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Iemn flag

Continue The last of the three characters I will cover in this series is la Esperanto-flag, the Esperanto flag. Since it is as much or less equally as ubiquitous as verda , odds you have seen it before. It is a field of green, with a white spot in the upper left corner. The green star esperanto is located in the white region. The flag has been around quite a bit longer than the jubilea simbolo. An earlier version of the flag was seen back in 1893, when the from northern designed the flag for its own use. It resembled the flag we know today, but it had an E over the star. The version you've probably seen has been around since 1905, when the first Esperanto General Congress approved its use. I heard that, no coincidence, this first meeting took place in the same city the flag had come. I wonder why approved the flag ...? It's a pretty cool design, anyway. Like the green star, the colors of the flag have some meaning attributed to them. It's fitting that the flag is so much then - the Esperantists hope a bunch! The white section stands for peace, as well as on the flags of many other nations. Even placing a star means something. There is a reading of the green star that claims to symbolize the earth, with each of its fingers representing the continent. Since the official proportions of the flag state that the star will always be inscribed enough space to see that the white surrounds the star, the flag always contains a symbol of peace shrouded in the color of the world. Thus, the flag, if executed properly, represents an opportunity for world peace. Despite all the virtues, some Esperantists do not like Esperanto-flago. Reason? Flags have a nationalist - or even militaristic - connotation that doesn't really mesh with Esperanto's goals. Most flags evolved from old military banners, after all, and are not often seen in contexts outside patriotic festivals or military ornaments. So it can be a little disturbing to see Esperantists using the same iconography, even if it's for a peaceful end. This may be one of the reasons why the anniversary symbol appeared - the replacement of the flag. Which of the three main Esperanto characters is your favorite? I must admit that I am partial to the simple old verda stelo - mainly because it is easier to draw than jubilea simbolo! This is about language. For other purposes, see Esperanto (disambigation). The lead section of this article may be too long for the length of the article. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. Please read the layout guide and the section guide to ensure that the section will still be included in all Details. Please discuss this issue on the discussion page of the article. (July 2020) Built language Esperanto flagPronunciation (espeˈranto) Created by L. L. 1000 to several thousand (2016) from 4 to 2 million Purposeconstructed language International auxiliary languageEsperantoEarly formProto-Esperanto Writing systemLatin script (Esperanto ) Esperanto BrailleSigned formsSenunoSourcesVocabulary from Romance and German, Slavic LanguagesOfficist status De EsperantoAngug codes ISO 639-1eoISO 639-2epoISO 639-3epoLinguist ListepoGlottologespe1235-6'Linguasphere51-AAB-daEsperantujo: 120 countries around the worldThis article contains IPAtic background symbols. Without proper rendering support instead of Unicode characters, you can see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. For an introductory guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Esperanto LanguageGrammar PhonologyOrthography (Braille)Vocabulary Etymology HistoryChamenhof Proto-EsperantuUnua Libero Dua LibroLa EsperantistoFundamento de EsperantoDeclication BulonMontevideo ResolutionManifesto RaumaManifesto PragaModern Evolution esperanto CultureEsperanto Estonian ArtistantolioLetherature Music FilmLa Espero Libera FolioLeterative Columns LibraryPop Culture LinksSocial (en) Symbols of profanity Day Organization and ServicesWorld Esperanto CongressAdemio de EsperantoUniverance Esperanto AssociationMire Esperanto Youth OrganizationInterarod Youth CongressEsperanto Youth WeekWorld Annational AssociationEncyclopedia (en) Pasporta ServoPlou'ec MeetingEuropean Esperanto UnionEurope-Democracy-EsperantoPanAmerican CongressScolta Esperanto Lygo Related Topics Affiliated LanguageSorified LanguageIsdo NovialInterling WikimediaCanalisms WikimediaConstructive Language Portal Task Force Book Ochertiesperanto (Wikipedio) Wikivararo WikicitoVictaro WikicomunjoViquikivice Vikinovaĵoj vte Esperanto (/ˌɛspəˈrɑːntoʊ, -ˈræn/) is the most widely used international auxiliary language. It was created by the Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. He first described the language in international, which he published in five languages under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto. (This book is often nicknamed in Esperanto as la Unua Libero i.e. The First Book.) The word Esperanto translates into English as someone who hopes. The aim of the zamenhof was to create a simple and flexible language that would serve as a second language to promote world peace and international understanding, as well as community speakers because he believed that there could be no language without such a community. (quote is necessary) Its original name for the language was simply an international language (la lingvo internacia), but early speakers fell in love with the name Esperanto and began using it as a name for the language just two years after its creation. The name quickly gained notoriety and has since been used as an official name. In 1905, he published as the final guide to the language. Later that year, French Esperantists organized with his participation the first World Congress of Esperanto, an annual annual conference, in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. The first Congress ratified Boulogne, which created several fundamental premises for the ; one of his statements is that Fundamento de Esperanto is the only binding authority over language; the other is that the Esperanto movement is an exclusively linguistic movement and that it is never credited with any further meaning. He also suggested to the first Congress that an independent body of linguistic scholars should manage the future evolution of Esperanto, foreshadowing the founding of the Esperanto Academy (partly modeled after the Academy's Francoise), which was established shortly thereafter. Since 1905, congress has been held in another country every year, except for many years during the world wars. In 1908, a group of young Esperanto speakers led by Swiss Hector Hodler founded the Esperanto General Association to provide a central organization for the global Esperanto community. Esperanto grew throughout the 20th century as a language and as a linguistic community. Although speakers faced persecution in regimes such as Nazi and the under Stalin, Esperanto speakers continued to establish organizations and publish periodicals adapted to specific regions and interests. In 1954, the provided official support for Esperanto as an international auxiliary language in the . Several writers have contributed to the growing number of , including William Ould, who received the first nomination for the Nobel Prize for Literature for his literary work in Esperanto in 1999, and then two more in 2004 and 2006. Those who write in Esperanto are also officially represented in PEN International, the World Writers Association, through Esperanto PEN Centro. The development of Esperanto has not waned in the 21st century. The advent of the Internet has had a significant impact on language as its learning becomes more accessible on platforms such as , and as speakers become more and more With up to two million speakers, a small fraction of whom are native speakers, it is the most widely used built language in the world. Although no country has officially adopted Esperanto, Esperanto (Esperanto Land) is the name given to the collection of places where it is spoken, and the language is widely used in world travel, correspondence, cultural exchange, conventions, literature, language learning, television and radio. Some people have decided to study Esperanto for its supposed help in acquiring a third language like . While many of his supporters continue to hope for the day when Esperanto will become officially recognized as an international auxiliary language, some (including raŭmistoj) have ceased to focus on this goal and instead view the Esperanto community as a diaspora (senŝtata diaspora lingva kolektivo), based on freedom of association, with a culture worthy of preservation based solely on its own merits. The three goals of zamenhof had three goals, as he wrote in : To make learning the language so simple that his acquisition was just a game for the student. In order to enable a student to directly use their knowledge with people of any nationality, regardless of whether the language is generally accepted or not; in other words, language must be a direct means of international communication. Find some means of overcoming the natural indifference of mankind, and recycling them, in the fastest way, and en masse, to learn and use the proposed language as a living, and not only in the last limbs, and with the key at hand. According to the Ethnologue database (published by the Summer Institute of Linguistics), up to two million people worldwide, to varying degrees, speak Esperanto, including 1,000 to 2,000 native speakers who have studied Esperanto since birth. The General Esperanto Association has more than 5,500 members in 120 countries. Its use is highest in , East Asia and South America. Esperanto and Internet Lernu! Lernu! is one of the most popular online platforms for Esperanto learning. Already in 2013, the lernu.net website reported about 150,000 registered users and had between 150,000 and 200,000 monthly visitors. There are currently about 300,000 registered users registered in Lernu, who can view the interface of the site in 24 languages - Catalan, Chinese (both simplified and traditional) Danish, English, Esperanto, Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Kirund, Kiswahi, Norwegian (Bokmul), Persian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovenian; five more languages - Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Indonesian and Spanish - have At least 70 per cent of the localized interface; nine additional extras - Dutch, Greek, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Polish, Thai, Turkish and Vietnamese - are at different stages of completing the translation interface. About 50,000 users lernu.net at least a basic understanding of Esperanto. with more than 286,000 articles, (Vikipedio) is the 32nd largest Wikipedia, as measured by the number of articles, and is the largest Wikipedia built language. About 150,000 users regularly consult with Vikipedio, as evidenced by the automatically aggregated Wikipedia login data, which showed that in October 2019, the website has 117,366 unique individual visitors per month, plus 33,572 people who view the site on a mobile device. Online Translation February 22, 2012, Google Translate added Esperanto as its 64th language. On July 25, 2016, Yandex.Translation added Esperanto as a language. Duolingo launched a free Esperanto course for English speakers on May 28, 2015. On March 25, 2016, when the first Duolingo Esperanto course completed the beta test phase, 350,000 people were registered to study Esperanto in English. As of May 27, 2017, more than a million users have started studying Esperanto on Duolingo; By July 2018, the number of students had risen to 1.36 million. On July 20, 2018, Duolingo changed from recording users to a total; it currently reports only the number of active students (i.e. those currently studying, but not those who have completed the course), which as of October 2019 is 294,000 students. On October 26, 2016, the second year of Esperanto Duolingo, for which the language of instruction is Spanish, appeared on the same platform, and which from October 2019 has another 277,000 students. The third course of Esperanto, taught in Brazilian Portuguese, began its beta phase on May 14, 2018, and from October 2019, 232,000 people use the course. The fourth course of Esperanto, taught in French, began its beta phase in July 2020, and the fifth course, taught in Chinese, is in development. Esperanto is currently one of 36 courses that Duolingo teaches in English, one of ten courses taught in Spanish, one of six courses taught in Portuguese, and one of six courses taught in French. History Main Article: The The first Esperanto-book L.L. Zamenhof, published in 1887 in Russian Esperanto language, was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L.L. Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist from Belistoc, then part of the Russian Empire, but now part of . He created a language to the time and work we spend learning foreign languages and promote harmony among people from different countries: Have there been any language, all translations will be made into it alone... and all nations will be united into a common brotherhood. His feelings and the situation in Bialystok can be gleaned from an excerpt from his letter to Nikolai Borovko: The place where I was born and spent my childhood, gave direction to all my future difficulties. In Bialystok, the inhabitants were divided into four separate elements: Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews; each of them spoke his own language and looked at everyone else as enemies. In such a city, the sensitive nature is felt more acutely than anywhere else by the suffering caused by language separation, and at every turn sees that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential basis for the division of the human family into groups of enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people are brothers, and on the street at every turn I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews and so on. It has always been a great torment for my childhood mind, although many people can smile so longing for the world in a child. Because at the time I thought adults would be all about, so I often told myself that when I grew up, I would definitely destroy this evil. - L.L. zamenhof in a letter to Nikolai Borovko, circa 1895: It was invented in 1887 and designed so that anyone could learn it in a few months. Dr. Zamenhof lived on Dzika Street, No.9, which was just around the corner from the street on which we lived. Brother Afrum was so impressed with this idea that he learned Esperanto in a very short time at home from a small book. He then bought many dozens of them and gave them to relatives, friends, just who could support this great idea because he felt it would be a common bond to promote relationships with other people in the world. A group of people organized and sent letters to the government asking them to change the name of the street where Dr. Zamenhof lived for many years when he invented Esperanto, from Jiki to zamenhofa. They were told that a petition with a large number of signatures would be required. It took time for them to organize demonstrations with large posters encouraging people to learn the and sign petitions... Around the same time in the middle of the quarter there was a huge demonstration of people with posters that read Learn Esperanto, Support for Universal Language, Esperanto language of hope and expectation, Esperanto connection for international communication and so on, and many Sign petitions. I will never forget that rich poor, sad-joyful parade and among all these people stood two fiery red tram carriages waiting on their opposite lanes, as well as a few doroszkas with horses squeezed in between. Such a sight it was. Later, several blocks were changed from The street to The Street of Dr. Zamenhof and a good monument was installed there with his name and his invention inscribed on it to honor his memory. The autobiography of Theme Kipnis, a Jewish refugee from Poland about his goals, he wrote that he wanted humanity to learn and use, massively, proposed language as alive. The goal of Esperanto to become a common world language was not the sole purpose of the zamenhof; he would also like to enable students to directly use their knowledge with persons of any nationality, whether or not the language is universally accepted; in other words, language must be a direct means of international communication. After ten years of development, which he spent on translating literature into Esperanto, as well as writing original prose and poems, the first book of was published in on July 26, 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, first in the Russian Empire and Central Europe, and then in other parts of Europe, America, and . In the early years, Esperanto speakers were in contact mainly through correspondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the first World Congress of Esperanto Speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Since then, world congresses have been held in different countries every year, with the exception of two world wars. Since the Second World War, an average of more than 2,000 people and up to 6,000 have participated. The name of the language was simply Internacia Lingvo (International Language). Later, in 1905, esperanto in Europe had a significant proportion of Esperanto speakers among its small and multi-ethnic population. There was a proposal to make Esperanto the official language. However, neither nor Prussia (now part of Germany) have ever surrendered their original claims against it. Around 1900, Germany, in particular, took a more aggressive stance towards the Territory and was accused of sabotaging and obstructing the administrative process in order to force the matter. However, it was the First World War that was the catalyst that brought to an end neutrality. On August 4, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, leaving Mauresnet first an oasis in the desert of destruction. In 1915, the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia without international recognition. After the Great War, there seemed to be a great opportunity for Esperanto when the Iranian delegation to the offered to accept it for use in international relations, following a report by Nitobe Inazo, the official delegate of the League of Nations during the 13th Esperanto World Congress in Prague. Ten delegates accepted the offer with only against, French delegate, Gabriel Hanotaux. Hanotaux opposed all recognition of Esperanto on the league, from the first resolution on December 18, 1920 and subsequently through all efforts during the next three years. Hanoto did not like the way the French was losing its position as an international language, and he saw Esperanto as a threat, effectively wielding his veto power to block the decision. Two years later, however, the League recommended that its Member States include Esperanto in its curricula. The French Government has responded by banning all Esperanto education in Schools and Universities in France. The French Ministry of Instructions stated that French and English will perish and the literary standard of the world will be humiliated. However, many people consider the 1920s the heyday of the Esperanto movement. Anarchism as a political movement was very favored at this time of anationalism as well as Esperanto language. The official repression of the 7th Esperanto Congress, Antwerp, August 1911 Esperanto attracted suspicions of many states. The situation was particularly pronounced in , Francoist until the 1950s, and in the Soviet Union under Stalin, from 1937 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to ban Esperanto because he was Jewish, and because of the internationalist nature of Esperanto, which was perceived as Bolshevik. In his work Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler specifically mentioned Esperanto as an example of a language that could be used by an international Jewish conspiracy once they achieved world domination. Esperantists were killed in the Holocaust, and the family of zamenhof, in particular, was killed. Attempts by a minority of German Esperantists to expel their Jewish colleagues and clearly join the Reich were futile, and Esperanto was legally banned in 1935. Esperantists in German concentration camps, however, taught Esperanto to other prisoners, telling guards that they were teaching Italian, the language of one of Germany's allies on the Axis. In Imperial Japan, the left wing of the Japanese Esperanto movement was banned, but its leaders were careful not to give the impression of the government that the Esperantists were socialist revolutionaries, which proved to be a successful strategy. After the October Revolution of 1917, Esperanto received the support of the government of the new working states in the former Russian Empire and then the governments of the Soviet Union, with the Soviet Esperanto Association established as an officially recognized organization. In his biography of Joseph Stalin, Lev Trotsky mentions that Stalin studied Esperanto. However, in 1937, at the height of the Great Cleansing, Stalin completely changed the policy of the Soviet government in relation to the many Esperanto carriers were executed, exiled or held captive in gulag labour camps. The accusation was often: You are an active member of an international espionage organization that is hiding under the name Association of Soviet Esperantists in the territory of the Soviet Union. Until the end of the Stalin era, it was dangerous to use Esperanto in the Soviet Union, despite the fact that it was never forbidden to speak Esperanto officially. Fascist allowed the use of Esperanto, finding its phonology similar to Italian and publishing some tourist materials in the language. During and after the , over the years suppressed anarchists, socialists and Catalan nationalists, among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive, but in the 1950s the Esperanto movement was again tolerant. The official use of Esperanto Moresnet was not the secondary official language of any recognized country, but it was included in the education system of several countries, such as Hungary and China. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were plans to create a in Central and Western Europe as the world's first Esperanto-state. In addition, the self-proclaimed artificial island micronasis of Rose Island, near Italy in the Adriatic Sea, used Esperanto as the official language in 1968, while another micronacia, bordered by the Republic of Molossia, near Dayton, Nevada, uses esperanto as the official language along with English. The Chinese government has used Esperanto since 2001 for daily news about china.org.cn. China also uses Esperanto in China Radio International and for the online magazine El Popola Ĉinio. Vatican Radio has an Esperanto version of its website. The U.S. Army published military conversation books on Esperanto, which were used from the 1950s to the 1970s in war games with mock-ups of enemy forces. The Field Links Handbook, FM 30-101-1 February 1962, contained grammar, Anglo-Esperanto-English dictionary and common phrases. Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations such as Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, a left-wing cultural association that had 724 members in more than 85 countries in 2006. There is also a Education@Internet that has evolved from an Esperanto organization; most of the others are specifically Esperanto organizations. The largest of these, the General Esperanto Association, has formal consultative relations with the United Nations and UNESCO, which recognized Esperanto as a means of international understanding in 1954. The World Esperanto Association collaborated with UNESCO in 2017 to provide an Esperanto translation of its magazine, Unesko Kuriero en Esperanto. Esperanto is also the first language and the management of the International Academy Academy San Marino. The League of Nations had attempted to promote the teaching of Esperanto in member states, but the resolutions had been rejected mainly by French delegates who did not feel the need. In the summer of 1924, the American Radio League adopted Esperanto as the official international auxiliary language and expressed the hope that the language would be used by radio amateurs in international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible. All personal documents sold by the World Service, including the World Passport, are written in Esperanto, as well as in English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese. Achieving the goals of its creator, zamenhof, was to enable the student to directly use his knowledge with persons of any nationality, regardless of whether the language is generally accepted or not, as he wrote in 1887. The language is now spoken by people living in more than 100 countries; There are about two thousand speakers of Esperanto and probably about a hundred thousand people use the language regularly. On the other hand, one of the common criticisms is that Esperanto is out of step with the hopes of its creator, who dreamed of becoming a universal second language. In this regard, it should be noted that it was well known that it may take many centuries for this hope to become a reality. In his speech at the Esperanto World Congress in Cambridge in 1907 he said: We hope that sooner or later, maybe after many centuries, in neutral language the foundation, understanding each other, peoples will build ... big family circle. The linguistic properties of the classification of phonology, grammar, vocabulary and semantics of linguistic properties are based on the Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. The sound inventory is essentially Slavic, like most semantics, while the dictionary comes mainly from , with less contribution from and a slight contribution from and Greek. Pragmatists and other aspects of the language, not specified in the original documents of the zamenhof, were influenced by the native languages of the early authors, primarily Russian, Polish, German and French. Paul Wexler suggests that Esperanto is relexified by , which he claims in turn is relexified Slavic, although this model is not accepted by mainstream academics. Esperanto was described as a language lexically predominantly Roman, morphologically intensely agglutinative and to some extent isolating in nature. Typologically Esperanto has prepositions and a pragmatic order of words, which by default is the of a -. freely placed before or after that they modify, although placing them in front of the more New words are formed through extensive console and suffixing. Fonology Home article: Esperanto phonology Esperanto usually has 22 to 24 consonants, depending on phonemic analysis and individual speaker, five vowels, and two semi-oveks that combine with vowels to form six diphthongs. (Consonants /j/ and semivowel /i̯/ both are written j, and the unusual consonant /dz/ is written with dz, which is the only consonant that does not have its own letter.) The is not used to distinguish the meanings of words. Stress is always on the second last vowel in fully Esperanto words, if the final vowel o is not rooted, which happens mainly in poetry. For example, the familio family is fa.mi.ˈli.o, with stress on the second i, but when the word is used without the final o (famili'), the stress remains on the second i: fa.mi.ˈli. Consonants 23 consonants are: Bilabial Labio-Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar Chamber Velar Glottal nasal m tt t t q ɡ Affricate ͡ts (d͡ z) ͡tʃ d͡ ʒ Fricative f v z z ʃ ʒ (x) h Approximant l j (w ) Trill r There is some degree of alophony: Sound /r/ is usually an alveolar trill, but can also be ultraviolet trill (ʀ), ultraviolet fricular (ʁ), and alveolar ɹ. Many other forms such as the alveolar crane (ɾ), made and taken into practice. /v/ is commonly pronounced as English v, but can be pronounced as ʋ (between English v and w) or w depending on the speaker's language background. The u̯ / is usually found only in diphthongs after vowels /a/ and /e/, and not as a consonant /w/. Common, if discussed, assimilation includes the pronunciation of nk as ŋk and kz as ɡz. A large number of consonant clusters can occur, up to three in the original position (as in stranga, strange) and five in the medial position (as in ekssklavo, a former slave). Final clusters are a rarity, except for unassimilated names, poetic elision final o, and very few basic words such as cent hundred and post after. Vowels Esperanto has five vowels found in spanish, Swahili, modern Hebrew and modern Greek. Back to close I u Mid e o Open also two semivowels, /i̯/ and /u̯ /, which combine with monophthongs to form six falling diphthongs: aj, ej, oj, uj, aŭ, and eŭ. Since there are only five vowels, many differences in pronunciation are allowed. For example, e usually ranges from e (French) to ɛ (French). These data often depend on the speaker's native language. Some people's speeches may cause a swallowing stop between neighboring vowels, especially when the two vowels are the same as in hero (he.ˈro.o) or he.ˈro.ʔo) and pra.ˈa.vo or pra.ˈʔa. vo). Retography Home article: Alphabet Esperanto's anthology is based on the , using the principle of one sound of one letter except d͡ z. It includes six letters with diacritics: , , , , (with circumnavigation), and ŭ (with a log). Alphabet does not include the letters q, w, x or y, which are only used when writing unassimilated terms or correct names. Alphabet of 28 letters: alphabet Esperanto No 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 27 28 Upper Corps A B C Ĉ D E F G Ĝ H Ĥ I J Ĵ K L M P P P R S Ŝ T U Ŭ V - Lower Case B c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ k l n p r s ŝ t u u ŭ v z IPA phoneme a b ͡ts ͡tʃ d e f ɡ d͡ ʒ h x i j'i̯ ʒ k n n p r s ʃ t u w'u̯ v z All non-acent letters are pronounced roughly as in API, except for C. Esperanto J. , familiar to native German and many Slavic languages, but unfamiliar to most English speakers: j has y sound, j'i̯), both in yellow and boy, and c has the sound of ts (͡ts) as in hits or zz in pizza. In addition, Esperanto g is always difficult as in give, and Esperanto vowels are pronounced as in Spanish. Accented letters: Ĉ is pronounced as English ch in a chat Ĝ is pronounced as English G in gemstones Ĥ pronounced as ch in German Bach or in Scottish Gaelic, Scottish and Scottish standard English. It is also sometimes found in Scouse as k in the book and CK in the chicken. Ĵ is pronounced as s in An English alloy or J in French Jacques Ŝ is pronounced as English sh Ŭ pronounced as English w and is mainly used after vowels (e.g. antaŭ) Writing diacritics Even with the broad adoption of Unicode, letters with diacrits (found in the Latin-Extended A section of the Unicode standard) can cause problems with printing and computation because they are not found on most physical keyboards and remain outside certain fonts. There are two main workarounds to this problem that replace digraphs for accented letters. The zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, has created an h-convention that replaces ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ and ŭ with ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, and you, respectively. When used in the database, the program in principle could not determine whether to visualize, for example, ch c after h or as ĉ, and would not be able to correctly convey the word senchava if its constituent parts were not intentionally separated, such as senc'hava. A later X-convention gained ground with the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with x (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing six diffraes cx, gx, hx, jx, sx and ux. There are mock-ups of computer keyboards that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with appropriate diacritical (e.g. Amiketo for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, Esperanta Klavaro for Windows Phone, and Gboard and AnySoftKeyboard for Android). Criticism consists of letters with circular diacritics that some find strange or cumbersome, along with their invention specifically for Esperanto rather than borrowed from existing languages; and also, perhaps unnecessary, such as using ĥ instead of x and ŭ instead of w., but zamenhof did not choose these letters arbitrarily: in fact, they were inspired by Czech letters with a diacritic caron, but the replacement of the caron by the circumity for the convenience of those who had (or could use) a French typewriter (with a dead circumflex key); The Czech z was replaced by ĵ similar to the French j. The letter ŭ on the other hand, comes from u-breve, used in Latin prosody and (as) in Belarusian Cyrillic, and French typewriters can make it roughly like the French letter z. Grammar Main article: Esperanto grammar Esperanto words are mostly obtained by stringing together roots, grammatical endings, and sometimes . This process is regular, so that people can create new words as they speak and be understood. Composite words are formed with a modifier-first, head-final order, as in English (compare bird and songbird, as well as, birdokanto and kantobirdo). Speakers can additionally insert o between words into noun connections if placing them together directly without o making the resulting word difficult to say or understand. Different parts of the speech are marked with their own : all common nouns end in -o, all adjectives in -a, all derivative in -e, and all except jussive (or imperative) end in -s, in particular, in one of six tense and mood suffixes such as present-like; Jussive mood, which is tense, ends in -u. Nouns and adjectives have two cases: nominal for grammatical subjects and in general, and accusatory for direct objects and (after the pretext) to indicate the direction of movement. Singular nouns, used as grammatical objects, end in -o, multiple nouns in -oj (pronounced as oi̯ oy). Singular forms of direct objects end in-on, and multiple direct objects with a combination of -ojn ('oi̯n;rhymes with a coin): -o indicates that the word noun ,j indicates , and -n indicates an accusatory (direct object) case. The adjectives agree with their nouns; Their endings are a special theme - a; rhymes with ha!), multiple object -aj (ai̯), pronounced eye), singular object -an, and multiple object -ajn (ai̯n); rhymes with thin). Noun Subject Singular -o-on -oj -ojn Object Singular -a -a Plural-aj -ajn -n, except for the indication of a direct object, is used to indicate movement and several other And. Six verb consist of three times and three moods. They - like, the -os, past time - it', mood -i, -us and jussive mood -u (used for wishes and commands). The verbs are not marked for a person or a number. So canti means sing, mi kantas means I sing, vi kantas means you sing as well or cantas means they sing. Verbal tense Suffix Present-as (kantas) Past -it (kantis) Future -os (kantos) Verbal mood Suffix Infinitive-i (kanti) Jussive-u (kantu) Conditional-us (kantus) is comparatively free. Adjectives can precede or follow nouns; objects, verbs and objects can occur in any order. However, the article la in, demonstrations such as tiu that and excuses (such as ĉe on) should come before their respective noun. Similarly, negative not and connections such as kaj and ke and ke that should precede the phrases or positions they enter. In the copular (A q B) terms, the order of words is just as important as in English: humans - animals are different from animals - are humans. Vocabulary Home article: Esperanto Dictionary The main esperanto dictionary was defined by Lingwo internacia, published by zamenhof in 1887. This book lists 900 roots; they can be extended by tens of thousands of words using prefixes, suffixes and connections. In 1894, he published the first Esperanto