HUF 440/$ 4 HUNGARIANHUNGARIAN AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHRESEARCH June 2012 Juornal of the Ministry of Rural Development Hungary

National Agricultural Advisory, Educational and Rural Development Institute (NAERDI) www.agrarlapok.hu The Ignác Darányi Plan – Rural Areas want to Flourish, Hungary will be renewed

“Hungary was always at its comprehensive areas: agricultural The first pillar aims at removing strongest when its agriculture economy, rural development, obstacles that hinder farmers and was flourishing.” These were the food economy, and environmental producers through the amendment words of Prime Minister Viktor protection. of legislation and regulations. The Orbán when, together with Minster The goal of the Ministry is a second plans to reduce bureaucracy for Rural Development Sándor secure, healthy food supply, the through the setting up of customer- Fazekas, he launched the Ignác retention of GMO-free status, the friendly offices and by reducing Darányi Plan, the implementation development of the local economy administrative requirements. The framework programme of the and local markets, the creation of a third pillar focuses on changing National Rural Strategy (NRS), sustainable agricultural structure, people’s way of thinking and on valid until 2020. and the protection and preservation providing training courses. The This is the first time in decades of natural resources. In harmony with fourth pillar will support rural that a comprehensive, long-term plan the European model, the Strategy is areas in Hungary by launching of action has been formulated for committed to supporting family and jointly financed European Union the advancement of agriculture and individually run farms, small and and Hungarian tenders for rural rural areas. The Government and medium sized businesses and their development projects. The fifth the Ministry of Rural Development co-operative associations. pillar includes the preparation, wish to achieve the fundamental One of the major tasks of the launching and running of national and radical reform of rural life with Strategy is to increase job creation programmes. the help of the Plan. and employment in rural areas. Both national and European Following a broad social debate, The National Rural Strategy Union funding is available for the the Ministry has finalised the includes 43 national strategic implementation of the Ignác Darányi National Rural Strategy, which programmes and 7 regional Plan, some 300 billion HUF until forms the basis of the Ignác programmes in 7 areas. the end of 2013. Darányi Plan. The Plan is named The concrete objectives of the At the ceremonial launching of after Ignác Darányi, an exceptional National Rural Strategy include an the Ignác Darányi Plan, Minister for and prestigious politician active in increase in agricultural employment Rural Development Sándor Fazekas the late 19th century and the early to 700 thousand by 2020, of the share emphasised, it is no accident that 20th century. Thanks to his almost of local distribution to 20 percent, the motto of the document is: Rural 12 years as Minister, Hungarian and of the ratio of young farmers Areas want to flourish, Hungary will agriculture was regarded as being from 21 percent to 30 percent. be renewed! As he put it, “I trust in among the best in Europe at the turn The implementation of the the fact that, similarly to Darányi, of the century. National Rural Strategy is provided we will succeed in solving the tasks The Ministry aims to apply for by the Ignác Darányi Plan, the faced by rural areas and agriculture the Strategy to help reform the goal of which is to achieve decisive in Hungary. There is strength in whole of rural Hungary. To realise changes in the life of rural Hungary rural Hungary. The stakes are high: these objectives, the document based on fundamental pillars in 5 the future of rural areas, the future determines courses of action in four areas of action. of Hungary!”

2 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 HUNGARIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Vol. 21, No. 2. June 2012 Journal of the Ministry of Rural Development Nonius mares at a driving competition Hungary (photo by Péter Novák)

2 The Ignác Darányi Plan – Rural Areas want to Flourish, Hungary will be renewed

4 Horse breeding in Hungary, Hungarian horse breeds Sándor Mihók – Imre Bodó

20 Situation of the agricultural technical development in Hungary Szilvia Erdeiné Késmárki-Gally and István Szűcs

2011 was an Outstanding Year for Hungarian Agriculture

Editor-in-Chief Published by Owner István Gyürk National Agricultural Advisory, Educational and Rural Development Institute (NAERDI) H-1223 Budapest, Park u. 2. Hungary Technical Editor www.agrarlapok.hu | [email protected] János Bakk Editorial Office Deparment of Mechanics and Engineering Design Editorial Board Szent István University, Gödöllő | H-2103 Gödöllő, Hungary Péter Biacs, Lajos Bona, Sándor Csányi, László Fésüs, László E. Heszky, Ágos- Subscription request should be placed with the Publisher (see above) Subscription are HUF 1200 (only in Hungary) or ton Hoschke, József Lehota, Dávid $16 early plus $5 (p & p) outside Hungary Mezőszentgyörgyi, Mária Pécsi, Aladár Porpáczy, Péter Sembery, Ferenc Vetési HU ISSN 1216-4526

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 3 Sándor Mihók1 – Imre Bodó1 Horse breeding in Hungary, Hungarian horse breeds

Hungary contributed to the process where, in the new scale of values, diversity incurred in the case of making people believe that horse the horse was first considered as an domestic animal breeds. is the most wonderful companion unnecessary remain of an outdated Other nations, probably those with animal in the history of mankind. age with no need to make financial, older horse breeding culture and less It was a Hungarian man who spiritual or moral sacrifice. capital intensity preserve their old gave Europe the light carriage Later this approach has changed, breeds, considering it as important that revolutionized traffic, and however, it is undisputable that as the market success of the breeds. the Hungarian hussars laid the horse breeding in Hungary is under This approach was insignificant for foundation for the modern army of the shock of decade-long changes a long time during the period of light horsemen. In our former horse in utilization and gradual loss of drastic changes in the utilization institute, Örkénytábor, qualified market share. As horse breeding of the horse, as a consequence of horse riding teachers established a and horse keeping is financed by which the number of individuals coaching scheme that was used in income produced in other sectors, in these traditional horse breeds Europe and America, helping other the status of horse breeding is still decreased, especially in Hungary, nations to have success at world controversial. and became endangered from the championships and Olympics. The horse breeding of that aspects of gene conservation. Some Our stud-farms in Mezőhegyes, era in well-capitalized countries of them are now in critical situation. Bábolna, Kisbér, Hortobágy and can be characterised by breeding They are not competitive any more Szil­vás­várad created the uniqueness methods enhancing heterogeneity with international sport horse of the whole culture of Hungarian for quick genetic improvement breeding using several thousands animal husbandry. The horse by utilizing the gene effects of mares. It cannot be disputed that breeds that were bred or whose induced by epistasis, dominance less mental and financial energy has purebredness was maintained in and special combining ability. been invested in them in the last these stud-farms are appreciated From individuals originating from decades than in the breeds got in the all over the world. Horse breeding paired mating, the ones suitable for world’s front line, and they has not became an integral part of our deep- the given application are chosen have successful market development rooted culture. applying great selection pressure. strategy either, contrary to the world- After the Second World War, Using this deliberate, relentless wide breeds where the numbers of horses have not been used in selection, horses with amazing individuals have risen tremendously wars any more. Motorisation was performance are put in the centre due to the above. The small-scale spreading rapidly in European of breed image, and the inherent gene conservation subsidies were agriculture. By the 1960’s, the phenotypic and genetic difference not substantial enough to bring horse lost the hegemony and social between the breeds are eliminated a change and cannot balance the reputation of thousands of years, by the identical breeding aims, disadvantages. and new bases were established breeding techniques and breeding By the 21st century, the view for its future. Horses are presently partners, making the horses similar that various domestic animal used in equestrian sports and for in appearance and pedigree. Even breeds form important parts of the healthy recreation purposes. Beside though the names of breeds have world’s biological diversity had horse races, different equestrian been kept, the maintenance and strengthened. In this modified scale sports were accepted as well. This protection of genetic diversity is of values, old breeds with special occurred much earlier in Western neglected. It is only the last few or igin bred in relatively small number Europe than in Eastern Europe decades that the necessity of genetic of individuals have become more

