Univercoelum and Spiritual Philosopher (New York) OCLC Numbers: 1766345, 9101297, 19333673, 175305284

SELECTIONS

William H. Channing. “Revolution—Reaction—Reorganization.” 1:2 (July 14, 1849)–1:5 (Aug. 4, 1849). Jeanne Deroin. “Woman; Her Position and Duties.” 1:2 (July 14, 1849); 1:4 (July 28, 1849). Deroin starts with the axiom that “Woman must either be a slave and prostitute, or free and chaste.” F. Coignet. “The Ways and Means of Free Exchange and Credit.” 1:6 (Aug. 11, 1849). Translated by W.H.C. from the Democratic Pacifique (Paris). C.A.D. “The European Revolution.” 1:7 (Aug. 18, 1849). William H. Channing. “The First of August.” 1:7 (Aug. 18, 1849). Channing opposes the extension of slavery and concludes with the slogan, “Slavery limitation or the New Union of Freemen.” “West India Emancipation.” 1:7 (Aug. 18, 1849). J. K. Ingalls. “Man and Property; Their Rights and Relations.” 1:8 (Aug. 25, 1849). William H. Channing. “The Union.” 1:8 (Aug. 25, 1849). Channing argues that “Only when the nation is rid of slavery shall we learn the full value of union.” J. K. Ingalls. “Man and His Rights.” 1:9 (Sept. 1, 1849). W. H. Hutchings. “Social Evils; the Greatest of These Is Poverty.” 1:10 (Sept. 8, 1849). J. K. Ingalls. “Property and Its Rights.” 1:10 (Sept. 8, 1849). William H. Channing. “Industrial Feudalism.” 1:13 (Sept. 29, 1849); 1:15 (Oct. 13, 1849). 252 THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE (1849–1850)

William H. Channing. “Letters to Associationists.” 1:13 (Sept. 29, 1849); 1:16 (Oct. 20, 1849); 1:19 (Nov. 10, 1849); 1:21 (Nov. 24, 1849); 1:25 (Dec. 22, 1849). Charles A. Dana. “European Socialism. Proudhon.” 1:14 (Oct. 6, 1849). J. K. Ingalls. “Relations, Existing and Natural, between Man and Property.” 1:16 (Oct. 20, 1849). W. Chase. “To the Friends of Social Reform.” 1:17 (Oct. 27, 1849). Chase re- ports on the Cooperative Community–Wisconsin Phalanx. William H. Channing. “Social Revolution.” 1:17 (Oct. 27, 1849). F. G. Shaw. “Mutual Bank of Discount and Deposit.” 1:18 (Nov. 3, 1849)–1:19 (Nov. 10, 1849). Reprinted from Hunt’s Merchant Magazine (New York). Charles A. Dana. “Proudhon’s Political Economy.” 1:18 (Nov. 3, 1849); 1:21 (Nov. 24, 1849); 1:24 (Dec. 15, 1849). Edgeworth. “Abolition of Slavery.” 1:19 (Nov. 10, 1849)–1:20 (Nov. 17, 1849). Victor Considerant. “The Phalansterian Movement.” 1:20 (Nov. 17, 1849)–1:21 (Nov. 24, 1849). Charles A. Dana. “The Bank of the People.” 1:22 (Dec. 1, 1849). Dana ad- vocates organizing industry, banking, and commerce on the threefold principles of liberty, equality, and reciprocity in order to achieve the emancipation of labor and establish the Republic of Wealth. Charles A. Dana. “European Socialism—The Bank of the People.” 1:23 (Dec. 8, 1849). W. Chase and Stephen Bates. “To the Friends of Reform and Association.” 1:23 (Dec. 8, 1849). An address unanimously adopted by the members of the Wisconsin Phalanx. George Adam. “The Working Men’s League.” 1:24 (Dec. 15, 1849). R.M. “Land Reform.” 1:24 (Dec. 15, 1849). J. K. Ingalls. “Method of Transition. For the Consideration of the True Friends of Human Rights and Human Progress.” 1:25 (Dec. 22, 1849). William B. Greene. “Human Pantheism.” 1:25 (Dec. 22, 1849). “P. J. Proudhon.” 2:2 (Jan. 12, 1850). Reprinted from the London Weekly Tri- bune. P. J. Proudhon. “The Confessions of a Revolutionist.” 2:2 (Jan. 12, 1850)–2:3 (Jan. 19, 1850); 2:5 (Feb. 2, 1850); 2:9 (Mar. 2, 1850). Reprinted from the London Weekly Tribune. “A Mutual Bank of Circulation and Discount.” 2:4 (Jan. 26, 1850). THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE (1849–1850) 253

Jules Tournoux. “The Abolition of House Rent. A Dialogue.” 2:4 (Jan. 26, 1850). Reprinted from La Voix de Peuple (Paris). J. K. Ingalls. “The Co-Operative Brotherhood.” 2:4 (Jan. 26, 1850). Louis Blanc. “The Socialists Cathecism.” 2:6 (Feb. 9, 1850)–2:8 (Feb. 23, 1850). Reprinted from the London Weekly Tribune Almanac. J. Rehn. “The Consummate Future.” 2:6 (Feb. 9, 1850). An address delivered before the Philadelphia Union of Associationists. William H. Channing. “Compromise—Disunion—The Union of Freemen.” 2:8 (Feb. 23, 1850). Channing exclaims that “The Freemen of the United States cannot yield to the Slave-Power in the present controversy.” Edgeworth. “Emancipation by Means of Association.” 2:8 (Feb. 23, 1850). Applying the “Law of Series” to the abolition of slavery. Lucretia Mott. “Rights of Woman.” 2:9 (Mar. 2, 1850). Excerpt from an address delivered December 17, 1849, at the Assembly Buildings in Philadelphia. Edgeworth. “Democratic Association.” 2:9 (Mar. 2, 1850). Hugh Doherty. “Land Monopoly and Rent.” 2:10 (Mar. 9, 1850). Reprinted from the New York Daily Tribune. Edgeworth. “Founders of Social Harmony.” 2:11 (Mar. 16, 1850). Reprinted from Fourier’s New Industrial World. “Memoir of Mr. .” 2:11 (Mar. 16, 1850). Reprinted from the London Weekly Tribune. A. Brisbane. “The Mutualist Township.” 2:12 (Mar. 23, 1850)–2:13 (Mar. 30, 1850). William H. Channing. “Christianity and Socialism.” 2:16 (Apr. 20, 1850).

Paris Peace Conference (1849)

William H. Channing. “Paris Peace Convention.” 1:13 (Sept. 29, 1849)–1:14 (Oct. 6, 1849). William H. Channing. “Peace or War, Once Again.” 1:14 (Oct. 6, 1849). Elihu Burritt. “Congress of Nations.” 1:15 (Oct. 13, 1849)–1:16 (Oct. 20, 1849). Excerpt from an address to the Paris Peace Convention.

ENDNOTE

1. William H. Channing, The Spirit of the Age (New York: Fowlers & Wells, 1849–1850), is freely available from Google books at http://books 254 THE SUN (1885?–1887)

.google.com/books?id=WUIrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=spirit +of+the+age (accessed 17 March 2009). 7

The Sun (1885?–1887)

Prospectus: Its Cultus is the principles of Liberty and Equity. Its economy is in equitably rewarding the utmost division of labor. Its polity is its power to organize the masses on a plane of self-interest. Its power is in the fact that it is reinforced by natural law and the “survival of the fittest.” Its social ideal is the future American Republic. Its religion is the Unity of mankind. Its consummation is human Solidarity, under one government, one language, and one religion. Examined: New Series: 1 (Jan.–Feb. 1885)–5 (May–June 1887)1 Subtitle: A Bi-Monthly Publication Devoted to Co-Operation Editor/Publisher: Charles T. Fowler, Kansas City, Mo. Frequency: Irregular Subjects:2 Cooperation: Its Laws and Principles: Showing the Grounds of Liberty and Equity and Their Violations in Rent, Interest, Profit, and Majority Rule, 1 (Jan.–Feb. 1885); “‘Prohibition:’ Or the Relation of Government to Temperance,” 1 Supp. (1886); “The Reorganization of Business: On a Labor Instead of Usury Basis—Embracing the Store, the Bank, the Farm and Factory,” 2 (Mar.–Apr. 1885); “Corporations,” 3 (May–June 1886); “The Co-operative Home: Or the Abolition of the Kitchen,” 4 (July–Aug. 1886); “The Land Question: Showing a Nat- ural and Peaceful Way of Starving Out the Landlords,” 5 (May–June 1887) OCLC Number: 4223875

ENDNOTES

1. The dates are very confusing for this publication. If, in fact, Sun was a bi- monthly, and the dates support that, at least for nos. 1–4, then either nos. 1–2 are incorrectly dated 1885 or nos. 3–4 are incorrectly dated 1886. Given this ambiguity, I have chosen to record the date provided on the cover. TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892) 255

2. Subjects and summaries supplied by Charles T. Fowler in 1:1 Supp. (1886). 7

Twentieth Century (1888–1892)

Prospectus: The religion advocated by the Twentieth Century is “To do justly and to love mercy.” It knows no better principle than this: “Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so unto them.” It be- lieves that while we are in this world, our whole duty is here; that if after death we find ourselves in another world, our whole duty will be there; and that the best possible way to prepare ourselves for some other world is to do all we can for the betterment of this. It believes that the best pos- sible way to put its religion into practice is to help bring about a single tax on land values; plenty of money for the people’s needs, to be issued by the general government without the intervention of banks; national ownership, and control of railroads and telegraph lines, and municipal ownership and control of street railroads, gas and electric light manufac- ture, and water works. It believes that if society were thus organized, con- ditions would be such that human character would immediately improve under the enjoyment of plenty, and all other needed betterment in social conditions could easily be realized. But its columns are open for the ab- solutely free discussion of all questions within the scope of the paper, pro- vided that communications are well written and free from offensive per- sonalities. Examined: 2:1 (Jan. 12, 1889)–8:16 (Apr. 21, 1892) Subtitle: A Weekly Radical Magazine, 4:19 (May 8, 1890)–8:16 (Apr. 21, 1892) Editor: Hugh O. Pentecost, 2:1 (Jan. 12, 1889)–8:16 (Apr. 21, 1892) Associate Editor: T. L. M’Cready,1 3:5 (Aug. 10, 1889)–4:25 (June 19, 1890); J. W. Sullivan, 6:12 (Mar. 19, 1891)–8:16 (Apr. 21, 1892) Publication Information: Fred C. Leubuscher: New York, N.Y., 2:1 (Jan. 12, 1889)–2:11 (Mar. 23, 1889); Twentieth Century Publishing Co.: New York, N.Y., 2:12 (Mar. 30, 1889)–8:16 (Apr. 21, 1892) Frequency: Weekly Contributors: Lenora M. Barry, Eliza B. Burnz, John W. Chadwick, Henry S. Chase, William T. Croasdale, Clara Dixon Davidson, Daniel DeLeon, 256 TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892)

Henry Frank, Helen H. Gardener, Hudor Genone, J. C. F. Grumbine, Bart Kennedy, John C. Kimball, Harry Lyman Koopman, Dyer D. Lum, Samuel J. MacDonald, William M. Salter, W. G. Sellers, Alfred Smith, David Reeves Smith, Ella Stevens, Frank Sullivan, A. Van Deusen, Otto Wettstein, James M. Whiton, William A. Whittick, Victor Yarros Features/Subjects: Pentecost’s Addresses on the “Social Question,” Single Tax, Socialism, Anarchism, Individualism, Secularism, Agnosticism, Atheism, Henry Georgeism, Fiction, Poetry OCLC Numbers: 10960963, 20047031, 13247091, 213763523

SELECTIONS

Hugh O. Pentecost. “Ballots or Bullets.” 2:2 (Jan. 19, 1889). Alfred Smith. “The Principles of Moral Economy.” 2:6 (Feb. 16, 1889); 2:12 (Mar. 30, 1889)–2:13 (Apr. 6, 1889). James Morris Whiton. “On Some Agnosticism.” 2:7 (Feb. 23, 1889). Wm. C. Owen. “Concerning Non-Resistance.” 2:8 (Mar. 2, 1889). David Reeves Smith. “Natural National Rent.” 2:10 (Mar. 16, 1889). William M. Salter. “Religion and Reform.” 2:12 (Mar. 30, 1889). A. Van Deusen. “Socialism and Communism—What Are They?” 2:14 (Apr. 13, 1889). J. C. F. Grumbine. “The Failure of the Church.” 2:14 (Apr. 13, 1889). . “How We Shall Get There.” 2:18 (May 11, 1889). Dyer D. Lum. “Looking Forward.” 2:20 (May 25, 1889). T. L. M’Cready. “Socialists and Socialism.” 2:24 (June 22, 1889). Edgeworth. “Single-Tax Politics.” 2:24 (June 22, 1889). Frances M. Milne. “Single-Taxers, Read This!” 2:26 (July 6, 1889). Victor Yarros. “Anarchistic Socialism.” 3:5 (Aug. 10, 1889). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Murder by Law.” 3:6 (Aug. 17, 1889). Marie Louise. “What Is Anarchism?” 3:7 (Aug. 22, 1889). Addressing the charge that anarchism rejects all laws, Louise explains, “Nothing is more erroneous. Anarchism is a legal science; it is born from [natural] laws, it rests on [natural] laws and asserts its truth through [natural] laws; laws from which there is no appeal, and from the jurisdiction of which there is no escape.” Hugh O. Pentecost. “Clubs, Handcuffs, and Dungeon Cells.” 3:9 (Sept. 5, 1889). Addressing “what should be done with criminals.” Hugh O. Pentecost. “Neither Ballots nor Bullets.” 3:10 (Sept. 12, 1889). Criticizing the “superstitious belief that nothing can be accomplished in TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892) 257

human society except by war or by voting,” Pentecost argues that “all our progress is made in spite of our present laws; all reformation comes notwithstanding our prisons; all justice is done against the courts; all in- ternational equity is practiced without armies; all goodness is acquired in opposition to the influence of the church.” Hugh O. Pentecost. “How to Be Good though Godless.” 3:11 (Sept. 19, 1889). Victor Yarros. “Henry George and Anarchism.” 3:12 (Sept. 26, 1889). J. W. Sullivan. “A Collapse to Henry George’s Pretensions.” 3:14 (Oct. 10, 1889). William T. Croasdale. “Progress toward the Single-Tax.” 3:16 (Oct. 24, 1889). J. W. Sullivan. “Mr. George as a Believer in Malthus.” 3:18 (Nov. 7, 1889). Sergius G. Shevitch. “The ‘Blood Red Flag.’” 3:19 (Nov. 14, 1889). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Crime of the Eleventh of November.” 3:19 (Nov. 14, 1889). Pentecost argues that “The imprisonment and hanging of these men [Chicago anarchists] was one of the most unjust and cruel acts ever perpetrated by an organized government. It was not only immoral, which would be nothing to wonder at, because governments are always doing immoral things . . . but it was illegal, which, in an organized gov- ernment, is the worst of all crimes.” Edmund Montgomery. “Nationalization of All Means of Industry the Only Remedy.” 3:20 (Nov. 21, 1889). Hugh O. Pentecost. “A Troublesome Belief in a Future Life.” 3:23 (Dec. 12, 1889). M. M. Trumbull. “The Pathetic Story of Oscar Neebe.” 3:25 (Dec. 26, 1889). Neebe was a Haymarket defendant sentenced to fifteen years in prison. John C. Kimball. “The Moral Advantages of Having a Bad Name.” 4:2 (Jan. 9, 1890). Kimball addresses the advantages of identifying as an anarchist. Hugh O. Pentecost. “Two Years of Freedom.” 4:2 (Jan. 9, 1890). Pentecost commemorates the second anniversary of his abandonment of the church and the Christian ministry. Benjamin R. Tucker. “A Sheriff’s Sale in Paradise.” 4:2 (Jan. 9, 1890). Victor Yarros. “Ideas and Tendencies.” 4:3 (Jan. 16, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Our Dangerous Classes.” 4:4 (Jan. 23, 1890). Pente- cost asks, “What harm can all the drunkards, harlots, and burglars put together that will compare with the crimes of the politicians who de- bauch the morals of a nation?” and concludes that “your man of fame who gets office by bribes, your corrupt judge, your dishonest legislator, your scheming and cruel capitalist, who uses or breaks the law for his 258 TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892)

own interest; your purchasable editor, your blind or cowardly priest— these make up our really dangerous classes.” C. S. Darrow. “The Relative and the Absolute.” 4:5 (Jan. 30, 1890). J. K. Ingalls. “Ethics and Economics.” 4:6 (Feb. 6, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Thomas Paine.” 4:6 (Feb. 6, 1890). J. W. Sullivan. “Wherein [Henry George’s] ‘Progress and Poverty’ Is Weak.” 4:6 (Feb. 6, 1890)–4:8 (Feb. 20, 1890). J. K. Ingalls. “Economic Rent.” 4:8 (Feb. 20, 1890). Maxim Bielinsky. “The City of the Dead.” 4:8 (Feb. 20, 1890)–4:10 (Mar. 6, 1890). A work of fiction translated by Victor Yarros. “The Case of Samuel Fielden.” 4:9 (Feb. 27, 1890). Fielden was a Haymar- ket defendant whose death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment by Illinois governor Richard Oblesby. This article is an interview with Gen. M. M. Trumbell. Hugh O. Pentecost. “How to Get Rid of the Government.” 4:9 (Feb. 27, 1890). Pentecost asserts that “The only possible way to get rid of the gov- ernment, so far as the individual is concerned, is to get it out of himself. . . . [A]s long as people believe that they cannot live in peace and happi- ness without the guidance of the politicians and the clubbing of the po- licemen, the politicians and policemen will always reign.” J. W. Sullivan. “Henry George’s Denial.” 4:10 (Mar. 6, 1890). J. W. Sullivan. “Summary and Conclusion [Concerning ].” 4:11 (Mar. 13, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Sins of Government.” 4:11 (Mar. 13, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Are Clergymen Frauds?” 4:14 (Apr. 3, 1890). Marie Louise. “A Plea for Absolute Freedom.” 4:16 (Apr. 17, 1890). Arguing that “under a system of society where coercion is acknowledged as a proper factor to maintain order, you can but educate slaves and knaves,” that “coercion is moral death,” Louise concludes that “love alone is con- ducive to human happiness, and love dwells in the abode of absolute lib- erty.” Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Eight-Hour War.” 4:16 (Apr. 17, 1890). Robert G. Ingersoll. “Crumbling Creeds.” 4:17 (Apr. 24, 1890). E. B. Foote Jr. “The Case of Moses Harman.” 4:22 (May 29, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “A Good Man Sent to Prison.” 4:22 (May 29, 1890). This article comments on the imprisonment of Moses Harman. William Holmes. “Why I, an Anarchist, Work with Socialists.” 4:23 (June 5, 1890). Victor Yarros. “Why I, as an Anarchist, Will Not Work with the Socialists.” 4:24 (June 12, 1890). TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892) 259

John C. Kimball. “How Far Are We All Anarchists Even Now?” 4:24 (June 12, 1890). Victor Yarros. “Anarchism vs. Legalism.” 4:25 (June 19, 1890). J. M. L. Babcock. “To Abolish Usury.” 4:26 (June 26, 1890). Edmund Montgomery. “Prof. Huxley’s Economistic Efforts.” 5:1 (July 3, 1890)–5:2 (July 10, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Life and Character of T. L. M’Cready.” 5:2 (July 10, 1890). J. K. Ingalls. “Will Free Money Make Vacant Land Free?” 5:4 (July 24, 1890). C. L. James. “George and Malthus Again.” 5:5 (July 31, 1890). J. W. Sullivan. “With Reference to Sincere Single-Taxers.” 5:7 (Aug. 14, 1890)–5:8 (Aug. 21, 1890). Hugo Bilgram. “The Fallacy of Anarchism.” 5:14 (Oct. 2, 1890). C. L. James. “Spiritual Anarchism.” 5:16 (Oct. 16, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Evil the Church Does.” 5:16 (Oct. 16, 1890). Victor Yarros. “Mr. Bilgram’s Errors.” 5:19 (Nov. 6, 1890). A.A. “The Gospel of Evolution.” 5:19 (Nov. 6, 1890)–5:21 (Nov. 20, 1890). Henry Frank. “Mr. Pentecost and Anarchism.” 5:20 (Nov. 13, 1890); 5:25 (Dec. 18, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Greatest Blunder of This Generation.” 5:20 (Nov. 13, 1890). Pentecost comments on the hanging of the Chicago anar- chists. Hugh O. Pentecost. “The [Charles S.] Parnell Scandal.” 5:24 (Dec. 11, 1890). Victor Yarros. “A Nationalist Critic of Individualism Answered.” 6:1 (Jan. 1, 1891). Followed by Edward S. Huntington. “A ‘Critique’ Criticised.” 6:4 (Jan. 22, 1891). C. S. Griffin. “Weak Planks in Anarchism.” 6:1 (Jan. 1, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Murder of Sitting Bull.” 6:1 (Jan. 1, 1891). Henry MacDonald. “The Philosophic Basis for a Disbelief in a God.” 6:3 (Jan. 15, 1891). Hugo Bilgram. “Government vs. Invasion.” 6:3 (Jan. 15, 1891). Hans Rossner. “The Social Revolution.” 6:5 (Jan. 29, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Government vs. Equal Liberty.” 6:8 (Feb. 19, 1891). William H. Galvani. “Vegetarianism.” 6:9 (Feb. 26, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Toiling Children.” 6:9 (Feb. 26, 1891). Matilda Joselyn Gage. “Is Marriage a Failure?” 6:13 (Mar. 26, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “What to Do with Criminals.” 6:15 (Apr. 9, 1891). Henry Frank. “The Evolution of Freedom.” 6:16 (Apr. 16, 1891). An address delivered April 5, 1891, at Chickering Hall in New York City. 260 TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892)