dictionary, Universala Vortaro, which had a larger set of roots. Language rules allowed speakers to borrow new roots as needed; however, it was recommended that speakers use most international forms and then draw appropriate meanings from them. Since then, many words have been borrowed, primarily (but not only) from European languages. Not all proposed borrowings are widespread, but many are, especially technical and scientific terms. On the other hand, terms for everyday use are likely to come from existing roots; komputilo computer, for example, is formed from the verb komputi to calculate and suffix-ilo tool. Words are also calcified; that is, words take on new meanings based on use in other languages. For example, the word muso mouse has acquired the meaning of a computer mouse from its use in many languages (English mouse, French Syriza, Dutch muis, Spanish ratan, etc.). Speakers in Esperanto often argue about whether a particular borrowing is justified or whether meaning can be expressed by obtaining or expanding the meaning of existing words. Some connections and formed words on Esperanto are not entirely simple; for example, eldoni, literally give out, means to publish, in parallel with the use of European languages (such as German ausgeben, Dutch uitgeven, Russian izdat'). In addition, the suffix-um - does not have a certain meaning; words that use suffix should be studied separately separately as dekstren to the right and dekstrumen clockwise). Esperanto is not much of an idiotic or slang word, as these forms of speech tend to overshadow international communication by working against esperanto's primary goal. Instead of derivatives of Esperanto roots, new roots are taken from European languages in a bid to create an international language. Sample Text Listen to this passage of The Problems of Playing This File? See the media report. The next short passage gives an idea of the character of Esperanto. (Pronunciation is covered above; Esperanto letter J is pronounced as English y.) Esperanto: en multaj lokoj de Ĉinio estis temploj de la drako- reĝo. Dum trosekeco oni preĝis en la temploj, ke la drako-reĝo donu pluvon al la homa mondo. Thiam Draco estis simbolo de la supernatura estaĵo. Kaj pli poste, ĝi fariĝis de la plej altaj regantoj kaj simbolis la absolutan aŭtoritaton la feŭda impiatro. La imperiestro pretendis, ke li estas filo de la drako. Ĉiuj liaj vivbezonaĵoj la nomon draco kaj estis ornamitaj za diversaj drakofiguroj. Nun ĉie en Ĉinio videblas draco ornamentaĵoj, kaj cirkulas legendoj pri drakoj. English translation: Many places in China had dragon-king temples. During the drought, people prayed in temples for the dragon king to rain on the human world. At the time, the dragon was a symbol of a supernatural being. Later he became the ancestor of the highest rulers and symbolized the absolute power of the feudal emperor. The emperor claimed to be the son of a dragon. All his personal belongings were called dragon and were decorated with various dragon figures. Now dragon decorations can be seen everywhere in China and legends of dragons circulate. Simple Phrases This article includes links to audio files. If you're having trouble playing files, see Below are some useful Esperanto words and phrases along with IPA transcriptions: English Esperanto IPA Hi Saluton (sa.ˈlu.ton) da Jes (ˈjes) No Ne (ˈne) Good morning Bonan Matenon (ˈbo.nan ma.ˈte .non) Good evening Bonan Vesperon (ˈbo.nan ves.ˈpe.ron) Goodnight Bonan Nocton (ˈbo.nan ˈnok.ton ˈdʒis) Goodbye Ĝis ˈvi (la revido) Kio estas via Nomo? Kil Wee nomiĝas? (ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˌvi.a ˈno.mo) (ˈki.'l vi nɔ.ˈmi.dʒas) My name is Marco. Mia nomo estas Marco (ˌmi.a ˈno.mo ˌes.tas ˈmar.ko) How are you? Kiel vi Fartas? (ˈki.el vi ˈfar.tas) I'm fine. Mi fartas dice mi ˈfar.tas ˈbo.ne Do you speak Esperanto? Ĉu the Esperanton Parolas? (ˈtʃu vi pa.ˈro.las ˌes.pe.ˈran.ton) I don't understand you, mi ne komprenas vin (mi ˌne kom.ˈpre.nas ˌvin) Good Bones / En ordo (ˈbo.ne) / en ˈor.do Good Thank You Dankon (ˈdan.kon) (ˌne.dan.ˈkin.de) Please Bonvolu / Mi Petas (bon.ˈvo.lu) / mi ˈpε.tas Forgive me/Sorry for a minute of pardon (par.ˈdo.nu ˈmin) Bless you! Sanon, Sanon! (ˈsa.non) Congratulations! Gratulon! (ɡra.ˈtu.lon) I love you Mi Amas Wine (mi ˈa.mas ˌvin) One beer, please Unu bieron, mi petas (ˈu.nu bi.ˈe.ron, mi ˈpe.tas) Where is the toilet? Ki estas la nechesejo? (ˈki.ˈes.tas ˈla ˌne.tse.ˈse.jo) What is it? Kio estas Tio? (ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˈti.o) This is dog Tio estas hundo (ˈti.o ˌes.tas ˈhun.do) We will love! No amos! ni ˈa.mos of the world! Pacon! I ˈpa.tson on Esperanto. Mi estas komencanto de Esperanto (mi ˈes.tas ˌko.men.ˈtsan.to de ˌes.pe.ˈran.to) Neutrality Origin Dictionary Stock, Atography, phonology and semantics are all European. The vocabulary, for example, draws about three-quarters of the Romanesque languages, and the rest are divided between Greek, English and German. has German and Slavic tendencies, with internal tensions when they diverge; semantics and phonology are said to be Slavic. Grammar may be more European than not, but Claude Piron argues that the word formation is closer to Chinese. Gender main article: Gender reform in the actual accuracy of EsperantoThis article can be compromised due to optional information. The reason is that this section is mostly historical and does not reflect modern use, where most noun roots have become lexically neutral. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2020) Esperanto is often accused of being inherently sexist, because the default form of some noun is masculine while derivative forms are used for female, which is said to retain traces of the male society of late 19th century Europe, of which Esperanto is a product. These nouns are primarily names and related terms such as sinjoro Mister, Sir vs. sinjorino Miss, lady and patro father vs. Patrino mother. In addition, nouns, denoting humans and whose definitions are clearly not male, are often considered male unless they are explicitly made by women, such as doktoro, PhD (male or indefinite) compared to doktorino, PhD. This is similar to the situation with the English suffix-ess, as in the words of the baron/baroness, waiter/waitress, etc. Esperanto are similar. Местоимение ли он может быть использовано в общих чертах, в то ŝi что она всегда женщина. Esperanto speakers learn the language through self-study, online textbooks and correspondence courses taught by volunteers. More recently, free learning websites like lernu! and Duolingo have become available. Esperanto education is rarely available in schools, including primary schools as part of a pilot project led by the University of Manchester, and one point in several several Outside China and Hungary, however, they are mainly related to informal arrangements rather than dedicated departments or government sponsorship. From 1966 to 2004, the University of Eetvas-Lorenda of was chaired by Interlinguistics and Esperanto, after which training was transferred to vocational schools; there are state exams for Esperanto instructors. In addition, Adam Miscavige University in Poland offers a diploma in interlinguistics. In 2009, Brazil's Senate passed a bill that would make Esperanto an optional part of the curriculum in public schools, albeit mandatory if there is a demand for it. According to him, the bill is still under consideration by the Chamber of Deputies since 2015. In the , Esperanto is offered as a weekly evening course at Stanford University's Bectel International Center. Conversational Esperanto, International Language, is a free drop-in-the-class that is open to Stanford students and the public on campus during the school year. With administrative authorization, Stanford University students can take classes for two credits per quarter through the Faculty of Linguistics. Even four lessons are enough to get more than just basics, esperanto's website at Stanford reads. After a Esperanto course at the university and a passion for the language, two Stanford University students embarked on a research project, traveling around Europe to document the history and use of Esperanto. They visited official institutions dedicated to Esperanto, including the Esperanto Museum in , and took part in language tours and distributed the survey to major Esperanto organizations. Their research focused on the Esperanto carrier community in the hope of highlighting the Esperanto community and the public at large. According to various teachers, Esperanto can be edisted anywhere from one quarter to one-twentieth of the time required for other languages. Claude Piron, an Esperanto activist and Sino- English-Russian-Spanish translator for the United Nations, argued that Esperanto is much more intuitive than many ethnic languages: Esperanto relies entirely on innate reflexes and differs from all other languages in that you can always trust your natural tendency to generalize patterns. ... The same neuropsychological law, called By Gene Piase, generalization of assimilation, refers to both the formation of words and grammar. Third Language Acquisition Home article: Propaedeutic Value Esperanto Four Primary Schools in the UK, with 230 pupils now following a course in profedeutic esperanto, i.e. learning in Esperanto to raise awareness of the language and speed up subsequent foreign learning under the supervision of the University of Manchester. As they put it, many schools are used to kids recorder, not to produce a nation recorder players, but as a preparation to learn other tools. (We teach) Esperanto, not to produce a nation of Esperanto-speaking, but as a preparation for learning other languages. The research has been conducted in New york, the United States, the United States and . The results of these studies were favorable and showed that learning Esperanto to another foreign language accelerates the acquisition of another, natural language. This seems to be because learning subsequent foreign languages is easier than learning your first foreign language, while using a grammatically simple and culturally flexible auxiliary language like Esperanto reduces the first language learning obstacle. In one study, a group of European high school students studied Esperanto for one year, then French for three years, and ended up with a significantly better knowledge of French than a control group that studied French for all four years. Main community article: Esperantogio Geography and Demography Location Map of the hosts of , the Esperanto house community, by 2015 Esperanto is by far the most widely circulated built language in the world. Speakers are most numerous in Europe and East Asia, especially in urban areas, where they often form Esperanto clubs. Esperanto is particularly prevalent in northern and central European countries; China, Korea, Japan and within Asia; Brazil, and Mexico on the American continent; and togo in . Confronting the general criticism of Esperanto, statistician Svend Nielsen found that there was no significant correlation between the number of Esperanto speakers and the similarity of this national native language with Esperanto. He concludes that Esperanto tends to be more popular in rich countries with wide Internet access and which tend to contribute more to science and culture. It has been found that linguistic diversity within the country has a small inverse correlation with the popularity of Esperanto. The number of speakers was made by Sidney S. Culbert, a retired professor of psychology at the University of Washington and a longtime Esperantist who has tracked and tested Esperanto speakers in sample areas in dozens of countries for twenty years. Culbert concluded that one to two million people speak Esperanto at the level of external service 3, professionally proficient (capable of communicating moderately complex ideas without hesitation, and follow speeches, radio broadcasts, etc.). Culbert's assessment was not only made