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Determinants and Consequences of Bureaucrat Effectiveness: Evidence
Determinants and Consequences of Bureaucrat Effectiveness: Evidence from the Indian Administrative Service∗ Marianne Bertrand, Robin Burgess, Arunish Chawla and Guo Xu† October 21, 2015 Abstract Do bureaucrats matter? This paper studies high ranking bureaucrats in India to examine what determines their effectiveness and whether effective- ness affects state-level outcomes. Combining rich administrative data from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) with a unique stakeholder survey on the effectiveness of IAS officers, we (i) document correlates of individual bureaucrat effectiveness, (ii) identify the extent to which rigid seniority-based promotion and exit rules affect effectiveness, and (iii) quantify the impact of this rigidity on state-level performance. Our empirical strategy exploits variation in cohort sizes and age at entry induced by the rule-based assignment of IAS officers across states as a source of differential promotion incentives. JEL classifica- tion: H11, D73, J38, M1, O20 ∗This project represents a colloboration between the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), the University of Chicago and London School of Economics. We are grateful to Padamvir Singh, the former Director of LBSNAA for his help with getting this project started. The paper has benefited from seminar/conference presentations at Berkeley, Bocconi, CEPR Public Economics Conference, IGC Political Economy Conference, LBSNAA, LSE, NBER India Conference, Stanford and Stockholm University. †Marianne Bertrand [University of Chicago Booth School of Business: Mari- [email protected]]; Robin Burgess [London School of Economics (LSE) and the International Growth Centre (IGC): [email protected]]; Arunish Chawla [Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]; Guo Xu [London School of Economics (LSE): [email protected]] 1 1 Introduction Bureaucrats are a core element of state capacity. -
The Effectiveness of Jobs Reservation: Caste, Religion and Economic Status in India
The Effectiveness of Jobs Reservation: Caste, Religion and Economic Status in India Vani K. Borooah, Amaresh Dubey and Sriya Iyer ABSTRACT This article investigates the effect of jobs reservation on improving the eco- nomic opportunities of persons belonging to India’s Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). Using employment data from the 55th NSS round, the authors estimate the probabilities of different social groups in India being in one of three categories of economic status: own account workers; regu- lar salaried or wage workers; casual wage labourers. These probabilities are then used to decompose the difference between a group X and forward caste Hindus in the proportions of their members in regular salaried or wage em- ployment. This decomposition allows us to distinguish between two forms of difference between group X and forward caste Hindus: ‘attribute’ differences and ‘coefficient’ differences. The authors measure the effects of positive dis- crimination in raising the proportions of ST/SC persons in regular salaried employment, and the discriminatory bias against Muslims who do not benefit from such policies. They conclude that the boost provided by jobs reservation policies was around 5 percentage points. They also conclude that an alterna- tive and more effective way of raising the proportion of men from the SC/ST groups in regular salaried or wage employment would be to improve their employment-related attributes. INTRODUCTION In response to the burden of social stigma and economic backwardness borne by persons belonging to some of India’s castes, the Constitution of India allows for special provisions for members of these castes. -
Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010) Elaisha Nandrajog Claremont Mckenna College
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2010 Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010) Elaisha Nandrajog Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Nandrajog, Elaisha, "Hindutva and Anti-Muslim Communal Violence in India Under the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990-2010)" (2010). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 219. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/219 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE HINDUTVA AND ANTI-MUSLIM COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA UNDER THE BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY (1990-2010) SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR RODERIC CAMP AND PROFESSOR GASTÓN ESPINOSA AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY ELAISHA NANDRAJOG FOR SENIOR THESIS (Spring 2010) APRIL 26, 2010 2 CONTENTS Preface 02 List of Abbreviations 03 Timeline 04 Introduction 07 Chapter 1 13 Origins of Hindutva Chapter 2 41 Setting the Stage: Precursors to the Bharatiya Janata Party Chapter 3 60 Bharat : The India of the Bharatiya Janata Party Chapter 4 97 Mosque or Temple? The Babri Masjid-Ramjanmabhoomi Dispute Chapter 5 122 Modi and his Muslims: The Gujarat Carnage Chapter 6 151 Legalizing Communalism: Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (2002) Conclusion 166 Appendix 180 Glossary 185 Bibliography 188 3 PREFACE This thesis assesses the manner in which India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has emerged as the political face of Hindutva, or Hindu ethno-cultural nationalism. The insights of scholars like Christophe Jaffrelot, Ashish Nandy, Thomas Blom Hansen, Ram Puniyani, Badri Narayan, and Chetan Bhatt have been instrumental in furthering my understanding of the manifold elements of Hindutva ideology. -