1 University of Debrecen, Centre for Agricultural and Applied Economic Sciences, Department of Animal Husbandry

4 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 appreciated. The urbanised society though our traditional horse breeds the cornerstone of breeding, the has have ever increasing interest in were developed centuries ago as conservation of genealogic lines domestic animal breeds in danger military riding horses and harness being an integral part of the identity of extinction as they are unique and horses, the basic traits required for of each Hungarian horse breeds important documentations of the such utilization are not inconsistent (Mihók et al., 2001). cultural history of the country’s with the needs of modern equestrian In the short descriptions of our animal husbandry. sports. The requirements of modern breeds we mention some traits that This mentality provides an equestrian sports have to be taken make the given breed suitable for opportunity for the preservation into consideration as it provides equestrian sports. of Hungarian horse breeds for market for the breed and assists subsequent ages as there are hardly selection for the original essential The Gidran any horse breeds in Europe with quality and quantity traits. such long histories that traditional As breeds stuck in rigidity Our earliest horse breed. It was Hungarian horse breeds as cannot occur, the utilization of our developed in Mezőhegyes using Mezőhegyes and Bábolna were military riding horses in equestrian classic line breeding for riding founded practically at the same time sports cannot be considered as purposes. The process for the issuing as the original Stud Book of the stud the breaching of the rules of gene of a registration certificate was at Lipica and the General Stud Book protection since the preservation of started in 1855. By the beginning of the English thoroughbred horse genetic reserves cannot be carried out of the 20th century, it was made were issued. The accumulation of without selection. It is also obvious an elegant, easy-to-ride, talented, genetic value started in 1785 in that not only the selection criteria of strong, tough military horse, and the Mezőhegyes by the selection of the eligibility for sports use but also determining Anglo-Arabian breed mares establishing the breeds, and many other requirements of gene of Europe through the simultaneous the collection of mares in separate preservation have to be met. All we use of inbreeding and combinative studs. In only a hundred years, have to consider is family breeding, line crossing. Genetic diversity was outstanding breeds, for which we were deservedly envied by the whole world, were developed by our brilliant breeders. Our breeds are genetically isolated from the European breeds, and most of them have pure-bred origin that can be traced back to 23-25 generations, making them exceptional from this aspect. It should not be forgotten though that Hungarian horse breeds are the live cultural treasures of our nation, reflecting the Hungarian breeding culture and the breeding knowledge gathered during the centuries. The protection and enforcement of national interests and values are important, just as the strengthening and utilization of national image and the realization of our interests in due time. However, we should not believe and imply that traditional Hungarian horse breeds are outdated Hungarian specialities, useless remains of past ages which are to be exhibited in village museums and which should only be preserved because of Gidran XI-4 (Sóhaj) OMÉK gold medal, one of the best military cross country national feeling or obligation. Even horse of the world (photo: Péter Novotni)

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 5 Gidran XI-39 (Nimfa) at the international competition. Rider: Balázs Kaizinger (Photo courtesy of Sándor Jónás) increased by English thoroughbred the stock that was tried to be put in The breed can achieve international and Arabian horses used in place of security. The anti-equestrian success in military equestrian different genetic frequency in the animal husbandry politics after sports, which is verified by many certain generations, influencing the Second World War made the victorious horses. Unfortunately, the appearance and the phenotypic situation even worse, but before such successes are usually reached performance as well. About 200 complete destruction the protection abroad as this breed is not yet mares were used in the process of of genetic reserves was initiated, attractive enough for Hungarian developing a uniform breed, but among the first in the world, in horsemen. Besides military riding, only 16 of them became family Hungary. As a consequence, the the outstanding abilities and value founders. breed revived again for the third of this breed, which was once an As a consequence of the tragic time, which was started by a elegant, noble military riding horse events of the First World War, stallion (Gomul, later Gidran IV) and a successful participant of drag only 13 Gidran mares left for repatriated from Bulgaria, exerting hunting, dressage, show-jumping regeneration, and the restoration an imperishable breeding effect. competitions, are now proven also in of the genetic structure could Due to the changes in the political jumping. A particularly successful be carried out in a surprisingly regime, mare families originating sports horse of the breed is Gidran short time using the well-known from Mezőhegyes and transported XI-4 (Sóhaj). In 2004, Sóhaj won techniques. Considering the changed to Radautz during the First World the title ‘The best cross-horse of circumstances and knowing the War could be purchased back after the world’ at the military world breed’s performance, the army stud 1989. Stallions renewing the various championship of young horses. leaders wanted to develop the breed genealogic lines were also taken to Gidran XI-39 (Nimfa) was also into one of the best steeplechaser Hungary together with the mares qualified in military riding at the types in Europe. representing significant genetic Olympics of Beijing. Gidran XI- This process was interrupted by value. The proactive building 16 (Ima) is a reliable three-start the Second World War, driving the and restoration of mare families horse of the military riding team breed in the direction of extinction and genealogic lines became a of the Netherlands. This list can again. After the war, only 28 mares typical example of genetic reserve be continued with the horse Andor were returned to Mezőhegyes from conservation. Gidran-10 (Nóé) or the stallion

6 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 Gidran Razbeg I-12 (Kismitok) Nonius and Gidran origins) began thoroughbred breed of Hungary as of which was the winner of the Dutch to be mated with the unconquered 1881. Until the 1960’s it was known military championship in 2010. English thoroughbred bay stallion, as the popular universal riding horse One of his stallion offsprings won Furioso, bred in the stud of Count for hunting, although the Furioso- the dressage event organized for György Károlyi in Derekegyháza. North Star breed suffered great Hungarian horses of the OTP World The English thoroughbred breed losses in the storms of time. Owing Championship in 2011. In addition became increasingly popular to its movement style and elegant to the mentioned ones, numerous in Mezőhegyes because of this appearance, the breed could produce other horses of the breed gained stallion. As a result, the bright successful dressage horses and even success in jumping and military black thoroughbred stallion named world champions in competitive championships as well. North Star purchased in England driving also afterwards. It was and In one of Europe’s smallest was taken to Mezőhegyes in 1852 is still favoured also in equestrian half-bred populations, the valuable with several other stallions. North vaulting because of its calmness. and unrepeatable basic stock is Star covered the mares of the bay The Hungarian equestrian vaulting available. It is bred in accordance stud for 6 years. team used two Furioso-North Star with the strict rules of gene reserve The offsprings of these two stallions (North Star III. „Nomád” protection. superb stallions were gathered and Catalin XII. „Calypso”) in in a separate English-half-bred competitions for several years. Furioso –North Star stud, and was purposefully mated As a result of the hardships, among themselves after 1867. As hardly any mare families that can be The breeding of this breed a result of this systematic breeding traced back to the original founder started in 1841 in Mezőhegyes method attached to Ferenc Kozma, mare of Mezőhegyes remained. when the mares of the bay stud the utilization and the effect of the To maintain the breed’s genetic No. 3 and 8 (with Hungarian, region, the Mezőhegyes half-bred diversity and the utilization, more Transylvanian, Arabian, Spanish, became a markedly massive English and more superb individuals from

Furioso XX-108 sire

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 7 Anglo-Norman light bay stallion named Nonius from the French stud of Rosières. The stallion was brought to Mezőhegyes in 1816. The stallion, now called Nonius Senior was used for covering mares for 17 years between 1816 and 1832. Of his offspring, 15 colts studded for a total of 100 years in Mezőhegyes. The consolidated traits of the breed was developed as a result of close breeding applied occasionally after the 1840’s and the medium heavy military riding horse which was suitable for being used as harness horse as well that was demanded most by the army at that time. The Furioso XIII stallion in free jumping corridor (Photo: Péter Novotni) modern genetic base of the breed was established with four genealogic Romanian and Slovakian studs that levels to meet the requirements of lines. has been bred separately from the preservation with improvement. The Nonius was widely used as Hungarian population for decades, harness horses in large estates as are included in breeding. The Nonius breed well, for instance at the royal lands Pure-bred breeding constituting a in Gödöllő and at the Mezőhegyes basis of gene preservation aims also During the Napoleonic wars, the Stud Farm. The variant bred here at the maintenance of performance Austrian imperial troops seized an became the ‘Ménesbirtok Nonius’