for Esperanto, but also became part of his list of ratings for all languages of more than one million speakers, annually mutilated in the World Almanac and Facts. The most detailed report on Culbert's methodology is contained in a 1989 letter to David Wolff. Since Culbert has never published detailed interim results for specific countries and regions, it is difficult to assess the accuracy of its results on its own. In the almanac, his estimate of the number of native speakers was rounded up to the nearest million, so the number of Esperanto speakers is shown as two million. The last figure appears in the ethnologist. Assuming that this figure is accurate, it means that about 0.03% of the world's population speak this language. Although the purpose of the zamenhof is not a universal language, it still represents a level of popularity that is disproportionate to any other language built. Marcus Sikosek (now ziko van Dijk) disputed that figure of 1.6 million as exaggerated. He calculated that even if Esperanto speakers were evenly distributed, suggesting that one million Esperanto speakers around the world would result in about 180 people expected in Cologne. Van Dijk finds only 30 free speakers in this city, and just as smaller-than-expected figures in several other places are believed to be greater than the average concentration of Esperanto speakers. It also notes that a total of about 20,000 members of various Esperanto organizations (other estimates above). While there were undoubtedly many Esperanto-speakers who were not members of any Esperanto organization, he considered it unlikely that there were fifty times as many speakers as members. Finnish linguist Jouko Lindstedt, an expert on Esperanto speakers, presented the following scheme to show the general proportions of language capabilities in the Esperanto community: 1000 have Esperanto as their native language. 10,000 speak it fluently. 100,000 can use it actively. A million understands a large number passively. Ten million studied it to some extent at some point. In 2017, doctoral student Svend Nielsen estimated about 63,000 Esperanto speakers worldwide, based on association membership, Esperanto websites and census statistics. However, this number was disputed by statistician Stan Johansson, who questioned the reliability of the original data and highlighted the large margin of error, with which Nielsen agrees. However, both stated that the new number was probably more realistic than some previous projections. In the absence of detailed data from Dr. Culbert's sample or any other census data, it is not possible to know with certainty the number of speakers. According to the World Esperanto Association website: The number of textbooks sold and membership in local societies put the number of people with some knowledge of the language in the hundreds of thousands and possibly millions. Main article of native speakers: Native Esperanto Esperanto carriers, dennascula, learned the language from birth from Esperant-speaking parents. This usually occurs when Esperanto is the main or only common language in the international family, but sometimes occurs in the Esperanto-speaking family, who often use the language. The 15th edition of Ethnologue estimated that there were between 200 and 2,000 native speakers in 1996, but those figures were removed from the 16th and 17th editions. The current online version of Ethnologue gives L1: 1000 users (Corsetti et al 2004). By 1996, there were about 350 cases of Esperanto-speaking families in these families (meaning that there were about 700 Esperanto natives who did not identify older speakers). Cultural Esperanto Books at the Esperanto World Congress, 2008 Highlights: , Esperanto Literature, Esperanto Film, and Esperanto Music Esperantists can gain access to international culture, including a large volume of original as well as translated literature. There are more than 25,000 books in Esperanto, both originals and translations, as well as several regularly distributed Esperanto magazines. In 2013, the Esperanto Museum opened in China. Esperantists use the language for free living with Esperantists in 92 countries, using Pasporta Servo or for the development of pen pals through Esperanto Koresponda Servo. Every year, Esperantists meet at the Universala Kongreso de Esperanto World Congress. Historically, much of Esperanto music, such as Kaj Tiel Plu, has been in various folk traditions. There is also a variety of classical and semi-classical choral music, both original and translated, as well as a large ensemble of music that includes voices singing Esperanto lyrics. Lou Harrison, who has incorporated styles and instruments from many world cultures into his music, has used Esperanto titles and/or lyrics in several of his works, most notably La Coro-Sutro (1973). David Gaines used Esperanto verses as well as an excerpt from Dr. Sedahof's speech for his Symphony No. 1 (Esperanto) for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1994-98). He wrote the original Esperanto lyrics for his choir, Povas plori mi ne plu (I Can Cry No Longer) for the unaccompanied SATB Choir (1994). There are also common traditions, such as the Day of the Zamenhof, and general patterns of behavior. Esperantists speak mainly Esperanto at esperanto international meetings. Esperanto's detractors occasionally criticize him as not having a culture. Supporters such as Professor Humphrey Tonkin of the University of Hartford point out that Esperanto is culturally neutral because it was supposed to be a mediator between cultures, not a carrier of any one national culture. The late Scottish author Esperanto Ould wrote a lot on the subject, arguing that is an expression of a common human culture not burdened by national borders. Thus, it is considered a culture of its own. Esperanto Heritage A number of Esperanto associations also promote education in and out of Esperanto and are aimed at preserving and promoting the culture and heritage of Esperanto. Poland added Esperanto to its list of intangible heritage in 2014. Famous authors in the main article Esperanto: authors esperanto Some authors of works on Esperanto: Muztar Abbasi (translation of the Koran in Esperanto) William Ould Julio Bagi Kazimienz Bain (Cabe) Marjorie Bolton Jorge Camacho Fernando de Diego (mostly translations) Kenji Miyazawa (Translation of his existing works to Esperanto) Nikolai Nekrasov Istvan Nemere Claude Piron Privat Frederick Pujule and Valles Baldur Ragnarsson Reto Rossetti Tibor Tibor Tiwadar Soros Sponc Shva Tiefalvi Vladimir Varankin Gaston Waringhien L.A. Orbergur Erarson Popular Culture This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding links to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to delete this message template) The main article: Esperanto in popular culture In Robert Hugh Benson's book Lord of the World Esperanto is presented as the predominant language of the world, just as Latin is the language of the Church. The reference to Esperanto appears in Karel's book War on News, published in 1936. As part of the excerpt on what language salamanders should learn, there are creatures with human cognitive abilities, it is noted that ... Esperanto was taught as a means of communication in reform schools. (P. 206). Esperanto has been used in a number of films and novels. Typically, this is done either in order to add an exotic taste to a foreign language without presenting any particular ethnicity, or to avoid going into trouble inventing a new language. Charlie Chaplin's film The Great Dictator (1940) featured signs of Jewish ghettos in Esperanto. Two feature films were produced with dialogue entirely on Esperanto: Angoroj, in 1964, and Incubus, a 1965 B-movie horror film that is also notable for starring William Shatner shortly before he started working on Star Trek. Captain Fantastic (2016) has a dialogue on Esperanto. Finally, Mexican filmmaker Alfonso Cuaron publicly demonstrated his fascination with Esperanto by calling his film company Esperanto Filmoj (Esperanto Films). Entrenationo's language school of teaching (representing the satire on Esperanto) appears in Graham Greene's novel The Confidential Agent, which was made into a film starring Charles Boyer and Lauren Bacall (1945). amateur productions have been made, such as the dramatization of the novel by Gerd Malaperis (Gerda disappeared). At Stamboul Train, Green used Esperanto as a language on signs at Budapest's main train station. A number of major films in national languages have used Esperanto in some way. Esperanto is used as a universal language in the distant future of Harry Harrison's stainless steel rat and Deadly World stories. Pula Anderson's story Treason takes place in the future, when the Earth became unified politically, but was still divided into many languages and cultures, and Esperanto became the language of its space armed forces fighting wars with different extraterrestrial races. Esperanto is considered the official language of all peoples of the Philip Jose Farmer Riverworld series. The opening song of the popular video game Final Fantasy XI, Memoro de la Ŝtono, was written in Esperanto. It was the first game in the series that was played online, and will have players from Japan and North America (official European support was added after the launch of North America), playing together on the same servers, using an automatic translation tool for communication. Composer Nobuo Uematsu felt that Esperanto was a good language, symbolizing world unity. In the geek fantasy novel Off being a wizard, Esperanto is programmed as a language that evokes all the spells of the master. The teacher explains that it's because no one speaks Esperanto, and it's easy to learn. Esperanto is in the Image Comics saga series as a blue language spoken by residents of Venk. It appears in blue. Blue is usually spoken only by residents of Wreath, while most other cultures use a universal language that seems to be simply called language. Some Wreath residents use interpreter rings to communicate with those who don't speak blue. Magic seems to be activated through the linguistic medium of Blue. In the television show Red Dwarf, which begins at the end of the 22nd century, crew member Arnold Rimmer constantly spends his time trying to learn Esperanto and failure, even compared to his two-tiered friend Dave Lister, who only maintains casual interest. In addition, many signs around the red dwarf ship are written in English and Esperanto. The novel Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers states that, although not required, it is widely expected that space corps officers will speak fluent language, hence Rimmer's interest. Esperanto is available in the choice of language in the video game Minecraft. In the first season 1 episode 15 of Nickelodeon's Danny Phantom, Werewolf, Wolf speaks Esperanto. In the 2010 animated film Superman/Batman: Apocalypse Supergirl is heard talking Esperanto. He is never mentioned as Esperanto, and serves as a confidant for Krypton. Hungarian Science Hungarian Bertalan Farkas, the first Esperantist in space In 1921, the French Academy of Sciences recommended the use of Esperanto for international scientific communication. Several scholars and mathematicians, such as Maurice Frechet (mathematics), John K. Wells (linguistics), Helmar Frank (pedagogy and cybernetics) and Nobel laureate Reinhard Selten (economics) have published part of their work on Esperanto. Frank and Selten were co-founders of the International Academy of Sciences in San Marino, sometimes referred to as the Esperanto University, where Esperanto is the main language of teaching and administration. The Esperanto message was recorded and included in the Voyager 1 Record. Esperanto's trading and trading business groups have been operating for many years. The French Chamber of Commerce did the study in the 1920s and told The New York Times in 1921 that Esperanto seemed to be the best business language. The goals