A Van Deusen. “Our Menace from Race Thrift.” 6:17 (Apr. 23, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Dangers of Radicalism.” 6:19 (May 7, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Coming Social Revolution.” 6:20 (May 14, 1891). Solon Lauer. “Individualism in Ethics.” 6:21 (May 21, 1891). Rosa Slobodinsky and Voltairine de Cleyre. “The Individualist and the Com- munist: A Dialogue.” 6:25 (June 18, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “What I Believe.” 7:1 (July 2, 1891). J. W. Sullivan. “A Concept of Political Justice.” 7:3 (July 16, 1891)–7:7 (Aug. 13, 1891), followed by W. H. Van Ornum. “Political Justice: A Reply to J. W. Sullivan.” 7:9 (Aug. 27, 1891), and W. H. Van Ornum. “Political Justice: A Rejoinder.” 7:14 (Oct. 1, 1891). E. W. Nellis. “Evolution Out of ‘Government.’” 7:5 (July 30, 1891). Henry S. Chase. “Government: Its Rise among Primitive Peoples and Its Sub- sequent Evolution.” 7:8 (Aug. 20, 1891). W. C. Owen. “The Poetry of William Morris.” 7:9 (Aug. 27, 1891). Dyer D. Lum. “August Spies.” 7:10 (Sept. 3, 1891). William Arch M’Clean. “How Crimes Are Created.” 7:19 (Nov. 5, 1891). C. L. James. “Anarchy’s Apostles.” 7:21 (Nov. 19, 1891); 7:24 (Dec. 10, 1891); 7:26 (Dec. 24, 1891); 8:1 (Jan. 7, 1892); 8:3 (Jan. 21, 1892); 8:5 (Feb. 4, 1892); 8:7 (Feb. 18, 1892). J. W. Sullivan. “Pure Democracy in Switzerland.” 7:23 (Dec. 3, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Attempted Assassination of Russell Sage.” 7:25 (Dec. 17, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “The Death Chair Again.” 7:25 (Dec. 17, 1891). Martha Moore Avery. “Parents and Comrades.” 7:25 (Dec. 17, 1891). J. W. Sullivan. “The Single-Tax Wreck.” 8:2 (Jan. 14, 1892). Henry Frank. “The Crime of War.” 8:5 (Feb. 4, 1892). Lecture delivered Jan- uary 31, 1892, at the Masonic Temple in New York City. A. P. Rose. “Government by Aliens.” 8:10 (Mar. 10, 1892)–8:11 (Mar. 17, 1892). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Valedictory.” 8:16 (Apr. 21, 1892).

Pentecost’s Addresses on the “Social Question”

“Can Human Nature Be Changed by Law?” 2:6 (Feb. 16, 1889)–2:7 (Feb. 23, 1889). “Present Social Inequalities Are the Product of Bad Laws.” 2:8 (Mar. 2, 1889)–2:9 (Mar. 9, 1889). “The Disease and the Remedy.” 2:10 (Mar. 16, 1889). A lecture on the un- fair distribution of wealth. TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892) 261

“Charity No Remedy.” 2:11 (Mar. 23, 1889)–2:14 (Apr. 13, 1889). “Personal Character and the Social Problem.” 2:15 (Apr. 20, 1889). “The Relation of Our Social Organism to Popular Religious Ideas.” 2:16 (Apr. 27, 1889). “The Gospel of Plenty.” 2:17 (May 4, 1889). “Organized Labor No Remedy.” 2:18 (May 11, 1889). “Things as They Are.” 2:19 (May 18, 1889). “Socialism.” 2:20 (May 25, 1889). “State Socialism Defined.” 2:21 (June 1, 1889). “Objections to Socialism Considered.” 2:22 (June 8, 1889). “Would Socialism Be Tyrannical?” 2:23 (June 15, 1889). “Would Socialism Be Leveling?” 2:24 (June 22, 1889). “Is Socialism a Road to Freedom?” 2:25 (June 29, 1889). “Anarchism.” 2:26 (July 6, 1889). Defining anarchism as “under natural law instead of statute law,” Pentecost declares, “I am not an anarchist. But I do believe that the social question in all its relations will not be solved un- til we reach justice, fraternity, and freedom through obedience to natural law, or, if you please, God’s law, alone.” “Georgism.” 3:1 (July 13, 1889).

The Chicago Anarchists

Theodore J. Werner. “The Chicago Anarchists.” 2:15 (Apr. 20, 1889). John C. Kimball. “Why Did You Protest against the Hanging of the Anar- chists?” 2:17 (May 4, 1889). William Holmes. “The Chicago Anarchists.” 2:23 (June 15, 1889).

Socialism and the Single-Tax

William T. Croasdale. “Socialism vs. Single-Tax.” 2:19 (May 18, 1889). A. Van Deusen. Reply to William T. Croasdale’s letter. 2:20 (May 25, 1889). E. J. Shriver. “Socialism and the Single-Tax.” 2:20 (May 25, 1889). Theodore F. Cuno. “A Socialist’s Reply to Mr. Croasdale.” 2:21 (June 1, 1889). “Another Letter from William T. Croasdale.” 2:22 (June 8, 1889). W. H. Van Ornum. “Socialism and the Single-Tax.” 2:25 (June 29, 1889).

Why I Am . . . Essays

William Lloyd Garrison. “Why I Am a Single-Taxer.” 4:18 (May 1, 1890). Burnett G. Haskell. “Why I Am a Nationalist.” 4:20 (May 15, 1890). 262 TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892)

Johann Most. “Why I Am a Communist.” 4:21 (May 22, 1890). Most argues that “Without the abolition of private property there is no equality pos- sible, and without equality no real independence, while independence is the first condition of liberty, of anarchism.” Benjamin R. Tucker. “Why I Am an Anarchist.” 4:22 (May 29, 1890). Tucker acknowledges that “The complaint of archistic socialists that the anar- chists are bourgeois is true to this extent and no further—that, great as is their detestation for a bourgeois society, they prefer its partial liberty to the complete slavery of state socialism.” A. P. Brown. “Why I Am a Non-Resistant.” 4:23 (June 5, 1890). J. W. Sullivan. “Why I Am an Opportunist.” 4:25 (June 19, 1890). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Why I Am Not an Agnostic.” 4:26 (June 26, 1890). F. Q. Stuart. “Why I Am an Individualist.” 5:13 (Sept. 25, 1890). Dyer D. Lum. “Why I Am a Social Revolutionist.” 5:18 (Oct. 30, 1890). Lum advocates “active resistance by overt acts to the powers that be,” re- fuses to make the “assertion of principle subordinate to the lines of legal- ity as laid down by [our] enemies,” and ridicules passive resistance as the “theoretical illusion of ‘rainbow chasers.’”

Ezra H. Heywood—Word—Obscenity Case

“Letter from Mr. Heywood.” 5:15 (Oct. 9, 1890). Sent from a state prison. James W. Harris. “The Case of Ezra H. Heywood.” 6:15 (Apr. 9, 1891). “A Letter from Julian Hawthorne.” 6:6 (Feb. 5, 1891). Hawthorne comments on the imprisonment of E. H. Heywood. Ezra Heywood. “The World We Live In.” 7:7 (Aug. 13, 1891). A letter sent from a Massachusetts state prison.

Issue 6:2 (Jan. 8, 1891)

Note: This issue features articles on the “Interest Question.” J. K. Ingalls. “Earned and Unearned Increase.” Hugo Bilgram. “The Interest Question.” C. L. James. “The Source of Interest.”

Morality

J. W. Sullivan. “Morality as Seen by an Anarchist-Communist.” 6:13 (Mar. 26, 1891). Sullivan reviews Peter Kropotkin’s La Morale Anarchiste. TWENTIETH CENTURY (1888–1892) 263

Victor Yarros. “Moral Science and Conduct.” 6:21 (May 21, 1891). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Mr. Yarros’s Morality.” 6:22 (May 28, 1891). Victor Yarros. “Mr. Pentecost’s Theological Standpoint.” 6:24 (June 11, 1891).

Henry Frank–Hugh O. Pentecost Discussion

Hugh O. Pentecost. “Mr. Frank and the Society of Human Progress.” 8:6 (Feb. 11, 1892). Henry Frank. “Mr. Pentecost’s Criticisms.” 8:7 (Feb. 18, 1892). Hugh O. Pentecost. “Concerning Mr. Frank and the Divine Potentialities.” 8:8 (Feb. 25, 1892); 8:11 (Mar. 17, 1892). “The Frank-Pentecost Discussion.” 8:10 (Mar. 10, 1892). Henry Frank. “Mr. Pentecost’s Logic.” 8:10 (Mar. 10, 1892). Henry Frank. “Mr. Pentecost’s Collapse.” 8:13 (Mar. 31, 1892).

NOTES

“Hear the other side.” “There are publications which represent distinctively progressive theological thought, as also those which stand for some particular phase of the new political economy; but there is none of which we know that advocates both the new religion and the new social economy in the broadly sym- pathetic manner which this paper means to cultivate. The editor has his individual views and will utter them as editor, but is profoundly con- vinced that some important truth is contained in each school of thought from the most conservatively orthodox to the most radical, and it will be the policy of this paper to extend a cordial recognition to all sincere thinkers, and to magnify rather than minify what truth they have to ex- press. Every honest thinker will be treated by the Twentieth Century with sympathetic respect, no matter how orthodox or heterodox his opinions may be or how much the editor may differ with them.” 2:1 (Jan. 12, 1889). “Devoted to Secular Religion and Social Regeneration,” 2:12 (Mar. 30, 1889)–2:20 (Nov. 21, 1889). “[The editor] expects readers to be neither babies nor parasites, but thinkers. . . . This paper is not a hand organ; it is an orchestra, and we are willing that it shall become a whole brass band whose harmonies shall be heard all over the world. The editor has a particular fondness for those who 264 VANGUARD (1932–1939)

differ with him in opinion, because it is through the friction of thought that the sparks of truth fly.” 2:25 (June 29, 1889). “Devoted to Social Regeneration through Personal Rightness,” 3:21 (Nov. 28, 1889). “This magazine advocates Personal Sovereignty in place of State Sovereignty, Voluntary Cooperation instead of Compulsory Cooperation, the Libera- tion of mind from Superstition, and the application of the principles of Ethics toward Social Regeneration.” 5:1 (July 3, 1890).

ENDNOTE

1. T. L. M’Cready was the pen name of G. O. Warren. Wendy McElroy, Lib- erty, 1881–1908: A Comprehensive Index, http://tmh.floonet.net/index/ two_m.html (accessed 17 March 2009); Wendy McElroy, “Bibliographi- cal Essay: Benjamin Tucker, Individualism, and Liberty: Not the Daugh- ter but the Mother of Order,” Forum at the Online Library of Liberty, http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id =796&Itemid=259 (accessed 17 March 2009). 7

Vanguard (1932–1939)

Prospectus: We aim at the establishment of a federation of autonomous youth groups, a militant press, and a coherent plan of action, for the realization of a successful social revolution which will abolish the existing bourgeois society and institute an anarchist-communist society. Examined: 1:1 (Apr. 1932)–4:9 (July 1939) Subtitles: An Anarchist Youth Publication. 1:1 (Apr. 1932); An Anarchist Communist Journal. 1:2 (July 1932)–1:8 (May–June 1933); A Libertar- ian Communist Journal. 2:1 (Mar. 1935)–4:8 (May 1939); A Libertarian Journal. 4:9 (July 1939) Editor: Abe Bluestein1 Publication Information: Vanguard Group, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Bimonthly Contributors: Glenn Carrington (pseud. George Creighton),2 (pseud. Sam Weiner),3 Louis Genin (pseud. Grant Lowry),4 Grigori Maximoff, Maximiliano Olay (pseud. Onofre Dallas),5 Jack Schlesinger VANGUARD (1932–1939) 265

(pseud. Jack White),6 Mark Schmidt (pseud. Senex),7 Louis Slater (pseud. David Lawrence),8 Sidney Solomon (pseud. S. Morrison),9 Au- gustin Souchy, Roman Weinrebe Features/Subjects: Spanish Revolution, National Confederation of Labor (CNT), Labor Movement, Trotskyites, Dominick Sallitto and Vincenzo Ferrero—Deportation Case, Political Prisoners (Mooney, Billings, Lind- way, et al.), International Anarchist Movement, Fascism, Popular Front, Book Reviews OCLC Numbers: 6047944, 6656066, 28388621, 35215982

SELECTIONS

Sam Weiner. “Anarchist-Communism.” 1:2 (July 1932)–1:4 (Nov. 1932). Abe Coleman. “The Futility of the Ballot.” 1:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1932)–1:4 (Nov. 1932). Editors. “The Crisis in Germany.” 1:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1932). The editors assert that “Both the junkers and the Hitlerites spell the crushing of a militant workers’ movement, if given the opportunity. Both want dictatorship— black revolutionary dictatorship. Both must be feared equally by the workers.” “The National Plenum of the C.N.T.” 1:7 (Apr. 1933). The members of the CNT declare themselves ready to answer state repression with a revolu- tionary general strike all over Spain. Christian Cornelissen. “Libertarian Communism in the Twentieth Century.” 2:3 (May–June 1935). Volin. “The Historic Role of the State.” 2:3 (May–June 1935). Armando Borghi. “Seizure of the Factories in Italy, 1920.” 2:4 (July–Aug. 1935). Senex. “The Transition Period.” 2:5 (Oct.–Nov. 1935)–2:6 (Jan.–Feb. 1936). George Creighton. “Which Way for the Negro?” 2:6 (Jan.–Feb. 1936). Stephen Craig. “Self-Determination for the Black Belt.” 3:1 (Apr.–May 1936). Craig examines the communists’ demand for black self-determi- nation. Jack White. “Working Class Martyrs.” 3:2 (June–July 1936). Emma Goldman. “Anarchists and Elections.” 3:2 (June–July 1936). Gold- man responds to a questionnaire sent out by the Mas Legas group in Spain. E. Novenad. “Pogroms in Palestine.” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). 266 VANGUARD (1932–1939)

Emma Goldman. “Alexander Berkman’s Last Days.” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). A July 12, 1936 letter mailed from St. Tropez. “In Memoriam Alexander Berkman.” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). Written by an anonymous but “intimate friend” of Berkman’s. “Anarchist Position on the C.I.O.” 3:4 (Oct.–Nov. 1936). Senex. “Towards Libertarian Communism.” 3:4 (Oct.–Nov. 1936)–3:5 (Dec. 1936). David Lawrence. “John L. Lewis—New Messiah.” 3:4 (Oct.–Nov. 1936). Joseph Zack. “Rise of the C.I.O.” 3:7 (June 1937). Rupolph Rocker. “ and Nationalism.” 3:8 (Aug. 1937). Pierre Besnard. “Anarcho-Syndicalism.” 3:8 (Aug. 1937). Besnard, secretary of the IWMA, prepared this statement for the International Anarchist Congress to be held in Barcelona; preface by A. Shapiro. Emma Goldman. “Trotsky Protests Too Much.” 4:4 (July 1938). Goldman comments on Trotsky and the . Rudolf Rocker. “The Danger of Nationalism.” 4:5–6 (Nov. 1938)–4:7 (Feb. 1939). Emma Goldman. “P.O.U.M. Frame-Up Fails.” 4:7 (Feb. 1939). Goldman of- fers an eyewitness account of the POUM trial. Herbert Read. “A Letter from England.” 4:8 (May 1939). Read states that “The only chance of accomplishing socialism lies in the renunciation of nationalism and of its symbol, the state.” Bengt Hedin. “Anarchist Revisionism.” 4:9 (July 1939). Reprinted from Syn- dikalismen (Sweden).

International Workingmen’s Association

A. Shapiro. “The Policy of the International.” 1:6 (Feb. 1933). Rudolf Rocker. “Socialism and the Principles of the International Working- men’s Association.” 1:8 (May–June 1933). Rudolf Rocker. “The First International.” 4:3 (Apr. 1938). Excerpt from manuscript of Anarcho-Syndicalism.

Dominick Sallitto and Vincenzo Ferrero—Deportation Case

Note: Sallitto and Ferrero were arrested as alien anarchists and threatened with deportation. Nationwide protest led to Sallitto’s release; however, Ferrero, facing deportation to fascist Italy and the prospect of execution, jumped bail and went underground. “The New Inquisition.” 2:3 (May–June 1935). “Ferrero and Sallitto.” 2:4 (July–Aug. 1935). VANGUARD (1932–1939) 267

“Class War Prisoners.” 2:6 (Jan.–Feb. 1936). “The Ferrero-Sallitto Case.” 3:1 (Apr.–May 1936). “Justice in America: Deportations.” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). “Justice at Home and Abroad: Court of Appeals to Hear Deportation Case.” 3:4 (Oct.–Nov. 1936). “Editorials: Defend Ferrero and Sallitto.” 4:1 (Nov. 1937). “The Menace of Deportation.” 4:5/6 (Nov. 1938).

Fascism

Senex. “Nationalism—The Root Source of Fascism.” 3:4 (July–Aug. 1935). Max Nomad. “The Other Face of Fascism.” 3:5 (Dec. 1936). Arnold Roller. “Fascism and Brazil.” 4:2 (Feb. 1938). Jack Fitzgerald. “Is Canada Going Fascist?” 4:3 (Apr. 1938). Guillaume. “An Il Duce for France?” 4:8 (May 1939). William Mainwaring. “The Fascist Tide in Britain.” 4:7 (Feb. 1939).

San Francisco Preparedness Day Bomb (1916)

Note: This is the case of Tom Mooney and Warren K. Billings. “Class War Prisoners.” 2:5 (Oct.–Nov. 1935). Tom Mooney. “The Frame-Up System.” 2:6 (Jan.–Feb. 1936). “Justice in America: Free Mooney and Billings.” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936).

Mike Lindway Case

Note: Lindway was convicted of possessing bombs and ammunition, intend- ing to use them for unlawful purposes. See State v. Lindway, 2 N.E. 2d 490 (Ohio, 1936). “The Mike Lindway Frame-Up.” 3:2 (June–July 1936). “Justice in America: Mike Lindway, I.W.W. Militant.” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). “Justice at Home and Abroad: Lindway Appeal before U.S. Supreme Court.” 3:4 (Oct.–Nov. 1936).

Spanish Revolution

“The C.N.T. Convention.” 3:2 (June–July 1936). Leon Green. “Spanish Labor Moves toward Unity.” 3:2 (June–July 1936). Green reports cooperation between the CNT and the UGT in labor strikes throughout Spain. Senex. “Spain: Towards Social Revolution.” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). 268 VANGUARD (1932–1939)

Leon Green. “What Is This ‘Communismo Libertario’?” 3:3 (Aug.–Sept. 1936). S. Morrison. “Highlights of the Spanish Revolution.” 3:4 (Oct.–Nov. 1936). Senex. “Problems of Revolution in Spain.” 3:6 (Feb.–Mar. 1937). L. Frank. “The New Economy in Catalonia.” 3:6 (Feb.–Mar. 1937). S. Morrison. “Betrayal in Spain.” 3:7 (June 1937). A. Souchy. “Toward a New July 19th and Why Malaga Fell.” 3:7 (June 1937). Camillo Berneri. “Open Letter to Federica Montseny.” 3:7 (June 1937). Ex- cerpts of letter published in Berneri’s paper, Guerra Di Classe (Barcelona). The Peninsular Committee of the F.A.I. “The F.A.I. Speaks: To the Libertar- ian Movement [Valencia, September, 1937].” 4:1 (Nov. 1937). Senex. “Anarchists Tactics in Spain: An Answer to the New International.” 4:2 (Feb. 1938). Senex. “Revolutionary Tactics in Spain.” 4:5–6 (Nov. 1938)–4:7 (Feb. 1939).

NOTES

The editors define Vanguard as “An association of free, rebellious spirits, united for a common purpose and a common struggle, embodying in their form of association the principles of a free society of the future, breaking away in the most resolute manner from the age-worn pattern of a regimented military order.” 1:1 (Apr. 1932). Vanguard suspended publication between June 1933 and March 1935. Dur- ing the summer of 1934, Il Martello, an Italian anarchist fortnightly, per- mitted the Vanguard group to edit a page of their paper in English. “Not the Government over Men, but the Administration of Things.” 4:9 (July 1939).