No.108 of 2000 (Sbsinha and Ppnaolekar,JJ.,) 23.0
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Nair Service Society Vs. State of Kerala C.P.(Civil)No.108 of 2000 (S.B.Sinha and P.P.Naolekar,JJ.,) 23.02.2007 JUDGMENT S.B.Sinha,J., 1.In these petitions, interpretation of this Court's judgment as regards identification of 'creamy layer' amongst the backward classes and their exclusion from the purview of reservation, vis-`-vis, the report of Justice K.K. Narendran Commission (hereinafter referred to as 'Narendran Commission') and acceptance thereof by the State of Kerala in issuing the impugned notification dated 27.5.2000, falls for our consideration in this writ petition by the Nair Service Society ('the Society'), a Society which was initially registered under Section 26 of the Travancore Companies Act, 1914 and after coming into force the Companies Act, 1956, it would be deemed to have been registered under Section 25 thereof. The objects of the Society are said to be : “(i) to remove the difference prevailing from places to places amongst Nairs in their social customs and usages as well as the unhealthy practices prevalent among them; (ii) to participate in the efforts of other communities for the betterment of their lot and to maintain and foster communal amity; (iii) to work for the uplift of the depressed classes; (iv) to start and maintain such institutions as are found necessary to promote the objects of the society. It is not in dispute that it had filed a writ petition before the Kerala High Court questioning the validity of the report commonly known as Mandal Commission Report. -
Civil Service Reforms
Civil Service Reforms by M.Satish, Knowledge Manager (Human Development) Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad. Civil Service is essential for the functioning of government. The civil service has long been regarded as the ‘steel frame’ of administration in India right from colonial days. The colonial legacy of civil service is still continuing in this fast changing era of globalization. It is in this context that civil service reform forms a quintessential part for good governance. This paper delineates the importance of civil service right from ancient period to the modern and presents the problems affecting civil services, the reforms that are needed as suggested by various Committees and the reorientation that is needed for the civil service for effective service delivery. November 2004. Civil Service Reforms M. Satish, Knowledge Manager Centre for Good Governance, Hyderabad Civil service refers to the body of government officials who are employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor judicial. The concept of civil service was prevalent in India from ancient times. The Mauryan administration employed civil servants in the name of adhyakshas and rajukas . The examination for civil servants in those days too was very stringent as quoted by Kautilya’s Arthasastra. The expanse of the territory and the need to hold it intact made it imperative for the Mauryan administration to recruit civil servants based on merit. The concept of civil service again came into prominence when British in search of creating a framework to hold the territories of India, created the much coveted ‘Indian Civil Services’ or the ICS. Many changes took place in Indian Civil services since Lord Cornwallis introduced it in India. -
Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues
Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues Republic of India Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues REPUBLIC OF INDIA Submitted by: C.R Bijoy and Tiplut Nongbri Last updated: January 2013 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‗developed‘ and ‗developing‘ countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved Table of Contents Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples‘ Issues – Republic of India ......................... 1 1.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Scheduled Tribes ......................................................................................... 4 2. Status of scheduled tribes ...................................................................................... 9 2.1 Occupation ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Poverty .......................................................................................................... -
CASTE SYSTEM in INDIA Iwaiter of Hibrarp & Information ^Titntt
CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA A SELECT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of iWaiter of Hibrarp & information ^titntt 1994-95 BY AMEENA KHATOON Roll No. 94 LSM • 09 Enroiament No. V • 6409 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Mr. Shabahat Husaln (Chairman) DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1995 T: 2 8 K:'^ 1996 DS2675 d^ r1^ . 0-^' =^ Uo ulna J/ f —> ^^^^^^^^K CONTENTS^, • • • Acknowledgement 1 -11 • • • • Scope and Methodology III - VI Introduction 1-ls List of Subject Heading . 7i- B$' Annotated Bibliography 87 -^^^ Author Index .zm - 243 Title Index X4^-Z^t L —i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere and earnest thanks to my teacher and supervisor Mr. Shabahat Husain (Chairman), who inspite of his many pre Qoccupat ions spared his precious time to guide and inspire me at each and every step, during the course of this investigation. His deep critical understanding of the problem helped me in compiling this bibliography. I am highly indebted to eminent teacher Mr. Hasan Zamarrud, Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for the encourage Cment that I have always received from hijft* during the period I have ben associated with the department of Library Science. I am also highly grateful to the respect teachers of my department professor, Mohammadd Sabir Husain, Ex-Chairman, S. Mustafa Zaidi, Reader, Mr. M.A.K. Khan, Ex-Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, A.M.U., Aligarh. I also want to acknowledge Messrs. Mohd Aslam, Asif Farid, Jamal Ahmad Siddiqui, who extended their 11 full Co-operation, whenever I needed. -
Social Justice and Empowermentchapter 3
Part II Social Justice and EmpowermentChapter 3 Social Justice and Empowerment 3.1 Development and empowerment of and be able to lead a life with scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs), confidence and dignity. other backward classes (OBCs), minorities, Ensuring removal of disparities, disabled and other social groups in order to eliminating exploitation and bring them at par with the rest of society is a suppression and providing protection commitment enshrined in the Constitution. to the disadvantaged groups. This is to be done by adopting the approach of social justice to ensure equal rights, access to Ensuring that developmental benefits benefits and resources and empowerment to reach the unreached through equitable enable them to develop their potential and distribution. capacities as agents of social change, through Ensuring the involvement of the the process of planned development. socially disadvantaged groups in the process of planning not merely as SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED beneficiaries but also as participants in GROUPS the formulation of need-based programmes/projects, as well as their 3.2. The socially disadvantaged groups implementation, supervision and include the SCs, OBC and minorities. The monitoring. SCs number 166.64 million (16.2 per cent) Accelerating the on-going process of and minorities 189.4 million (18.42 per cent) improving the socio-economic status according to the 2001 Census. The OBCs, as of the disadvantaged groups through per a Government of India notification of 8 effective implementation of various September 1993, include castes and policies and programmes and thus bring communities which are named in both the them at par with rest of the society. -
Ganguly on Das Gupta, 'The Indian Civil Service and Indian Foreign Policy, 1923–1961'
H-Asia Ganguly on Das Gupta, 'The Indian Civil Service and Indian Foreign Policy, 1923–1961' Review published on Saturday, June 19, 2021 Amit Das Gupta. The Indian Civil Service and Indian Foreign Policy, 1923–1961. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2021. xvi + 314 pp. $160.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-138-06424-9. Reviewed by Sumit Ganguly (Indiana University) Published on H-Asia (June, 2021) Commissioned by Sumit Guha (The University of Texas at Austin) Printable Version: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=56532 There has long been a voluminous literature on India’s postindependence foreign policy. However, at least three recent developments have significantly leavened the scholarship on the subject. First, within the past decade, the Government of India has declassified significant numbers of documents pertaining to foreign policy decision-making and have placed them in the National Archives in New Delhi. Second, as a consequence, a number of able, young, and enterprising scholars have made deft use of these newly accessible documents. Their work has led to some reinterpretation of key events and turning points and have also provided more granular accounts of foreign policy decision-making at critical junctures. Finally, there has also been an effort on the part of a number of younger scholars to go beyond descriptive accounts of Indian decision-making. To that end, they have applied theoretical concepts and frameworks to the study of Indian foreign policy. These forays have started an incipient process of bringing the study of Indian foreign policy into the mainstream of foreign policy analysis. Owing to these three advances, the study of Indian foreign policy is undergoing a significant renewal. -
Bureaucratic Indecision and Risk Aversion in India