4589 Nonius XLIX-19 national stallion (Photo: Péter Novotni)

8 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 which was used for the regeneration distinguish it from all other breeds The history of Bábolna Arabian of ‘D’ genealogic line. and makes it highly valuable is also burdened by the hardships Such large estates included the The primary aim of breeding that our English half-bred horses Nonious stock in Eltz Vukovar today is the preservation and suffered in the course of time. As a Stud (in Croatia) which was improvement of the breed by the result of the prodigality in breeding organized in 1868 using material increasing of genetic diversity material after the 1960’s, there were from Mezőhegyes. The stud in order to achieve success at stocks owned by horse breeders in Karadjordjevo (in Bácska) international driving competitions. It in Germany, Dania, Switzerland was formed as the colt farm of should be considered as endangered with large number of individuals Mezőhegyes in 1913 and was as – due to the insignificant demand originating from Bábolna. These breeding Nonius as of 1920. Up to for harness horses – considerable horses were not acknowledged the First World War, Upper Hungary market growth can only be realized if as Arabian horses by the World (the stud in Kistapolcsány) was other utilization fields are found. Arabian Horse Organisation also supplied by Mezőhegyes with (WAHO) founded in 1972 because breeding stock. In Bulgaria, Nonius Bábolna Arabian, today Shagya- not all their ancestors could be traced breeding started in the middle of the Arabian back to Arabia, even though their 19th century, in the horse breeding essential quality and quantity traits farm of Klementina in the province The Bábolna Stud, the cradle of the surpassed the original Arabian in of Pleven. horse breed today known as Shagya- many respects. It could be achieved, In Debrecen, Nonius was bred Arabian, was established in 1789 as unfortunately not on the initiative using upgrading crossing. However, the branch stud of the Caesarean of Hungary, that these horses with it was not only the city of Debrecen and Royal Stud of Mezőhegyes with documented pedigree originating that supported the breeding of the main professional viewpoint from Bábolna are acknowledged Nonius: Olivér d’Orsay, stud leader of the superb quality of mares. by WAHO as a separate Arabian in Mezőhegyes gradually involved The mares passing the strict breed registered in a separate Stud the small-scale breeders in the performance tests in Moldova, book. This is how the offsprings vicinity of Makó in breeding as of Circassian, Transylvania, Hungary, of original mares from Bábolna 1892. Holstein and Mecklenburg were and Radautz and Arabian stallions The wide-spreading of the selected accordingly. The female were acknowledged internationally breed is no mere chance, but is the descendants of these foundation as a separate breed in 1978 with the consequence of its excellent traits mares became the brood mares in name Shagya-Arabian. of utilization. Nonius is a heavy Bábolna after 1816, and were covered Bábolna was established as a military riding horse that was by original Arabian stallions. This military stud, therefore the breeding perfect for the purposes of the army is considered as the starting point aim could not be anything else but as artillery harness horse, training of the separate breeding process of the development of a noble, good- horse and it was also suitable for Bábolna Araber. tempered, tough, high-performance agricultural utilization, and became the main workhorse of that time. It is a calm harness horse that can work durably. The endurance and the aptitude to movement of the breed were proven many times in long-distance driving competitions. Its excellence manifests not only in driving and as harness horse but the offsprings provide very good performance in jumping after English thoroughbred stallions. Individuals with improved trotter ability can achieve international success in driving sports. Its unique image, outstanding harness horse skills, characteristic appearance and constant pedigree are merits that Kemir V-2 shagya national stallion (Photo: Tamás Rombauer)

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 9 the development of a tall half- bred breed similar to the English thoroughbred but being calmer, more massive and having more correct appearance, the stallions of which met the requirements of public breeding as well. Initially, the breeding method of upgrading crossing was applied, by using English thoroughbred stallions to cover the mares that got more and more uniform as a result of systematic selection, until the breed became very similar to the thoroughbred in type and characteristics. Later Furioso-North Star stallions from Mezőhegyes Shagya coach and five, driver: Tibor Petkó Szandtner (Photo: Berta Waltner) (including North Star XXV) were involved in breeding, then- as of military riding horse, keeping the with relatively large body, attractive, 1904 - Fenék I, the first half-bred hardiness of the Eastern horse. The noble appearance which can be used stallion born in Kisbér was also Shagya-Arabian can be considered for riding and driving as well. Its used. This is considered the turning as a good breed for breeding sport temper and performance meet point when the stud stock developed horses even compared to the English the requirements of recreational into a breed. thoroughbred. Besides Gazal VII activities and equestrian sports, After the First World War, the that was taken abroad, the Anglo- endurance riding and hunting. stud’s breeding scheme changed Arabian Ramzes (father: English significantly. In the period between thoroughbred Rittersporn xx Kisbéri half-bred the two world wars, thoroughbreds mother: Shagya-Arabian Jordi) were rarely used, instead the half- make its mark in the history of sport Within the Austro-Hungarian bred offsprings of time-honoured horse breeding. Monarchy, the Hungarian (military) stocks were involved. In order to The Shagya-Arabian Bajar is the horse breeding had a distinguished improve body mass, aptitude to father of White Girl, the excellent position. For developing military movement and utilization traits, German military horse and of riding horses, the involvement of two Trakehner stallions (Széplak Bachus, the steeplechaser horse high-quality stallions in breeding and Formás) were imported in 1941. with international successes. This seemed to be the fastest way to Both of them founded lines that still excellent brood horse still has a provide success. This requirement exist today. male line in the Holstein stud. From led to the plan of establishing a After the Second World War, one this genealogic line, Pamír, the new stud in addition to the existing and a half decades were spent for the Hungarian O’Bajan XX offspring, military studs in Mezőhegyes regeneration of the stock. Most of finished third at the dressage contest (1785), Bábolna (1789), Radautz the valuable traditional lines could of the Hungarian Championship and (1792), Piber (1798). be revived in spite of the harsh is gaining victories at international The estate in Kisbér of Count conditions. The breeding concepts show-jumping competitions as Kázmér Batthyány, who was sen­ changed in the early 1960’s, setting well. O’Bajan XXII Csillag and tenced to death for his role in the the target of sport horse breeding for O’Bajan XX-6 Pagát could win also Hungarian Liberty War in 1848- all warm-blood foundation stocks. at the European Shagya-Arabian 49 by a judgment delivered by Upon the pretext of this, the best Championship in Kreuth, Germany. default, confiscated for the state mares of the stock were covered An offspring of Siglavy Bagdady was assigned for the new stud to by untested low quality imported VIII sire became the world champion be founded. stallions, the representative of the of endurance riding a few years ago The aim of the stud was to breed traditional lines vanished in public at the Aachen World Equestrian pure-blood light military riding breeding stations in remote places, Games. Within the Arabian breed horses. The top-rank thoroughbred causing irreplaceable genetic loss group, Shagya-Arabian is a breed stallions used in the stud enabled to the breed. Attempts to save the

10 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 Bob herceg Bársony Kisbéri half-bred national sire (Photo: Péter Novotni)

Tangó Kisbéri half-bred, bronze medal winner in world championship for one-horse carriage. Breeder: Dr. Lajos Szabó, Driver: (Photo: )