of the movement had three goals, as he wrote back in 1887: to create a simple language, to create a language ready to use whether the language is common or not and to find a way to get many people to learn the language. So the intention of zamenhof was not only to create a simple language learning to promote peace and international understanding as a common language, but also to create a language for immediate use by the (small) language community. Esperanto was to serve as an international auxiliary language, that is, a universal second language, rather than replacing ethnic languages. This goal was shared by the Esperanto speakers at the beginning of the movement. Later, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and culture that had grown around it as ends in themselves, even if Esperanto was never accepted by the United Nations or other international organizations. Esperanto-speakers who want to see Esperanto accepted officially or on a large scale around the world are commonly referred to as finvenkistoj, from fina venko, which means the final victory. It should be noted that there are two types of - desubismo and desuprismo; the first aims to spread Esperanto among ordinary people (desube, bottom), with the aim of forming an ever-growing community of Esperanto speakers. The second is aimed at acting from above (desupre), starting with politicians. He considered the first way to have a better perspective, because for cases like ours, governments come with their approval and usually help only when everything is already completely finished. Those who focus on the inner value of the language are commonly referred to as raŭmistoj, from Rauma, Finland, where a declaration was made at the International Youth Congress in 1980 on the short-term improbability of the fina wreath and the value of Esperanto culture. However, the Manifesto de Raŭmo mentions the intention to continue to spread the language: We want to spread Esperanto to put into effect its positive values more and more, step by step. In 1996, the Prague Manifesto was adopted at the annual congress of the World Esperanto Association (UEA); it was signed by individual participants and then by other speakers in Esperanto. Recently, language learning apps, such as Duolingo and Amikumu, have helped increase the number of fluent Esperanto speakers and find others in their field to speak the language. Symbols and Flags Main Article: Esperanto symbols Esperanto symbols Verda stelo Jubilea simbolo The earliest flag, and one most commonly used today, features a green five-pointed star against the white canton, on the field of green. It was proposed by Richard Geogegan, author of the first Esperanto textbook for English speakers, in 1887. The flag was approved in 1905 by delegates to the first Esperantist conference in Boulogne-sur-Mer. The version with E superimposed on the green star is sometimes seen. Other options include that for Christian Esperantists, with a white Christian cross superimposed on a green star, and that for the left, with the color of the field changed from green to red. In 1987, the second flag design was selected in a competition organized by UEA, celebrating the first century of the language. It featured a white background with two stylized curved E faces to each other. Dubbed jubilea simbolo (anniversary symbol), it drew criticism from some Esperantists, who dubbed it melon (melon) because of the elliptical shape of the design. It is still used, albeit to a lesser extent than the traditional symbol known as verda stelo (green star). Esperanto's policy has been established in many proposed political situations. The most popular of these is Europe-Democracy- Esperanto, which aims to create Esperanto as the official language of the . Green's report, published in 2005 by Francois Greenem, notes that the use of English as a lingua franc in the European Union costs billions of dollars annually and brings significant financial benefits to English-speaking countries. The report examines a scenario in which Esperanto will lingua franca, and found that it will have many advantages, especially economically as well as ideologically. Left currents exist in the wider esperanto world, mostly organized through the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda founded by French theorist Eugene Lanti. Other well-known Esperanto socialists are Nikolai Nekrasov and Vladimir Varankin. Both Nekrasov and Varankin were arrested during Stalin's repressions in the late 1930s. Nekrasov was accused of organizing and leading a fascist, espionage, terrorist organization of Esperantists and executed on October 4, Varankin was executed on October 3, 1938. The Esperanto religion has played an important role in several religions, such as Omoto from Japan and Vera Bach of Iran, and has been inspired by others like some spiritualist movements. Omoto Oomoto's religion encourages the use of Esperanto among his followers and incorporates zamenhof as one of his mutual spirits. Bach's faith encourages the use of auxiliary international language. Abdu'l-Baha praised the esperanto ideal, and in the late 19th and early 20th century there was intimacy between Esperantists and Baha'i. On February 12, 1913, Abdu'l-Bahe gave a speech to the Esperanto Society of , and now thank God that Dr. Zamenhof invented the Esperanto language. It has all the potential qualities to become an international means of communication. We should all be grateful and grateful to him for these noble efforts; for in this way he served his fellow man well. With the tireless efforts and self- sacrifice of its devotees, Esperanto will become universal. Therefore, each of us must learn this language and disseminate it as much as possible so that it is more widely accepted day by day, accepted by all countries and Governments of the world and become part of the curriculum in all public schools. I hope that Esperanto will be adopted as the language of all future international conferences and congresses, so that all people should acquire only two languages - one their own language and the other an international language. Then the union will be created between all the people of the world. Think about how difficult it is to communicate with different countries today. If one studies fifty languages you can still travel around the country and do not know the language. So I hope that you will make every effort to ensure that this language of Esperanto can be widely disseminated, and Lydia zamenhof, daughter of L.L. Zamenhof, became Baha'i around 1925. James Ferdinand Morton Jr., one of the first members of Bach's faith in Greater Boston, was vice president of the Esperanto League for North America. Ehsan Yarshater, founding editor of the Encyclopedia Iranica, notes how, as a child in Iran, he learned Esperanto and that when his mother visited Haifa during a pilgrimage to Bach, he wrote her a letter in Persian and Esperanto. At the request of Abdu'l Bach, Agnes Baldwin Alexander became one of esperanto's earliest supporters and used it to spread Bach's teachings at meetings and conferences in Japan. Today there is an active auxiliary community of Bach's Esperanto, and various volumes of Bach's literature have been translated into Esperanto. In 1973, the Bach Esperanto League was founded for active Esperanto supporters. Spiritualism in 1908, Camilo Chaino wrote an article titled Spirit and Esperanto in the periodic La Vie d'Outre-Tombe, recommending the use of Esperanto in the central magazine for all spiritualists and Esperantists. Esperanto then became actively promoted by spiritualists, at least in Brazil, originally By Ismael Gomez Braga and Frantisek Lorenz; The latter is known in Brazil as Francisco Valdomiro Lorenz, and was a pioneer of both spiritualist and Esperantist movements in this country. The Brazilian Federation of Spiritualists publishes textbooks on Esperanto, translations of the main books of Spiritism, and encourages Spiritualists to become Esperantists. The translation of the Bible The first translation of the Bible into Esperanto was a translation of Tanah or the Old Testament by L.L. Zamenhof. The translation was reviewed and compared to translations of other languages by a group of British clerics and scholars prior to its publication in the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1910. In 1926 it was published along with a translation of the New Testament, in a publication commonly called Londona Biblio. In the 1960s, Internacia Asocio de Bibliistoj kaj Orientalistoj tried to organize a new ecumenical version of the Esperanto Bible. Since then, Dutch pastor Gerrit Beveling has translated deuterokanonic or apocryphal books in addition to new translations of the Gospels, some New Testament messages, and some of Tanah's books or the Old Testament. They have been published in various individual booklets, or serialized in Dia Regno, but Deuterokanonic books have appeared in the latest editions of Londona Biblio. Christianity Mass on Esperanto during the 95th World Congress of Esperanto in , 2010 Christian Esperanto organizations include two that were formed at the beginning of esperanto history: the 1910-International Union of Catholic Esperantists. Two Roman Catholic popes, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, regularly used Esperanto in their multilingual urbi et orbi blessings for Easter and Christmas every year since Easter 1994. 1911 - International League of Christian Esperantists. Individual churches using Esperanto will include: The Society of Esperanto quaker, with activities as described in the friend question 1910-First christadelphian publications in Esperanto. There are cases where Christian apologists and teachers use Esperanto as a medium. Nigerian pastor Baio Afolaranmi in Spirita nutraĵo spiritual food) Yahoo mailing list, for example, hosts weekly messages since 2003. Chick Publications, publisher of Protestant fundamentalist thematic evangelical treatises, has published a number of treatises in the style of Comics by Jack T. Chick, translated into Esperanto, including This Was Your Life! (Jen Vue Vivo!) Plan to save the Latter-day Saints in Esperanto. Teh Mormon was partially translated into Esperanto, although the translation was not officially approved by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There is a group of Mormon Esperantists who distribute church literature in this language. Islam Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran called on Muslims to study Esperanto and praised its use as a means to better understand people of different religious backgrounds. After he proposed Esperanto to replace English as an international lingua franca, it began to be used in Kuma seminaries. Shortly thereafter, the State published an Esperanto translation of the Koran. The main article of modifications: Although Esperanto itself has changed little since the publication of Fundamento de Esperanto (Esperanto Foundation), a number of reform projects have been proposed over the years, starting with the proposals of the Zagonhof in 1894 and in 1907. Several later languages, such as Universal, were based on Esperanto. In our time, attempts are being made to eradicate perceived sexism in a language such as riism. Criticism This section needs additional quotes to check. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) There have been many objections to Esperanto over the years. For example, there was criticism that Esperanto was not neutral enough, but also that it should convey a specific culture that would make it less neutral; that Esperanto does not rely on a sufficiently wide range of languages of the world, but that it should be more narrowly European. Esperantists of neutrality often argue over Esperanto as a culturally neutral means of communication. However, he is often accused of Eurocentrism. This is most often noted in the dictionary, but equally refers to anthology, phonology and semantics, all of which are completely European. The vocabulary, for example, relies on about three-quarters of the Romanesque languages, with the remainder mostly from Greek, English and German. Syntax is romance, and phonology and semantics are Slavic. Grammar is perhaps more European than not. Critics argue that a truly neutral language will rely on a much wider range of languages in order not to give an unfair advantage to native speakers of any of them. Although a truly representative sample of thousands of languages in the world would be inoperable, a conclusion from, say, Romance, Semitic, Non-Tibetan and Sino-Tibetan language families would be fairer than Esperanto-like, since these families cover about 60% of the world's population, compared to a quarter for Roman and German. (quote needed) See also: Gender reform in Esperanto Esperanto is often blamed for sexism at its core, because the form of some nouns by default is male, while the resulting form is used for women, which is said to retain traces of a male-dominated society of late 19th century Europe whose product is Esperanto. There are several dozen male nouns, most notably names and related terms such as sinjoro Mister, Sir vs. Sinjorino Missine, Ma'am and Patro Father vs. Patrino's mother. In addition, gender-neutral nouns are often considered male unless they are explicitly women, such as doktoro, Ph.D. (male or indefinite) compared to doktorino, a doctoral thesis. This is similar to the situation with the English suffix-ess, as in the baron/baroness, waiter/waitress, etc. Esperanto pronouns are similar. As in English, whether it can be used in general terms, in ŝi as she is always a woman. The case and number of Speakers of languages without grammatical cases or adjective agreement often complain about these aspects of Esperanto. Also in the past, some people have found the classic Greek plural forms (nouns in -oj, adjectives in -aj) to be clunky, suggesting instead that Italian-i would be used for nouns, and that no plural would be used for adjectives. These proposals were accepted by the Ido reform. Achieving the goal of its creator One common criticism is that Esperanto could not live in the hope of its creator, who dreamed of becoming a universal second language. Because people did not want to learn a new language that almost no one spoke, he asked people to sign a promise to start studying Esperanto as soon as ten million people made the same promise, but he was disappointed that he received only a thousand replies. and more than two million were challenging. The eponymous entities see also: the object of zamenhof-Esperanto there are some geographical and astronomical features named after Esperanto, or in honor of its creator L.L. zamenhof. These include the island of Esperanto in Antarctica, as well as the asteroids 1421 Esperanto and 1462 zamenhof, discovered by Finnish astronomer and Esperantist Irge Weisule. See also Built Languages Portal Language Portal Listen to this article This audio file was created from the revision of this article from 2010-08-18, and does not reflect subsequent edits. (Audio HelpMore Conversation Articles) Description esperanto Arcaicam Esperant Comparison Esperanto and Ido Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua Comparison between Esperanto and Novia distributed translation of the language duolingo Encyclopedia in Esperanto EoLA ESP-Disk Esperantical Studies Foundation Esperanto Esperanto Wikipedia Esperantuho lernu! International English List of Journals on Esperanto for Indigenous Peoples List of The Largest Languages Without Official Status of the North Semajno de Kulturo Internacia Summer Institute - In Esperanto, as in English, a common metaphor based on a literal, architectural sense- Except for the 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq m) condominium, which existed from 1816 to 1920 as a disputed territory; but this country itself has not received international recognition. - Summary of locale data for Esperanto (eo) CLDR - Unicode Locale's general data warehouse. Received September 28, 2019 - Harald Harmann, Eta leksikono pri lingvoj, 2011, archival date March 4, 2016: Esperanto ... estas lernata ankaŭ de pluraj miloj da homoj en la mondo kiel gepatra lingvo. (Esperanto has also been studied by several thousand people in the world as a native language.) - Jouko Lindstedt, Jouko, Oftaj demandoj pri denaskaj Esperant-lingvanoj (Frequently asked questions about Esperanto-speaking carriers), file date March 3, 2016. b Nova takso: 60,000 Esperanton parola (New estimate: 60,000 speak Esperanto) (Esperanto). . February 13, 2017. Received on February 13, 2017. b c d e Esperanto (20th place). An ethnologist. Received on October 6, 2017. Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmat, Martin, eds. (2017). Glottologist 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. What is UEA?, General Esperanto Association, 2018. Received on July 21, 2018. Daniel Jones (2003) (1917), Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2 Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0 - Doktoro Esperanto, Ludwick Leiser Replacement. Global Britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. - Shore, page 70 harvnb error: no goal: CITEREFSchor (help) - b Sutton, Jeffrey (2008). A brief encyclopedia of original Esperanto literature, 1887-2007. Mondial. ISBN 978-1-59569-090-6. Hitler specifically attacked Esperanto as a threat in his speech in (1922) and in Mein Kampf (1925). The Nazi Minister of Education banned the teaching of Esperanto on May 17, 1935 ... all Esperantists were essentially enemies of the state - service, through their language, Jewish-internationalist purposes (pages 161-162) - General Conference Records, Eighth Session, Montevideo 1954; Resolutions (PDF). UNESDOC database. Unesco. PEN International - Esperanto Center. pen-international.org. Received on 6 October 2017. Salisbury, Josh. Saluteon!: the unexpected return of Esperanto. Keeper. Received on May 16, 2018. Satski, Jason (July 20, 2009), Disconcerting Words, Failure Magazine, archived from the original on November 19, 2011, But in terms of invented languages, this is the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers -- even native speakers -- and a major achievement compared to 900 or so other languages that do not have speakers. - Arica Okrent - b Esperanta Sivito - Pacteau. esperantio.net. After half an hour I could speak more Esperanto than Japanese, I studied for four years in high school - Richard Delamore. In: Kiel la esperantistoj povas denove avangardi?, Kontakto 277 (2017:1), page 20, TEJO - b d e f L.L.Zamenhof. International language. Warsaw. 1887 How many people speak Esperanto? - Esperanto.net». Corsetti, Renato; Pinto, Maria Antonietta; Tolomeo, Maria (2004). Regular regular: the phenomenon of excessive havtolization in Esperanto- speaking children (PDF). Language problems and language planning. John Benjamin Publishing Company. 28 (3): 261–282. doi:10.1075/lplp.28.3.04cor. ISSN 0272-2690. OCLC 4653164382. Archive (PDF) from the original dated July 21, 2015. Esperanto-Asosio: Kio Estas UEA?. Uea.org. received on January 14, 2015. User locations. Servo's passports. Archive from the original on November 15, 2013. Received on January 6, 2014. La programo de la kleriga lundo en UK 2013. Esperanto Asoso. Archive from the original dated August 5, 2013. Received on January 6, 2014. Wikipedia list. Meta.wikimedia.org. received on January 14, 2015. List of by language group. Meta.wikimedia.org. received on January 14, 2015. Bonvenon al-Wikipedia (Welcome to Wikipedia), front page of the Esperanto-language version of Wikipedia, October 4, 2019. Access to October 4, 2019. Brunts, Torsten (February 22, 2012). Tutmonda helplingvo por ĉiuj homoj. Google Translation Blog. Received on August 14, 2012. the question Esperanto for English speakers is now in beta!. Duolingo. Received on May 29, 2015. Duolingo: Incubator. Duolingo. Received on May 28, 2017. Changing how we display student numbers, July 20, 2018. Received on July 21, 2018. courses, October 28, 2019, Duolingo.com. Access to October 28, 2019 - Duolingo Language Courses. Duolingo. Received on April 15, 2019. Language courses for Hispanics, October 28, 2019, Duolingo.com. Access to October 28, 2019 - Language courses for Portuguese speakers, October 28, 2019, Duolingo.com. Access to October 28, 2019 - Esperanto for French speakers Duolingo.com. Access to access on September 15, 2020. Esperanto for Chinese speakers, Duolingo.com. Access to access on September 15, 2020. The letter is quoted in Esperanto: New Latin for the Church and Ecumenism by Ulrich Matthias. Translated from Esperanto by Mike Leon and Myra Mallarney , Dr. Esperanto International. L. Sevenhof. Received on April 15, 2016. Facsimile of the front page of the First Book in English, 1889. Esperanto. Ling.ohio-state.edu. 25 January 2003. Archive from the original on June 22, Bayram and Adelheim Hoo: Encyclopedia of teaching and learning the language. 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis, Hoboken 2013, ISBN 978-1-136-23554-2, p. 229. Esperanto and Anarchism (translated by Lexikon der Anarchie, Schwarzer Nachtshatten, Plon 1998, (ISBN 3-89041-014-6) Anarchist Library. theanarchistlibrary.org. Received August 8, 2017. Molossia. 226 Mary Lane, Dayton, Centro-esperanto.china.org.cn Nevada, USA. Archive of the original dated July 6, 2017 china.org.cn. Kafejo.com. June 2, 2004. Received on December 5, 2010. Esperanto is the language. Encyclopedia Britannica. Received on August 8, 2017. b Update on Esperanto. New York: Universal Esperanto-Asosio. Archive from the original on December 9, 2016. Based on the number of textbooks sold and membership ... the number of people who know Esperanto is hundreds of thousands and possibly millions. ... In 1954 ... Unesco... recognized that Esperanto's achievements were in line with goals and ideals, as well as the formal relationship between UNESCO and UEA. - Report on the international petition in favor of Esperanto, UNESCO, 1 June 1954 - translation of Esperanto - Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj (AIS) San Marino. Ais-sanmarino.org received on December 5, 2010. David Richardson: Esperanto learning and using international language. Esperanto-USA 3rd Edition 2004, ISBN 0-939785-06-4 p. 34 - Hamann, F.A. (April 1928). Esperanto's progress since World War II. A modern language magazine. 12 (7): 545–552. doi:10.2307/315767. JSTOR 315767. Documents of the world government (personal). Worldservice.org. received on January 14, 2015. a b Saul Levin, 1993. Can artificial language be more than a hobby? Linguistic and sociological obstacles. In Ian Richmond (ed.) Aspects of Internationalism: Language and Culture. a b Christian century, 1930, 47:846 - (...) ni esperas, ke pli aŭ malpli frue, eble post multaj jarcentoj, sur neŭtrala lingva fundamento, Komprenante unu la alian, la popoloj faros en konsento unu grandandon familian. L.L. zamenhof. Kongresaj paroladoj. Yekaterinburg (Ruslanda Esperantisto). 