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SUBALTERNIDAD, ANTAGONISMO Y AUTONOMÍA Un Enfoque Categorial Para El Estudio De Los Movimientos Socio- Políticos En América Latina

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SUBALTERNIDAD, ANTAGONISMO Y AUTONOMÍA Un Enfoque Categorial Para El Estudio De Los Movimientos Socio- Políticos En América Latina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Posgrado en Estudios Latinoamericanos Facultad de Filosofía y Letras SUBALTERNIDAD, ANTAGONISMO Y AUTONOMÍA Un enfoque categorial para el estudio de los movimientos socio- políticos en América Latina TESIS que para obtener el título de DOCTOR EN ESTUDIOS LATINOAMERICANOS presenta MASSIMO MODONESI Director de tesis: Dr. Horacio Crespo México, D.F. Agosto 2009 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. Agradecimientos A Tesita. A Horacio Crespo, Elvira Conchiero, Lucio Oliver, Raquel Sosa y Eduardo Ruíz Contardo, por la confianza y el apoyo. A los amigos y colegas que sembraron este texto con sus contribuciones: Guillermo Almeyra, Maristella Svampa, Benjamín Arditi, José Gandarilla, Jaime Massardo, Fernando Munguía, Roberto Oseguera, Hernán Ouviña, Matari Pierre y Hugo José Suárez. A las luchas antineoliberales y anticapitalistas porque le dan sentido a la historia y, de paso, a este trabajo. Índice Introducción p. 3 Capítulo I. Subalternidad p. 17 1. Subalternidad, dominación y subordinación 2. La subjetivación subalterna en el pensamiento de Gramsci 3. De la subalternidad al subalternismo: los Subaltern Studies 4. Conclusión Capítulo II. Antagonismo p. 54 1. Antagonismo, lucha e insubordinación 2. El movimiento obrerista en Italia: teoría y praxis antagonista 3. La subjetivación antagonista en la obra de Negri de los años 70 4. Conclusión 5. Excursus. antagonismo y autonomía en la obra posterior de Negri Capítulo III. Autonomía p. 113 1. Autonomía, independencia y emancipación 2. La subjetivación autónoma en las reflexiones de Socialismo o Barbarie 3. El movimiento autogestionario en Francia: teoría y praxis autonómica 4. Conclusión Capítulo IV. Articulaciones p. 178 1. Desencuentro 2. Homología 3. Especificidad 4. Complementariedad Capítulo V. Los movimientos latinoamericanos ante el cambio de época. Entre la subalternidad, el antagonismo y la autonomía p. 215 1. Militarismo, neoliberalismo y subalternidad 2. Antagonismo y fin de época 3. La experiencia argentina 4. La experiencia boliviana 5. Los laberintos del cambio de época: entre subalternidad, antagonismo y autonomía Bibliografía p. 266 Introducción Los conceptos de subalternidad, antagonismo y autonomía se gestan en seno a la reflexión marxista sobre el sujeto y la acción política, la cual constituye una constante que, partiendo del pensamiento de Karl Marx, se prolonga a lo largo de los grandes debates del marxismo contemporáneo en la búsqueda de claves de lectura que permitan entender cómo “los hombres hacen su propia historia, pero no la hacen a su voluntad, bajo condiciones elegidas para ellos mismo, sino bajo condiciones directamente existentes, dadas y heredadas”.1 Al interior de este vasto campo de indagación sociológica, estos conceptos de origen marxista sobresalieron tanto por su difusión en el lenguaje académico y en el discurso político como porque se colocaron en el centro de enfoques y perspectivas teóricas orientadas a caracterizar los procesos de subjetivación política, es decir, las formas y las dinámicas de conformación de subjetividades políticas en torno a conjuntos o series de experiencias colectivas surgidas de relaciones de dominación, conflicto y emancipación.2 1 Karl Marx, El dieciocho brumario de Luis Bonaparte, Alianza, Madrid, 2003, p. 33. 2 Los procesos de subjetivación política se refieren, en un plano más concreto pero igualmente amplio, a la formación y desarrollo de movimientos socio- políticos. Socio-políticos en la medida en que, desde la óptica marxista, esta articulación excluye y niega cualquier hipótesis de autonomía absoluta de lo político o de autonomía de lo social, sin dejar de reconocer ámbitos específicos al interior de esta irreductible y constante imbricación. En este sentido, considero 3 I. El primer objetivo de este trabajo será estudiar los esfuerzos teóricos vertebrados alrededor de los conceptos de subalternidad, antagonismo y autonomía, evaluando sus alcances y sus límites explicativos para rescatarlos, destacarlos y delimitarlos como instrumentos analíticos marxistas para el análisis de los procesos de subjetivación política. Los primeros tres capítulos serán dedicados, por lo tanto, al análisis de la génesis y el desarrollo teóricos de estas tres categorías, revisando la obra