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 11 existing lines were made in the In competitive driving, Széplak VII, half-breed fans are tasks to be 1980’s but only moderate success Filou V and Solymász I stallions carried out in the future, too. could be achieved because of the became European and world fast-paced liquidation of the large- champions, and Maxim Bella was The Lipizzaner scale studs. world champion twice with two- The genetic background of the horse carriage a few years ago. The breeding of this breed started breed predestined it for the sport Recently (in 2010) Tangó, bred by in 1580 in Lipica (now belonging to performance of today. Large Dr. Lajos Szabó horse breeder in Slovenia). The aim of breeding was number of individuals could and can Hódmezővásárhely and possessed by the development of a magnificence be found in the breed that can gain an Italian owner won bronze medal royal horse that differs in appearance success in high-level competitions in the world championship for one- and movement from other horses for (show jumping – 140 cm, military horse carriage. In the competition of the purpose of drawing a carriage. It – heavy class). At the Olympics traditional Hungarian horse breeds was selected from horses of Spanish of 1936 in Berlin, 3 horses with organized in 2010 in the Papp László and Neapolitan origin, taking into Kisbéri origins participated in the Sport Arena, almost all medals were consideration the utilization defined military team. At the Olympics of won by Kisbéri horses. in the breeding aim. Many military 1960 in Rome, István Suti took the Kisbéri half-bred horses can be leaders, as the right of the winner, tenth place in show-jumping riding profitably used in all branches of wanted to get hold of the first-rate Széplány (Széplak – 94 Fortis) equestrian sports. Although the individuals of the stud, and during the bred in Kisbér. Szépfiú, winning breed was loosing fame established Napoleonic wars (in the early 1800’s) the half-bred steeplechase race in between the two world wars at the stud was put in place of security Warsaw, Dezentor, gaining success the turn of the century, making it in Mezőhegyes, in accordance with in Pardubice, Bíboros, place winner less marketable, just as all other the practice of Empire. After the stud in the military Olympics squad, and traditional breeds. The improvement was returned, a small stock was left many other horses showing their of the breed’s suitability for sports, in Mezőhegyes for several reasons outstanding abilities in national the preservation of the genetic and which was developed into a sub- and international competitions cultural historic values, and the breed as a result of the consistent belonged to the Kisbéri half-bred. increasing of the number of Kisbéri application of stud breeding

Favory XXVIII-5 national stallion after stallion examination (Photo: Péter Novotni)

12 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 Zoltán Lázár multiple world champion in competition driving during racing with Lipizzaner coach and four (Photo: Péter Novotni) principles. The Lipizzaners bred in driving. The importance of the the continuous work in mountains, accordance with the breeding method breed from the aspect of Hungary the permanent free-range lifestyle at of Mezőhegyes were first taken to is further increased by the fact that the altitude of 2000 metres in very Fogaras, then in the early 1900’s the foundation stallion (Incitato cold winters and hot summers, the to Bábolna, and then in the 1950’s Senior) of one of its stocks was born low quality feed, and the manner of to Szilvásvárad. Besides the state in Mezőhegyes. treatment that is characteristic to all stud, there is an increasing number Among warm-blood breeds, equestrian peoples with primitive of private breeders throughout the the Lipizzaner represents special culture. country who deals with the breed. merits. The breed is considered a These horses are baggage horses As the breeding of the breed has substantial cultural value due to its with continuous readiness to work. been performed in the country for long history and a genome exempt There are no other breeds similar nearly two centuries, it can almost from English thoroughbred genes to it in this respect. The original be considered a Hungarian breed. and as it preserved the old Spanish- utilization of this horse capable of The Lipizzaner bred here is a Neapolitan horse type. safely and steadily ranging the most valuable variant within the breed as it dangerous mountain paths of the represents a type that is hardly used Hucul small horse Carpathians has changed by now. in Europe by others than Hungarian It can stand the tests of usage by competition drivers. The Lipizzaner Hucul small horse is an extremely military mountain rifleman corps. may be the breed whose original durable, tough, exceptionally After due training, these horses utilization discontinued most, but intelligent breed developed by the are used in many riding schools it can still be documented that the Hutsul people living on the ridge to be ridden by children, and are breed will not lose its significance in rising above the Carpathian forest perfect for being used by children in the new utilization form that selects belt, at the river-head of the Tisza, equestrian sports. With experienced for the original essential quality and Prut, Cseremosz, Putila, Brodina, drivers, remarkable results can be quantity traits, which is credibly in the borderland of Bukovina, obtained in driving competitions proven by the successes gained in Galician and Hungary. It was not as well. Its good temper makes it world championships of competition created for being used in wars but by ideal for recreational purposes. It is

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 13 Hucul stallion at breeding exam (Photo: Zsuzsanna Haga)

The Hucul horse stands the tests in children equestrian sports as well (Photo: Zsuzsanna Haga)

14 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 getting more and more popular in the still under debate. It is a fact that various descriptions as these equestrian sport called Hucul path the Kisbér Hungarian Royal State stocks were not registered in stud consisting of 16 numbered natural Stud involved 80 cold-blooded books. and artificial obstacles where the harness horse mares in breeding as The period after the Second horses’ skills, bravery, obedience of 1866. With regard to the breeding World War started a new chapter and endurance – the original area of the cold-blooded horse, in the breeding of cold-blooded essential quality and quantity traits Henrik Döhrmann (1922) stated horses. The lack of agricultural – are put to the test. that farmers in Baranya county, tractive power and the export The genetic diversity of the stock with the exception of the districts potential brought an upward trend is guaranteed by the large number of Pécsvárad, Mohács and Villány, in the breeding of this breed. At of mare families and the traceability were very eager to breed cold- that time, 85% of the stock was to as many female individuals as blooded horses of Belgian type. of unknown origin, however, the possible (Mihók, 2001). Important and crowded horse-fairs breed’s characteristics – resembling Beside the breeds with century- were held in the national trade fairs to Ardennes horses – were quite long histories, the Hungarian in Baranyaszentlőrinc and Pécs. In uniform. In order to improve the Cold-Blooded Horse with shorter his wording, the breeding of cold- stallion stock, 59 Belgian-Ardennes breeding history and its special blooded horses in Somogy was stallions were imported from Pannonian variant, the Muraközi started not long before. He defined Belgium and 17 Ardennes-type are also bred in Hungary. Zala county as the earliest breeding stallions from France in 1948- place of cold-blooded horses. To 1949. The imported stallions made The Hungarian Cold-Blooded increase the efficiency of cultivation the stock more resembling to the Horse and plant production, large estates Ardennes and more uniform as also intended to replace oxen with well. The appearing of this horse in higher performing cold-blooded By the establishment of farmers’ the Carpathian Basin is a question horses. These data subsisted in agricultural co-operatives int he

2086 Boróka (Photo: Péter Novotni)

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 15 of a country but of the united Europe. In the Western and Southern part of Hungary, in the Mura-köz, a more intensive, agricultural farming was carried out due to settlement structural and geographical conditions, which required the ‘modernisation’ of the draught animal power. In this region, a fairly motile cold-blooded horse with smaller weight and height at withers developed mainly on Noriker basis by the beginning of the 20th century that was not uniform in appearance, yet showed great similarity. Brisk commercial activity could be observed here between the peripheric counties and the Eastern Austrian provinces, Cold-blooded mares dragging the plough (Photo: Péter Novotni) including horse-fairs and mating horses during the transportation of 1960’s, several co-operative studs The Muraközi horse goods. were founded from the registered The breeding area of the Muraközi mare stocks owned previously by Muraközi is the cold-blooded horse slowly expanded over the private breeders. After the 1970’s horse breed of Hungary with no Mura-köz and reached the region of the demand for horse-drawn Belgian-Ardennes genes. It was former Croatia-Slavonia, and later equipment gradually decreased in developed along the Mura river in this horse was bred in the majority of the farmers’ co-operatives due to an area belonging to four countries, Vas county (Pinkafői horse). Beside motorisation. This had an effect namely Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia the favourable climatic and plant also on the utilization priorities and Austria. Therefore, this horse production conditions, the breed’s of the cold-blooded horse. Colts is not the national cultural heritage very good utilization value played a and meat production became the major benefits of breeding as against the utilization as harness horses. From the initial stallion stock, only 9 Belgian import (B-3, B-6, B-13, B-22, B-25, B-26, B-28, B-36, B-55) and one Hungarian (Péterhida muraközi) male lines exist. The genealogic line founders are farther back in the origin of the stock existing today that the forth ancestor line. There is an ever increasing demand for continuous introduction of new blood, which is not encouraged by the risk of decreased genetic diversity but by the attraction in giant animals characteristic to the Northern German Plain. At the same time, the struggle to preserve the cold-blooded horse type developed in Hungary was also started. Muraközi mare (Photo: Zoltán Kovács)

