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Dalit and Their Products: an Anthropological Study Among the Rishi Community

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Dalit and Their Products: an Anthropological Study Among the Rishi Community Dalit and their Products: An Anthropological Study among the Rishi Community Supervised by Dr. Zahidul Islam Professor Department of Anthropology University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Submitted by Sk Mashudur Rahman Ph.D Scholar Registration No: 08 Academic Session: 2012-2013 Department of Anthropology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh This dissertation has been prepared for the fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Dhaka 2018 i | P a g e DECLARATION This Ph.D Dissertation has been prepared to submit to the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh in fulfilling the condition of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) program. All the materials embodied in this dissertation in original and has not been submitted in part or full for any other Diploma or Degree of this or any other university or institution at home or abroad. Sk Mashudur Rahman Date: The 29thDecember 2018 Ph.D Scholar Registration No: 08 Academic Session: 2012-2013 Department of Anthropology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh ii|P a g e CERTIFICATE This is my pleasure that Sk Mashudur Rahman has prepared the dissertation entitled “Dalits and their Product: An Anthropological Study among the Rishi Community”for the award of PhD degree in the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Dhaka. It is his original work and under my supervision, he has carried out the work. This Dissertation is submitted in the fulfilling of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Dhaka, during the session of 2012-2013 Supervisor Dr. Zahidul Islam Professor Department of Anthropology University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh iii|P a g e DEDICATION To the Rishis whose skill and knowledge are still un-recognized in the global market iv|P a g e Page No Contents Declaration ii Certificate iii Dedication iv Contents v List of Tables xii List of Charts xv List of Figures xvi List of Maps xvii List of Case Studies xviii List of Abbreviations xix Acknowledgement xxi Abstract xxiii Glossary xxviii Chapter 1 Problem and Understanding of 1-40 the Dalit community 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Statement of the Problem 2 1.3 Historical Background of Dalit Community 11 1.4 Objectives of the Study 17 1.5 Rationale of the Study 17 1.6 Scope of the Study 18 1.7 Theoretical Framework 20 1.8 Theoretical Issues 27 1.9 Conceptual Definition of Important Issues 29 1.10 Conclusion 39 Chapter 2 Methods and Materials 41-65 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Methodology 42 v|P a g e 2.3 Methods of the Study 43 2.4 Applied Techniques and Tools 46 2.5 Selection of the Study Area 48 2.6 Sampling and Sample Size 51 2.7 Data Processing and Analysis 53 2.8 Literature Review 53 Mythological Connection of Different 66-77 Chapter 3 Occupations of Rishi Community 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Dwelling Pattern of Rishi 67 3.3 Different Mythologies about Rishi Community 69 3.3.1 Muni-Rishi 69 3.3.2 Rishi 69 3.3.3 Ruidash 70 3.3.4 Ruidash and Sri Krisna 71 3.3.5 The Rishi of Ruidash 72 3.3.6 Rishi and Dash 72 3.3.7 The Untouchables and the Origin of Rishi 73 3.4 Traditional Skill for Producing Different Products 73 3.4.1 The art of Skinning, Skin Trade and Commerce 73 3.4.2 The Art of Sewing and Making Footwears 74 3.4.3 The Art of Making Drums 74 3.4.4 Expert of Musicians 75 3.4.5 Porters and Coolies 75 3.4.6 Village Police or Chowkidar 76 3.5 Involvement of Different Contemporary Producers and ServiceProviders 76 3.6 Conclusion 77 Chapter 4 Socio-economic Characteristics 78-88 of Different Producres among the Rishi Community 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Housing Structure 79 4.3 Sex and Age Group 81 vi|P a g e 4.4 Age Group and Marital Status 82 4.5 Educational Level and Age Group 82 4.6 Family Size, Land Holding and Food Intake 84 4.7 Family Occupation and Government Support 86 4.8 Conclusion 87 Manufacturing Product and Service Based 89-99 Chapter 5 Occupational Profile of Rishi People 5.1 Introduction 90 5.2 Main Products and Services 91 5.3 Involvement in other Type of Productions and Services 93 5.4 Learning Process of Making Products and Providing Services 94 5.5 Affected of Diseases by Involving Occupation Related Productions andServices 95 5.6 Going Outside for Selling Products and Providing Services 97 5.7 Conclusion 98 Chapter 6 Manufacturing Products of Rishi People 100-160 6.1 Bamboo Craft 102 6.1.1 Introduction 102 6.1.2 Experience wise Hours of Work and Daily Income 103 6.1.3 Product wise Per Unit Cost, Values, Earning and Sale Procedure 104 6.1.4 Expert