ENDNOTES

1. Abe Bluestein used Abe Coleman as his pen name. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 435, 533. 2. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 423. 3. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 419. 4. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 439. 5. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 469. 6. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 423–24. WHY? (1913–1914) 269

7. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 453. 8. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 445. 9. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 446. 7

Why? (1913–1914)

Prospectus: Where We Stand—We are working to bring about a society wherein authority under its three aspects—political, social, and reli- gious—will be eliminated; where free agreement and solidarity will sub- stitute judicial power; where labor shall be organized of its own accord, without external power; where men will deal with other men, on terms of absolute equality; where production and consumption shall be in com- mon; where men can develop and associate freely according to mutual needs and inclinations; where human beings can develop the morality of freedom, without obligation or sanction, but in harmony with life itself, and in response to their social instinct. Examined: 1:1 (Jan. 1913)–2:7 (July 1, 1914) Editor/Publisher: Francis Moore: Tacoma, Wash. 1:1 (Jan. 1913)–1:2 (Feb. 1913); Samuel T. Hammersmark: Tacoma, Wash. 1:3 (Mar. 1913)–2:4/5 (May 15–June 1, 1914); Eugene Travaglio: Tacoma, Wash. 2:6 (June 15, 1914)–2:7 (July 1, 1914) Frequency: Varied (Monthly) Contributors: Morris Beck, Elizabeth Bowles, Viroqua Daniels, , Joseph DeJacques, Jay Fox, Glenn Hoover, Joseph Kucera, Joseph A. Labadie, Gustave La Bon, William C. Owen, William J. Robinson, Jules Scarceriaux, Eleanor Wentworth Features/Subjects: Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Education, Lud- low Massacre, Secularism/Free Thought, Book Reviews, Mexico, Reprints: Peter Kropotkin, Voltairine de Cleyre, Michael Bakunin, Louise Michel, Robert Ingersoll OCLC Numbers: 9766081, 5355523, 1769851, 30367138, 173760731

SELECTIONS

“The Montessori System of Education.” 1:1 (Jan. 1913). “The Passing of the Gods.” 1:2 (Feb. 1913). 270 WHY? (1913–1914)

“The Waning of Superstition.” 1:3 (Mar. 1913). The author argues that “It is nothing short of folly to assert that modern views of social regeneration are derived or inspired by biblical texts. The mythical personages men- tioned therein are only rendered human by perverted imagination. As his- torians, as biographers, as teachers of ethics they are utterly unreliable.” Felix Benguiat.1 “Mary Shaughnessy.” 1:6 (June 1913). This short story is de- scribed by the editors as “a powerful story depicting the sorrowful expe- rience of a department store girl.” Joseph Kucera. “Voltairine de Cleyre (A Character Sketch).” 1:8 (Aug. 1913). “The Mexican Comrades at McNeils.” 1:9 (Sept. 1913). This article refers to the imprisonment of Ricardo Flores Magón, Enrique Flores Magón, Li- brado Rivera, and Anselmo Figueroa. Benzion Liber. “School Hygiene and the Home.” 1:9 (Sept. 1913). Paper pre- sented at the fourth International Congress on School Hygiene at Buffalo, New York. Liber edited the monthly, Unzer Gezund (New York). X.Y.Z. “The Suicide’s Defense.” 1:10 (Oct. 1913). A poem. Voltairine de Cleyre. “[The Eleventh of November, 1887.] A Memorial Ora- tion.” 1:11 (Nov. 1913). Delivered November 11, 1901, in Chicago. Morris Beck. “The Crime of Sterilization.” 1:12 (Mar. 15, 1914). Jay Fox. “Civilized or Savage.” 2:1 (Apr. 1, 1914). Fox concludes that “No so- ciety that harbors the spirit of authority can ever be civilized. The one sure mark of a civilized man is his disavowal of authority. Civilization, if it means anything different from savagery, must mean liberty and equality.” “Shall Har Dayal Be Deported?” 2:2 (Apr. 15, 1914). The author reports the arrest of Dayal, secretary of the San Francisco Radical Club and founder of the Bakunin Institute, in Hayward, California. Har Dayal. “Liberty and Love Rise and Fall Together.” 2:2 (Apr. 15, 1914). Iride Dumont. “The Folly of Patriotism.” 2:6 (June 15, 1914). J.F.M. “Religious Follies.” 2:7 (July 1, 1914). J.F.M. asserts that “Revivalism is orthodoxy in a state of putridity.”

Ludlow Massacre

“Civil War in Colorado.” 2:3 (May 1, 1914). A. Miner. “The Colorado Atrocities.” 2:4/5 (May 15–June 1, 1914).

NOTES

“Accursed Be Man Who Silenced Child’s First Inquiry, for He Laid Founda- tion of All Tyrannies.” 1:1 (Jan. 1913)–1:2 (Feb. 1913). WHY? (1942–1947) 271

“No Consecrated Absurdity Would Have Stood Its Ground if Man Had Not Si- lenced Child’s Objections.” Michelet. 1:3 (Mar. 1913)–2:7 (July 1, 1914). Why? suspended publication between December 1913 and March 1914.

ENDNOTE

1. According to the California State Library’s bibliographic record for The Story of Mary Shaughnessy, Felix Benguiat was a pen name used by Charles Erskine Scott Wood. 7

Why? (1942–1947)

Prospectus: The group of people who write and support this publication num- ber among themselves needleworkers, seamen, office clerks, machine- shop workers, the jobless. . . . The only axe we have to grind is a basic be- lief in liberty and dignity of the individual, and his right to control equally with his fellows the wealth of society. And that belief isn’t just an axe. It’s the brick and mortar out of which the new world and new life must be built: the new world of men and women at work—peaceful, dig- nified work; the new life, a life worth living. Examined: 1:1 (Apr. 1942)–5:11 (Apr. 1947) Subtitles: A Bulletin of Free Inquiry, 1:1 (Apr. 1942)–4:9 (Mar. 1946); An An- archist Bulletin, 5:1 (Apr. 1946)–5:11 (Apr. 1947) Editor: William Young Publication Information: Why? Group, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Irregular Contributors: D.A. or Diva Agostinelli, Sam Dolgoff (pseud. Ivan),1 Franz Fleigler (pseud. Lead Line),2 Audrey Goodfriend (pseud. G.A. or A.G.),3 Paul Goodman, Melvin Greig (pseud. Michael Greig, W. O’C. or Walt O’Connell),4 David Koven (pseud. D.K. or Casey),5 Frank Lanham, Jackson MacLow, Raffaele Schiavina (pseud. Max Sartin),6 Charles Storm, David T. Wieck Features/Subjects: Labor Movement, Antiwar, Spanish Anarchist, Conscien- tious Objection, Pacifism, Race Prejudice—Segregation, Nationalism, Education, Prisons, Reprints: Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, William Godwin, Elisee Reclus, Josiah Warren, and Articles from War Commentary 272 WHY? (1942–1947)

Succeeding Title: Resistance (New York) OCLC Numbers: 3434284, 34507135, 12547692

SELECTIONS

Ivan. “What about Russia?” 1:1 (Apr. 1942)–1:2 (May 1942). Ivan proclaims that “No system of economic slavery flying the banner of socialism, de- void of every attribute of political liberty, will command our approbation or support.” “The Death of Sebastian Faure.” 1:5 (Aug.–Sept. 1942). Reprinted from the August 8, 1942, issue of L’Adunata dei Refrattari (New York). Frank Lanham. “Conscription and American Fascism.” 2:1 (May 1943). Frank Lanham. “What about the Miners?” 2:2 (June 1943). Lanham reports on John Lewis and the United Mine Workers’ national strike. D.K. “No Defense!” 2:4 (Sept. 1943). D.K. comments on the United Mine Workers charged with violating the Smith-Connelly War Labor Disputes Act by instigating strikes in government-operated coal mines in western Pennsylvania. Max Sartin. “The Italian Scene: Is Fascism Crumbling?” 2:4 (Sept. 1943). Max Sartin. “Allied Democracy.” 2:5 (Nov.–Dec. 1943). Vida. “Josiah Warren: Peaceful Revolutionist.” 2:7 (Mar. 1944). Max Sartin. “They Call It Free Enterprise.” 3:1 (Apr.–May 1944). A. D. Adams. “The Cesspool of Law.” 3:2 (June–July 1944). Adams exam- ines the use of the Alien Registration Act of 1940 against members of the Socialist Labor Party and Truck-Drivers Union Local 544 in Minnesota. Max Sartin. “The Tyrants’ War.” 3:2 (June–July 1944). Charles Storm. “The War against Labor.” 3:6 (Dec. 1944). Max Sartin. “Phases of the War.” 3:7 (Jan.–Feb. 1945). Sartin outlines three phases: The period of Nazi-Fascist expansion, the era of appeasement, and the war period proper. W.O’C. “Imperialism vs. Nationalism: Which Way for the Workers?” 4:7 (Dec. 1945). D.A. “Anarchist Federations.” 4:9 (Mar. 1946). D.A. examines anarchist con- gresses held in Italy and France. J. Sorel. “New Perspectives for Labor.” 5:1 (Apr. 1946). Sorel advocates slow- downs, sick-outs, and walk-outs to reduce the workweek to thirty hours and secure greater workers’ control over the conditions of employment and work. WHY? (1942–1947) 273

D.K. “The Men Who Refused to Be Drafted.” 5:2 (May–June 1946). D.K. examines the war resister’s continued resistance in the prisons and civil- ian public service camps. Michael Grieg. “Not Price Control but Workers’ Control.” 5:3 (July 1946). D.T.W. “Point of Production: Some Notes on Anarcho-Syndicalism and American Unionism.” 5:6 (Nov. 1946). D.T.W. rejects business union- ism and calls for control of the unions at the point of production rather than at an international headquarters, and direct action rather than po- litical action based on the necessities of the time. Michael Grieg. “Freedom in Action.” 5:6 (Nov. 1946)–5:7 (Dec. 1946). D.T.W. “Union Action: What Radicals Can Do Today.” 5:8 (Jan. 1947). Michael Grieg. “The Housewife as Proletarian.” 5:8 (Jan. 1947). Grieg ex- amines the drudgery, isolation, and lowly status suffered by the housewife and proposes some possible remedies. D.T.W. “The War Goes On.” 5:9 (Feb. 1947). Holley Cantine. “Reflections on Rulers and Ruled.” 5:10 (Mar. 1947). Michael Grieg. “Viewpoint on Terrorism and Palestine.” 5:11 (Apr. 1947). Frank Lanham. “Two Kinds of Unionism.” 5:11 (Apr. 1947).

Race Prejudice—Segregation

William Young. “Union Card for Jim Crow?” 1:5 (Aug.–Sept. 1942). Re- porting on the rampant racism in the American Labor Movement, Young notes that “The labor movement has failed to educate its membership in the principles of solidarity and equality; has even abetted the jingoes and the native fascists in injecting this infection [race hatred] into the hearts and minds of the working class.” “Negro Action Now!” 1:6 (Oct. 1942). The author advocates nonviolent di- rect action to combat racial discrimination. D.D. “Land of the Free.” 2:3 (July–Aug. 1943). D.D. reflects on the his- tory of race hatred in America in the aftermath of the Detroit race riots. Vida. “Philadelphia: Ignorant and Discontented.” 3:3 (Aug. 1944). Vida lam- basts the streetcar and subway workers of Philadelphia for striking in protest of the hiring and upgrading of black workers. Frank Lanham. “Blood at the Root: Racist Violence Rises.” 5:4 (Aug.–Sept. 1946). Lanham contends that racism is a weapon of class rule and con- stitutes one of the greatest barriers in the struggle for freedom, and calls for direct action against Jim Crow. 274 THE WIDE WAY (1907–1908)

ENDNOTES

1. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005), 455. 2. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 455. 3. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 462. 4. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 455, 462. 5. Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 462. 6. Raffaele Schiavina, “Autobiographical Notes by Raffaele Schiavina aka Max Sartin,” Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library, no. 22 (May 2000): 4. 7

The Wide Way (1907–1908)

Prospectus: The Wide Way has no mission. If it should feel a long-felt want, we shall be much surprised as delighted. We sincerely hope that no one will spend ten cents for this magazine in the vain notion of helping any cause. The ten cents will help us; thank you. . . . Anyone who subscribes for the Wide Way does so at his own peril. . . . Of course, the Wide Way will make a gallant struggle to live. It will not, however, make an indecent effort to continue its existence when it is moribund. We believe in euthanasia. Examined: 1:1 (Dec. 1907)–1:2 (Jan. 1908) Editor: John Russell Coryell1 Publication Information: Corwill Publishing Company, New York City, N.Y. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Edwin Bjorkman, Harold H. Coryell, Floyd Dell, Julius Hopp, Edwin C. Walker, Carl Easton Williams Features/Subjects: Poetry, Plays, Short Stories, Political Essays OCLC Number: 31043014 Owning Library: University of Michigan, Labadie Collection

SELECTIONS

Margaret Grant. “An Unmoral Maid.” 1:1 (Dec. 1907)–1:2 (Jan. 1908). John Russell Coryell. “Liberty and the State.” 1:1 (Dec. 1907). Carl EastonWilliams. “‘The Evangelist’ and the Radical.” 1:1 (Dec. 1907). Floyd Dell. “Wanted: A New Terminology of Sex.” 1:2 (Jan. 1908). Edwin C. Walker. “Free Speech: The Bible and Sex.” 1:2 (Jan. 1908). WINN’S FIREBRAND (1902–1903; 1909–1910) 275

NOTE

“The editor means to stand for nothing but sincerity; but, of course, being of this world and not of the next, he will have regard for the law, whether of criminal libel or of Comstockery. Such regard as he may have will not, however, preclude the private enjoyment of contempt.” 1:1 (Dec. 1907).

ENDNOTE

1. John Russell Coryell used Margaret Grant as a pen name. Candace Falk, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds., Making Speech Free, 1902–1909, vol. 2 of Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the Amer- ican Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 554. 7

Winn’s Firebrand (1902–1903; 1909–1910)

Prospectus: The Firebrand will be devoted to radical thought and free discus- sion. It will be a free forum for liberals of all shades of opinion. We stand at the dawn of a new and grander age. The Firebrand aims to be an ex- ponent of this New Age and of its religion and ideals. Examined: 1:4 (Dec. 1, 1902)–4:2 (Nov. 1910)1 Cover Subtitles: A Periodical of the Period, 1:4 (Dec. 1, 1902)–2:7 (Dec. 1903); 4:2 (Nov. 1910); A Magazine of Advance Thought, 2:1 (Jan. 1903); A Monthly Free Lance, 2:3 (Mar. 1903) Masthead Subtitles: A Journal of Politics and Sociology. 1:4 (Dec. 1, 1902); An Exponent of Anarchist Communism, 3:2 (Oct. 16, 1909)–3:4 (Nov. 13, 1909); A Fortnightly Review of Anarchist Thought, Work, and Litera- ture, 3:5 (Nov. 27, 1909)–3:7 (Dec. 25, 1909); A Periodical with Few Principles, 3:8 (Jan. 8, 1910)–3:9 (Jan. 22, 1910); An Exponent of An- archism, 3:10 (Feb. 5, 1910)–3:16 (Apr. 30, 1910); A Monthly Free Lance, 3:17 (Aug. 1910)–3:18 (Sept. 1910); A Monthly Anarchist Re- view, 4:1 (Oct. 1910); A Monthly Magazine of Public Affairs and Expo- nent of Anarchism, 4:2 (Nov. 1910) Editor/Publisher: Ross Winn: Mount Juliet, Tenn. 1:4 (Dec. 1, 1902)–3:16 (Apr. 30, 1910); Sweden, Tex. 3:17 (Aug. 1910)–4:2 (Nov. 1910) Frequency: Varied (Monthly) 276 WINN’S FIREBRAND (1902–1903; 1909–1910)

Contributors: Edith Thorpe Adams, J. C. Barnes, James Beeson, Viroqua Daniels, J. M. Gilbert, Abraham Isaak, Nellie M. Jerauld, Joseph A. Labadie, Herman Lindau, W. J. McConnell, Lucy E. Parsons. A. G. Wag- ner, Paul Ward, Brand Whitlock Features/Subjects: Free Thought, Secularism, Leon Czolgosz, Socialism, Child Labor, International Notes (Spain, Mexico), Reprints: Albert R. Parsons, Peter Kropotkin, Leo Tolstoy, Elisee Reclus, Emile Zola Succeeding Title: The Advance (Mount Juliet, Tenn.) OCLC Number: 32679928

SELECTIONS

Ross Winn. “A Christmas Sermon.” 1:4 (Dec. 1, 1902). Ross Winn. “Crumbling Creeds.” 2:1 (Jan. 1903). “Dictionary of Political Terms.” 2:3 (May 1903). The author defines the United States as “A political division of North America, bounded on the north by a federal court injunction, on the east by Wall Street; on the south by the Negro Question, and on the west by a Filipino massacre. Its principal products are trusts, mergers, millionaires, and boodle politi- cians. Its population, exclusive of rogues, is divided chiefly into two classes—fools and bigger fools. It is sometimes called the land of the free and the home of the brave—but that’s a joke.” Ross Winn. “The Case of John Turner.” 2:7 (Dec. 1903). Herman Lindau. “Anarchism: Its Aims and Methods.” 3:1 (Oct. 2, 1909). J. C. Barnes. “The Gospel of Anarchy.” 3:1 (Oct. 2, 1909)–3:3 (Oct. 30, 1909); 3:5 (Nov. 27, 1909)–3:8 (Jan. 8, 1910). James Beeson. “A Criticism of Anarchy and Its Advocates.” 3:3 (Oct. 30, 1909). “The Chicago Martyrs.” 3:4 (Nov. 13, 1909). This article provides brief bi- ographical sketches. Lucy E. Parsons. “Facts Concerning the Anarchist Case.” 3:5 (Nov. 27, 1909). Ross Winn. “The Light of Ages. An Investigation of the World’s Progress in Theology and Religion.” 3:6 (Dec. 4, 1909)–3:7 (Dec. 25, 1909). Emma Goldman. “Another View on Leon Czolgosz.” 3:8 (Jan. 8, 1910). R.W. “Anarchism and Co-Operation.” 3:8 (Jan. 8, 1910). R.W. distinguishes cooperation and collectivism. Lucy E. Parsons. “Woman: Her Evolutionary Development. Not a Sex Ques- tion but a Question of Sex.” 3:9 (Jan. 22, 1910). WINN’S FIREBRAND (1902–1903; 1909–1910) 277

Robert Reitzel. “The Abyss between Belief and Knowledge.” 3:12 (Mar. 5, 1910). Translated by Abe Isaak Jr. “Editorial Comment.” 3:13 (Mar. 19, 1910). Winn declares that “Socialism and anarchism no longer have anything in common, except their mutual hostility to the capitalist system. . . . Socialism has become an economic panacea, the foundation principle of which is the subordination of the in- dividual to the collectivity. Socialism is the quintessence of authority, while anarchy is the extreme of individual liberty.” “The Theory of State Rights.” 3:16 (Apr. 30, 1910). “Note and Comment.” 3:17 (Aug. 1910). Winn describes Sweden, Texas, as a “station on the Texas Mexican Railroad, situated about the center of Duval County” with one store, post office, real estate office, the Brand- croft shop,2 and a population of thirty-one. Lucy E. Parsons. “Comrade Lucy E. Parsons’ Recent Trip to the Pacific Coast and the West.” 3:17 (Aug. 1910); 4:1 (Oct. 1910). Ross Winn. “The Anarchist Program.” 4:1 (Oct. 1910). Winn states that “Anarchism differs from every other political movement of the past and present in that it repudiates all force and violence, and appeals only to human reason. . . . [I]ts program is not organized political action for the conquest of power, but peaceful propaganda of correct principles for the education of the people.” John Turner. “The International Socialist Congress at Copenhagen Re- viewed by an Anarchist.” 4:2 (Nov. 1910). Reprinted from Freedom (London).

Child Labor

Harry Kelly. “The Curse of Child Labor.” 3:17 (Aug. 1910). Reprinted from Mother Earth. D. Webster Groh. “Another View of the Child Labor Problem.” 4:1 (Oct. 1910).

NOTES

“A Periodical with Few Principles and No Politics, and without a Mission, Published for the Amusement of People Who Dislike to Be Instructed.” 2:7 (Dec. 1903). “To Burn Away the Cobwebs of Ignorance and Superstition.” 3:1 (Oct. 2, 1909)–4:2 (Nov. 1910). 278 WOMAN REBEL (1914)

“Let Us Appeal from Caesar to Reason.” 3:1 (Oct. 2, 1909)–3:12 (Mar. 15, 1910). “Advocating the sovereignty of the individual and the substitution of co- operative association for government.” 3:14 (Apr. 2, 1910)–3:16 (Apr. 30, 1910).

