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Sobre O Significado Da Experiência De Autogoverno Zapatista Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciências Sociais Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos Cassio Cunha Soares Sobre o significado da experiência de autogoverno zapatista Rio de Janeiro 2012 Cassio Cunha Soares Sobre o significado da experiência de autogoverno zapatista Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Sociologia Orientador: Prof. Dr. César Guimarães Rio de Janeiro 2012 Cassio Cunha Soares Sobre o significado da experiência de autogoverno zapatista Tese apresentada, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Sociologia Aprovado em 11 de Maio de 2012 Banca Examinadora: ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. César Guimarães (Orientador) Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos - UERJ ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Breno Bringel Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos - UERJ ______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Trajano de Lima Sento-Sé Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais - UERJ _________________________________________ Profª Drª Ingrid Piera Andersen Sarti Universidade da Integração Latinoamericana ___________________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Videira de Figueiredo Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 2012 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/BIBLIOTECA IESP S676 Soares, Cassio Cunha. Sobre o significado da experiência de governo zapatista / Cassio Cunha Soares. – 2012. 363 f. Orientador : Cesar Guimarães. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos. 1. Autonomia – Teses. 2. Sociabilidades – Teses. 3. Zapata, Emiliano, 1879-1919 – Teses. 4. America Latina - Teses. 5. Sociologia – Teses. I. Guimarães, Cesar. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos. III. Título. CDU 378.245 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta tese, desde que citada a fonte. _____________________________________________ _____________________ Assinatura Data À Carmela e para a vida que insiste. Ao camarada Mefistófeles in memoriam. AGRADECIMENTOS Um texto sempre é mais que o amálgama de ideias, imagens e argumentos que o constitui. Textos são experiências, histórias, narrativas, afetos e relações humanas condensados seletivamente e grafados em forma de registro. Em suma, textos são vidas, e vidas assim mesmo, no plural, pois ultrapassam as coordenadas existenciais daqueles que tomaram a iniciativa de produzi-los. Mesmo uma tese acadêmica, com toda pretensão de pseudo-objetividade e a aura de legitimidade que a contorna na produção daquilo que alguns consideram como “discursos de verdade”, quando implícita ou explicitamente parece portar sentidos mais apurados para a realidade que desesperadamente buscamos, através da sedimentação de conceitos, teorias e hipóteses enredados para dar inteligibilidade a determinados eventos, fenômenos e processos sociais, não escapa das “armadilhas” da ineludível condição humana de estarmos projetados no âmago de tudo o que se coloca em relação conosco, como a tão conhecida maldição do rei Midas que transformava em ouro tudo que tocava: humanizamos (o que nem sempre é algo do qual devemos nos orgulhar) todas as coisas com as quais entramos em contato e relação. À diferença do monarca da cidade de Frígia, nosso processo de contágio nos reserva um “efeito-reciprocidade”: também somos e estamos parte das coisas, pessoas e ideias que alcançamos. Esta tese foi gestada com forte consciência do seu significado como texto e experiência. Ainda que não desenvolvida plenamente como o resultado de uma multiplicidade de encontros, intercâmbios, diálogos, vivências, relações, etc, ela é uma pequena amostra em potencial, pronta para germinar em algum terreno favorável, e não necessariamente pelas mãos do “autor”. Identificar toda uma complexa teia de relações do “cérebro” e “coração” social que a tornou possível é uma tarefa inglória tal como contabilizar os grãos de areia que fazem da praia uma realidade idílica e concreta. Portanto, serei grosseiramente arbitrário ao mencionar alguns dos seres humanos, não-humanos e não- seres que acredito haver tido uma incidência direta no processo de realização desse trabalho, o que não significa, a essa altura, um desprezo ou desconsideração pelo que não será nomeado. Aos não-nominados, minha mais sincera saudação e deferência à despeito de minhas deficiências mnemônicas, entre outras. Inicialmente quero agradecer àqueles que motivaram esse estudo: @s companheir@s zapatistas de Chiapas de todas as comunidades rebeldes dos cinco Caracóis que me receberam como irmão e camarada da “sociedade civil internacional”. Em especial ao companheiro M. e à sua família, que me acolheram em sua casa como um dos seus, aos quais eu devo o inesquecível aprendizado do significado da palavra dignidade quando convertida em atitude. Agradeço também aos companheir@s da sociedade civil mexicana e internacional pelo sincero e desprendido espírito de colaboração e apoio mútuo com o qual foi viável constituir e sustentar uma verdadeira rede global de ativismo e solidariedade, em particular através de duas agrupações que atravessaram minha inserção no universo zapatista, ambas atualmente extintas: a Casa de la Paz, meu coletivo-base em Chiapas, com o qual pude compartilhar ricas e estimulantes vivências ao lado d@s camarad@s Rodrigo, Lilica, Alex, Molly, Leiloca, María, Leo, Azul, Carla, Erin, Julia, Loren, Juan, entre outr@s tant@s agregad@s; e o CAPISE, pela oportunidade oferecida a muitos ativistas como eu para auxiliar no seu trabalho diligente de investigar e denunciar o processo de (para)militarização do território chiapaneco e as novas estratégias de contra-insurgência do governo mexicano em relação aos povos zapatistas, fundamentalmente por meio da criação das Brigadas de Observação Terra e Território. A tod@s @s camarad@s mexican@s, como Héctor, Marisol, Carlos Rojas, Edmundo, Oscar, Edgard, Mayela, Gaspar, Jose Manuel, Jorge Santiago, Ramon Vera, Gilberto Lopez y Rivas, e tant@s mais, que através do diálogo generoso e/ou da amizade me ajudaram a compreender um pouco a complexidade da realidade mexicana e chiapaneca. Aos camaradas que ajudaram a dar vida à Comuna do Outeiro da Glória, coletivo e espaço meta-residencial fundado nos idos de 2006 na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, cujas histórias e motivações se confundem com as histórias e motivações que deram origem a esse trabalho: João Martins, Isabela Nogueira, Estevão, Julio Cesar, Tati, Lúcia, Larissa, Sandro Gafanhoto, Marcelo Lacombe e Mefisto (a estes dois últimos, precocemente apartados desse mundo, in memoriam). E a tod@s @s camaradas dos diversos coletivos e redes de ativismo da cidade do Rio com os quais a Comuna manteve uma relação de colaboração e companheirismo. Aos camaradas do Grupo de Trabalho Anticapitalismos e Sociabilidades Emergentes (ACySE) do CLACSO: Alex Hilsenbeck (parceiro de outras vidas e outras histórias), Armando, Paula, María, Blanca, Mario, Dmitri, Pedro, Lucas, André, Juan, Vicente, Ana... em sua primeira versão. Um espaço reflexivo e colaborativo latinoamericano de importante interconexão entre o ativismo social e a investigação sociológica, que me ajudou a refrescar ideias, projetos e ânimos, apesar de estarmos apenas começando... Aos professores, trabalhadores e estudantes do extinto IUPERJ, atual IESP/UERJ, por terem me oferecido um saudável e estimulante ambiente intelectual para a continuidade de minha formação como aprendiz de sociólogo (e outras “artes arcanas”). Aos coordenadores do OPSA e do CEDES, núcleos de pesquisa dessa instituição que em distintos períodos me abrigaram como um dos seus investigadores: Maria Regina Soares de Lima, Luiz Werneck Vianna, Jose Eisenberg e Maria Alice de Carvalho. Muito especialmente agradeço ao meu orientador César Guimarães, pela acolhida, heróica paciência, inarredável perseverança e outras qualidades sem as quais provavelmente eu teria respeitado o sinal vermelho e não avançado com o trabalho. Ao CNPq por ter me possibilitado durante quatro anos o financiamento das atividades relativas à tese através da bolsa de doutorado, tornando materialmente factível a dedicação e o empenho integral aos estudos e à investigação. Aos colegas de pós-graduação, camaradas das mais diversas estirpes e verves que foram valios@s interlocutor@s, confidentes e amig@s: Ana Paula, Carla (figurante de Hermes), Betina, Tereza, Luzia, Carlos, Krista, Augusto, Thiago, Diogo, Julia, Fidel, Francisco Conceição, Guilherme, Fabrício, Diego e Juliano. Aos camaradas e amigos que somente o Rio poderia me proporcionar: Chumbinho e Gavazza. Aos camaradas que me auxiliaram na alucinante etapa final de organização do material da tese, revisões, comentários, etc: Carlão Profeta, Dani, Débora, Carlos Balmant e Pedro Paulo. Aos nov@s camaradas de jornada da UFFS - campus Erechim, pela compreensão e estímulo aos 45 minutos do segundo tempo, com o juiz e os bandeirinhas no meu pescoço: Daniel, Márcio, Paula, Dilermando, Luis Fernando, Fábio e Gerson(s). E por fim, o meio que virou (re)começo: à Emília pela aposta na vida, ainda que tortuosa, e à pequena Carmela, por descortinar novos horizontes e atualizar minhas utopias... E aquilo que nesse momento se revelará aos povos Surpreenderá a todos, não por ser exótico
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