Working Paper Bureaucratic Indecision and Risk Aversion in India Sneha P., Neha Sinha, Ashwin Varghese, Avanti Durani and Ayush Patel. About Us IDFC Institute has been set up as a research-focused think/do tank to investigate the political, economic and spatial dimensions of India’s ongoing transition from a low-income, state-led country to a prosperous market-based economy. We provide in-depth, actionable research and recommendations that are grounded in a contextual understanding of the political economy of execution. Our work rests on two pillars — ‘Transitions’ and ‘State and the Citizen’. ‘Transitions’ addresses the three transitions that are vital to any developing country’s economic advancement: rural to urban, low to high productivity, and the move from the informal to formal sector. The second pillar seeks to redefine the relationship between state and citizen to one of equals, but also one that keeps the state accountable and in check. This includes improving the functioning and responsiveness of important formal institutions, including the police, the judicial system, property rights etc. Well-designed, well-governed institutions deliver public goods more effectively. All our research, papers, databases, and recommendations are in the public domain and freely accessible through www.idfcinstitute.org. Disclaimer and Terms of Use The analysis in this paper is based on research by IDFC Institute (a division of IDFC Foundation). The views expressed in this paper are not that of IDFC Limited or any of its affiliates. The copyright of this paper is the sole and exclusive property of IDFC Institute. You may use the contents only for non-commercial and personal use, provided IDFC Institute retains all copyright and other proprietary rights contained therein and due acknowledgement is given to IDFC Institute for usage of any content. -
Does Affirmative Action Work? Evaluating India's Quota System
Does Affirmative Action Work? Evaluating India's Quota System Alexander Lee∗ October 15, 2020 Abstract This paper examines two common critiques of ethnic quota policies in government hiring and education: that they do not benefit the target group, and that any benefits are unevenly distributed within the target group. It focuses on the effects of educational and hiring quotas for Other Backward Class (OBC) castes in India, using difference-in-difference and triple difference designs that take advantage of the gradual introduction of these quotas. The results provide little support for these critiques: affirmative action is associated with small increases in educational attainment and government employment among eligible age cohorts, though the increases in government employment may be a result of other social and political trends. These benefits extend even to poorer OBCs (though not the very poorest), and increase the chances of social contact between uneducated OBCs and government officials.1 ∗Department of Political Science, University of Rochester Thanks to Bill Ktai'pi, Jack Paine, Nishith Prakash, and seminar participants at the University of Connecticut, University of California Riverside and the American Political Science Association and Southern Political Science Association Annual Meetings for comments on the manuscript, and to Bridgette Wellington, Fred Arnold and K.S. James for assistance in obtaining data. 1Replication materials and code can be found at the Harvard Dataverse, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YWKZHJ, (Lee, 2020) 1 Introduction Many countries have severe economic inequalities between ethnic groups, often the result of deep-seated social discrimination or legacies of previous discrimination (Cederman et al., 2010). -
Combating Corruption
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Public Management Review COMBATING CORRUPTION: LESSONS OUT OF INDIA Krishna K. Tummala ABSTRACT This paper deals with the ubiquitous problem of corruption among public officials– both elected and appointed, in India. By looking at the legal and administrative provisions to combat corruption, it is shown how futile the attempts so far have been. Among the plethora of reasons for failure to combat corruption, it is concluded that the more important ones are the inadequate and inefficient enforcement mechanisms, lack of political will, and more importantly the cultural context of social tolerance and easy forgiveness. Any outrage that is there is largely confined to rhetoric, not action. Despite some helpful developments such as the newly conferred freedom of information, active investigative media and engaged civic groups, reasons for optimism appear to be minimal. The need seems to be a serious effort to develop sound norms by changing the societal culture, which places the premium on the shoulders of political parties. International Public Management Review · electronic Journal at http://www.ipmr.net 34 Volume 10 · Issue 1 · 2009 · © International Public Management Network “One cannot mandate honesty.” Veerappa Moily, Chair, Second Administrative Reforms Commission, 2007 India did not invent corruption, but it seems to excel in it. Preoccupation with the subject is almost ancient. While categorizing “forty ways of embezzlement” and as to how to deal with that, Kautilya made the following observation about human behavior: “Just as it is impossible not to taste the honey or the poison that finds itself at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government servant not to eat up, at least, a bit of the king’s revenue.