ENDNOTES

1. Detailed record of issues examined: 1:4 (Dec. 1, 1902); 2:1 (Jan. 1903); 2:3 (Mar. 1903); 2:5 (May 1903); 2:7 (Dec. 1903); 3:1 (Oct. 2, 1909)–4:2 (Nov. 1910). 2. The Brandcroft shop was Ross Winn’s print shop. 7

Woman Rebel (1914)

Prospectus: This paper will not be the champion of any “ism.” . . . The aim of this paper will be to stimulate working women to think for themselves and to build up a conscious fighting character. . . . It will also be the aim of the Woman Rebel to advocate the prevention of conception and to im- part such knowledge in the columns of this paper. Other subjects, in- cluding the slavery through motherhood; through things, the home, public opinion, and so forth, will be dealt with. It is also the aim of this paper to circulate among those women who work in prostitution; to voice their wrongs; to expose the police persecution which hovers over them and to give free expression to their thoughts, hopes, and opinions. And at all times the Woman Rebel will strenuously advocate economic emancipation. Examined: 1:1 (Mar. 1914)–1:6 (Aug. 1914) Subtitle: A Monthly Paper of Militant Thought Editor/Publisher: Margaret H. Sanger, New York, N.Y. Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Ethel Cole, Emma Goldman, Alixe Humane, Dorothy Kelly, Elizabeth Kleen, Nora Mann, J. Edward Morgan, Caroline Nelson, Clara Newcome, Herbert A. Thorpe, Lily Gair Wilkinson Features/Subjects: Prevention of Conception, Free Motherhood, Suppression of Woman Rebel, Women Rebels in History, Revolutionary Labor Move- ment, Rebecca Edelsohn—Prison Hunger Strike WOMAN REBEL (1914) 279

OCLC Numbers: 3796831, 4245724, 2716145, 24206471, 31446248, 32249885

SELECTIONS

Elizabeth Kleen. “To Be a Woman Rebel.” 1:1 (Mar. 1914). Benita Locke. “Mothers’ Pensions: The Latest Capitalist Trap.” 1:1 (Mar. 1914). “The Prevention of Conception.” 1:1 (Mar. 1914). Dorothy Kelly. “Prevention and the Law.” 1:2 (Apr. 1914). Kelly contends that “The laws against circulation of knowledge concerning the prevention of conception have created the profitable business of the abortion quacks.” Elizabeth Kleen. “Can You Afford to Have a Large Family?” 1:3 (May 1914). “Abortion in the United States.” 1:3 (May 1914). Aegyptus. “The Pauline Ideas vs. Woman.” 1:3 (May 1914). Clara Newcome. “Neo-Malthusianism—What It Is.” 1:4 (June 1914). Caroline Nelson. “Sacred Motherhood.” 1:4 (June 1914). “Class and Character.” 1:4 (June 1914)–1:6 (Aug. 1914). Margaret Sanger. “Tragedy.” 1:5 (July 1914). Editorializing on the deaths of Arthur Caron, Charles Berg, and Carl Hanson by a bomb meant for John D. Rockefeller, Sanger says, “It is time to learn to accept and exult in every act of revolt against oppression, to encourage and create in ourselves that spirit of rebellion which shall lead us to understand and look at the social situation without flinching or quavering or running to cover when any crises arises. Not until we do create this spirit will the revolutionists ever be feared or even respected in America.” Herbert A. Thorpe. “In Defense of Assassination.” 1:5 (July 1914). “The Birth Control League.” 1:5 (July 1914). Outlines the league’s aims. “No Masters.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914).

Woman Rebels in History

Nora Mann. “Mary Wollstonecraft: A Great Rebel.” 1:1 (Mar. 1914). Nora Mann. “Louise Michel: The Red Virgin (1830–1905).” 1:2 (Apr. 1914)–1:3 (May 1914). Nora Mann. “Theroigne D. Mericourt.” 1:5 (July 1914).

Suppression of Woman Rebel

“Humble Pie.” 1:2 (Apr. 1914). Sanger announces that the postmaster de- clared Woman Rebel unmailable. 280 THE WORD (1872–1893)

“Suppression.” 1:4 (June 1914). “Confiscated.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914).

Excerpts from Lily Gair Wilkinson’s Woman’s Freedom

“Women in Freedom.” 1:4 (June 1914). “Sisterhood.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914).

Jesus Rangel, Charlie Cline, et al.—Constructive Murder Case

“Save Rangel, Cline et al. from ‘Texas Justice.’” 1:5 (July 1914). “More Justice.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914).

Rebecca Edelsohn—Prison Hunger Strike

Robert E. Pratt. “Becky and the Respectables.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914). “One Woman’s Fight.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914). This article provides two prison let- ters from Edelsohn. “A Question.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914). “The History of the Hunger Strike.” 1:6 (Aug. 1914).

NOTES

“No Gods No Masters.” “Working Woman. Build up within yourself a conscious fighting character against all things which enslave you.” “A Woman’s Duty: To look the whole world in the face with a go-to-hell look in the eyes; to have an ideal; to speak and act in defiance of convention.” 1:1 (Mar. 1914). 7

The Word (1872–1893)

Prospectus: Regarding the subjection of Labor, of Woman and the prevalence of War as unnatural evils, induced by false claims to obedience and ser- vice; favors the Abolition of the State, of Property in Land and its kin- THE WORD (1872–1893) 281

dred resources, of Speculative Income, and all other means whereby In- trusion acquires wealth and power at the expense of Useful People. Examined: 1:1 (May 1872)–20:9 (Mar. 1893) Subtitle: A Monthly Journal of Reform Editors: Ezra H. Heywood: 1:1 (May 1872)–7:3 (July 1878); 7:9 (Jan. 1879)–20:9 (Mar. 1893); Benjamin R. Tucker (editor pro tem): 7:4 (Aug. 1878)–7:8 (Dec. 1878) Associate Editor: Benjamin R. Tucker, 4:1 (May 1875)–5:8 (Dec. 1876) Publication Information: Co-Operative Publishing Company: Princeton, Mass., 1:1 (May 1872)–7:3 (July 1878); 7:9 (Jan. 1879)–20:9 (Mar. 1893); Cambridge, Mass., 7:4 (Aug. 1878)–7:8 (Dec. 1878) Frequency: Monthly Contributors: Francis Barry, Wm. B. Greene, Angela T. Heywood, Joshua K. Ingalls, John H. Keyser, Sidney H. Morse, Olivia F. Shepard, Benjamin R. Tucker, Josiah Warren Features/Subjects: American Labor Reform League, New England Labor Re- form League, Free Love, Free Love League, Marriage Question, Interest, Rent, Profit, Taxation, Free Thought, New England Anti-Death League, Free Speech, Comstockery, Prohibition, “The Opposition” OCLC Numbers: 7624878, 7266096

SELECTIONS

Ezra H. Heywood. “A Bad Move.” 1:5 (Sept. 1872). Heywood criticizes Su- san B. Anthony’s support for the reelection of President Grant. Olivia F. Shepard. “Dress Reform.” 1:10 (Feb. 1873). Olivia F. Shepard. “Libertinism.” 2:1 (May 1873). Open letter to Josiah War- ren regarding the “private affairs” of Victoria C. Woodhull and Henry Ward Beecher. “The Hours of Labor.” 2:6 (Oct. 1873). Heywood opposes a “Ten-Hour Bill” on grounds that it “denies women the right to make their own contracts, and [gives] parents the right to contract for their children.” Lysander Spooner. “Forced Consent.” 2:8 (Dec. 1873). Spooner concludes, “There never was and there never will be, a more gross, self-evident, and inexcusable violation of the principle that government should rest on the consent of the governed, than was the late war, as carried on by the North.” Ezra H. Heywood. “Josiah Warren.” 3:1 (May 1874). In honor of Josiah War- ren leaving his “material form” on April 14, 1874, Heywood notes, “As 282 THE WORD (1872–1893)

Jefferson rescued the states from colonial centralism, Warren personalized democracy in a broader and deeper sense; summoning institutions, cus- toms, and society itself to the bar of Reason. Indeed, since our govern- ment, to this hour, is only a bungling counterfeit of European despotism, Josiah Warren may be termed the first of American democrats.” Ezra H. Heywood. “Permitted Rights.” 3:3 (July 1874). Heywood notes, “Organization which respects natural rights, which comes through im- pulse and a free contract we favor; but any associative scheme which pre- sumes to ‘permit’ the exercise of natural rights, which practices, or implies coercion, we oppose.” Wm. B. Greene. “Communism versus Mutualism.” 3:7 (Nov. 1874). Greene argues, “Communism sacrifices the individual to secure the unity of the whole; mutualism has unlimited individualism as the essential and nec- essary prior condition of its own existence, and coordinates individuals without any sacrifice of individuality, into one collective whole, by spon- taneous confederation or solidarity.” Charles T. Fowler. “Declaration of Independence by the Working People of the United States.” 4:2 (June 1875). Fowler declares that “The present system of majority legislation in the United States is a government of numbers against principles; that a government of numbers is a govern- ment of physical force; and that a government of physical force is the government of a mob, subject to the prevailing influence, which is at present capital, corporations, and carpet-baggers.” Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Fallacies of Free Love.” 4:7 (Nov. 1875). A review of J. W. Pike’s The Fallacies of the Free Love Theory. Angela T. Heywood. “Woman’s Love: Its Relations to Man and Society.” 5:3 (July 1876). Heywood claims that “Man has suppressed woman because she has different genitive organs from him; though she is an innate natural per- sonage on earth, he has dwindled her to asking him for a cent, to a breeder, a drudge, a prostitute—leaving her nothing but her person to trade in.” J. K. Ingalls. “Land Reform: The Only Logical Solution of the Labor Ques- tion.” 5:3 (July 1876)–5:4 (Aug. 1876). An address given May 1876 be- fore the American Labor Reform League. Angela T. Heywood. “Men’s Laws and Love’s Laws.” 5:5 (Sept. 1876). Angela T. Heywood. “Love and Labor.” 5:6 (Oct. 1876). Heywood notes, “Moved by the cold, calculating impulses of business, many men now marry for money, and many women for a home, with inevitable disaster to both; but lovers, arriving unto each other, not for money, but for themselves and truth, suggest unused forces which will redeem and adorn life, not desolated by marriage tyranny and property robbery.” THE WORD (1872–1893) 283

J. K. Ingalls. “Labor, Land and Finance Reforms.” 5:8 (Dec. 1876). Benjamin R. Tucker. “Valedictory.” 5:8 (Dec. 1876). Tucker bemoans the fact that “instead of labor, the question of free love has largely gained pre- dominance” in the selections, correspondence, and contributions of the Word. Ezra H. Heywood. “Basis of Association.” 5:8 (Dec. 1876). Heywood ad- dresses the relationship between the Word and Benjamin R. Tucker. A. D. Wheeler. “Equal Rights.” 5:12 (Apr. 1877)–6:1 (May 1877). An ad- dress delivered January 28, 1877, before the New England Labor Reform League in Codham Hall, Boston. Ezra H. Heywood. “Liberty or Coercion, Which?” 8:5 (Sept. 1879). Hey- wood concludes, “In order therefore that liberty, not restriction, may be the guiding idea, we seek repeal, not only of all obscenity statutes, State and national, but of laws against lotteries, adultery, fornication, polygamy; of prohibitory liquor laws and tariff statutes; of laws which beget rent and make usury possible; of laws for the compulsive reading of the bible in the public schools, for coercive military service and compul- sive taxation. Not as a Free Lover or Free Laborer but as a citizen we make this demand, in order that the natural right of persons and property to be exempt from invasion may be respected.” Angela T. Heywood. “Co-Operation: The Obscenity Raid.” 8:9 (Jan. 1880). Heywood argues that obscenity “is a disease with a fierce repressive pur- pose,” namely to deny women the right to decide “when, where, how or by whom we may bear children, or with whom we may exchange mag- netisms. This so-called ‘government’ now hold’s woman’s person for man’s use or abuse as he pleases; and that her claim to own even her womb is criminally ‘obscene!’” Abraham S Hewitt. “The Mutual Relations of Capital and Labor.” 9:3 (July 1880)–9:4 (Aug. 1880). Angela T. Heywood. “The Ethics of Sexuality.” 9:12 (Apr. 1881). Heywood notes, “The ‘marriage institution,’ the fruit of irrational intrusion and heistic folly, is but a fly-speck on the great fact of Social Destiny. It is the auction-block of primitive sale and slavery of woman to man, as unreli- able and ill binding as such forsaken-fidelity to personal integrity could permit; its legitimate fruits are prostitution, , infanticide, and thousands of skulking fathers.” Walt Whitman. “A Woman Waits for Me” and “To a Common Prostitute.” 11:4 (Aug. 1882). Two poems excerpted from Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. Ezra H. Heywood. “Wendell Phillips—Moral Service.” 12:10 (Feb. 1884). 284 THE WORD (1872–1893)

Angela T. Heywood. “Essential Being—Ethical Expression.” 13:9 (Jan. 1885). Johann Most. “Money-Bags, Dynamite.” 13:12 (Apr. 1885). Reprinted from the American. Most concludes, “Let those who labor to live understand that the monster, Capital, cannot be tamed, made harmless or useful to man; there is but one means of safety—unrelenting, pitiless, thorough extermination.” Rachel Campbell. “Marriage Savagery.” 14:4 (Aug. 1885). Ezra H. Heywood. “Free Rum, Civil Right, Temperance.” 14:9 (Apr. 1886). Ezra H. Heywood. “Love and Labor vs. Government.” 16:4 (Nov. 1887). Heywood reports on Comstock’s persecution of the publishers of Lucifer and the “seven John Browns in Chicago.” Ezra H. Heywood. “Self-Sovereignty—Plain English.” 18:12 (Apr. 1890). Heywood ridicules Eugene and George MacDonald, Benjamin Tucker, and Moses Hull for criticizing Moses Harman’s decision to publish the Markland letter. Ezra H. Heywood. “The Voting Delusion—Self Rule.” 20:5 (Nov. 1892). Heywood concludes, “War savagery has made fools of most & knaves the rest of the many headed servility once known as American people. Shed clothes, burn blocks, banks, books, laws & come forth, meet, converse & create, in naked Self-Rule. The world will be better for it.”

What Is Property?

P. J. Proudhon. “What Is Property?” 2:9 (Jan. 1874). Translated by William B. Greene. Wm. B. Greene. “Is Property Robbery? Proudhon’s Idea of It. Explanatory Letter.” 2:9 (Jan. 1874). Wm. B. Greene. “The Basis of Property.” 2:12 (Apr. 1874).

Tax Resistance

Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Tyranny of Taxation.” 4:6 (Oct. 1875). A letter to the editor of the Clinton Courant (Clinton, Mass.) and the editor’s reply. Benjamin R. Tucker. “To Wm. B. Greene.” 4:10 (Feb. 1876). A letter con- cerning Tucker’s refusal to pay a poll tax. Wm. B. Greene. “Correspondence.” 4:10 (Feb. 1876). A reply to Tucker on his refusal to pay poll tax. THE WORD (1872–1893) 285

Ezra H. Heywood—Obscenity Case

Note: Heywood was arrested by Anthony Comstock on November 2, 1877, at a New England Free Love League Convention. He was charged with mailing two obscene publications, R. T. Trall’s Sexual Physiology and Hey- wood’s Cupid’s Yokes, found guilty of distributing obscene literature, and sentenced to two years in jail. Heywood was pardoned by President Rutherford B. Hayes after serving six months in jail. “Trial and Verdict.” 6:10 (Feb. 1878). “Liberty in Love.” 6:11 (Mar. 1878). The author exclaims, “To enable lovers to continue to live on mutual good behavior, consult and obey reason at every step of experience; and strip men utterly of their power to compel women to serve lecherous purposes, is our object.” Alfred E. Giles. “Truth and Humanity vs. Comstock and Tyranny.” 7:1 (May 1878). Benjamin R. Tucker. “An Announcement and an Appeal.” 7:4 (Aug. 1878). “The Result.” 7:4 (Aug. 1878). “The American Inquisition.” 7:4 (Aug. 1878). Ezra H. Heywood. “The Outlook.” 7:4 (Aug. 1878). A July 14, 1878, letter written from jail in Dedham, Mass. Speaking of his imprisonment, Hey- wood reports, “It takes me from my partner in love and labor, and from the children we rejoice in; breaks up my business; exposes my family to beggary; and clouds my name with odium; but all this I can cheerfully suffer that liberty be respected and truth revealed, having none but feel- ings of pity for my assailants.” Ezra H. Heywood. “Free Thought—Free Love.” 7:7 (Nov. 1878). A No- vember 4, 1878, letter written from jail in Dedham, Mass. Heywood contends that “To make laws for regulating morals is to impose State morals, State religion; laws against obscene literature, adultery, fornica- tion, polygamy—all the laws which make marriage a ‘legal’ institution rather than a natural, spiritual fact left to regulate itself, impose State morality, which is impolitic and indefensible, because state religion is in- defensible.” “Mr. Heywood’s Application for Pardon.” 7:8 (Dec. 1878). Benjamin R. Tucker. “The Pardon.” 7:8 (Dec. 1878).

Irish Land Revolt

Ezra H. Heywood. “The Irish Land Revolt.” 8:9 (Jan. 1880). Charles Stuart Parnell. “The Feudal System.” 8:11 (Mar. 1880). 286 THE WORD (1872–1893)

Wendell Phillips. “The Pay-No-Rent Evolution.” 10:8 (Dec. 1881). Ezra H. Heywood. “Natural Right versus Authority.” 10:8 (Dec. 1881). J. H. Swain. “Pay No Rent.” 10:9 (Jan. 1882).

Ezra H. Heywood—Obscenity Case

Note: Heywood was again arrested for sending obscene matter through the mails. The four-count indictment cited Cupid’s Yokes, the Word Extra, a single sheet containing two Walt Whitman poems, and two counts per- taining to an advertisement for a contraceptive device, Heywood referred to as the “Comstock syringe.” After the judge threw out the first two charges, a jury decided that the mailing of advertisements for vaginal sy- ringes was not obscene. Ezra H. Heywood. “An Open Letter to Walt Whitman.” 11:8 (Dec. 1882). Ezra H. Heywood. “Trial of the Case: U.S.G. vs. E.H.H.” 11:9 (Jan. 1883). Angela T. Heywood. “The Woman’s View of It.” 11:9 (Jan. 1883)–12:1 (May 1883). In the January number, Heywood states, “Clergymen tell us we must ‘bear the cross,’ that is the penis; Congressmen . . . empower Com- stock to search bureaus and closets. . . . As well might woman vote that man shall flow semen only when she says; that he must keep his penis tied up with ‘continent’ twine; that he shall constantly have, nearby, specified strings to ensure ‘virtue’—the which, if he is found without, he shall be li- able, on conviction by twelve women, to ten years’ imprisonment and $5,000 fine; that a feminine Comstock shall go about to examine men’s penises and drag them to jail if they dare disobey the semen-twine ‘law.’” Walter C. Wright. “An Appeal on Behalf of E. H. Heywood.” 11:9 (Jan. 1883). Ezra H. Heywood. “The People vs. Anthony Comstock.” 11:10 (Feb. 1883). Stephen Pearl Andrews. “The Pantarch’s View of It.” 12:1 (May 1883). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York). Andrews contends, “What the tea was to the Revolutionary war; what the auction block & the overseer’s whip were to the antislavery warfare; what ‘indulgences’ were to the Ger- man reformation, ‘Leaves of Grass’ & the ‘Comstock syringe’ may be des- tined to become for the next campaign for human emancipation.” “Citizen Right Vindicated.” 12:1 (May 1883). Wm. B. Wright. “Judge Nelson’s Charge to the Jury.” 12:3 (July 1883).

Ezra H. Heywood—Obscenity Case

Note: This time Heywood was arrested for mailing obscene material under Massachusetts rather than federal law. The alleged obscene article had THE WORD (1872–1893) 287

been edited by and argued for a woman’s right to birth control. Ultimately, the indictment was dismissed. Ezra H. Heywood. “The Struggle for Liberty and Life.” 12:7 (Nov. 1883). Angela T. Heywood. “Penis Literature—Onanism or Health?” 12:12 (Apr. 1884). Heywood points out that “The Word is the only extant newspa- per which dares to wed penis to womb in print-dress; Latin names and devious phrases prevail in literary and scientific discourse, though plain English terms designating the sexual organs and their use are equally ex- pressive, rational, and sensible.” Ezra H. Heywood. “Personal Rights vs. Invasive Censors.” 13:3 (July 1884). “Citizen Right vs. ‘Law and Orders.’” 13:5 (Sept. 1884). Stephen P. Andrews. “Free Speech.” 13:6 (Oct. 1884). Reprinted from Truth Seeker (New York).