de los autores que las adoptaron y los momentos históricos desde los cuales surgieron sus reflexiones, asumiendo que -tratándose de intelectuales marxistas y dirigentes comunistas- su pensamiento está no sólo estrechamente vinculado a la realidad social sino estratégicamente orientado a sostener una serie de prácticas y de líneas de acción política. Para cada concepto, antes de abordar el análisis de las teorizaciones centradas en los tres conceptos, será necesario ubicar, aunque sea en forma concisa, sus orígenes y sus usos previos en el pensamiento marxista clásico y contemporáneo para poder relevar los problemas políticos y teóricos a los que estas categorías aluden así como para delimitar el que la denominación “movimientos sociales” es tan abarcadora que resulta ambigua y, por otra parte, acarrea una connotación despolitizadora, propia del momento en la cual se gestó y se difundió en el mundo académico y de los “objetos de estudio” a los cuales se refería –respectivamente los años 70 y los movimientos “socio-culturales” (Touraine, Melucci, etc.). Al mismo tiempo, puede resultar equívoca la analogía entre la noción de movimiento y de sujeto, siendo que la primera presupone un nivel de consolidación interna –en particular de carácter organizacional- superior a la segunda. Por otra parte, en sentido inverso, la noción de sujeto presupone una coherencia interna a nivel de la identidad superior a la de movimiento, entendido como marco compartido al interior del cual puede convivir cierta diversidad o pluralidad. Sin embargo, en la óptica de este trabajo, la referencia al sujeto corresponde al plano más general y abstracto en el cual distinguimos y ordenamos los elementos analíticos mientras que el movimiento remite al referente concreto de aplicación del análisis. 4 perímetro de los campos teóricos en los que surgieron. En efecto, es evidente que, más allá del uso de estas categorías, las problemáticas que les corresponden aparecen y ocupan un lugar fundamental en toda la tradición marxista y se refieren a las implicaciones subjetivas de las relaciones de dominación, conflicto y emancipación y, en particular, al cruce, la sobreposición y el pasaje entre espontaneidad y conciencia. Al interior de este extenso horizonte, este trabajo se limita a destacar y analizar los esfuerzos más acabados de síntesis categorial, es decir, las teorizaciones tendientes a construir en torno a un concepto –subalternidad, antagonismo o autonomía- una perspectiva de observación, análisis e interpretación de los procesos de subjetivación política. En este sentido, pondremos en evidencia a los contados autores que asumieron explícitamente el desafío de desarrollar teóricamente estos conceptos, como aproximaciones específicas a las problemáticas generales de la conformación de subjetividades, en el contexto de relaciones y procesos de dominación, de conflicto y de liberación, en el afán de reconocer, destacar y analizar las experiencias de subordinación, insubordinación y emancipación que las caracterizan. No descarto por puro nominalismo las reflexiones que, sin utilizar estas categorías, giran en torno a la misma problemática pero insistiré en la necesidad de configurar referentes conceptuales específicos en dirección de un léxico y una gramática tan rigurosa como lo permita la teoría social. En esta dirección, concentraré la atención en la cristalización categorial que promueven estos autores asumiendo que a ella corresponde una densificación teórica que fortalece su capacidad explicativa. En consecuencia, no pretendo sintetizar la historia del pensamiento marxista sobre el tema del sujeto, sino rastrear las huellas de tres conceptos que me parecen particularmente útiles como instrumentos analíticos. 5 En esta óptica, en el primer capítulo, evidenciaré cómo, en la obra de Antonio Gramsci en los años 20 y 30, la noción de subalternidad adquiere una densidad teórica que configura un enfoque específico para el estudio de los procesos de subjetivación política vinculados con las relaciones de dominación y, en particular, con la condición y la experiencia de la subordinación. De la misma manera, en el segundo capítulo, analizaré cómo, en las teorizaciones de Antonio Negri de los años 70, la noción de antagonismo articula una perspectiva que relaciona la conformación política de la subjetividad en el conflicto y, en particular, con la experiencia de la insubordinación. En el tercer capítulo, mostraré cómo la idea de autonomía, desarrollada en sentido marxista por Cornelius Castoriadis y Claude Lefort en el marco de las propuestas del grupo de Socialismo o Barbarie en Francia –seguida por la
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