16 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 the Muraközi is not a deteriorated The breeding was started with the Hungarian cold-blooded horse. mare stock of traditional Hungarian We are in the last minute of the breeds that was most suitable for preservation of this horse. Being sports, using stallions found to be aware of this, the Directorate of successful abroad. The breeding of the Őrség National Park started the this type was commenced in the breeding work. The breeding aim 1970’s in the Mezőhegyes stud, and the measurable well-expressed and there was a great demand traits making the Muraközi clearly for the development of a sport Muraközi mares performing work distinguishable from other breeds horse competitive in international in winter at the Örség National Park were defined with the help of equestrian sports, especially in (Photo: Zoltán Kovács) experts. Except for some private show-jumping among breeders breeders, the breeding of Muraközi and owners. When horses could be role in the formation and spreading horses is limited to the stud of the owned privately again, the majority of the breed. It was described in Őrség National Park. of the new owners started to breed, its days of glory as follows: “It is reproduce Hungarian sport-type not fiery at all, instead it is calm, The Hungarian Sport-horse half-bred horses. The role and sweet-tempered, benevolent and financial potential of Mezőhegyes hard-working. It is very greedy, not Although it was developed in shrunk into insignificance beside choosey and – in spite of its loose recent times using genetic material this in terms of quantity. body – is very healthy long-lived from abroad, the Hungarian Sport- The professional work of the new horse. horse is considered as a national breed’s breeding is assisted by the It always has to be emphasized that breed. breeding organizations appointed for

Timpex Alisco Hungarian Sport-horse (Photo: Péter Novotni)

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 17 Timpex Alisco in a jumping corridor (Photo: Péter Novotni) the breed’s maintenance. Breeding is the increase in performance and szerkesztette Mihók Sándor. Debreceni carried out using about 2500 mares, the establishment of a population Egyetem Agrártudományi Centrum. applying relatively small selection representing a genetic value equal Deb­re­cen, 44-55. pressure. Breeders import stallions to that of the stock of the breeder Bodó I. (2010): Gémegőrzési with the best genotype of the world country depends on the owners’ kutatások a lótenyésztésben. to facilitate genetic improvement. intentions and financial resources. Állattenyésztés és Takarmárnyozás. Today, the Hungarian Sport- The owners and breeders are 59.4. 289 – 310.p. horse can be considered rather a assisted in this process by the Brem G. ed. (2010): Die traditionellen synthetic population than a breed breeding organizations appointed Lipizzanerzuchten im Spiegel moderner in the classic sense. The applied for the breed’s maintenance. Wissenschaft. Wien 338.p. breeding techniques also models the Dovc P., Kavar T., Sölkner H., methods used for the development Achmann R. (2006): Development of of synthetic breeds. This population the Lipizzan horse breed Reprod. Dom. is bred utilizing epistasis, Anim 41. 280-285.p. dominance, special combining References: Dőhrmann H. (1922): Lóte­nyésztés. ability, and less importance OMGE Könyvkiadó V. Budapest. is attached to additive genetic Alderson L., Bodó I., Langlois Jónás S., Mihók S. (2006): Gidrán effects. There is great potential B. Publishers (2005): Conservation fajtájú lovak sporttörténeti eredményei. in this breed. From the aspect of genetics of endangered horse In Génmegőrzés szerk. Mihók s. international competitiveness, breeds (2005) EAAP publication Debrecen, 172 - 190.p. limited financial resources and No 116. Wageningen Academic Mihók S., Pataki B., Kalm E., Ernst the lack of preparedness may raise Wageningen187. J. (2001): Gazdasági Állataink – difficulties. Bán B., Bodó I., Józsa Cs., Mihók S. Fajtatan: Ló és Szamár. Mezőgazda In the country several foreign (2005): A Mezőhegyesen kitenyésztett Kiadó, Budapest. 2001. 1-360. horse breeds are present whose lófajták vércsoport, biokémiai Mihók S. (2001): A hucul. In „Eleven maintenance is relatively simple. The polimorfizmus és DNS mikroszatellit örökség” Agroinform Budapest, 24- improvement of genetic diversity, vizsgálata in: Génmegőrzés (2005) 25.

18 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 Szilvia Erdeiné Késmárki-Gally1 and István Szűcs2 Situation of the agricultural technical development in Hungary

The economic development is developed and integrated into the – Permanent income or techni­ generated by the continuous tech­ni­ production-technologies that are cal rental (for land, mine water etc.) cal-economic innovation, which is concerning the enterprise the final generated by utilizing production based on basic and applied research. goal is to generate profit. areas (of resources) better than the The concept, the target system The competition among the marginal ones and by applying a and the determination of the en­terprises is determined by the technology better than the average. substantive question of modernity of differences of the production costs Analyzing the economical cha­ technical development has been in per unit of product in the forprofit racteristics of the returns it can forefront of year-long professional sector (Késmárki-Gally, 2006). be emphasized that the economic discus­sions in Hungary. Today Of course the scale of production, precondition of all types of the techni­cal development is a the market position development fac­­tor returns is to apply the generally accepted and applied of the products and the more appropriate level of technology in economic category regarding all advantageous sales prices are also the production process. Therefore sectors of the national economy. important but are not determinant has the technical-technological By the technical development factors in the competition. The development so important role. of the agriculture, we mean all situation is more complicated in In order to understand the technical, biological, genetic, hu­ the agricultural sector because signi­ficance of the technical-tech­ man, organizational-control, infor­ of appearing of some types of nological development we have to mational and informatics activities the incremental benefits, and this find a solution for the quantification of the science and direct production complicates the decision-making. of efficiency and the required work, which we use to substitute The following incomes can be methodology has to be developed. the conventional with a new one, distinguished in the agriculture The simplest formulation of the which changes the production (Szűcs et al., 2004). theory of returns ignores foreign tools, the condition system of the – Average income: the ave­ trade, does not differentiate bet­ production, the work developments rage profit obtained by one fold ween fixed and current assets, i.e. and the produced products for the and permanent labour and other the part of current assets to fixed society or for a smaller community materialized labour inputs. assets. Accordingly, the “y” the net in a useful way. – Additional average in­come: the national production is described as In the agricultural development content is the same as the previous a function of the labor and the fixed of the world, and mainly of Europe, but it means the income generated assets or the volume of production the direction, which, affected by the by the additional investments. is clearly explainable by the size of technical development, led to the – In the sectors of exploitation, the expenditures: dynamic increase of the agricultural where – due to ecological conditions y = y(K, L) production can be clearly observed. – the permanent (of rental-type due where: to the scarcely available area and K=capital Technical development and mine assets) incomes generated L=labour return profit of the factors of or obtained land lease on land of But this assumption can be production better soil quality (than the mines considered true only at the given and water resources) than the worst time, because with time, the tech­ In the production developments quality (marginal) of soil which is nical knowledge is expanded and the factors of productions are to be cultivated. with this, the same volume of pro­