Haymarket Affair

Ezra H. Heywood. “Free Speech—Right or Dynamite.” 15:1 (Aug. 1886). Commenting on the Haymarket Affair, Heywood states, “That bomb surpasses in conquering significance, John Brown’s rifle at Harpers Ferry and Joseph Warren’s sword on Bunker Hill” and concludes, “Revolt is in- evitable, peace impossible until Equity prevails.” “Capital’s Carnival of Blood.” 15:2 (Sept. 1886). August Spies. “Anarchy.” 15:4 (Nov. 1886). Spies announces, “I believe with Buckle, with Paine, with Jefferson, with Emerson, with Spencer, and with many other great thinkers of this century, that the state of caste and classes, the state where one class dominates and lives upon the labor of another class and calls it order, should be abolished. Yes, I believe that this barbaric ‘order’ is doomed to die and make room for free society, volun- tary associations, universal brotherhood.” “Liberty or Death.” 16:5 (Dec. 1887). Reprint of the Chicago martyrs’ letters to Governor Oglesby.

Tribute to Stephen Pearl Andrews

T. B. Wakeman. “The Pantarch.” 15:1 (Aug. 1886). Ezra H. Heywood. “Stephen Pearl Andrews.” 15:1 (Aug. 1886).

Ezra H. Heywood—Obscenity Case

Note: Heywood was arrested again for mailing three items—“A Physician’s Testimony,” “A Letter from a Mother,” and Angela Heywood’s “Natural 288 THE WORD (1872–1893)

Modesty”—printed in the Word. Ezra Heywood was found guilty, served two years in prison, and died within one year after his release. Lucien V. Pinney. “To the Men of Massachusetts.” 19:1 (May 1890). Ezra H. Heywood. “Arrests, ‘Suppression,’ the Issue.” 19:1 (May 1890). Ezra H. Heywood. “Impersonal Assault—‘Push Heywood.’” 19:2 (June 1890). Lucien V. Pinney. “The Man and Woman of Princeton.” 19:2 (June 1890). “The Release and Banquet.” 20:1 (July 1892).

Press Censorship

Ezra H. Heywood. “Press Censorship—.” 20:3 (Sept. 1892). Heywood concludes, “The more truth is suppressed the louder she speaks, the national gag-law fixed on us by Republicans has inflicted suf- fering and disaster on many intelligent reformers; but the blood of mar- tyrs is the seed of victory; he who fights against Ideas shall perish by Ideas.” Ezra H. Heywood. “Press Censorship—Plain Truth.” 20:4 (Oct. 1892). Ezra H. Heywood. “Freedom of the Press—Censorship.” 20:9 (Mar. 1893). Heywood notes, “Descendants from Williams, Dyer, Adams & Franklin now imprison editors and hang speakers for faith the fathers glorified in death to serve it; but Mind Lives, Liberty of Conscience, Speech, Press & Mails shall yet again be respected in these states. Fortressed on the van- tage ground of Truth Freedom never surrenders.”

NOTES

“Favors the abolition of speculative income, of woman’s slavery and war gov- ernment; regards all claims to property, not founded on labor title, as morally void, and asserts the free use of land to be the inalienable privi- lege of every human being—one having the right to own or sell only his service impressed upon it. Not by restrictive methods, but through Free- dom and Reciprocity, the Word seeks the extinction of interest, rent, div- idends, and profit, except as they represent work done; the abolition of railway, telegraphic, banking, trade-union and other corporations charg- ing more than actual cost for values furnished, and the repudiation of all so-called debts the principal whereof has been paid in the form of inter- est.” 1:1 (May 1872). THE WORD (1872–1893) 289

In 1878 Word ceased dating its paper from the birth of Jesus (A.D.) and in- stead dated the paper from the founding of the New England Free Love League in 1873 (Y.L., for the Year of Love). Thus, 1878 became Y.L. 6.1 “Our Present Platform. Immediate, unconditional, and permanent repeal of all laws against obscenity, whether Municipal, State, or National.” 7:4 (Aug. 1878)–7:8 (Dec. 1878). “Pay No Interest, Rent, or other unjust profit; Produce, Exchange without re- striction and without robbery. Marry not at all; but serve, recreate, find- ing in Reason, Religion, in Love Law.” 10:1 (May 1881)–10:8 (Dec. 1881). “Pay no Interest, Rent, Profit, , or other unjust demand; Produce, Ex- change without restriction and without robbery. Marry not at all; but serve, recreate, finding in Reason, Religion, in Love Law.” 10:9 (Jan. 1882)–20:9 (Mar. 1893).

ENDNOTE

1. Joanne E. Passet. Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women’s Equality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 45.

Bibliography

Archives and Special Collections

The Labadie Collection Special Collections Library, 711 Harlan Hatcher Li- brary, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1205. Ph: (734) 764-9377. http://www.lib.umich.edu/spec-coll/labadie/. Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library, Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, New York, NY 10018-2788. Ph: (212) 930-0801. http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/rbk/mss.html. Paul Avrich Collection: American and European anarchist publications issued after 1900, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Divi- sion, 101 Independence Ave. SE Room LJ 239, Thomas Jefferson Build- ing, Washington, DC 20540-4740. http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/. The Emma Goldman Papers, University of California, Berkeley, 2372 Ellsworth Street, Berkeley, CA 94704. Ph: (510) 642-4708. http://sunsite .berkeley.edu/Goldman/. Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706-1417. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/. Houghton Library, Harvard Yard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. Ph: 617-495-2440. http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/.

Books

Ashbaugh, Carolyn. Lucy Parsons: American Revolutionary. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1976.

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Avrich, Paul. An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Prince- ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978. ———. The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. ———. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background. Princeton, N.J.: Prince- ton University Press, 1991. ———. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005. ———. The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States. Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2006. Blatt, Martin Henry. Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Hey- wood. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989. Bliss, William D. P., and Rudolph M. Binder, eds. New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, New ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1908. Conlin, Joseph R., ed. The American Radical Press (1880-1960), 2 vols. West- port, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974. Danky, James P., and Wayne A. Wiegand, eds. Women in Print: Essays on the Print Culture of American Women from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Cen- turies. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Drinnon, Richard. Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Falk, Candace, Barry Pateman, and Jessica M. Moran, eds. Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003–2005. Foner, Philip S., ed. Autobiographies of Haymarket Martyrs. New York: Monad Press, 1977. Gage, Beverly. The Day Wall Street Exploded: A History of America in Its First Age of Terror. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Goldwater, Walter. Radical Periodicals in America, 1890–1950. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Library, 1964. Joll, James. Anarchists. London: Methuen, 1979. LeWarne, Charles Pierce. Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915. Seattle: Uni- versity of Washington Press, 1975. Marsh, Margaret. Anarchist Women, 1870–1920. Philadelphia: Temple Uni- versity Press, 1981. Martin, James J. Men against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anar- chism in America, 1827–1908. De Kalb, Ill.: Adrian Allen, 1953. McElroy, Wendy. “Liberty, 1881–1908: A Comprehensive Index,” The Mem- ory Hole, http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/ind_int2.html (accessed 17 March 2009). BIBLIOGRAPHY 293

Nettlau, Max. Bibliographie de l’anarchie. (1897; reprint, New York: B. Franklin, 1968. Passet, Joanne E. Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women’s Equality. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003. Raat, Dirk. Revoltosos: Mexico’s Rebels in the United States, 1903–1923. Col- lege Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1981. Rabban, David M. Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Reichert, William O. Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anar- chism. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1976. Sandos, James A. Rebellion in the Borderlands: Anarchism and the Plan of San Diego, 1904–1923. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. Sears, Hal D. The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977. Shively, Charles, ed. The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner, 6 vols. Weston, Mass.: M&S Press, 1971. Shore, Elliott, Ken Fones-Wolf, and James P. Danky, eds. The German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left Political Culture, 1850–1940. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. Stammhammer, Josef. Bibliographie des Socialismus und Communismus, 3 vols. 1893–1909; reprint, Aalen, Germany: O. Zeller Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1963–1964. Veysey, Laurence. Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian Books, 1962.

Articles

Battan, Jesse F. “‘The Word Made Flesh’: Language, Authority, and Sexual Desire in Late Nineteenth Century America.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 3, no. 2 (October 1992): 223–44. ———. “‘You Cannot Fix the Scarlet Letter on My Breast!’: Women Reading, Writing, and Reshaping the Sexual Culture of Victorian America.” Jour- nal of Social History 37, no. 3 (Spring 2004): 601–24. Filvaroff, David B. “Conspiracy and the First Amendment.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 121, no. 2 (December 1972): 189–253. Fine, Sidney. “Anarchism and the Assassination of McKinley.” American His- torical Review 60, no. 4 (July 1955): 777–99. 294 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ghormley, Kenneth O. “Anarchy at Home,” Redlands Fortnightly Club, Janu- ary 21, 1999, http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/papers/ghorm99.htm (accessed 31 March 2009). Glazer, Penina Migdal. “From the Old Left to the New: Radical Criticism in the 1940s.” American Quarterly 24, no. 5 (December 1972): 584–603. Madison, Charles A. “Benjamin R. Tucker: Individualist and Anarchist.” New England Quarterly 16, no. 3 (September 1943): 444–67. McElroy, Wendy. “Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, and Individualist Anarchism.” Independent Review 2, no. 3 (Winter 1998): 421–34. McKinley, Blaine. “‘The Quagmires of Necessity’: American Anarchists and Dilemmas of Vocation.” American Quarterly 34, no. 5 (Winter 1982): 503–23. Moran, Jessica. “Oppositional Culture and Community Creation: American Anarchism and the Firebrand, 1895–1897,” http://userwww.sfsu.edu/ ~jmmoran/firebrand_communism.htm (accessed 3 August 2009). Reichert, William O. “Toward a New Understanding of Anarchism.” Western Political Quarterly 20, no. 4 (December 1967): 856–65. Schiavina, Raffaele. “Autobiographical Notes by Raffaele Schiavina aka Max Sartin.” Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library, no. 22 (May 2000): 4. Shively, Charles. “Lysander Spooner, Tucker and Liberty,” http://uncletaz .com/liberty/spooner.html (accessed 17 March 2009). Streeby, Shelley. “Labor, Memory, and the Boundaries of Print Culture: From Haymarket to the Mexican Revolution.” American Literary History 19, no. 2 (Summer 2007): 406–33.

Dissertations

Hall, George David. “The Theory and Practice of Anarchism at Home Colony, 1896–1912” (master’s thesis, Washington State University, 1994).

Websites

Anarchy Archives: An Online Research Center on the History and Theory of Anarchism: Anarchist Periodicals, at http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist _Archives/periodicals.html (accessed 17 March 2009). Center for Research Libraries, http://www.crl.edu/ (accessed 3 August 2009). International Institute of Social History, http://www.iisg.nl/ (accessed 17 March 2009). BIBLIOGRAPHY 295

In the Libertarian Labyrinth: Texts and Commentary on the Libertarian Tradi- tion, with Special Attention to Mutualist Anarchism, at http://libertarian -labyrinth.blogspot.com/ (accessed 17 March 2009). Kate Sharpley Library, http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/ (accessed 17 March 2009). The Labor Press Project: Labor and Radical Newspapers in the Pacific North- west, at http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/index.htm (ac- cessed 17 March 2009). Lysander Spooner (Nineteenth-Century Lawyer, Abolitionist, Entrepreneur, Legal Theorist and Political Radical): Works, at http://www.lysander spooner.org/node/68 (accessed 4 September 2009). Writings of Ross Winn, at http://www.thefirebrand.org/winn/writings/ (ac- cessed 31 March 2009).

Anthologies

Brooks, Frank H., ed. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1994. Coughlin, Michael E., Charles H. Hamilton, and Mark A. Sullivan. Ben- jamin R. Tucker and the Champions of Liberty: A Centenary Anthology. St. Paul: M. E. Coughlin, 1986. Glassgold, Peter, ed. Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman’s Mother Earth. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 2001. Graham, Marcus. Man! An Anthology of Anarchist Ideas, Essays, Poetry and Commentaries. London: Cienfuegos Press, 1974. MacDonald, Dwight. Politics Past: Essays in Political Criticism. New York: Viking Press, 1970. McElroy, Wendy. The Debates of Liberty: An Overview of Individualist Anar- chism, 1881–1908. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2003. Retort: A Quarterly Journal of Anarchism, Art, and Reviews: Special Anthology Issue, 1942–1951. Tucson, Ariz.: The Match, 1980–1989. Sumner, Gregory D. Dwight MacDonald and the Politics Circle: The Challenge of Cosmopolitan Democracy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996. Tucker, Benjamin R. Individual Liberty: Selections from the Writings of Ben- jamin R. Tucker. New York: , 1926. ———. Instead of a Book, by a Man Too Busy to Write One; A Fragmentary Ex- position of Philosophical Anarchism. 1893; reprint, New York: Haskell House, 1969.

Name Index

Abbott, Leonard D., 22, 31, 77–78, 99, Armand, E., 38–39, 86, 187, 233 168, 174–76, 178, 181–84, 188, Armand, Henry B., 152 192, 226–27, 227n2, 231–32, Armsden, John, 106 234–35 Armstrong, James, 20–21, 46 Abrams, Jacob, 24, 99 Arrigoni, Enrico, 37n4; as Brand, H., Acharya, Mandayam P. Tirumal, 33 167–68, 231, 233–34 Arrigoni, Henry, 234 Adams, Edith Thorpe, 276 Ashleigh, Charles, 31 Adams, James W., 40, 51, 160–61 Auerbach, Robert, 16 Addis, Henry, 28, 66–70, 72, 81, 87, Austin, Kate, 40, 49, 72, 81–82, 84–85, 89, 93, 159, 246 88–89, 150, 153–54, 159, 168, 170 Agostinelli, Diva, 220, 271–72 Aveling, Edward B., 151 Aldred, Guy A., 170, 172 Avery, Martha M., 260 Allen, George H., 48–49, 52n3 Allen, Grant, 107, 152 Badcock, John, Jr., 128, 136, 141 Allison, Van K., 73–74 Baginski, Max, 86, 178–80, 182–83, Almaviva, Dolores, 42–43 186, 188, 228, 232 Americus, 81, 85–86 Bailie, Helen Tufts, 168 Anderson, Frank V., 174, 177 Bailie, William, 128, 134, 137, 144 Andrade, David A., 128, 131 Baker, R. Jacob, 102, 193–94 Andrade, William C., 60 Bakunin, Michael, 109, 128–29, 131, Andrews, John A., 66, 68–71, 95, 133 225, 231, 269, 272 Andrews, Stephen Pearl, 62, 131–32, Baldwin, Eleanor F., 106 204, 206–7, 286–87 Ball, B. W., 206 Appleton, Henry, 128; as X., 130, Ball, J. E., 116–17 138–39, 146n7 Ballou, A. L., 6, 48–50, 62, 77–78, 81, Araujo, Antonio P., 121, 216 83, 128 Aretta, V., 167, 169 Ballou, Ida A., 59

297 298 NAME INDEX

Ballou, Perry A., 77, 107 Bertran, E., 38 Bancroft, C., 97 Berwig, Paul, 132 Bann, James, 193–94 Besnard, Pierre, 197, 266 Barbusse, Henri, 106 Bevington, L. S., 84 Barnard, William F., 6, 81, 86, 150 Bigarel, L. H., 237 Barnes, J. C., 40, 49–50, 81, 276 Bilgram, Hugo, 106, 114, 128, 133–34, Barnhill, John Basil, 106 142, 145, 194, 259, 262 Baron, Aaron, 15, 16n1 Billings, Kate, 75 Barry, Francis, 59, 150, 200, 237–40, Billings, Warren K., 32, 169, 189, 267 281 Biscay, J. S., 6 Barry, Lenora M., 255 Bjorkman, Edwin, 274 Baskette, Ewing, 191 Blacker, P. I., 239 Bastiat, Frederic, 115 Blackwell, Alice Stone, 155 Bauer, Henry, 82, 96 Blackwell, R., 109 Bayliss, James, 202 Blecher, Abraham, 33, 231–33; as Baylor, Charles Gano, 157–58 Orland, Albert, 34–35 Becker, Morris, 99, 192, 269–70 Blossom, Frederick A., 100 Becker, Ray, 191 Bluestein, Abe, 37n1, 264; as Coleman, Bedborough, George, 20, 22, 158 Abe, 33, 36, 265, 268n1 Beecher, Henry Ward, 117 Boas, Franz, 177 Beeson, James, 48, 111, 159, 276 Boattini, Paul, 236 Beffel, John N., 197 Bodendyke, C. L., 66 Behlen, Walter C., 88 Borghi, Armando, 235, 265 Bek-Gran, Robert, 33, 35 Borland, W. P., 66 Bell, Thomas Hastie, 101, 103, 190–91, Bountar, Starr E., 228 231, 233–36 Bowers, Henry, 95 Bell, W. S., 55–56, 76, 82 Bowles, Elizabeth, 269 Bellamy, Edward, 96, 256 Boyce, Neith, 227 Bellegarigue, A., 136 Boyesen, Bayard, 178 Bellow, Saul, 224 Bradlaugh, Charles, 62 Benguiat, Felix. See Wood, Charles Brady, Edward, 136 Erskine Scott Brand, H. See Arrigoni, Enrico Bennet, Clif, 225 Breckenridge, Charles A., 187–88 Bennett, Enoch Arnold, 75 Bresci, Gaetano, 84, 228 Beoby, W., 38 Brinkerhoff, Edgar D., 48, 51, 159 Berg, Charles, 176, 184, 279 Brisbane, A., 251, 253 Berkman, Alexander, 22, 29–32, 46, 69, Brocher, Gustave, 199 96, 99–101, 103, 136, 142, 169, Brokaw, Warren E., 38, 53, 111, 190, 175, 178–89, 192–93, 199, 227n2, 194 228, 230–35, 246–47, 266 Brooks, Walter, 167, 169, 171–73 Berman, Nahum H., 208, 210n3 Brown, A. P., 262 Berneri, Camillo, 172, 268 Brown, H. H., 75 Bernier, Jean, 36 Brown, John, 76, 129, 183, 284, 287 Bertoni, L., 168 Brown, John S., 116, 118 NAME INDEX 299

Brown, William Thurston, 15, 85, Chandler, Lucinda B., 75, 152, 200 174–76 Chandra, Ram, 178 Browne-Thayer, Lillian, 178, 181, 233, Channing, William H., 251–53 242 Charles, Henry F., 11, 13–14 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 41 Chase, Henry S., 255, 260 Brownson, A. E., 97 Chavannes, Albert, 200 Brownson, Boswell R., 97–98 Cheyse, C. H., 48 Bruno, Giordano, 117, 119, 180 Chilton, Mary A., 237, 239 Buck, Lillian, 53 Cipriani, Amilcare, 243 Bukovetsky, Alexander, 92 Clemens, G. C., 11 Burnz, Channing, 59 Cline, Charles, 186, 216–17, 232, 280 Burnz, Eliza B., 255 Cohen, Henry, 4, 53, 59, 69, 193–94 Burritt, Elihu, 251, 253 Cohen, Joseph J., 103, 176 Bush, Damaris C., 237; as Putman, Cohen, William, 242 Minerva, 239 Cohn, Michael A., 87, 101–2 Bush, W. S., 237, 239 Cole, Ethel, 278 Butler, Elizabeth B., 122 Coleman, Abe. See Bluestein, Abe Buwalda, William, 22, 184–85 Colman, Lucy N., 154, 200 Byington, Steven T., 44, 48–49, 53–54, Comfort, Alex, 224 66, 69–70, 104–5, 114, 128, Cominsky, Stella, 178; as Comyn, 134–37, 141, 143, 145, 172, Stella, 192 193–94, 196 Comstock, Anthony, 21, 46, 51, 59–61, 85, 137, 151, 154–57, 162, 181, Cafiero, Carlo, 170 284–86 Caird, Mona, 60, 62, 132 Comyn, Stella. See Cominsky, Stella Calhoun, Don, 225 Considerant, Victor, 251–52 Campbell, Rachel, 154, 201, 284 Cook, Cassius V., 22, 114, 184 Cannan, Gilbert, 106 Cook, John H., 116, 150, 237–38 Cantine, Holley R., Jr., 224–25, 273 Coolridge, Cyrus W., 150 Capes, Ben, 114 Coomavaswamy, Ananda, 175, 177 Caplan, David, 31, 187 Cooper, Charles B., 157, 244, 246, Carney, J. F., 2 248 Caron, Arthur, 176, 184, 279 Cordian, Andrew, 190–91 Carpenter, Edward, 234 Cornelissen, Christian, 84, 90, 265 Carrington, Glenn, 197, 264; as Coryell, Harold H., 274 Creighton, George, 197, 265 Coryell, John Russell, 20, 22, 178–80, Caserio, Sante, 69, 143 183, 274, 275n1; as Grant, Cass, Lawrence, 44 Margaret, 180–81, 274 Castleman, G. C., 116 Cotin, Eugene, 245 Centerline, Charles, 33, 35 Cowell, F. A., 48, 81, 87 Chadwick, John W., 255 Cox, R. G., 211, 217 Chamberlin, Edward W., 51, 81, 87, Craddock, Ida C., 46, 51, 85, 162 150, 156–58, 161–62 Crane, Jonathan Mayo, 142, 150, Champney, Adeline, 150, 182 153–55 300 NAME INDEX

