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288381679.Pdf View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Towards a Libertarian Communism: A Conceptual History of the Intersections between Anarchisms and Marxisms By Saku Pinta Loughborough University Submitted to the Department of Politics, History and International Relations in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Approximate word count: 102 000 1. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this thesis, that the original work is my own except as specified in acknowledgments or in footnotes, and that neither the thesis nor the original work contained therein has been submitted to this or any other institution for a degree. ……………………………………………. ( Signed ) ……………………………………………. ( Date) 2 2. Thesis Access Form Copy No …………...……………………. Location ………………………………………………….……………...… Author …………...………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. Title …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Status of access OPEN / RESTRICTED / CONFIDENTIAL Moratorium Period :…………………………………years, ending…………../…………20………………………. Conditions of access approved by (CAPITALS):…………………………………………………………………… Supervisor (Signature)………………………………………………...…………………………………... Department of ……………………………………………………………………...………………………………… Author's Declaration : I agree the following conditions: Open access work shall be made available (in the University and externally) and reproduced as necessary at the discretion of the University Librarian or Head of Department. It may also be digitised by the British Library and made freely available on the Internet to registered users of the EThOS service subject to the EThOS supply agreements. The statement itself shall apply to ALL copies including electronic copies: This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. Restricted/confidential work: All access and any photocopying shall be strictly subject to written permission from the University Head of Department and any external sponsor, if any. Author's signature ……………………………………….Date…………………………………...…………...……... users declaration: for signature during any Moratorium period (Not Open work): I undertake to uphold the above conditions: Date Name (CAPITALS) Signature Address 3 Abstract The objective of this thesis is to provide a theoretical analysis and conceptual history of the most significant instances of convergence between ' anarchist' and 'Marxist' political ideas and practices, circa 1872-1963. This study will be conducted with two key aims. First, reassessing some of the dominant claims of a dichotomous relationship between the anarchist and Marxist traditions. Second, with a view towards determining if moments of convergence exhibit sufficient continuity and coherence to be considered as a distinct ideological current or sub-variant within the broader socialist tradition, or what has sometimes been referred to as 'libertarian socialism' or 'libertarian communism'. I argue that the communist, anti-statist, and anti-parliamentary currents in the international working-class movement expose a neglected sphere of commonality which demands closer investigation. In part one, “Convergences and Divergences”, I problematise the dominant interpretations of the relationships between anarchism and Marxism as hostile and irreconcilable ideologies. Employing the 'morphological' approach to ideologies, I then recast this debate as an interplay between two core political concepts: the 'libertarian' critique of hierarchy and authoritarianism and the 'communist' critique of the capitalist mode of production and alienated labour. Part two, “Beyond the Red and Black Divide”, examines the intersections of the libertarian and communist critiques through three case studies. In the first case study, the 'Chicago Idea' movement of the Haymarket Martyrs is examined as an instance of anarchist/Marxist synthesis – one of the ideological precursors of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) union. Case study two examines ideological innovations which emerged in response to the Russian Revolution (1917-1921) and Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) through an analysis of the Makhnovist-platformist, council communist, and the 'Friends of Durruti' group conceptions of revolutionary organisation. The final case study examines the post-war evolution of the Socialisme ou Barbarie , Johnson-Forest Tendency, and Solidarity groups from Trotskyism to 'libertarian socialism'. 4 Dedication To my mother. Äidille. 5 Acknowledgements I feel fortunate to have been surrounded by such a supportive community of family, friends, and colleagues spread over vast geographic distances. Without this support the completion of this work would not have been possible. I wish first and foremost to thank my thesis supervisor David Berry. His guidance, patience, encouragement, expertise, friendship, and 'pub supervisions' made the process of researching and writing this thesis an enjoyable and rewarding experience. My internal and external thesis examiners, Ruth Kinna and Benjamin Franks, helped to improve the final draft of my thesis through their constructive criticisms and insights, for which I am grateful. To Ruth and Benjamin I say 'Kropotkin is (figuratively) not dead'. My secondary supervisor Marcus Collins provided especially thoughtful feedback, given over the course of an hour long, long-distance phone call, which gave me the confidence to submit my thesis. In the early stages of my writing and research, the members of my panel, Robert Knight, Moya Lloyd, and Paul Byrne, made me carefully consider the structure and argumentation in my thesis, and my work is better for it. The Loughborough University Department of Politics, History, and International Relations not only provided the studentship that allowed me to carry out my research, but also a cordial and accomodating atmosphere. During the course of my research, I consulted several libraries and archival collections. Neil Skinner, Assistant Librarian at DeMontfort University, assisted me in locating journal articles and generously lent me books from his own collection. But above all, it is for his friendship and comraderie that I wish to warmly thank him. I am grateful to Marianne Enckell and the staff at Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme in Lausanne who kindly provided me with photocopies and scanned copies of difficult to find materials. I am also grateful to Nick Siekierski at the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University for the materials on Jaime Balius and the Friends of Durruti from Burnett Bolloten Collection that he copied and mailed to me free of charge. Also I would like to thank the staff at the Working-Class Movement Library in Salford and the Karl Marx Memorial Library in 6 London. The first four chapters of this thesis, in various stages, were originally presented as draft papers at several academic conferences: the Anarchist Studies Network Conference at Loughborough University in 2008; the 'Is Black and Red Dead' Conference at the University of Nottingham in 2009; the Working- Class Studies Assocation Conference at the University of Pittsburgh in 2009; and the Social Movements and Popular Protest Conference at the Manchester Metropolitan University in 2010. I owe thanks to my fellow conference attendees for their comments and constructive criticisms. Many people acted as soundboards to my rants and not yet fully formulated thoughts; engaged in interesting discussions; made useful suggestions; lent me materials from their personal archives; and gave me encouragement, advice, and support in this undertaking. Many thanks to Rob Blow, Stephen Vallance, Aaron Park, Emma Chung, Graham Moss, Steve Wright, Bill Hellberg, Alex Prichard, Dave Hrycyszyn, Ryan Graham, and Anumaija Hankilanoja. 7 CONTENTS Abstract 4 Dedication 5 Acknowledgements 6 Part 1 - Convergences and Divergences INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1: MARX AND BAKUNIN REDUX: Libertarianism and Communism as the Core Conceptual Features of Anarchism and Marxism.................................................................... 58 Part 2 - Beyond the Red and Black Divide Chapter 2: ANARCHISM, MARXISM, AND THE IDEOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CHICAGO IDEA.......................................................................................................................78 Chapter 3: LESSONS FROM DEFEAT: ANARCHIST AND COUNCIL COMMUNISM IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD, 1918-1939..........................................................................................119 PART I: ANARCHIST AND COUNCIL COMMUNISM: Anti-Bolshevism and Revolutionary Organisation...........................................................................................................................126 PART II: PERSPECTIVES ON THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR AND REVOLUTION: The American Group of Council Communists and the Friends of Durruti .....................................................176 PART III: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS: Workers’
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