1 Hungarian Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Gödöllő. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Szent István University, Institute of Economic Analysis and Methodology, Gödöllő

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 19 From the function, with simple rearrangement, the contribution to the income increment of each production element can be expressed. y F D a LE ˜T J y LE a F D ˜T J y T O a F D ˜ LE Instead of the production-function type mentioned above, a function with more arguments can be used, while during the fitting of a linear type function, the contribution of each factor can be more easily estimated. In case non-linear functions, it is feasible to start from the logarithm of the functions, and calculate the contribution of each production elements according the following form: log y log a  D log F  E log L  J logT 1 100% Accordingly the contributions of distribution ratios are as follows: duction by fixed means and living structure of the available workforce, loga m workforce provides larger output. and the ration of these, the land log y 1 Based on these, this process is availability are usually nature D also the function of the technical defined. The quality of land and log F m2 level (Szakolczai, 1966). So, the the land availability determines the log y development of the technical level production structure and its device E log L m in function of time can be described demand. log y 3 with the following: In case of measuring the agri­ J y = y(K, L,t) cul­tural technical development for logT m4 In the work of Szakolczai (1966) determining the increment of the log y „t” marks the time-distance, while productionThe measuring elements, of the the startingreturn profitThe of the measuring factors ofis a the complex return task. The productive efficiency for us, with this mark the time pointof can the be lands the modified in agricultural Cobb- profit utilization of the is factors determined is a complex by the levels of ecological and necessary for the introduction. So Doulas-typeeconomical function, factors, describing their internal task. coherence-sy The productivestem efficiency and consistence. of During the determination the increase of production depends the of connection the calculations, between theit is threefeasible the to lands take in into agricultural account utilizationthe soil quality, the device-availability-, on the increase of expenditures and mainlife production work density elements indexes, and the the isquality determined of the i byndustrial the levels road-system, of the distance of transport, the increment of these, the passing pure earning (Szűcs, 1998): ecological and economical factors, the market circumstances,α β γ etc. of time, and its’ specific increment, y = a · F L T their internal coherence-system the technical development. where: and consistence. During the deter­ Measuring of the impact of agricultural technology development A further thought is, if the tech­ y = net return of crop raising; mination of the calculations, it is nical development can be rep­re­ F = land quality; feasible to take into account the soil sen­ted with the equation or other LIn = labour; the past, several authors havequality, done the economdevice-availability-,y calculations, life to evaluate the technological similar way independent of the Talternatives, = fixed capital which value are (without based onwork the density determina indexes,tion theof the quality contribution to the covering stock expenditures, then the influence land(Wiles, value). 2004). In his work, Takácsof the (2008) industrial has eval road-system,uated the the effects of technical development, of the development will be really Fromincluding the function, the effects with of simple technical distance devel opment of transport, subsidies. the market He has ascertained: joined to the expenditures. rearrangement, – measurable the contribution (the economical circumstances, performance etc. created by the subsidies); OneFrom part the of thefunction, technical with develop simple­ to rearrangement, the – income calculable the increment (thecontribution economical of to theretu incomern with theincrement help of of return indexes), which can be: menteach shows production up in the elementim­provement can beeach expressed. production – productionelement can return be Measuring (without of subsidies: the impact re turn of the investment value), which of technical parameters of the fixed expressed. analysesy the returnof agricultural of the sources technology raised by the agricole, leaving out of means, the other part is the better consideration, thatdevelopment the value of subsidies will become the part of his own D qualification and higher efficiency F possession;a E ˜ J of the workforce taking part in the – L nationalT return (returnIn theof investment past, several value authors increased have with the value of subsidies), production, and the other parts are whichy analyses thedone return economy of the agrico calculations,le and the to social transfer in total; such actions, that result in the better E evaluate the technological alter­ L a arrangement of work. F D ˜T J natives, which are based on the The output of the agriculture y determination of the contribution is influenced by the quality of the to the covering stock (Wiles, 2004). O a land, namely there are always ones T D E In his work, Takács (2008) has with better and ones with worse F ˜ L evaluated the effects of technical yield.Instead Furthermore, of the production-functi the quality of onInstead type mentioned of the production-func above, a func­ tiondevelopment, with more including arguments the caneffects the be land used, determines while during the structure the fitting tion of a type linear mentioned type function, above, the a contributof technicalion ofdevelopment each factor subsidies. can of thebe moreproduction, easily as estimated. on a specific In case function non-linear with morefunctions arguments, it is feasiblecan He to has start ascertained: from the logarithm qualityof the of land, functions, only specific and calculat crop ebe the used, contribution while during of each the fitting production – measurable elements according (the economical the culturesfollowing can be form: grown efficiently. of a linear type function, the performance created by the sub­ The type of plants, possiblelog to growy log contributiona  D log F of E eachlog factorL  J log canT be 1sidies); 100% on aAccordingly specific land the can contributions be extended ofmore dist easilyribution estimated. ratios areIn case as follows: non- – calculable (the economical with the increase of expenditure; linear functions,loga it is feasible to start return with the help of return the different crops can be grown from the logarithm ofm the1 functions, indexes), which can be: with different technologies. The and calculatelog they contribution of – production return (without applied technologies and the type each productionD log elementsF according subsidies: return of the investment m of technical development are the followinglog form:y 2 value), which analyses the return of determined by the profitableness log y = logE log a +L α log F + β log L the sources raised by the agricole, and asset, land, work availability. + γ log T = 1 = 100% m3 leaving out of consideration, that In agriculture, the size and quality Accordinglylog they contributions of the value of subsidies will become of the land, and the quantity and distributionJ ratioslogT are as follows: the part of his own possession; m log y 4 20 The measuring of the return profit of the factors is a complex task. ThHungariane productive Agricultural efficiency Research 2012/2 of the lands in agricultural utilization is determined by the levels of ecological and economical factors, their internal coherence-system and consistence. During the determination of the calculations, it is feasible to take into account the soil quality, the device-availability-, life work density indexes, the quality of the industrial road-system, the distance of transport, the market circumstances, etc.