Creighton, George. See Carrington, Dellinger, David, 16–17, 108–9, 220, Glenn 225 Cridge, Alfred, 237–38 De Maupassant, Caroline, 111, 159 Cridge, Anne Denton, 237–38 Demuth, J. A., 114 Croasdale, William T., 255, 257, 261 Denson, James S., 150, 153 Crocker, Donald, 38, 101, 103, 231, 233 Denton, William, 237 Crosby, Ernest, 180 De Santillan, Diego Abad, 33–34, 36, Cubberley, E. G., 202 234 Cuddon, A. C., 204 Diggs, Annie L., 116–17 Culemans, J. B., 242–43 DiGia, Ralph, 15 Cumming, George, 27 Di Giovanni, Severino, 167 Curtis, William E., 122 Dolen, V., 15, 16n1 Czolgosz, Leon, 50, 88–89, 161, 179, Dolgoff, Sam, 101, 264, 271; as Ivan, 182, 221, 276 272; as Weiner, Sam, 102, 265 Donisthorpe, Wordsworth, 128, 133, 141 Dallas, Onofre. See Olay, Maximiliano Doyle, Dallan, 81–82, 93 Dana, Charles A., 251–52 Dreiser, Theodore, 226–27, 241 Danielewicz, Sigismund, 27 Duane, Eric, 197–98 Daniell, Miriam, 128 Du Bosque, Francis, 128 Daniels, Viroqua, 42, 66, 69–70, Dumont, Iride, 42, 270 81–82, 269, 276 Duncan, Isadora, 176 Darrow, Clarence, 6, 85, 89, 123, 163, Dunlap, Joseph R., 153 176, 258 Dunn, Vilma, 241 D’aujourd’hui, Josephine. See Durant, Will, 175–76 Hammond, Clement M. Duval, George, 15 Davidson, Clara Dixon, 27, 140, 255 Duvalet, Maurice, 199 Davidson, J. Morrison, 99 Dziengielewski, S., 108 Davitt, Michael, 129 Dayal, Har, 214, 269–70 Edelman, John, 175 Debs, Eugene V., 23, 82, 125, 135, Edelmann, John H., 208–10, 244–45, 143, 212, 225 247–48, 249n2 De Casseres, Benjamin, 38–39, 226–27 Edelmann, Rachelle, 244 Decker, Edward Douwes, 102 Edelsohn, Rebecca, 187, 280 De Cleyre, Voltairine, 7, 18, 27, 81, Eich, Herman, 66 83–86, 89, 92, 94, 111–12, 133, Eichel, Albert, 16 150, 152, 154, 160, 163, 166n6, Ellis, Havelock, 158, 199 176, 178, 180–86, 208–9, 213, 244, Ely, Birt, 97–98 246, 248, 260, 269–70; as Fox, Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 43, 129, 181, Flora W., 154, 166n6; as X.Y.Z., 185, 233, 287 209–10, 210n4 Enoch, Bryl R., 241 DeJacques, Joseph, 269 Esperance, Virgile, 194 DeLeon, Daniel, 255 Esteve, Pedro, 214, 232 De Lespinasse, G. A. F., 55–56, 64 Etlevant, George, 68 Dell, Floyd, 274 Fabbri, Amleto, 235 NAME INDEX 301

Fabbri, Luigi, 170, 233 G. See Replogle, Georgia Fagin, Sophie, 101–2 Gammons, Ed, 31 Farber, Simon, 33–34 Garcia, R. B., 211, 218 Faure, Elie, 199 Gardener, Helen H., 256 Faure, Sebastien, 36, 169, 233, 272 Garrison, William Lloyd, 30, 261 Feldman, Irving, 220 Geller, A., 220 Ferm, Alexis C., 101, 231, 234 Genin, Louis, 33, 231, 264 Fern, Elizabeth Byrne, 175, 177, 234 Genone, Hudor, 256 Ferrer, Francisco, 98, 168, 175–76, 181, George, Henry, 131, 234, 257–59 199, 234 Gibson, Lydia, 29 Ferrero, Vincenzo, 37, 171, 266–67 Gilbert, Amos, 237 Ferri, Enrico, 125, 246 Gilbert, J. M., 2, 276 Fielden, Samuel, 94, 245, 258 Gillie, J. A., 44–46, 81 Figueroa, Anselmo L., 121, 211, 215, Gillies, John, 111 270 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 177 Finch, Mary Baird, 59 Gilmore, William, 4, 141 Finch, Roy, 16–17 Giovannitti, Arturo, 74 Fischer, Adolph, 139 Glasse, Henry, 86, 205 Fisher, J. Greevz, 128, 134, 141–42 Gleeser, Carl, 27, 111 Fitzgerald, M. Eleanor, 29, 32, 100 Gleizes, Albert, 177 Fleigler, Franz, 271 Globus, J., 167 Floria, Joseph, 229–30 Goldberg, Isaac, 199 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurly, 227n2 Goldfinger, Harold, 229 Foote, E. B., 98, 150, 153, 162 Goldman, Emma, 2, 22, 31–32, 34–36, Foote, E. B., Jr., 200, 258 68–69, 82–85, 87–89, 99–102, 125, Fornasier, Antonio, 192 136, 161, 166n3, 172, 178–88, Forrest, George, 128 191–93, 214–16, 227–28, 231, Foster, William Z., 6–7, 213 233–35, 244, 246, 250, 265–66, Fowler, Charles T., 60, 254, 255n2, 282 272, 276, 278 Fowler, Sada Bailey, 61, 152 Goldstein, John, 108–10 Fowler, William F., 53 Gompers, Samuel, 212, 231 Fox, Flora W. See De Cleyre, Voltairine Gonzalez, Violet, 33 Fox, Jay, 5–7, 15, 44, 46, 81, 83–86, Goodfriend, Audrey, 271 91, 97–98, 147, 226, 269–70; as Goodheart, Ray, 114 Rex, 122–23, 125 Goodman, Elizabeth, 229 Frank, F. A. See Maryson, Jacob A. Goodman, Paul, 16–17, 220, 222–24, Frank, Henry, 256, 259–60, 263 271 Freeman, John K., 193–94 Goodman, Sara, 229 Freeman, Rose Florence, 175, 199 Gordak, William Walstein, 79n1, 107 Free Speech League, 155, 164 Gordin, Abba, 38–39, 235 Frick, Henry C., 96, 142, 246 Gordon, Charles George (“Chinese Frumkin, Bennie, 229 Gordon”), 146 Fulton, Edward H., 1, 4, 54, 58, 114, Gore, Edward E., 4 148–49, 193–94, 196 Gori, Pietro, 209 302 NAME INDEX

Gorky, Maxim, 123 Hansen, Mary, 89, 183 Gorsuch, William J., 8 Hanson, Carl, 176, 184, 279 Govan, Charles, 40, 48, 51, 52n3, Hapgood, Hutchins, 99, 241 159–60 Harap, Joseph, 197 Graham, Fred S., 93 Harman, Geo. S., 149 Graham, Marcus, 25, 26n2, 92, 93n1, Harman, Lillian, 20, 59, 63, 71, 107, 167–73, 220 135, 150, 152–53, 155–56, 158–59, Graine, Mike, 109 161, 164, 166n4 Granich, Irwin, 73–74 Harman, Moses, 20–23, 47, 51, 64, Grant, Margaret. See Coryell, John 116–19, 143, 149–51, 153–64, Russell 166n3–n4, 181, 200–202, 258, 284 Grave, Jean, 71, 85–86, 94, 135 Harper, Ida Husted, 155 Green, Leon, 267–68 Harriman, Job, 97 Greene, William B., 4, 134, 194, 252, Harris, Thomas L., 251 281–82, 284 Hartmann, Sadakichi, 18, 31, 178, 184 Grieg, Melvin, 126, 220; as Grieg, Haskell, Burnett G., 261 Michael, 225, 273; as O’Connell, Hauptmann, Gerhart, 241 Walt, 127, 272 Hauser, Jacob, 167 Griffes, James H., 29 Havel, Hippolyte, 92, 93n1, 167–69, Griffin, C. S., 8, 10, 259 173, 176, 178, 181, 185–87, 199, Griffin, Howard, 220, 223 214, 226, 227n1, 228, 231–32, 234, Groot, Peter, 126–27 241–42, 242n1 Grosser, Philip, 191 Healy, Patrick J., 121, 138 Grossmann, Rudolf, 147, 167; as Hedin, Bengt, 266 Ramus, Pierre, 168–69, 172–73, 183 Hedley, George, 169 Grossner, Abe, 231 Heinzen, Carl, 147, 162 Grosvenor, Willard, 79, 114 Helcher, Herman, 85, 163 Grumbine, J. C. F., 256 Hennacy, Ammon A., 34, 101–2, Grynspan, Herschel Feibel, 34 108–10, 167, 234, 236 Guadagni, F., 38 Henry, A., 208, 210 Gue, Stanley M., 211, 215, 217 Henry, Joseph, 150 Guelfi, Giuseppe, 168 Herbert, Auberon, 113, 135 Guerrero, Praxedis G., 211–12 Herndon, Angelo, 168 Guiteau, Charles, 137–38 Herve, Gustave, 187, 228 Gumpel, C. Godfrey, 104–5 Heydon, Thurston, 42 Guttenberg, A., 42 Heywood, Angela T., 282–84, 286–87 Heywood, Ezra H., 51, 118, 206–7, H. See Replogle, Henry 281–88 Hall, Bolton, 18, 22, 82, 104, 178, 181, Hillman, Robert, 18 186 Hillside, Bert, 167, 171 Hammersmark, Samuel T., 6, 269 Hine, L. A., 237–38 Hammond, Clement M., 128; as Holmes, Lizzie M., 12–13, 27, 44, 46, D’aujourd’hui, Josephine, 130 48–49, 69, 81, 83–85, 95–96, Hamon, A., 71, 84–85, 208 111–12, 114, 122–23, 150, 154, NAME INDEX 303

2–201, 208; as Huntley, May, 8, Isaak, Abraham, Jr., 40, 81–82, 88, 160, 166n5, 2, 202n2; as Swank, 89–91, 186, 277 Lizzie M., 8, 10–11 Ishill, Joseph J., 199, 234 Holmes, Sara Elizabeth, 128, 130–31; Ivan. See Dolgoff, Sam as Zelm, 132, 140 Holmes, Sidney, 150 Jagendorf, Moritz, 101, 103 Holmes, William T., 4, 8, 12–13, James, Charles L., 12, 14, 44–46, 48, 50, 27–28, 48, 51, 66, 68–69, 81–82, 81–82, 84–85, 88–89, 122–23, 140, 86, 89, 94–95, 114, 148, 179, 209, 150, 153–54, 159–60, 178, 181–82, 244–45, 247–48, 258, 261 186, 2, 202, 234, 259–60, 262 Holt, William L., 18 James, George Wharton, 18–19 Hoover, Glenn, 269 James, Henry, 132, 251 Hopp, Julius, 274 Javsicas, Gabriel, 197–98 Hord, I. N., 38–39 Jefferies, Richard, 199 Horr, Alexander, 18, 20, 22, 104–5, Jerauld, Nellie M., 2, 48–49, 81, 276 145 Johnson, Mary Florence, 20, 2 Hose, Sam, 158–59 Jones, J. L., 48 House, Edward H., 61 Judin, William, 241–43, 242n1 Housmann, A., 97 Judson, W. W., 75 Howard, H. H., 116 Howard, Harry, 241 Katz, Sander, 16–17 Howard, Margaret, 40, 75 K.D. See Koven, David Hubbard, Elbert, 85 Keller, Helen, 192 Huling, Alden S., 84 Kelly, Alan P., 128; as Max, 138 Humane, Alixe, 278 Kelly, Dorothy, 278–79 Huneker, James, 242–43 Kelly, Florence Finch, 128, 132 Hunt, C. F., 114 Kelly, Gertrude B., 12–13, 128, Huntington, Edward S., 259 130–31, 138–40 Huntley, May. See Holmes, Lizzie M. Kelly, Harry M., 29–30, 53, 81, 83, 99, Hutcheson, H. H., 150 101–2, 169, 173, 174–76, 178, 181, Hutchinson, Delia D., 175, 177 183, 208, 210n3, 214, 227, 227n2, Hutchinson, Robert H., 175–76 231–32, 242–44, 277 Kelly, John F., 12, 14, 128, 131, 139 Ienuso, J., 229–30 Kelmscott, John, 74 Ingalls, John J., 152 Kelso, John R., 75, 156 Ingalls, Joshua K., 59, 62, 129, 207, Kemp, Harry, 226–27 251–53, 258–59, 262, 281–83 Kennedy, Bart, 256 Ingersoll, Robert G., 2, 60, 154, 163, Kepler, John L., 190 258, 269 Kepler, Roy C., 16–17 Inglis, Agnes, 222 Kerr, Robert B., 20, 22, 150, 153, Isaac, Charles P., 58 158–59, 164, 202 Isaacson, Jack, 241 Kerr, Stewart, 174–76 Isaak, Abraham, 66, 71, 81, 87–88, Keyser, John H., 281 91n3, 93, 169, 246, 276 Kimball, John C., 256–57, 259, 261 304 NAME INDEX

Kinghorn-Jones, J. Alfred, 40, 48, 50, 81 LeClerc, Joseph, 150 Kitson, Arthur, 106 Lee, Jesse N., 51 Klamroth, J., 45 Leigh, David, 29, 192 Kleen, Elizabeth, 278–79 Leighton, Walter, 81 Klemencic, Andrew, 44, 48–49, 66, 71, Le Meillour, Pierre, 35 81, 122–23 Lemon, Courtenay, 241 Koch, Harry A., 66, 68 Lewis, Austin, 97–98 Komroff, Manuel, 174–75 Liber, Benzion, 99, 177, 270 Koopman, Harry Lyman, 256 Lichkevich, A. (also Litshkevitch, A.), Kotoku, Denjiro, 6, 169, 185–86 92 Kotsch, Georgia, 211, 217 Liden, Mauritz S., 68 Koven, David, 220, 271; as K.D., 221, Lightbrown, William. G., 104–5 272–73 Lindau, Herman, 276 Krishtal, Alexander, 92 Lindway, Mike, 267 Kropotkin, Peter, 2, 12–13, 44, 67, Lingg, Emil W., 122 81–82, 84–87, 90, 92–93, 95, 102, Liso, Robert, 26 124, 138, 147, 179, 183–85, 187, Livesey, Francis B., 40, 150 205, 208–9, 231–32, 234–35, 262, Lizius, Gerhard, 8 269, 272, 276 Lloyd, J. William, 18, 27, 38–40, Kropotkin, Sophie, 131 55–56, 59–60, 77–78, 107, 111, Kucera, Joseph, 269–70 128, 130, 132–33, 140–42, 144, Kuehn, Herman, 3, 79, 114, 142 150, 153–54, 161–62, 199–2, 235 Kuenning, William, 16 Loubal, A. LeRoy, 81, 86 Loud, Lingard, 74 Labadie, Joseph A., 1–2, 6, 12, 44, 48, Louise, Marie, 2, 12–14, 67, 111–12, 54, 58, 79, 114–15, 128, 130, 132, 244, 247, 256, 258 136–37, 142, 144, 170, 193, 231, Loutrel, E. H., 111 269, 276 Louzon, Robert, 33, 35 Labadie, Laurance, 53, 167–69, 190–91 Loveridge, Clinton, 66, 70, 81 La Bon, Gustave, 269 Luchkovsky, Lisa, 33 Lachowsky, Hyman, 24 Lum, Dyer D., 2, 8–12, 27, 55, Ladd, Parish B., 85–86, 90 111–12, 113n1, 128, 131, 133, La Follette, Robert M., 58 138–39, 199, 206, 256, 260, 262 Landeck, Oscar. See Rotter, Oscar Lane, Charles, 251 MacDonald, Dwight, 16–17 Lang, Alexander, 224 MacDonald, George E., 128, 135, 143, Lanham, Frank, 271–73 162–63, 284 Larkin, James E., 40, 51 MacDonald, Samuel J., 256 Lavroff, Pierre, 129 MacGregor, Walter, 99 Lawrence, David. See Slater, Louis Mack, John, 16 Lawson, W. P., 104–5 Mack, Louise Abell, 16 Lazarus, M. Edgeworth, 12, 14, 59, 61, MacKay, John Henry, 62, 134 111, 128, 150–51, 251–53, 256 MacLow, Jackson, 220, 224, 271 Lease, Mary E., 75 MacQueen, William, 147–48 NAME INDEX 305

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 180, 228 Mikolasek, Joseph, 215 Magón, Enrique Flores, 15, 31, 121, Miles, E. C., 48–49 178, 188–89, 211, 213–15, 217–18, Miller, Randolph, 242 232, 270 Minor, Robert, 29, 31–32, 178, 189, Magón, Ricardo Flores, 6, 15, 31, 78, 226, 241 121, 186, 188, 212–14, 218, 218n1, Mintz, Samuel, 205 270 Mirbeau, Octave, 227 Magoon, Sadie A., 44 Moe, Fred, 6 Mainwaring, William, 103, 267 Moffatt, Anne, 16 Malatesta, Errico, 30, 38, 67, 81–82, Mollet, Gustae, 68 94, 169, 172, 187, 205, 232, Monahan, Michael, 18 234–35, 246 Montgomery, Edmund, 257, 259 Malthus, Thomas R., 82, 140, 181, Montseny, Federica, 33–34, 36, 168 257, 259 Mooney, A. J., 97 Mann, Nora, 278–79 Mooney, Thomas, 29, 32, 189, 267 Marcus, S. H., 231 Moore, Charles A., 242 Marinelli, Augusto, 192 Moore, Francis, 269 Markland, W. G., 63, 155 Morgan, G. F., 242–43 Marlaw, Alvan, 86 Morgan, J. Edward, 278 Marquina, Celso, 211, 218 Morris, Eva, 42 Martin, James J., 222 Morris, John A., 40, 44, 46, 81 Maryson, Jacob A., 244, 246; as Frank, Morris, John H., 56, 66–68, 70 F. A., 246 Morris, William, 12–13, 67 Massingham, H. J., 106 Morris, William, Jr., 33, 231 Max. See Kelly, Allan P. Morrison, Sidney See Solomon, Sidney Maximoff, Grigori, 264 Morse, Sidney H., 128, 206, 281 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 131 Morton, Eric B., 29, 97–98, 98n1, McCandless, J. H., 16 189n4; as Eric the Red, 188 McConnell, W. J., 276 Morton, James F., Jr., 6, 18, 20, 40–41, McDevitt, William, 97 44–51, 52n3, 81–84, 86–88, 94, McDiarmid, William, 237 150, 153, 159, 161–62, 181–82, McKinley, William, 78, 88–89, 147, 186, 2, 270 161, 180, 221 Moscow, Max, 123–24 McNamara, James B., 6, 215, 228 Most, Johann, 46, 95, 125, 138, 170, McNamara, John J., 6, 215, 228 182–83, 262, 284 M’Cready, T. L. See Warren, G. O. Mott, Lucretia, 253 Melander, Jenny, 114 Mowbray, Charles, 208, 210n3, 245 Mendez, Jean, 33 Moyer, Charles, 125 Merlino, F. Saverio (also Savario), Muller, W. H., 251 244–46, 248, 249n2 Munson, Gorham B., 99, 102 Meyers, A. G., 38–39 Musham, Erich, 36 Michel, George, 197 Michel, Louise, 124, 131, 138, 208, Nacht, Siegfried, 37n2, 205; as Roller, 246, 269, 279 Arnold, 33, 267 306 NAME INDEX