1995, page 23-24 , Wexler, Paul (2002). Two-level rexification in Yiddish: Jews, sorbs, Hazaras and Kiev-Poles . De Gruiter Muton. ISBN 9783110898736. Bernard Spolsky, Languages of Jews: Sociolinguistic History, Cambridge University Press, 2014 pp.157,180ff. p.183 - Blanke, Detlev (1985). International Plansprachen. Eine Einfurung (International Planned Languages. An Sammlung Academy-Verlag. Verlag Academy. ISSN 0138-550X. Kaloksai and Waringhien (1985) Plena analysis grammar de Esperanto, No 17, 22 - PMEG - Bazai elparolaj reguloj - Konsonanta variado. PMEG. Esperanto Foundation - Gramatico Franca. Academico de Esperanto. Esperanto Foundation - Gramatico Angle. Academico de Esperanto. Esperanto Academy (2007): Oficialaj Informoj, Numero 6 - 2007 01 21. Amiketo and Tajpi are keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux - Esperanta Klavaro. windowsphone.com. - Criticism all'esperanto ed alle altre lingue internazionali. Parracomumangi.altervista.org. received on December 5, 2010. La Bona Lingwo, Claude Piron. Vienna: Pro Esperanto, 1989. La lingvo volas eleganti, ne elefanti. Language wants to be elegant, not elephant. - Maire Mullarney Every Own Language, p147, Nitobe Press, Channel Islands, 1999 - Mikoshai Glinski (November 14, 2016). How many Polish There on Esperanto?. Piron, Claude (1994). Le d'fi des langues: du g'chis au bon sens. L'Harmattan Editions. ISBN 9782296287556. Similar languages in Esperanto. ezglot.com. received on October 6, 2017. Piron, Claude. Esperanto, Western?. Received on April 6, 2020. a b Bertilo (esperanto) - Critiche all'esperanto ed alle altre lingue internazionali (in Italian) - Kalocsay, Koelman; Waringhien, Gaston (1985). Plenary Analysis Of the Grammar de Esperanto. Esperanto-Asosoio station wagon. page 73. ISBN 9789290170327. Esperanto en universitatoj. Uea.Org. 17 April 2003. Archive from the original on May 29, 2012. Received on December 5, 2010. enthavo. October 27, 2009. Archive from the original on October 27, 2009. Received on December 5, 2010. Elt bk. Webcitation.org. Archive from the original on October 21, 2009. Received on December 5, 2010. Diploma in Interlinguistics (ESPERANTO). Archive from the original on April 18, 2012. Atividade Legislativa - Projetos e Matrias (in Portuguese). Senado.gov.br. Received on January 14, 2015. PL 6162/2009 - Projetos de Lei e Outras Proposi'es - Camara dos Deputados (in Portuguese). Camara.gov.br. received on January 14, 2015. Entidades manifestam apoio - proposta de incluir ensino de Esperanto na grade de disciplinas da rede p'blica. Senado Federal - Portal de Notacias (in Portuguese). Received on January 14, 2015. Esperanto - Stanford University. esperanto.org University, Stanford , March 30, 2017). Students explore Esperanto all over Europe. Stanford news. Is Esperanto four times easier to learn?. Esperanto-USA. Archive from the original on March 10, 2013. Received December 5, 2010.CS1 maint: BOT: status original-url unknown (link) - Piron, Claude: The Hidden Vicious Effect of the Current System of International Communication Archive July 7, 2014, in Wayback Machine, published lecture notes : Springboard to Languages. Springboard2languages.org. received on December 5, 2010. Report: Article in Enciklopedio de Esperanto, Volume I, p.436, about the pedagogical value of Esperanto. Report: Christian Rudmick, Wellesley College Danish-Esperanto Experiment. Report: Edward Thorndick, language study. Bureau of Publications of the Teachers' College, 1933. Interlingua.org - Helen S. Eaton, Educational Value of Artificial Language. Contemporary language magazine, No. 12, page 87-94 (1927). Blackwellpublishing.com Archive july 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machines Protocols of the annual November meetings in Paderborn Laborkonferencoj: Interlingvistiko en Scienco kaj Klerigo (Working Conference: Interlinguistics in Science and Education), which can be obtained from the Institute of Educational Cybernetics in Paderborn. Also in the works of Frank, Lobin, Geisler and Meder. Learning international language (known as Esperanto) Commission, Interagency Decree (PDF). Internacialingovo.org 1993. Archive from the original (PDF) dated July 9, 2011. Received on January 14, 2015. Bishop Alan J. 1997 Report on the 1994-1997 Ekparoli Project. Clayton, Australia: Monash University. Archive from the original dated December 4, 2003. - Williams, N. (1965) 'Experiment on Teaching Language', Canadian Review of Contemporary Language 22.1: 26-28 - Byram, Michael (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Learning and Learning. Routledge. page 464. ISBN 0-415-33286-9. a b Sikosek, ziko M. Esperanto Sen Mito (Esperanto without myths). Second edition. Antwerp: Flandra Esperanto-Lygo, 2003. Africa Agado (Esperanto). Pagesperso-orange.fr archive from the original on January 9, 2009. Received on December 5, 2010. Svend Wendelbo Nielsen (September 24, 2017). Explaining the density of Esperanto speakers by language and politics. Calculinda. Received on October 7, 2017. Culbert, Sidney S. Three letters on his method of estimating the number of Esperanto speakers scanned and HTMLized by David Wolfe - Number of Esperantists (methods). Panix.com received on December 5, 2010. Lindstedt, Juko. Re: Kiom? (placement). DENASK-L@.fi, April 22, 1996. Ethnolog report for language code:epo. Ethnologue.com. received on December 5, 2010. Jouko Lindstedt (January 2006). Native Esperanto as a test case for natural language (PDF). The University of Helsinki is the Faculty of Slavic and and Literature. To quote the magazine requires magazine (help) - Esperanto in Etnologist (15th place, 2005) - Esperanto in ethnologist (16th 2009) - Esperanto. An ethnologist. Corsetti, Renato (1996). The native language is spoken mainly by fathers. Language Problems and Language Planning 20: 3, 263-73 - China's first Esperanto Museum opens. Xinhua News Agency. Archive from the original dated December 8, 2013. Get 14, 2015. Enrique Ellemberg (June 8, 2014) (1st pub, 1996). Esperantho Koresponda Servo. Fremont, California: Esperanto Fremont. Archive from the original january 11, 2016. Siko van Dijk. Sed homoj kun homoj: Universalaj Kongresoj de Esperanto 1905-2005. Rotterdam: UEA, 2005. Silvasi Laszlo. International Esperanto meetings. Eventoj.hu. received on December 5, 2010. musicexpress.com.br. Musicexpress.com.br. received on January 14, 2015. Auld, William. La Phenomenon Esperanto (Esperanto Phenomenon). Rotterdam: Universal Esperanto-Asoso, 1988. Update 79, October 2017, page 2, Association of Esperanto UK (EAB) - Polish List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa (Polish National Heritage Institute), page 14-15, 2014. Bensen, Robert Hugh (1907). Lord of the World (1917 - New York, USA: Dodd, Mead and company. page 125. Received August 17, 2020. War with Newts. 1936. Group of penguins. Published in 2010 by Penguin Classics. Translation: M.I.R. Weatherall. - Minecraft - Crowdin Translation Project. Crowdin. a b Peter Glover Forster (1982). The Esperanto movement. Walter de Gruiter. page 181. ISBN 978-90-279-3399-7. Academy Internasia de la Sciencoj rande de Pereo. Libera Folio (Esperanto). September 5, 2011. Received on July 1, 2012. Frank, Helmar; Fussmeier, Reinhard (2000). AIS - La Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino / Die Internationale Akademie der Wissenschaften San Marino. The Fuhrer Cybernetics Institute. page 449. ISBN 978-3-929853-12-4. PARISIAN BUSINESSMEN WILL USE ESPERANTO; The Committee of the Chamber of Commerce considers it useful as a code in international trade. The New York Times. February 16, 1921. Received on October 22, 2013. 1887: Unua Libro en Esperanto (First book on Esperanto, see introduction). NationalGeographic.org. received on October 19, 2017. Mark Feeney (May 12, 1999). Esperanto: amazing 2 million speakers worldwide get their words worth; Planned Language created in the 19th century. Boston Globe. p. F01. ISSN 0743-1791. Esperantists talk about the Fina wreath, or the final victory. The concept is that ultimately every moderately educated person... will know Esperanto enough to ... Order a cup of coffee ... La celo, por kiu ni laboras, povas esti atingita per du vojoj: aŭ for laborado de homoj privataj, t.e. de la popolaj amasoj, aŭ for dekreto de la registaroj. Plej kredeble nia afero estos atingita per la vojo unua, ĉar al tia afero, kiel nia, la registaroj venas kun sia sankcio kaj helpo ordinare nur tiam, kiam ĉio estas jam tute preta. L.L. zamenhof. Speech in Washington. 1910 - Silfer, Giorgio (1999). Kion Siglifas Raŭmismo. La Ondo de Esperanto (Esperanto). Kaliningrad, Russia. May 30, 2002. Ni celas disvastigi Esperanton por pli kaj pli, iom post iom realigi ĝiajn pozitivajn valorojn. Manifesto de Raŭmo - Esperanto Flags. Flagspot.net. received on January 14, 2015. Esperanto flag: anniversary symbol. Flags of peace. Archive from the original on August 31, 2007. Received on December 5, 2010. The Esperanto flag. Flags of peace. Archive from the original on August 31, 2007. Received on December 5, 2010. - Green, Francois (2005), L'enseignement des langues (trang'res comme politique publique (PDF) (pdf), Haut Conseil de L''''''valuation de l'cole, received 9 June 2019. SAT - Sennasieca Asocio Tutmonda. satesperanto.org received September 15, 2020. Hope for the Anniversary Hamodia Jewish and News . Hamodia. Received on September 15, 2020. Vladimir Varankin. www.goodreads.com. Received on 15 September 2020. Esperanto Omoto portal. Oomoto.or.jp received on December 5, 2010. Peter Smith (2000). Substitutehof, Lydia. A brief encyclopedia of Bach's faith. Oxford: Publications Oneworld. page 368. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. b c Smith, Peter (2000). Esperanto. A brief encyclopedia of Bach's faith. Oxford: Publications Oneworld. 134-135. ISBN 1-85168-184-1. Esslemont, J.E. (1980) (1923). Universal language. Bahauli and New Era (5th place). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bach Publishing Foundation. page 165. ISBN 0-87743-160-4. Katz, Esther (1999). Morton Jr., James Ferdinand (1870-1941). Electronic edition of Margaret Sanger: Margaret Sanger and the Rebel Woman, 1914-1916. Partnership of model publications. Archive from the original on October 11, 2017. Received on June 6, 2017. Interview with Professor Ehsan Yarshater, founder and editor of the Encyclopedia Iranica. Piwand News. March 25, 2016. Received on May 22, 2017. (in Portuguese) O Espiritismo e o Esperanto (spirit and esperanto) Archive December 16, 2009, in Wayback Machine - Uma sa l'ngua, Uma sa bandeira, um sa pastor: Spiritism and Esperanto in Brazil David Pardue (PDF). University of Kansas Libraries. Archive from the original (PDF) September 23, 2006. Received on August 26, 2006. La Sankta Biblio - London text.. Archive from the original on December 22, 2006. Received on August 26, 2006. Linguistic democracy - Christmas 2010, Benedict XVI and radicals: the use of Esperanto remains the only common thing. CES are quakers. noos.ch. Eric Walker (May 27, 2005). Esperanto lives. A friend. Botten J. Captive Conscience 2002 p.110 re. Esperanto speaks to the Naradelfians in Tsarist Russia. Internacy Biblio-Micio. Biblio-misio.org archive from the original on June 25, 2011. Received on December 5, 2010. Spirit nutraĵo Baio Afolaranmi. Spirita nutraĵo (Esperanto). Received on September 13, 2006. ^ It was your life. Chick.com. received on December 5, 2010. ELEKTITAJ ĈAPITROJ LA LIBRA DE MORMON. Received on October 6, 2017. Por Esperanta Mormonaro. Por Esperanta Mormonaro. Esperanto - Is there a government against Esperanto?. Donald Harlow. Archive from the original on February 2, 2009. Received on August 26, 2006. Esperanto in Iran (in Persian). Porfeniou. Received on August 26, 2006. a b c Ranto (JBR Anti-Zamengofism). jbr.me.uk. Received on 22 February 2020. b Why Esperanto is not my favorite artificial language. miresperanto.com. received on 22 February 2020. (in Italian) - Kaloksai and Waringhien, Plenary Grammar Analysis (1985:73) - Joan Acocella (October 24, 2016). Language for the unification of humanity. A New Yorker. Esperanto Island. Data.aad.gov.au. received on January 14, 2015. Tim Morley (August 13, 2012). Learn Esperanto First: Why Primary Schools Should Teach Esperanto (TEDxGranta TED Talk Video with closed captions). Emily van Someren. Republic of the dissertation EU language regime, language and broadcasting problems. Ludovicology of the documentary I Tokyo: Ludovicito, 1991. Unua Libro fax reissues in Russian, Polish, French, German, English and Swedish with the earliest Esperanto dictionaries for these languages. Esperanto Foundation. Html reissue 1905 Fundamento, from the Esperanto Academy. Lessons from Esperanto. Including alphabet, adjectives, nouns, plural, gender, numbers, phrases, grammar, vocabulary, verbs, exam, audio and translation. Auld, William. La Phenomenon Esperanto (Esperanto Phenomenon). 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