Measuring of the impact of agricultural technology development

In the past, several authors have done economy calculations, to evaluate the technological alternatives, which are based on the determination of the contribution to the covering stock (Wiles, 2004). In his work, Takács (2008) has evaluated the effects of technical development, including the effects of technical development subsidies. He has ascertained: – measurable (the economical performance created by the subsidies); – calculable (the economical return with the help of return indexes), which can be: – production return (without subsidies: return of the investment value), which analyses the return of the sources raised by the agricole, leaving out of consideration, that the value of subsidies will become the part of his own possession; – national return (return of investment value increased with the value of subsidies), which analyses the return of the agricole and the social transfer in total; – national– immeasurable, return (return mostly of onlynumerous estimative cases (the the actualpublic, market social effects and the created public properties – environmental effects, infrastructure, etc. – created by income).H log t investment value increased with the circumstances approach these t p% ˜100 valueThe of subsidies), measuring which of the analyses effect ofconditions the technica quite well.l development integrating into thelog productionyk the processes return of the(manifesting) agricole and requires the theProductivenessOur application conclusion arises of more as is a thatresidue complicated the laOurrger mathematical-statistical conclusion the difference is that the between larger the efficiency of production socialmethods. transfer Inin total;the previous years andwe itparticipatedtechnologies emphasizes inthe and several technological the larger researches, thethe extra difference team profit works, between generated which the efficiency bywere up-to date technical development the –searching immeasurable, for the mostly possibilities only advancementof measuringmore urgent not the realised is technical-ec the assistance in theonomical of to be production progress. provided Our to technologies the studies introduction of new technologies (by estimativewere focused (the on public, whether social the claproductionssicalencouraging production function. or functionscompulsion). can andbeThe converted specified the larger to func thea format tion, extra besides for profit the macro economical level, is effectsmeasuring and the technical created development. public The properThe scientific separation for base examinations circumstancesof the return on ofgenerated sectoral the factors and by up-to can regiona usually datel level,technical be as well, if the information base propertiesapproximately – environmental calculated effects, with of the necessary the Cobb–Douglas- technical for the developmenttype calculations production developmentis available. function in the the more case urgent of a is infrastructure,specific condition etc. – system. created byWith are a little createdThe modifica ecological duringtion, the conditions the research, C–D-type forthe production agricultureassistance tofunction arebe provided good can in beto the Hunga ry. Hungary’s fundamental income).made proper for measuring theand technical interest after thatprogre is startto ss.generate the The tasks, calculation stable of rental-typeintroduction method incomes must of new be providedbased technologies on by the good ecological conditions. Thefurther measuring simplifying of theassumptions effect spreading evenStable in thisthe (rental-type) scientificsimplified results form: incomes into can(by onlyencouraging be gene orrated compulsion). and realized if high-level technology is of the technical development in­ the practice. The specified function, besides – The production developmentapplied can bein areas character withized bett er on ecological the different conditions. levels of the teg­rating into the production Regarding the measurement of the the macro economical level, is production through a productionIt is function, verifiable where that thethe economicproduction developmen function standst is generated for the by the continuous technical and processes maximum (manifesting) production requires possibility. technical-technological development proper for examinations on sectoral the application of more complicated economic innovation, what shouldand regional be based level, on ashigh well, level if thebasic and applied research activity – The producers either minimizethe classical their costs, production or maximize functions their income. mathematical-statistical methods. In have (Sz to Ħ becs refined.et al., 2006). If the classical information base necessary for the – The markets are competitive and the participants of the market are price-takers, who can the previous years we participated labour-capital-landIn his work, Mohamed relationship (2010) is calculations has measured is available. the intensity of elements of agricultural research in severalonly researches, change team their works, own production, describedand developmentbybut the cannot function change whichof the are prices. affectingThe ecological the agricu conditionsltural GDP, for and with the help of the above whichThese were conditions searching do not for necessarily the mentioned emergey= inf (C-DrealM,Tity, functions,,F but) , in numerous hasagriculture demonstrated cases arethe the goodactual ro inle market of Hungary. agricultural research and development possibilitiescircumstances of measuring approach the techthes­e conditionsthanin the the quitecreation production well. of agricultural function GDP.Hungary’s fundamental interest nical-economicalProductiveness progress. arises as Our a resicharacterizingdueAnalysing and it emphasizes alsothe development the technical the technological levelis to and generate the advancementR&D stable activ rental-typeity not of the various countries of the world, studiesrealised were in focused the production on whether function. development based on candiagram be defined 1, it can asbe incomesstated that provided between by its theproportions good compared to the GDP/person the The classical scientific production base functions circumstances followsthere of (Szűcs theis an ettechnical al.,(R 22004): 0 ,74 development ) exponentialecological are type created conditions. connec duringtion Stable with the (ren high ­ intensity. The calculation was canresearch, be converted and after to a that format start for the tasks, yof =spreadingf (M ,T, Fthe, H scientific,t) , resultstal-type) into incomes the practice. can only be madek by us, based on the EUROSTAT (2008) data of the EU and EFTA countries (without measuringRegarding technical the development. measurement ofwhere: the technical-technological generated development and realized the classicalif high-level the data of Cyprus, Greece, Luxemburg, Norway and Liechtenstein, with the data of the USA, Theproduction separation of functions the return have of the to be y refined.= profit If the classical labour-capitatechnologyl-land is applied relationship in areas iswith Croatia and Turkey). factorsdescribed can usually by thebe approximately function of M = labour content (work) better ecological conditions. calculated with the Cobb–Douglas- T = invested capital It is verifiable that the economic y f (M4,0,T, F) , 4E-05x type production function in the F = land development is generated by the y = 0,5018e than the production function characterizing also3,5 the technical development can be defined as 2 casefollows of a specific (SzĦcs condition et al., 2004): system. H = ratio of R&D to the GDP of continuous technical and economic R = 0,7408 With a little modification, the C–D- all sectors 3,0 innovation, what should be based on yk f (M ,T, F, H,t) , type production function can be t = average time2,5 required for high level basic and applied research madewhere: proper for measuring the introducing the new research results activity (Szűcs et al., 2006). 2,0 technicaly = profit progress. The calculation (months, year). In his work, Mohamed (2010) has methodM = mustlabour be content based on(work) further The modifiedGDP of% R&D 1,5 function is as measured the intensity of elements simplifyingT = invested assumptions capital even in follows: 1,0 of agricultural research and α β λ δ ε thisF simplified = land form: yk = aM T F H0,5t , development which are affecting –H The = ratio production of R&D development to the GDP of allwhere sectors the factors’ index stands the agricultural GDP, and with the 0,0 cant be = characterizedaverage time on required the different for introducingfor their volume the new return. research results help(months, of the year). above mentioned C-D 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 levelsThe of modified the production function through is as follows: For calculating the distribution functions, has demonstrated the GDP per capita, EUR a production function, where the ratios ylet usaM transformD T E F OtheH Gfunctiont H , role of agricultural research and production function stands for the into a logarithmicalkFigure 1. The version: exponential connectiondevelopment between in the th creatione proportion of of the GDP/capita and the where the factors’ index stands for their volume return. maximum production possibility. log yR&Dk = log expenditures a + α log M + comparedβ log T agricultural to the GDP GDP. (without the data of Cyprus, Greece, Luxemburg, –For The calculating producers either the minimize distribution + λ ratioslog F + letδ log usNorway H transform+ ε log and t Liechtenstein, the functiAnalysingon with into thethe a logarithmical developmentdata of the USA, level Croatia and Turkey) theirversion: costs, or maximize their The contribution of the R&D and the R&D activity of the various income. log yk log a activityD logOurM to conclusion theE generatedlogT  isO profit logthatF theis Gin more logcountriesH powerful H log of t the th e world, economy based of on a country is, the more money it –The The contribution markets are of competitive the R&D activitypercentagespends to the as on follows:genera maintainingted profit and is developingin percentagediagram 1,its asittechnical follows: can be level.stated that and the participants of the market G log H between its proportions compared to H ˜100 2 are price-takers, who can only Somep% final comments the GDP/person there is an R = 0,74 log yk change their own production, but exponential type connection with The role of the time required for applying the research results in profit generation: cannot change the prices. TheThe role impelling of the time force required of the high technical intensity. developm The calculationent are was the humans’ creative, organizing, These conditions do not necessa­ for applying the research results in made by us, based on the EUROSTAT managing activities, which, having scientific-technical knowledge, and being aware of the rily emerge in reality, but in profit generation: (2008) data of the EU and EFTA