Naeve, Lowell, 17, 221 Palmer, Harold, 18 Nafe, Gertrude, 178 Pannekoek, Anton, 225 Nathan-Ganz, Edward. See Rodanow, Pare, William, 204 Alexander Pareto, Vilfredo, 128, 132 Nathanson, William, 242 Parker, S. E., 108–10 Nearing, Scott, 175–76 Parkhurst, Henry M., 150 Nehring, Meyer Libsohn, 92 Parnell, Charles S., 259, 285 Nelson, Caroline, 278–79 Parrot, E. Chapin, 74 Nettlau, Max, 38, 83, 102, 184, Parse, F. B., 55 230–32, 234, 236 Parsons, Albert R., 2, 8, 10, 92, 96, Nevill, Wallace E., 94 125, 155, 276 Newborn, William, 242 Parsons, Lucy E., 3, 6–8, 10, 14–15, Newcome, Clara, 278–79 16n1, 27, 71, 95–96, 97n2, 122–25, Nietzsche, Friedrich, 30, 56, 128, 208, 214, 241, 276–77 134–35, 154, 176, 179, 182, 199 Pascol, James, 242 Nieuwenhuis, Domela, 86 Pasha, Moustafa Kamel, 137 Noel, P. D., 211, 218 Pataud, Emile, 183 Nold, Carl, 44, 69, 96, 101, 167, 170 Patchen, Kenneth, 224–25 Nordau, Max, 6, 122 Patterson, John, 237–38 Northcote, Orford, 153 Pawson, John, 66 Norton, Grace Fallow, 178 Pease, Frank Chester, 6, 241 Penhallow, Charles, 48 O’Connell, Walt. See Grieg, Melvin Penhallow, Mattie D., 162 Olay, Maximiliano, 101, 102, 168, 231, Pentecost, Hugh O., 20, 66, 86, 95, 234, 264; as Dallas, Onofre, 102–3, 133, 155, 157, 180, 255–63 168, 235 Pepper, Myra, 69, 81, 150, 163 Oldfield, Helen, 122, 124 Pesotta, Rose, 35, 103 Oliver, L. S., 81 Pettibone, George, 125, 180 Olivereau, Louise, 192 Pfuetzner, Clemens, 81 Orcutt, A. A., 81, 83 Phillips, Wendell, 283, 285 O’Reilly, John Boyle, 97, 132 Pinchon, Edgcumb, 32, 188 Orland, Albert. See Blecher, Abraham Polinow, Samuel, 167, 169, 173, 231, O’Rourke, Frank, 74 233, 235 Ortiz, Felix R., Jr., 108–9 Pope, Abner J., 66, 87, 157, 244, 246 Osgood, Andrew, 16 Portet, Lorenzo, 176 Overmyer, David, 150, 155 Post, Dorothy Lillian, 190 Overton, C. M., 237, 239 Potter-Loomis, Hulda L., 20, 114 Owen, William C., 3, 6–7, 12, 69, 77, Pouget, Emile, 183 120–21, 178, 182, 186, 208, Pratelle, Aristide, 213 211–18, 219n1, 219n3, 226–28, Pratt, Elsie, 175 244–46, 256, 260, 269 Preece, Harold, 168 Proncudo, A., 92 Paine, Thomas, 60, 153, 154, 258, 287 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 2, 128–29, 131, Palacio, Solano, 101–3, 236 133–34, 145, 185, 207, 252, 284 NAME INDEX 307

Putman, Minerva. See Bush, Damaris C. Robinson, John Beverley, 58, 114–15, Putman, Samuel P., 62 128, 132–36, 142–43, 201, 244 Pyat, Felix, 27, 132 Robinson, Victor, 18–19, 178 Pyburn, George, 238 Robinson, William J., 18–21, 74, 244 Rockefeller, John D., 176, 184, 279 Quinn, T. P., 82, 122, 163 Rocker, Rudolf (also Rudolph), 102, 170, 187, 197, 224, 231–32, 234, Rainer, Dachine, 224 236, 266 Ramus, Pierre. See Grossmann, Rudolf Rockwell, Margaret, 16 Randall, Ray, 167, 172 Rodanow, Alexander, as Nathan-Ganz, Randolph, A. Philip, 16, 221 Edward, 24–25, 25n1–2 Raney, Rebekah, 29–31, 178 Roemmele, Russell, 108–9 Rangel, Jesus, 186, 216–17, 232, Rogers, Bruce, 6 280 Roller, Arnold. See Nacht, Siegfried Ravachol, 68 Rollins, Ferdinand J., 74 Ravine, Irving, 16 Roodenko, Igal, 16 Ray, Jefferson, 244 Rose, A. P., 260 Ray, Man, 178 Rosenberg, Ethel, 109 Raymond, Louis G. See Rey y Garcia, Rosenberg, Julius, 109 Manuel Ross, Robert, 229 Read, Herbert, 220, 224, 265 Rossi, Giovanni, 244–45 Reade, Joseph, 33 Rotter, Oscar, 71, 73n3, 2–201; as Reclus, Elie, 199, 207 Landeck, Oscar, 72 Reclus, Elisee, 10, 67, 83, 129–30, 183, Royce, Robert M., 97 233, 272, 276 Ruskin, John, 105–6 Reitman, Ben, 22, 31, 74, 178, 182, Russell, Charles Edward, 185 187–88, 192, 216 Russell, Sanders, 224 Reitzel, Robert, 170, 276 Ryder, N., 33 Replogle, Georgia, 12, 55, 57n1; as G., 55–57 Sacco, Nicola, 168, 230–31, 235 Replogle, Henry, 55, 57n1; as H., Sallitto, Dominick, 171, 266–67 56–57, 130 Salt, Henry S., 199 Rexroth, Kenneth, 224 Salter, William M., 256 Rey y Garcia, Manuel, 103n1; as Sanftleban, Alfred G., 211, 231 Raymond, Louis G., 24, 101, 170 Sanger, Margaret H., 15, 29, 31, 115, Richards, B. F., 20, 23 175–76, 178, 188, 227n2, 228, Ridge, Lola, 174 278–79 Riedel, Anna, 233 Sarnoff, Lilly, 231 Rivera, Librado, 28–29, 78, 121, 215, Sartin, Max, 174n3, 271–72, 274n6 270 Sasnovksy, Anna, 231 Rivolta, Ateo, 242–43 Sauton, Georges, 130 Robbins, George, 33 Sawdon, H. E., 2 Roberts, Edward, 242 Scarceriaux, Jules, 101–3, 233, 269 Robins, Jacob, 175 Scarfo, America, 167 308 NAME INDEX

Scarfo, Paulino, 167 Sistoni, Andrea, 241 Schachnazaroff, M., 28 Slabs, Ezekial, 66–68 Schellhous, E. J., 48 Slater, Louis, 265; as Lawrence, David, Schiavina, Raffaele, 167, 174n3, 271; as 266 Sartin, Max, 272; as Seele, Melchior, Slenker, Elmina D., 51, 59, 116–17, 168–70, 173 150, 153 Schirru, Michael, 170 Slobodinsky, Rosa, 260 Schlesinger, Jack, 197, 264; as White, Slovak. See Sanftleban, Alfred G. Jack, 265 Smart, W. G. H., 25 Schmidt, Mark, 231, 265; as Senex, Smith, Alfred, 256 235, 265–68 Smith, David Reeves, 256 Schmidt, Matthew, 31, 187 Smith, L. Lum, 157 Schoenfeld, Howard, 16–17 Solomon, Clara, 126, 127n1 Schreiner, Olive, 112 Solomon, Sidney, 126, 127n1, 197, Schroeder, Theodore, 18–22, 178–80, 265; as Morrison, Sidney, 127, 182 268 Schumm, George, 12, 128, 135, 140 Souchy, Augustin, 102, 172, 236, 265, Schuyler, Margaretta, 175 268 Schwab, Michael, 94, 245 Spartan, A., 33–34, 36 Scott, John G., 53, 190 Spear, Arnold, 99–1 Scott, Paul, 175 Spencer, Harold Sherwood, 106 Searl, A. J., 150 Spencer, Herbert, 5, 86, 112–14, 130, Seele, Melchior. See Schiavina, Raffaele 133, 176 Seklew, Malfew, 38 Spielman, Jean E., 79, 122, 125, 180 Sellers, W. G., 256 Spies, August, 8–9, 96, 125, 287 Senex. See Schmidt, Mark Spies, Nina Van Zandt, 15 Sercombe, Parker H., 114 Spivak, Joseph, 231, 236 Severance, Caroline, 75 Spooner, Lysander, 2, 28, 60–61, Severance, Juliet H., 12, 14, 22, 150, 128–29, 133, 137–38, 146n7, 245 146n10, 206–7, 281; as O., 139 Severny, A., 92 Sprading, Charles T., 38–39, 101–2 Sexton, Bernard, 175, 177 Squire, Mary, 66 Shapiro, Alexander, 33–34, 197, 198n1, Stahl, J. M., 237–38 230, 266 Stanley, William, 212 Shaw, George Bernard, 130, 136, Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 61, 152, 154 146n9, 164 Starr, Enola, 40 Shed, Z., 111 Starrett, Walter. See Van Valkenburgh, Shepard, Olivia F., 281 Warren S. Shepherd, S. R., 150 Steffens, Lincoln, 78, 183 Siegmeister, Walter, 38 Steimer, Mollie, 24, 28–29, 99 Siggins, H. L., 97 Steinle, E., 4, 86 Silvain, Fabius, 122 Stephenson, Cora Bennett, 175 Simpson, A. H., 112, 128, 133, 141 Stepniak, S., 130 NAME INDEX 309

Stetson, Charlotte Perkins, 40–41, 2 Tucker, Benjamin R., 2, 19, 27, 54, 56, Stevens, Ella, 256 113, 115, 128–45, 146n7, 169, 206, Stewart, Joffre, 108 257, 262, 281–85 Stirner, Max, 25, 54 Tuckerman, L. B., 111 Storm, Charles, 271–72 Turner, Archie, 38, 99, 231 Stowe, A. C., 116–17 Turner, Ethel D., 211–13 Stowell, Robert F., 108 Turner, John, 45–47, 69–70, 85–86, Strickland, W. W., 226–27 90–91, 101–2, 208, 244, 276–77 Stuart, Frank Q., 62, 111–12, 262 Turner, John K., 211–12 Sullivan, Frank, 256 Tyler, Wat, 81, 84, 88, 89 Sullivan, J. W., 255, 257–60, 262 Tyner, Paul, 20–21 Sunderland, La Roy, 204, 237, 239 Sutherland, Bill, 16–17 Uleynik, Isidore, 92 Swank, Lizzie M. See Holmes, Lizzie M. Underwood, B. F., 60, 150 Swartz, Clarence Lee, 77, 79n2 107, Untermeyer, Louis, 74 111, 128, 134, 137, 145, 193, 202, 226–27 Vaillant, Auguste, 143 Swift, Morrison I., 18–20, 50, 60, 106 Valeriano, I. U., 229 Swinton, John, 129 Van Deusen, A., 256, 260–61 Van Ornum, William H., 50, 81–82, Tagore, Rabindranath, 232 94, 244, 260–61 Tak Kak. See Walker, James L. Van Valkenburgh, Warren S., 29–30, Tandy, Francis D., 4, 55, 148–49 115, 178, 187, 226–27, 231, 233, Tchaikovsky, Nicholas, 1 236, 237n2; as Starrett, Walter, 231 Tchernychewksy, N. G., 129 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 168, 230–31, 235 Thorenberg, Ahrne, 37n6; as Thorn, Verity, Oliver A., 44, 48, 52n3, 195 Arn, 36 Vidal, Georges, 28–29 Thorpe, Herbert A., 278–79 Villarreal, Antonio I., 78, 211–12 Titus, Herman, 242–43 Volin, W., 168, 265 Tolstoy, Leo, 2, 25, 67, 78, 84, 90, 185, Vose, Gertie, 44, 47 276 Towner, J. W., 237–39 Waggener, John, 111 Tracy, Marguerite, 199 Wagner, A. G., 54, 276 Trask, Sherwood, 175 Waisbrooker, Lois, 22, 39–41, 44, 75–76, Traubel, Horace, 29, 44, 74, 83, 81, 149, 153, 157, 162, 166n4 134–35, 185 Wakeman, Thaddeus B., 64, 287 Travaglio, Eugene, 42, 43n1, 205n1, Walden, Wayne, 15, 229, 233 269 Walker, Edwin C., 20, 59–65, 86, 107, Treat, Joseph, 237–39 116–19, 128, 135, 149–58, 160, 2, Tresca, Carlo, 198, 224–25 274 Trinkhaus, William, 56, 59 Walker, James L., 55, 128; as Tak Kak, Trumbull, M. M., 155 55–56, 64, 131, 141 Tubbs, W. P., 2 Walker, Winifred H., 20 310 NAME INDEX

Ward, Alden, 29–30 Wilson, George, 245 Ward, D. T., 116 Wilson, Jacob, 87 Ward, Paul, 276 Winn, Ross, 2–3, 49, 62, 66, 68, 81, Warren, Alvin, 49, 140, 150, 2–201 111, 123, 208–9, 275–77 Warren, G. O., as M’Cready, T. L., 255, Winne, Ernest, 2 256, 259, 264n1 Winnen, Mary F., 211 Warren, Josiah, 2, 54, 185, 202, 204–6, Winston, Sonia, 18–19 272, 281–82 Wise, Jacob B., 51, 76 Weeks, Henry, 18 Wolff, Adolf, 174 Weichsel, John, 175 Wolff, John B., 237–38 Weinberg, Chaim, 170, 184 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 19, 154, 279 Weinberger, Harry, 192 Wood, Charles Erskine Scott, 29–31, Weiner, Sam. See Dolgoff, Sam 104–6, 137, 171; as Benguiat, Felix, Weinrebe, Roman, 265 270, 271n1 Weisbach, J. J., 116 Wood, Clement, 74 Weiss, John, 206 Woodcock, George, xi, 197, 220, Wells-Barnett, Ida, 159 223–25 Wentworth, Eleanor, 269 Woodhull, Victoria C., 281 Westrup, Alfred B., 55–56, 128 Woodruff, Abner E., 97–98 Wettstein, Otto, 256 Woodward, E. S., 53 Weyler, Rudolf, 12, 128 Wright, Austin W., 114, 128, 136 Wheeler, Jo Ann, 53, 190 Wright, Thomas, 101–2 White, Jack. See Schlesinger, Jack Wright, Thomas P., 237–38 White, Lillie D., 72, 75, 149–50, 163, 166n4 X. See Appleton, Henry White, Lily, 237, 239 X.Y.Z., 42–43, 242–43 Whitehead, Celia B., 89, 150, 154, X.Y.Z. See De Cleyre, Voltairine 156 Whitlock, Brand, 276 Yarchuk, E., 28 Whitman, Walt, 19, 51, 65, 67, 87, Yarros, Victor, 58, 114, 128, 131–36, 177, 179, 232, 283, 286 140–44, 256–59, 263 Whiton, James M., 256 Yensen, Albert, 173 Whittick, William A., 4–5, 111, 256 Young, William, 220, 271, 273 Wieck, David Thoreau, 17, 220–23, 271, 273 Zadnak the Dreamer, 56, 66 Wiggins, Ella May, 230 Zangwill, Israel, 106 Wight, Alex E., 107 Zapata, Emiliano, 213–15 Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, 40, 2 Zarate, Valdez, 211 Wilcox, Elsie Cole, 40, 160 Zassulitch, Vera, 129 Wilde, Oscar, 84, 144, 154 Zelm. See Holmes, Sara Elizabeth Wilkinson, Lily Gair, 228, 278, 280 Zeno, 111, 150 Williams, Carl Easton, 274 Zigrosser, Carl, 101, 174–75 Williams, Jack, 99 Zola, Émile, 2, 130, 134, 205, 276 Subject Index

Abbey of Creteil, 177 social evolution, 85; and socialism, African Americans: lynching, 57, 85, 78, 132; and the State, 169; and 95, 137, 158–59; Jim Crow, 16, syndicalism, 102, 232, 234; and 109, 197, 220–21, 273; trade unionism, 84, 86, 180; and miscegenation, 158–59; prejudice, violence, 31, 109, 180; and 44–45, 49, 56, 66, 95, 197, 273 volunteerism, 26; as a way of life, age of consent laws, 135, 152, 200 233, 235; associational, 233; aliens, 36, 260 Catholic, 110; communist, 133, altruism, 49, 78, 114 184, 232; constructive, 100; anarchism, 82, 84, 112, 121, 130–31, different schools of, 246; doctrine of, 137, 180, 220, 221, 233–34, 256, 18; economics of, 225; essentials of, 261; American, 181, 194, 236; and 86, 222; fallacies of, 64, 111, 259; atheism, 135; and bolshevism, 26, father of, 133; individualist, 184, 92, 169, 193; and Christians, 102, 232; in literature, 84; meaning of, 135, 236; and colonial question, 40, 49–50, 86; motivating idea 109; and education, 13, 49, 181; behind, 169; negation of all and evolution, 82; and family, 13, authority, 233; philosophical, 44, 221; and future society, 26; and 148; precursors of, 39; principles of, human nature, 86; and 8; problems of, 134; scientific, 3–4; individualism, 111; and industrial socialist, 245; spiritual, 259; straight, combination, 137; and Jesus, 83; 112; versus legalism, 259; versus and justice, 28, 134; and Loria, socialism, 6; vindication of, 85; Achille, 137; and majority rule, 96; world government or, 109. See also and militarism, 169; and modern suppressing anarchism science, 179; and nationalism, 112; anarchist(s), 135; American, 137, 180, and organization, 6, 233; and 230; and archists, 4; and economics, progress, 168; and religion, 236; and 12, 134, 182; and expansion revolution, 232; and sex, 72; and question, 137; Anti . . . hysteria,

311 312 SUBJECT INDEX

221; as epithet, 86; associated, associationists, 252–53 70–71; attitude towards the asylum, 98, 169 machine, 168; Christian, 102, 236; atheism, 154, 184, 239 communism, 2, 47, 66, 69, 80–81, authority, 85, 129, 214, 286; and ethics, 86, 92, 94, 205, 208–9, 229, 233, 109; and law, 81; and liberty, 132; 244, 264–65, 275; congresses, and its ramifications, 75; defying and 86–87, 93, 173, 126, 180, 231–32, ignoring, 67; dilemma of, 88; what 267, 272; differences among, 83; good is, 7, 214. See also anarchism; down with the, 31; evolution of . . . natural right(s) theories, 181, 183, 241; federation, 102, 109, 272; making of, 85; ballot, 9, 15, 34, 49–50, 78, 123, 136, morality, 13, 82, 93, 184, 262; 183, 246, 265, 284; and women, 6; movement, 44, 85, 92, 95, 103, 167, or bullets, 256; or the general strike, 208, 241, 244, 265; on anarchy, 67, 46, 98 130; once an anarchist, always an, Bay View Riot (Milwaukee, 1917), 192, 36; organization, 3, 70–71, 233; 243 philosophy, 27, 131; popular birth control, 15, 98, 153, 184, 250, concepts of, 68; pro-government, 30; 279 program, 6, 277; psychology of, 85; birth control cases: Allison, Van K., 74; red cross, 231; revisionism, 266; role Goldman, Emma, 31, 188, 227; in social revolutions, 169; socialism, Heywood, Ezra H., 286–87; Kinget, 83, 244, 246, 256; torturing, 68; T. R., 64; Reitman, Ben, 31, 74; tracts, 13; what we want, 82; what’s Sanger, Margaret, 31, 115, 188 in a name?, 130, 257; why I am an, bolshevism, 42, 92, 100–101, 167, 199, 93, 180, 185, 262; woes of an, 133 225, 231–32, 235–36. See also assassination attempts: Clemenceau, anarchism Georges, 100; De Cleyre, Voltairine, bomb: and the Ferrer Association, 176; 85, 163; Frick, Henry Clay, 142, atomic, 108; contents of the 246–47; local head of Standard Oil anarchist’s, 234; government and the in Tulsa, Okla., 100; Michel, Louise, . . . throwers, 135; hydrogen, 17. See 131; Renson (judge), 247; also dynamite Rockefeller, John D., 176, 184, 279; boycott, 114, 134–35, 137, 144–45 Sage, Russell, 260 Broad Street Riot (1908), 184 assassinations: Carnot, Sadie, 143; Empress Elizabeth of Austria, 82; capital, 12, 283, 287; controversy, 142; Ferrer, Francisco, 168; Garfield, labor’s long struggle with, 123 James A., 137–38; in defense of, capitalism, 8, 26, 187, 231 279; King Umberto I of Italy, 84, Carmaux Strike (1895), 210 228; McKinley, William, 78, 88–89, children, 6, 41, 152–53, 177, 179, 202, 148, 161, 180; Petliura, Symon, 204, 221, 233, 239; and education, 233; Steunenberg, Frank, 125; 69, 101; and labor, 124, 132, 259, Tresca, Carlo, 198; Von Rath, Ernst, 277, 281; under anarchy, 56–57, 70, 34 140–41, 153, 159 SUBJECT INDEX 313

