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First Country Report on Animal Genetic Resources

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First Country Report on Animal Genetic Resources FIRST COUNTRY REPORT ON ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Budapest 2003 FIRST NATIONAL REPORT ON ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES Contributing authors: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Department for Production Sectors (Dr. Mihály Pásztor, Sections 1.1 and 1.2) Research and Information Institute for Agricultural Economics, Department of Structural Policy (Levente Nyárs, Section 2.1) Association of Hungarian Animal Breeders and Breeding Organisations (Dr. János Demeter, Sections 2.2, 3.2 and 6.1) Hungarian Central Statistical Office (Péter Tóth, Section 2.3) Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition (Dr. István Györkös, Dr. Sándor Kukovics, Sections 3.1, 4.1 and 4.2) National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control (Dr. István Ács, Sections 4.3 and 5.1) Editor: Dr. Mihály Pásztor Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Budapest, 2003 Published by: MARD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction of the Country..................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction of Hungary and its Agriculture ................................................... 1 1.2. Food safety and rural development.................................................................. 5 2. Production Systems ................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Systems of production of primary animal products and of animal breeding... 8 2.2. The country’s most important animal products and secondary animal products for producers and regions................................................................ 14 2.3 Main tendencies and changes in the use of animals and the technology of animal breeding in Hungary........................................................................... 22 3.1. The information available about Hungarian animal genetic resources.......... 25 3.2. Evaluating genetic diversity........................................................................... 29 4. Utilisation of animal genetic resources ................................................................. 35 4.1. Utilisation of animal genetic resources......................................................... 35 4.2. Development of animal genetic resources ..................................................... 43 4.3. Obstacles, opportunities and needs of the use and enhancement of animal genetic resources of species........................................................................... 49 5. The situation concerning the preservation of animal genetic resources ............... 51 5.1. Issues of preservation..................................................................................... 51 6. Directions in the development of animal genetic resources, and the situation of relevant institutional systems................................................................................. 54 6.1. Issues concerning directions in development and institutional systems........ 54 1. Introduction of the Country 1.1. Introduction of Hungary and its Agriculture Hungary is situated in the central part of the Carpathian Basin. Hungary’s neighbours are Austria, Slovakia, the Ukraine, Romania, Yugoslavia, Croatia and Slovenia. Hungary’s form of government is republic. Its total population is 10.3 million, showing tendencies of decrease in recent periods. Approximately 63% of the population live in the countryside. The country’s climate is continental, therefore the four seasons are distinctly present. In the winter months, temperature can sink as low as -25 and - 28 °C, while in the summer, rise as high as 34-38 °C. The start of the vegetation period is the end of March. Average annual precipitation is between 500-900 mm, distributed unevenly. Summer droughts are frequent. The possibility of irrigating fields is limited. The country’s soil conditions are favourable. The area of arable land is 9.3 million hectares. In Hungary, a wide range of crops are cultivated (cereals, protein plants, sugar beet, oilplants, potato, maize, vegetables, fruits, grape and others). Animals kept at holdings are primarily dairy cattle and beef cattle, poultry, pigs and sheep, but horses, goats, rabbits, apiary, fishery and recently ostrich and emu are also important. In line with tendencies seen in developed countries, the weight of agriculture within the national economy has gradually decreased over the last decades in Hungary. Of the gross domestic production (GDP), agriculture (including forestry and game management, as well as fishery) had a share of 3.7 % in 2000. The tendencies of decline, which started more than 10 years ago, did not continue in 2001. Preliminary calculations of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH) show that the contribution of agriculture to the country’s GDP was – at ruling prices –3.9 %. This figure is close to the upper end of the range of figures (2-5 %) characterising of the Community Member States. Within employment as a whole, the share of employment in agriculture was 6,2% in 2001 (Table 1). Investments in agriculture totalled only 3% of all investment in the national economy in 2001. The share of food economy in all exports of the national economy was 7.5% in 2001. The share of food products and hedonic goods in domestic consumption has been decreasing for years. In 2000, this rate was below 30%, as an ever decreasing portion of the increasing real income of population is being spent on food. In the recent period, a large-scale transformation of the ownership structure has taken place. The share of cooperatives has significantly decreased, to approximately 28% (average land size is 3,200 hectares), while the area of agricultural land held by individual farmers, who, on the average, use 25 hectares of land, has increased to 45 %. Publicly owned businesses represent approximately 20-23 %. KSH figures show that the area of agricultural land in the county – also taking into account the plantation census carried out in 2001 – was 5,865,000 hectares, 11,000 hectares more than one year earlier. Of agricultural land, 77 % is plough-land and 18 % is 1 grassland. Gardens, orchards and vinery together represented 5% of all agricultural lands (Table 2). The area (4.5 million hectares) of plough-land, the dominant component of agricultural production, has increased by 16,000 hectares and the area of grassland by 10,000 hectares. The role of individual farmers has became dominant in agricultural land use, their acreage has increased by 207,000 hectares (5%), while the acreage used by farming organisations has decreased by 151,000 hectares (4%). Individual farmers use 45%, and farming organisations use 39% of the land used in Hungary. In 2001, gross agricultural output was 14% higher than in the previous year. Within that, the output from crop production and agricultural services increased, while the output from animal breeding remained at the 2000 level. In 2001, output from crop production and horticulture exceeded the output in year 2000 by 27%. The growth was largely due to the exceptional yield figures for cereals in 2001. Output from animal breeding remained at the same level as in year 2000. The 12% growth in the poultry sector was not enough to compensate the 7% drop of output from the pig sector and the 15% drop from the cattle sector. The exceptionally abundant cereal harvest of year 2001 again drew attention to the unfavourable ratio of plant production and animal breeding. Animal husbandry represented only a 46% of gross output in 2001. In countries with an advanced agricultural economy, this figure is usually above 50%. In Hungary, the share of animal breeding in average terms for the period 1986-1990, is 50.6%. Crop production on plough-lands The sowing structure of arable crops in 2001 was hardly different from that of the preceding year. Cereals were grown on 73.5 % of all plough-land. The share of legumes, industrial and fodder plants decreased. Legumes were grown on 0.7% of all plough-land, industrial plants on 10.9%, and feedstuff plants on 6.5%. With respect to cereals, it was especially the growing area of wheat that increased significantly. Spicate cereals were grown on 1,803,000 hectares, an area 252,000 hectares larger than in the preceding year. Wheat was grown on 1,204,000 hectares, maize on 1,255,000. The total cereal-growing area in 2001 was 3,058,000 hectares. The total cereal harvest was 14,951,000 tons. 5.2 million tons of wheat and 7.8 million tons of maize were harvested. The harvested volume was not only due to the increased growing area, but the average yield of cereals was also better than in 2000. The average yield was 4.3 tons/hectare for wheat and 6.2 tons/hectare for maize. Of crops which are harvested in the autumn, sugar beet was grown on 67,000 hectares. Sugar beet yield was also favourable, 44 tons/hectare, amounting to a sugar beet harvest of 2.9 million tons. Sunflower was grown on 321,000 hectares, its average yield (1.96 tons/hectare), however, was 21% higher than in the preceding year. This is the highest average yield figure in recent years. The total sunflower seed harvest was 624.000 tons. In 2001, the crop area of potato continued to decrease. While in year 2000 47,000 hectares were used for potato growing, now the relevant figure was only 37,000 hectares. Average yield was 21.3 tons/hectare. 2 Horticultural production In 2001, 101,000 hectares were used for field vegetable production. Indoors production (mostly under foil and in greenhouses) was carried
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