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 21 environment and the landscape, the soil and water reserves, ensure the quality of the product and the economy of the production. The further task of agricultural technology development is the development of a coherent system of electronics, informational technique and automation, construction of an agricultural information network and the transfer of the connected knowledge. Figure 1. The exponential connection between the proportion of the GDP/ The competitiveness is basically capita and the R&D expenditures compared to the GDP (without the data influenced by the level of technical of Cyprus, Greece, Luxemburg, Norway and Liechtenstein, with the data of development. the USA, Croatia and Turkey) It is the distinguished goal of the shared agricultural politic of countries (without the data of Cyprus, required economical purposes, the European Union, to increase Greece, Luxemburg, Norway and and these purposes are in direct the competitiveness and viability Liechtenstein, with the data of the connection with the objectives of of agriculture, providing suitable USA, Croatia and Turkey). the agrarian sector. livelihood for the people making Our conclusion is that the more The engine of the technical their living from this activity, and powerful the economy of a country development is the continuous to contribute to the present and is, the more money it spends on investment and the introduction of future well-doing of the whole maintaining and developing its the new achievements of science as society. The base of increasing the technical level. fast as possible. Without investments competitiveness and viability is there is no technical development on to increase the effectiveness. The Some final comments the merits, but at the same time the agricultural development and the investments lead to a proper technical output increase of the EU countries The impelling force of the development if it is based on a proper are basically referable to the technical development are the economy developing strategy, and technical and technological increase. humans’ creative, organizing, if it is coupled with a technical The base of the technological managing activities, which, having developer and organizer activity. developments is the level of the scientific-technical knowledge, and The key of promoting the advance domestic research activity, and the being aware of the principals of is the economical acceleration of the well thought-out adaptation. In most the expectable social-economical technical progress. of the EU countries, the increase development, is capable of using The main tasks of the technical of the complex effectiveness the production tools reasonably development of the agriculture in indexes in major is the outcome and economically. The changing the future are the application of the of the technical development and of the economical and agrarian biotechnological achievements, the only the minor part is coming economical factors also reacts upon improvement of the environment from the increase of technological the rate of the technical development saving technologies and the effectiveness (Holman, 2004). in the future; it may accelerate it or adaptation of the precision plant The non-recognition of the hold it back. cultivation systems. The universal rate or the characteristics of the The economical growth is objective of the agrarian-technical technical development, its improper affected and formed by va­rious development is to provide tech­nical explanation may lead to great losses. economical and social circum­ base for the maintainable agricultural Due to the special importance of the stances. Parts of these circumstances production, ensure the development rate of the technical development, are the performed work, the asset through the preservation of the we need to pay special attention to available for the economy, the production base (the land, the all circumstances and factors, which natural resources and the technical biological environment, farm boost the technical development, advancement. workers, the labour force). It requires make the approach of the world The technical development the development of such production standard possible and the catch- cannot end in itself, it has strictly technologies, which protect the up with its progress. Therefore,

22 Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 we need to take advantage of all zőgazdaság fejlődésében. Szent István Szakolczai, Gy. (1966): Beruházás opportunities, which are available Egyetem. Doktori értekezés. Gödöllő, és gazdasági növekedés. Közgazdasági for us due to our membership in the 145 p. Szemle. Budapest: MTA, 13 (6) 729- European Union. Holman, O. (2004): Asymmet­­ 745. p. rical Regulation and Multidimensional Takács, I. (szerk.) (2008): A műsza- References Governance in the European Union, ki fejlesztési támogatások közgazdasági Eurostat (2011). Statistics in Focus. Review of International Political hatékonyságának mérése. SZIE, Gödöl- Luxemburg. Economy 11 (4), pp. 714-35. lő, 19 p. http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int 2011. Mohamed, Zs. (2010): A mezőgaz- Wiles, L. J. (2004): Economics 03. 19. dasági műszaki fejlesztés és kutatás of weed management: Principles and Késmárki-Gally, Sz. (2006): A mű- hatásának mérése. Doktori értekezés. practices, Weed Technology 18: Suppl. szaki fejlesztés szerepe a magyar me- Gödöllő, 107 p. 1403-1407 p.

2011 was an Outstanding Year for Hungarian Agriculture

2011 was the most successful year exported 21% more goods – mainly The sum of money spent on the for Hungarian agriculture since the fruit, vegetables and food industry purchasing of new agricultural ma- country joined the European Union. products – than in the previous year. chinery and equipment rose by 83% It’s no accident that Viktor Orbán Russia is now among the country’s in 2011 compared to the previous referred to agriculture as a work- ten most important agricultural for- year, reaching a value of 78 billion horse sector. The exceptional results eign trade partners. One of the sig- HUF. were achieved despite the fact that nificant success stories of Hungar- In addition to being a key factor last year farmers suffered from wa- ian agricultural diplomacy resulted in the country’s economic perfor- terlogging, floods and drought. in 126 Hungarian meat production mance, agriculture also plays a sig- Agriculture played a decisive plants and 3 dairy product plants nificant role in employment. Thanks role in a higher than expected 1.4% receiving export permissions for the to the new simplified regulations, rise in the Hungarian GDP in Q4 of Russian market following negotia- the number of people employed 2011. The output of the Hungarian tions lasting only three months. Dur- in the affected sector doubled in economy increased by 1.7% in 2011, ing the previous government, there a single year. While for example more than both the European Union were only thirty such businesses. 254 thousand seasonal workers average of 1.6% and the eurozone Hungarian agriculture is tradi- were registered by agricultural and average of 1.5%. tionally responsible for producing tourism-related businesses in July Last year, agriculture achieved around 3% of the national economy’s 2010, this figure more than doubled 6.2 billion Euros in exports com- GDP, twice the EU average. The to- to 512 thousand last year. pared with 3.8 billion Euros in tal agro business makes up 15-20% In the words of Minister for Rural imports. Such a high level of ag- of the Hungarian economy. Development Sándor Fazekas in as- ricultural exports has never been Industrial investment in agricul- sessment of the outstanding success achieved in any given year since ture rose significantly by 11.7 per- of the 2011 year, “I have great faith Hungary joined the European cent in 2011. Investment by the pro- in the future. Hungarian agricul- Union. Exports rose by 17.5%, cessing industry and food industry ture has a continued opportunity while imports increased by 15.5% rose by more than 24 percent. to strengthen, agricultural exports compared to the previous year. Our Increased willingness to invest may be increased further; new agricultural import-export balance was partly due to the fact that farm- markets have opened up before us: was 2.3 billion Euros, almost 10% ers had also concluded a successful China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Saudi more than in 2010, and equivalent to year, and so had more free capital Arabia and Algeria. There is a huge 35% of all exports within the entire available. Favourable prospects for global demand for food, the world national economy. the future of agriculture also did population continues to grow, and Of the new markets, the most much to push investments in a posi- the foundation of our food supply significant is Russia, to which we tive direction. is agriculture.”

Hungarian Agricultural Research 2012/2 23 Üdvözlöm honlapunkon, mint a VM Vidékfejlesztési, Képzési és Szaktanácsadási Intézet (VM VKSZI) főigazgatója és a Tisztelt Vidékfejlesztési Minisztérium (VM) által alapított tudományos lapok kiadója.

Látogató! A VM döntése alapján 2012. január 1-jétől kilenc agrárszaklap kiadása került a VM VKSZI-hez. Arra törekszünk, hogy ezek a folyóiratok továbbra is az agrártudományok színvonalas fórumai legyenek és biztosítsák a tudományos műhelyekben, valamint a hazai és határon túli doktori iskolákban zajló kutatások eredményeinek közzétételét a szakmai közvélemény számára. Az említett lapcsalád mellett Intézetünk adja ki A falu című folyóiratot és a Magyar Vidéki Mozaik magazint is, amelyek főként a vidékfejlesztés aktuális kérdéseit és eseményeit mutatják be évszakonkénti megjelenéssel.

Intézetünk tevékenységében a vidékfejlesztés területén kiemelt jelentőségű az Új Magyarország Vidékfejlesztési Pro- gram (ÚMVP) és a Darányi Ignác Terv kommunikációs feladatainak ellátása. Ebben jelentős szerepet kap különböző rendezvények, fórumok és továbbképzések szervezése és lebonyolítása. Igen fontos ezen felül, hogy a vidékfejlesztés- ben a LEADER helyi akciócsoportokkal kapcsolatban folyamatos monitoring tevékenységet végzünk. Ennek eredménye reményeink szerint, hogy az akciócsoportok munkája, valamint a vidékfejlesztés megítélése is javul országos és európai

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