Chinese: anarchists, 227; immigration, creation of, 260; legal inducing of, 75, 130, 138, 151–52; laborers, 10, 60; of sterilization, 42, 270; 130 suppressing the advocacy of, 180; Christians: and prostitution, 76; and what is vice and?, 112 women, 152; curse of . . . morality, criminal(ity), 154; making of a, 15; 22; eighteen . . . centuries, 131; failure moralism necessarily, 56; penal of, 183; ideal, 227; lies of our . . . republic, 78; problem of, 94; what civilization, 123; missions, 136. See shall we do with?, 3, 256, 259; who also anarchism; socialism are the?, 156 civil disobedience. See methods Cripple Creek labor wars (1903–1904), colonialism, 109 91 colonies, 238, 246; Berlin Heights, 201, Cuba, 83, 103, 157–58, 248 239; Caecilia, 245; Ferrer, 175–76; Freeland, 104–5, 145; Home, 44, 48, Declaration of Independence, 31, 50, 78, 161; Sunrise, 168; Wisconsin 82–83, 88, 190, 282 Phalanx, 252 deportation, 24, 29, 50, 89, 92, 147, colonization, 45, 49, 86, 142, 238 270 communism, 48, 95, 111, 119, 133, 191, deportation cases: Ferrero, Vincenzo, 232; and liberty, 136; and socialism, 37, 171, 266–67; Graham, Marcus, 256; anti-bolshevik, 225; 171–72; Sallitto, Dominick, 171, counterrevolution, 249; free, 68, 82; 266–67; Turner, John, 46–47, 90–91 Georgian, 112; libertarian, 127, dianism, 153 265–66, 268; Russian, 231; versus dictatorship, 42, 103, 234 commercialism, 51; versus direct action. See methods individualism, 69; versus mutualism, draft resistance, 17, 30, 99, 190–92, 194, 282. See also anarchist(s) 221–25, 234, 272–73 communist(s), 2, 17, 35, 190; and black dynamite, 38, 98, 151, 284; and the self-determination, 265; and question of force, 13–14; and Zola, individualist, 260; betrayal, 103, 250; 134; ethics of, 135; lessons of the control of the international brigades, . . . explosion, 96; manufacture and 34; dictatorship, 42; libertarian, 127; use of, 9; part . . . plays, 95. See also movement, 84; war mongers, 36; why bomb; methods of propaganda I am a, 262. See also anarchism congresses (also conference, convention): economic(s), 67, 83, 102; Achille Loria Berlin, 239; labor, 25, 34, 83, 128, and . . . interpretation, 137; and 209, 277; Paris Peace (1849), 253; population question, 153; and student, 102; women, 136. See also women, 132; contradictions, 207; anarchist; free thought; industrial labor, 12; Marxian, 168; of Gesell, workers of the world (IWW) Silvio, 191; reform, 153; rent, 105, copyright, 141–42, 238 258. See also anarchist(s); anarchism; crime(s), 154; and prisons, 179, 183; and ethics; free thought; individualism; prohibition, 142; and punishment, labor movement; political economy; 69, 93; cause and cure of, 83; slavery 314 SUBJECT INDEX education(al), 6, 44, 48, 59, 60, 62, 77, free speech, 44–45, 47, 50, 65, 75, 84, 94, 101, 150, 174, 179, 221, 231, 86, 97–98, 105, 107, 128, 163, 181 269, 272; and fear, 177; and 190, 192, 241, 274, 287; and its propaganda, 233; and the State, 136; abuse, 136; and Penn, William, 62; by legislation, 203; collective aspect of, and the post office, 155; crushed, 177; compulsory, 134; for peace, 108; 214; monumental defense of, 182; in Russia, 177; libertarian, 78, 175, unabridged, 182. See also birth 182; Montessori system of, 269; self- control cases; incitement cases; determination in, 177; sex education, obscenity cases 69; theory, 176; under capitalism, free speech fights, 181–83; Barre, 231. See also anarchism; children , 83; Free Speech League, egoism, 38, 49, 55–58, 114, 131, 224 45, 47, 154–55, 164; Fresno, 98; eight-hour day, 8–10, 98, 133, 258 Los Angeles, 22; Philadelphia, 185; Eleventh of November (1887), 7, 84, San Diego, 216; San Francisco, 22; 209, 214, 257, 270 Tarrytown, 184 England: and anarchist movement, 85; free thought(s), 2, 15, 48, 55, 59, 67, and anarcho-syndicalism, 198; and 81, 97, 111, 116, 119–20, 128, 150, comstockism, 158; and general strike, 163–64, 193, 200, 269, 276, 281; 235 and free love, 153, 285; and equity, 53, 204, 250, 254, 287 Ingersoll, Robert G., 163; congress, ethics, 115, 136, 284; and economics, 86; economic tendency of, 133; 258; and the infant, 177; and greatest chieftain, 62; who are reformers, 20; medical, 107, 153; of freethinkers?, 83 sexuality, 283. See also authority; individualism general strike, 30, 123; and anarcho- syndicalism, 102; and revolution, 82; family, 13, 62, 183, 221 and Russia, 123–24; and San fascism, 33, 36, 101, 126, 265, 267; Francisco, 168; in England, 235; in absolute, 169; and conscription, 272; France, 123, 147, 169; in Holland, and labor embargo, 33; and labor 90; in Philadelphia, 185. See also movement, 234; and militarism, 169; ballot how to combat, 169; tactics of, 34. German(y), 265; and anarchism, 183; See also Italy; Spain and communism, 225; and flag: American, 134; red, 39, 144, 257; militarism, 218; and trade unions, white, 144 102; burning of the Reichstag, 170; France: anarchists on trial in, 35, 68, 135, Great Britain, 103, 267; people, 138, 143; history of the revolution, 115; socialism, 129; to the workers 84; Paris Commune (1871), 13, 169, of, 27 210. See also general strike; syndicalism Haymarket Affair, 139–40, 155, 276, free competition, 1, 54, 128, 145, 148 287; Martyrs, 12, 40–41, 45–46, 56, free motherhood, 40, 75, 150, 200, 202, 83, 86, 93, 95–96, 123, 125, 140, 278 209, 247, 276; pardoned defendants, Free Society Group: arrests of, 89, 161 94, 245, 257–58 SUBJECT INDEX 315

Hocking Valley Coal Strike (1884–1885), International Workingmen’s Association 8, 151 (IWA), 10, 138, 266 Holland: and communism, 84; and Ireland, 121, 130, 177; and Davitt, general strike, 90 Michael, 129; and Fenians, 151; and hunger strike: and Edelsohn, Rebecca, Parnell, Charles S., 259; land revolt, 187, 280 285–86 Italy, 209, 265; and fascism, 103, 232, Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), 35, 272; letters from, 132 170, 172–73, 249 imperialism: and free speech, 50; and Japan: anarchist martyrs, 6, 169, nationalism, 154, 272; and war, 127; 185–86, 227; Eta people, 35; and women, 46; anti, 45, 50; at the Federated Council of Trade Unions, grave of liberty, 85; our drift towards, 103. See also war 22 jury trials, 133, 136 incitement, 214; Agitator case, 2, 6–7; Regeneración case, 218 Kronstadt Rebellion (1921), 34, 169, individualism, 54, 111, 128, 256; and 266 political economy, 133; and the social question, 154; answering critics of, L.A. Times Explosion (1910), 6, 30, 31, 259; basis of, 133; in ethics, 260; 98, 179, 182, 188, 211, 216, 228 system of politics, 133; versus labor movement, 15, 27, 81, 97, 108, collectivism, 123. See also anarchism; 121–22, 147, 205, 220, 226, 244, communism 265, 271, 278; and dictatorial individualist(s): detrimental to the leadership, 34; and Jim Crow, 273; movement?, 234; why I am an, 262. and socialist economics, 132; and See also anarchism syndicalism, 182; fundamental industrial unionism, 5–6, 123; American principles of, 12; in Europe, 123; in Railway Union (ARU), 143; Congress Great Britain, 103; in Spain, 85; of Industrial Unions (CIO), 34, 266 John Turner’s view of the American, Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 70; lectures on the, 8; prospects for 44, 47, 98, 192, 216, 235, 249, 269; peace in, 34 and anarcho-syndicalism, 102; and Ladies’ Liberal League, 66, 209, 245 revolution, 180, 214, 235; and the land question, 104, 193–94, 213, 254, unemployed, 225; inaugural 283; and liberty, 213–14, 228; convention, 123 common holding and use of, 69; free, interest: abolition of, 106, 110, 128, 134, 3, 10–11, 110, 118, 259, 145, 254, 262, 281, 289 288; nationalized or individualized, International Ladies Garment Workers 129; monopoly, 30, 121, 194, Union (ILGWU), 232 253; occupancy and use of, 111, 114; International Working Men’s Association property in, 4–5, 14, 69, 74–75, 79, (IWMA), 36, 266 149, 240, 280; reform, 252, 282; rent, International Working People’s 105; tenure, 60–61 Association (IWPA), 8, 10–11, 95, lecture tours: De Cleyre, Voltairine, 126, 129 182; Goldman, Emma, 180–81, 316 SUBJECT INDEX

233, 246; Morton, James F., 87–88; autonomistic, 156; contracts, 137; Parsons, Lucy, 277; Turner, John, 70 evolution of, 152; free, 119; ideal, Lexington Avenue Explosion (1914), 132; mixed, 44; of the future, 135; 176, 184, 279 new era, 45; sexual abuse in, 239; libel: Comstock-Lum case, 157 state interference with, 151. See also libertarian(s), 33, 37, 42, 190; and love cooperation, 102; and voting, 34; massacres (labor, race, etc.): Carrollton, and war, 127; associations, 222; Mississippi (1886), 10; Everett league, 109–10; movement, 197–98, massacre (1916), 31; in the 221, 268; socialism, 173; Spanish, Philippines, 88, 276; Lattimer 197; thought in America, 197; massacre (1897), 136, 248; Ludlow United Libertarian Organizations, massacre (1914), 187, 270; of 249. See also communism; Chinese, 130; Russian massacre, 27 communist; education McCormick Reaper Works Factory libertarianism. See Spain Strike (1886), 8–9 love, 124; and home, 140; and McKees Rocks Strike (1909), 181 jealousy, 201; and labor, 282, 284; methods of propaganda, 25, 37, 63, 65, and law, 200, 238; and liberty, 270, 68, 70, 85, 118, 131, 180, 232, 234, 285; and marriage, 45, 49, 132; 244, 247–48, 252, 258, 276; civil and parenthood, 154; and progress, disobedience, 16, 67, 102, 191, 86; and sex, 133; as a fine art, 199; 221–22; direct action, 7, 15, 73, central and side, 39; does . . . die?, 182–83, 213, 221–22, 241, 273; non- 40, 124, 160; free, 18, 38, 40, 44, resistance, 6, 114, 256; passive 48, 59, 71–72, 150, 153–54, 200, resistance, 3, 6, 58, 67, 114, 132. See 238–39, 281–85; from prostitution also general strike; propaganda by deed to, 153; homogenic, 78; ideas Mexican Liberal Party, 15, 30, 179, about, 132; larger, 78; make way 186, 211–12, 214, 218n1, 232; for, 18; my ideal of, 40; new ideals neutrality law case, 215, 270. See in, 38; platonic, 154; plurality in, also incitement 45, 153. See also marriage question; Mexico: Revolution, 6–7, 121, 186, variety 211–218 militarism, 121, 154, 187, 218, 224, majority rule, 27, 56, 62, 87, 93, 96, 233; and fascism, 169; Jim Crow in, 118, 254 221; natural history of, 6 Malthusianism, 44, 128, 140, 279 Modern School, 5, 7, 175–77, 181 marriage question, 14, 18, 21, 55, 58, Molly Maguires, 124 60, 67, 69, 77, 107, 128, 150, 180, money question, 5, 54, 136, 142; and 200–201, 238–39, 259, 281–85; property, 4, 149; citizens’, 55; abolition of, 133, 201; and children, equitable, 204; free, 118, 259 152; and divorce, 22, 62, 119, 132, monopoly, 207; reform, 53, 106, 114 154; and home, 179; and monogamy: compulsory, 58; criticism motherhood, 179; and prostitution, of, 105; defended, 14; versus variety, 200; and socialism, 22; 66 SUBJECT INDEX 317 moralism: necessarily criminal, 56 246; Foundation Principles, 76, 153; morality, 180, 221–22, 262–63; and its Lantern, 23; Leaves of Grass, 51; origin, 131; and radical reform, 65; Lucifer, The Light Bearer, 47, 63–64, Christian, 22, 150, 154, 219; 156–57, 164, 258, 284; Medical missionary, 61; of numbers, 28; Good Sense, 64; Truth Seeker, 51; rebellion to, 104; revolutionary, 224; Wedding Night, 51–52, 85, 162; State, 285; true and false, 202; Word, 118, 262, 285–88. See also victims of, 183. See also anarchist name index for Jesse N. Mormons: polygamy, 138 Lee; Elmina Slenker; Walt Whitman; Munich Agreement (1938), 36 George Wilson; Jacob B. Wise municipal ownership, 82, 114, 123, 255 organization, 147; false and true, 129; municipal theater, 144 for women, 123; futility of, 67; need mutual banks, 4, 53–56, 58, 128, 193, for, 232; or association, 69; self, 37; 252; evolution of, 131, 191; versus social, 39. See also anarchism; state banking, 133 anarchist mutualism: practicability of, 194; what is, 233. See also communism pacifism, 16, 44, 108, 224, 271; and mutualist township, 253 religion, 17; libertarian, 127; revolutionary, 36, 225 National Confederation of Labour Palestine, 35, 265, 273 (CNT), 249, 265; and General Paris Congress (1900), 87 Union of Workers (UGT), 50, 267; Paris Peace Conference (1849), 253 and Spanish government in exile, passive resistance. See methods 198; National Free Speech patriotism, 82, 124, 181, 183, 243; Committee, 181 folly of, 270; is a disease, 49 nationalism, 154; and romanticism, Phalansterian Movement, 252 266; danger of, 266; dependent Philadelphia Streetcar Strike (1895), upon anarchy, 135; the root source 210 of fascism, 267; versus imperialism, political economy, 12, 49; Proudhon’s, 272 252 nationalist(s): critic of individualism, political prisoners, 23–24, 28, 99, 192, 259; Puerto Rican, 109; why I am 229, 231–32, 243, 267 an, 261 population question, 40, 45, 124, 153. natural right(s), 282; and social utility, See also Malthusianism 111; fiction of, 133; versus authority, poverty, 15, 251, 258; progress without, 286 112; what are the causes of, 95 prison(s), 17, 19–20, 123, 179, 183, obscenity, 19, 21, 61, 76, 119, 283 272; resistance in, 225 obscenity cases (by paper name): Adult, prohibition, 128, 142, 150, 254, 281; 158, 246; Bluegrass Blade, 50; and personal liberty, 3; and the bible, Clothed with the Sun, 162; 62, 117; fallacies of, 79 Discontent, 40, 51, 159; Dispatch propaganda by deed, 13–14, 28, 31, 60, (Chicago), 153; Firebrand, 87, 157, 67, 69, 78, 83, 95, 176, 227, 318 SUBJECT INDEX

247–48. See also assassination anarchism; anarchist; France; attempts; assassinations; Bay View general strike; Japan; Mexico; Riot (Milwaukee, 1917); dynamite; Russia; Spain Haymarket Affair; L.A. Times revolutionary: ascendancy or Explosion (1910); Lexington Avenue bankruptcy, 127; equity, 250; Explosion (1914); San Francisco government, 82; martyr, 36; Preparedness Day Bomb (1916); methods, 60, 68; self-abnegating, Spain; and name index for Lindway, 134; spirit, 147, 179; tactics, 7, 9; Mike; Vaillant, Auguste war science, 27. See also Industrial property, 10, 284; and land, 4–5, 149; Workers of the World (IWW); and liberty, 68, 134; and man, morality; pacifism; Russia 251–52; and rights, 251; children as, revolutionist(s): alleged, 14; and war, 187; 141, 159; in ideas, 141–42; private, confessions of a, 252; imprisoned, 82; security of person and, 204; why 231; peaceful, 272; resist aggression, I want, 69 68; social revolutionist, 238; why I am prostitution, 76, 130, 153, 200, 239, a social, 262 278, 283 Russia(n): and Kronstadt, 34; and punishment, 49, 68; and children, 177; revolution in Spain, 250; dark and crime, 69, 93 currents in, 197; excursion to, 43; federalist movement of, 42; memoirs Quarrymen Strike (1885), 8–9 of a . . . revolutionist, 38; nihilists, question of force. See methods 129–30, 151; political institutions of, 42; reminiscences of a . . . exile, Railroad Strike (1877), 207 28; Revolution (1905), 19, 123–24, religion, 276; and government, 134; 137; Revolution (1917), 31, 92–93, and Pacifism, 17; and reform, 207, 99, 189, 193, 233, 243; Union of 256; and science, 49, 151; and . . . Workers, 25–26, 31. See also women, 152; fighting, 112; secular, communism; education; general 263; why do people believe in, 15. strike; massacres; war See also anarchism; Christians revolution: and anti-militarism, 233; San Francisco Preparedness Day Bomb and egoism, 224; and imperialism, (1916), 32, 189, 192, 228, 241, 267 158; and science, 147; and women, sex question, 21–22, 46, 68, 85, 71–72, 38; cause of discontent and, 58; 109, 123, 132–33, 153–54, 176–77, education not, 62; European, 251; 246, 274, 276; and adolescence, glorious, 194; in favor of a, 50; in 220; and the Bible, 274. See also age India, 30; make the . . . now, 103; of consent laws; anarchism; methods of, 60, 68; new American, education; ethics; love; marriage 245; or evolution, 50, 86; or State, question; slavery 224; planless, 168; right of, 83; Silk Workers’ Strikes (1902, 1913), social, 15, 27, 31, 169, 180, 187, 147–48, 214, 228 221–22, 228, 252, 259–60; versus single-tax, 106, 114, 121, 128, reform, 108; why, 30, 232. See also 255–57, 259–60; and socialism, SUBJECT INDEX 319

261; ballot initiative, 79; why I am a suffrage: a plea for equal, 75; universal, single-taxer, 261 67, 129; women’s, 46, 128–29, 135 slavery, 3, 7, 10, 12, 85, 90, 152, 228, suppressing anarchism (in the aftermath 239, 251–53; economic, 8, 272; of the McKinley assassination), 50, industrial, 72, 235; sexual, 72, 164, 89–90, 161–62 239, 283, 288; through motherhood, syndicalism, 5, 44, 101, 211; and Sorel, 278 Georges, 197; a world power, 7; in socialism, 81, 84–85, 117, 121, 133, France, 7, 197; its aims and tactics, 232, 238–39, 252, 256, 261; and 241; its theory and practice, 183. See altruism, 49; and Christians, 251, also anarchism 253; and communism, 119; and Syndicalist, 216, 230–31; League, 183, direct action, 7; and exploitation, 39; 214; tendencies in the American and political parties, 19; and Labor Movement, 182 Spencer, Herbert, 130; national, 38; scientific, 9, 38; State, 86, 133, tax(ation), 12; resistance, 108, 190, 284 261–62; superstitution of, 58; versus temperance, 62, 79, 116, 254, 284 Marxism, 224. See also anarchism; trade unionism, 33–34, 46, 129, 179, anarchist; Christians; communism; 273; Amalgamated Clothing Workers German(y); International Union (ACW), 33; American Workingmen’s Association (IWA); Federation of Labor (AFL), 7, labor movement; libertarian(s); 212–13; Federation of Organized marriage question; single-tax Trades and Labor Unions of the solidarity, 246; international, 42, 245; United States and Canada (FOTLU), in the labor struggle, 83 9–10; International Socialists and Spain: and anarchism, 49, 168–69, 236; Trade-Union Congress, 209; Metal and fascism, 35, 197, 249; and Workers’ Union of Chicago, 9; Shoe inquisition, 71, 86; and Union, 35; Teamsters, 34, 272; libertarianism, 34, 36, 197, 249–50, United Building Trades of New York, 268; and refugees, 36; Barcelona 136. See also anarchism Bomb Explosion (1895), 71; commemorating July 19, 1936, 36; unemployed, 8, 75, 101, 184, 211, 225, International Brigade in, 34; modern 234, 245 schools in, 176; Revolution, 34–35, unitary homes, 23 102–3, 123, 168–70, 172–73, 249–50, 267–68; social struggle in, vaccination, 50, 81, 107, 130, 143; and 181; torturing anarchists in, 68; vivisection, 160 under the reign of terror, 102. See variety, 22, 71–72, 77, 239. See also also fascist; Iberian Anarchist love; monogamy Federation (FAI); labor movement; vegetarianism, 50, 74, 259 National Confederation of Labour voting. See ballot (CNT); Russia spiritualism, 40, 75, 116, 238. See also war: and neutrality, 169; Anglo-Boer, anarchism 159; crime of, 260; health of the 320 SUBJECT INDEX

state, 222; insurrection rather than, War I (Great War), 30–31, 99, 121, 228; permanent, 222; preparedness, 176, 184, 187, 217–18, 227; 15, 30, 74, 114, 179, 187; Russo- World War II, 35, 127, 225, Japanese, 86; social reconstruction 272–73 after, 243; Spanish American, 83, 103, 157–58, 248; World youth, 33, 67, 102, 169, 229, 264 About the Author

Ernesto A. Longa lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and is an assistant pro- fessor of law librarianship at the University of New Mexico, School of Law, where he teaches legal research and provides research assistance to law faculty and students, members of the State Bar of New Mexico, and the general pub- lic. Mr. Longa is the author of several articles, including “Lawson Edward Thomas and Miami’s Negro Municipal Court” and “A History of America’s First Jim Crow Law School Library and Staff.” Mr. Longa founded Citizens for Police Review, cofounded the Free Ra- dio Gainesville collective, worked as a volunteer with the and the National Lawyers’ , interned with the NAACP’s Legal Defense Fund, and has participated in countless environmental, labor, and anticapi- talist marches and demonstrations.

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