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Ingvild Mjelde Master.Pdf (4.859Mb) Ingvild Skau Mjelde Massedrapenes monumentologiske Ingvild Skau Mjelde materialitet En arkeologisk analyse av monumenter reist over massegraver og massedrap i Norge og Sverige Masteroppgave Masteroppgave i Arkeologi Veileder: Thomas Wallerström Massedrapenes monumentologiske materialitet monumentologiske Massedrapenes Trondheim, mai 2017 NTNU Det humanistiske fakultet Det humanistiske Institutt for historiske studier historiske for Institutt Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet teknisk-naturvitenskapelige Norges Ingvild Skau Mjelde Massedrapenes monumentologiske materialitet En arkeologisk analyse av monumenter reist over massegraver og massedrap i Norge og Sverige. Veileder: Thomas Wallerström Trondheim, våren 2017 Masteroppgave i arkeologi Det humanistiske fakultet Institutt for historiske studier i Forsidebilde: Monumentet over slaget ved Hjørungavåg. Foto lånt fra Sunnmørsposten, www.smp.no/pluss/article10511554.ece ii Summary Man has erected monuments for thousands of years to commemorate persons and events. The diversity of monuments ranges from grave mounds to menhirs and symbolical chairs, and we find them all around the world. But why were they erected and what was their purpose? Monuments do not tell the story of the past, but seek to incorporate one type of memory to people. In the 19th century, after the French Revolution, the focus point for monuments shifted from the victorious, the leaders and royalty, to the commoners – the “unknown soldier” and school teacher. In 1948, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights stated that all men, despite religious belief or political views, are equal and have the right to a life. It now became custom to commemorate the victims of, for example, battles. This thesis distinguishes between intentional and non-intentional monuments, where the intentional ones represent the monuments that we, with certainty, know were erected for the purpose as a monument; something that commemorates. Non-intentional ones, on the other hand, are objects having recently been given the function of a monument. Here I study the materiality of intentional monuments erected over mass graves or places where mass murder has taken place on the Scandinavian peninsula, to investigate if and how the materiality can tell us about the political relations and ideology behind the production of monuments, and how they have changed over time. In order to do this, I have prepared a categorization form that will break down the shape and use of monuments into individual characteristics, before doing a statistical and comparative analysis. The analysis shows a change in the monuments’ materiality through time. During the 19th century they expressed power by being tall, symmetrical and airy. The Second World War changed our way of building monuments; they now became smaller, more horizontal and increased in number. It is evident that the ideology regarding commemoration has gone from a monumental and imperative attitude, to a more “down-to-earth” attitude with focus on the victims and the oppressed. The types of monuments tell us that society has become more democratic than earlier, and underline the importance of the marginalized identity in society. iii iv Forord Da er snart et kapittel i livet mitt ferdig – fem år med høyere utdanning nærmer seg slutten. Det har vært en utrolig reise med oppturer og nedturer; artige og lærerike ekskursjoner og feltkurs, dyktige professorer og lærere, og ikke minst fantastiske medstudenter! Denne avhandlingen har vært alt annet enn en dans på roser. Jeg ble anbefalt av instituttet å bytte oppgave og tema i november 2016. Jeg vil veldig gjerne få takke Axel Christophersen og Thomas Wallerström for å hjelpe meg med å komme i gang med ny oppgave. Spesielt vil jeg rette en stor takk til min veileder det siste året, Thomas Wallerström. Uten deg, dine innspill og alle møtene våre hadde ikke dette gått. Tusen, tusen takk! Jeg vil også takke alle på lesesalen som har gjort de to siste årene uforglemmelige. Takk for alle innspill til oppgaven, og for all latter og ablegøyer. Jeg vil spesielt få takke Elise Kjørsvik som har støttet meg utrolig mye det siste året, du er god som gull. Takk til mamma, Kai og Elise som leste korrektur på oppgaven. Og så er det samboeren min, Sondre. Uten deg ville jeg ikke vært her jeg er i dag. Du har virkelig vært tålmodig med meg de siste årene, og spesielt i tiden før innlevering. Tusen takk for at du alltid er der for meg, og for at du har støttet meg hele veien. Til slutt vil jeg takke all familie for støtte opp gjennom årene. Dere har alltid hatt tro på at jeg skulle klare det. Denne oppgaven er tilegnet min gode, snille pappa. Alle feil og mangler er helt og holdent mine egne. Ingvild Skau Mjelde Trondheim, 14.05.2017 v vi Innhold Summary ............................................................................................................................................... iii Forord ..................................................................................................................................................... v Figurliste ................................................................................................................................................ x 1. Emne, problemstilling og bakgrunn.......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Emne: monumenter ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Intensjonelle vs. ikke-intensjonelle...................................................................................... 2 1.1.2. Monument som kollektiv erindring ...................................................................................... 2 1.1.3. Fravær av monumenter ........................................................................................................ 3 1.1.4. Hvorfor skriver en arkeolog om monumenter? .................................................................. 4 1.2. Problemstilling ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Oppgavens avgrensning .............................................................................................................. 7 1.3.1. Skandinavisk halvøy ............................................................................................................. 7 1.3.2. Monumenter over massegraver og massedrap ................................................................ 8 1.3.2.1. Definisjon av massegrav ............................................................................................... 8 1.3.2.2. Definisjon av massedrap ............................................................................................... 9 1.4. Oppbygning .................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5. Bakgrunn ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.5.1. Hvem og hva har blitt minnet? ............................................................................................. 9 1.5.2. Monumenter over massegraver og massedrap .............................................................. 11 2. Forståelser av monumenter – et forskningshistorisk riss ................................................ 15 2.1. Forståelser av monument .......................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1. Monumentalitet på 1940-tallet ........................................................................................... 15 2.1.2. Riegls «moderne kult» av monumenter ........................................................................... 17 2.1.3. Arkeologi og minne .............................................................................................................. 17 2.1.3.1. Kollektiv erindring ......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3.2. Individuelle minner ....................................................................................................... 19 2.2. Forskningshistorie rundt monumenter og minnesmerker ..................................................... 19 2.2.1. Monumentologi..................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2. Monument som politisk virkemiddel .................................................................................. 22 2.2.3. Øvrig forskning på monumenter ........................................................................................ 28 2.2.4. Hypotetiske monumenter ................................................................................................... 29 2.3. Forskningsstatus i dag ............................................................................................................... 29 3. Teori, empiri og metode ............................................................................................................. 31 vii 3.1. Teori .............................................................................................................................................. 31 3.1.1. Aktør-nettverksteori ............................................................................................................. 31 3.1.1.1. Inskripsjon og oversettelse
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