of Bamboo Craft Workers 105 6.1.5 Seasonal Calendar for Bamboo Craftsman 109 6.1.6 SWOT Analysis of Bamboo Craftsman 110 6.1.7 Conclusion 111 6.2 Cane Craft 111 6.2.1 Introduction 111 6.2.2 Income and Hours of Work 112 6.2.3 Product, Average Cost and Value 112 6.2.4 Experience wise Sale Place and Sale Procedure of the Product 113 6.2.5 Case Studies of Different Cane Craft Experts 114 6.2.6 Seasonal Calendar for Cane Products 118 6.2.7 SWOT Analysis of Cane Craftsman 118 6.2.8 Conclusion 119 6.3 Footwear 119 vii|P a g e 6.3.1 Introduction 119 6.3.2 Household wise Average Year of Experiences, Hours of Works andDaily Income 122 6.3.3 Average per Unit Cost, Value and Earning by Type of Product 122 6.3.4 Production wise Sale Place and Sale Procedure 123 6.3.5 Story of Three Experts of Footwear Makers 123 6.3.6 Seasonal Calendar for the Product of FootwearMaker 126 6.3,7 SWOT Analysis of Footwear Makers 127 6.3.8 Conclusion 127 6.4 Drums 128 6.4.1 Introduction 128 6.4.2 Householdhead wise Working Experience, Hours of Work and DailyIncome 129 6.4.3 Per unit Cost, Value and Earning by the Type of Product 130 6.4.4 Sale Place and Sale Procedure of the Product 130 6.4.5 Musical Instruments 131 6.4.6 Story of Some Expert of Drum Makers 131 6.4.7 Seasonal Calendar for Drum Makers 141 6.4.8 SWOT Analysis of Drum Making Product 141 6.4.9 Conclusion 142 6.5 Carpentry 142 6.5.1 Introduction 142 6.5.2 Experience Wise Working Hours, Daily Incom and MaterialCollection Place 145 6.5.3 Place of Activity, Per Unit Cost, Value and Earning by Type ofProduct 147 6.5.4 Story of Expert Carpenters 148 6.5.5 Seasonal Calendar for Carpentry Works 150 6.5.6 SWOT Analysis of Carpenters 150 6.5.7 Conclusion 151 6.6 Home Made Showpieces Production 151 6.6.1 Introduction 151 6.6.2 Average Year of Experience, Hours of Work and Daily Income 152 6.6.3 Sale Procedure by User of Product 152 6.6.4 Average Per Unit Cost, Value and Earning by Type of Product 153 6.6.5 Story of Some Showpiece Workers 154 6.6.6 Seasonal Calendar for Showpiece Makers 158 6.6.7 SWOT Analysis of Showpiece Producers 159 viii|P a g e 6.6.8 Conclusion 160 Chapter 7 Service Related Products 161-201 7.1 Semen Insemination through Male Goats Rearing 163 7.1.1 Introduction 163 7.1.2 Householdhead’s Experience, Number of Male Goats and Numberof Crossing 165 7.1.3 Number of households’ Daily Fostering Cost per Male Goats, Daily 165 Incom and Earning 7.1.4 Story of Two Experts of Male Goats’ Rearer 166 7.1.5 Seasonal Calendar for Semen Insemination Activity 170 7.1.6 SWOT Analysis of Male Goat’s Rearer 17 1 7.1.7 Conclusion 171 7.2 Cattle Fattening through Cattle Castration 172 7.2.1 Introduction 172 7.2.2 Householdhead wise Year of Experiences, Number of Goats and 173 Bulls Crossing and per Day Working Hours 7.2.3 Raw Material Cost, Perday Income and Alternative IncomeSources 174 7.2.4 Case Story of Two Castrators for Docile 175 7.2.5 Seasonal Calendar for Cattle Castration 179 7.2.6 SWOT Analysis of Cattle Castrator 179 7.2.7 Conclusion 180 7.3 Footwear Repairing and Polishing 180 7.3.1 Introduction 180 7.3.2 Householdhead wise Year of Experience, Hours of Work and DailyIncome 183 7.3.3 Per Unit Cost, Value, Earning and Place of Raw Material CollectionProcess 184 7.3.4 Success Stories of Expert Footwear Repairer 185 7.3.5 Seasonal Calendar for Footwear Repairer 189 7.3.6 SWOT Analysis of Footwear Repairer 190 7.3.7 Conclusion 190 7.4 Raw Skin Management 190 7.4.1 Introduction 190 7.4.2 Householdhead Wise Year of Experience, Hours of Work andDaily Income 192 7.4.3 Householdhead Wise Per unit Cost, Value, and their Earning byType of Skin 193 7.4.4 Place of Raw Skin Collection Process, Value and their Earning by Type of Skin 194 ix|P a g e 7.4.5 Number of Days for Skin Preservation, Value, Earning and SalePlace 195 7.4.6 Story of Skin Processor for Managing Raw Skin 196 7.4.7 Seasonal Calendar for Managing Raw Skin 200 7.4.8 SWOT Analysis for Managing Raw Skin 200 7.4.9 Conclusion 201 Problems and Prospects: Rishi’s 202-216 Chapter 8 Point of View 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Marketing Problems 203 8.3 Marketing Strategy and Marketing Elements 204 8.4 Obstacles in Professional Development 206 8.5 Major Observations Regarding Problems 206 8.6 Strategies for Removing Obstacles 208 8.7 Ways of Income Improvement through their Knowledge 209 8.8 Assistance Required for Income Improvement 210 8.9 Livelihood Promotion: Methods 211 8.10 Source of Capital 212 8.11 Causes of Inadequate Capital 213 8.12 Required Capital (TK.) of Housholds 214 8.13 Key Issues for Rishi Livelihood Development 215 8.1.4 Conclusion 215 8.14 Conclusion 215 Chapter 9 Conclusion and Way Out the Problems 217-000 9.1 Conclusion 218 9.2 Way Out the Problems 218 Bibliography 223-236 Annexure I Checklist 237-238 Annexure II Questionnaire 239-246 Annexure III List of Rishis’ Households at Tala Upazila
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