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Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979

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Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979 Durham E-Theses Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979 LOWMAN, THOMAS,JAMES How to cite: LOWMAN, THOMAS,JAMES (2020) Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13439/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979 Thomas James Lowman Abstract This thesis is a study of the causes and drivers of political violence during Idi Amin’s eight years as President of Uganda between 1971 and 1979. It is concerned with the relationship between political violence and order, the causes and function of political violence in post-colonial Africa, and the production and patterns of political violence, with a specific focus on the role of localised agency and coercive institutions in this production. It also seeks to contribute to a new wave of literature on the state and political life in Uganda under Amin. During Amin’s rule political violence became widespread, and hundreds of thousands of Ugandans are estimated to have been killed. The following chapters draw on a range of primary materials including Ugandan government records, oral interviews, and the testimonies given to two investigations into human rights abuses in 1974 and 1986 that have made a reappraisal of the period possible. This thesis argues that the power and reach of the Ugandan state under Amin has often been overestimated. Political violence in this period was the product of a weak state, struggling to successfully reproduce what Mitchell terms the ‘state effect’, in which the state comes to be regarded as separate to society, with a monopoly on deadly force. Uganda’s new rulers inherited the same constraints as their predecessors, and their approach to governance further undermined the functional capacity of the state apparatus. The spread of political violence that followed was driven by the vulnerability and insecurity of the new ruling clique, but it was also shaped by the localised agency and input of a wide range of state and non-state actors. Deteriorating and poorly controlled institutions, opportunistic crime and malicious denunciations, and the persistent failure of the new regime to impose and maintain consistent and disciplined practices within the repressive institutions through which they ruled all contributed to the apparently arbitrary and ‘chaotic’ pattern of violence for which the Amin era is typically remembered. !1/!278 Beyond Idi Amin: Causes and Drivers of Political Violence in Uganda, 1971-1979 Thomas James Lowman Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, Durham University August 2019 Funded by Northern Bridge, AHRC !2/!278 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………..4 Statement of Copyright…………………………………………………………………………….5 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………..6 i. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….….. …….….7 1. The Circle Widens: Violence and State Capture in Uganda, 1971-1972..….. ….……37 2. A Lion Rampant? Violence and Governance in Uganda, 1972-1975…..………….….. 93 3. Order of a Kind: Violence and Governance in Uganda, 1975-1979………..……….…. 141 4. ‘I Was Not Followed’: Uganda’s Violence Workers, 1971-1979………..………… ……..189 5. Violence and Governance in Acholi District, 1971-1979……………..…………..……… 225 6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..……………….….…258 7. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………..……………….….… 263 !3/!278 List of Abbreviations APC Armoured Personnel Carrier ASU Anti-Smuggling Unit CIDPU Commission of Inquiry into the Disappearances of People in Uganda CIVHR Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights in Uganda DC District Commissioner DP Democratic Party ECT Economic Crimes Tribunal FRONASA Front for National Salvation GDA Gulu District Archive GSU General Service Unit KY Kabaka Yekka LoC Library of Congress LRA Lord’s Resistance Army NRA National Resistance Army NRM National Resistance Movement OAU Organisation for African Unity PSU Public Safety Unit SRC State Research Centre UGNA Uganda National Archive UNLA Uganda National Liberation Army UPC Uganda People’s Congress !4/!278 Statement of Copyright “The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged.” !5/!278 Acknowledgements I would like to convey my most sincere appreciation to my supervisors, Professor Justin Willis and Doctor Jacob Wiebel, for their guidance, encouragement, and constructive criticism throughout my research. I am also most grateful to Doctor Cherry Leonardi and Doctor Rachel Johnson for their feedback and friendship during my time in Durham. I am extremely thankful to all of the supporting staff at Durham University and Northern Bridge, and for the funding and additional training that both bodies have provided for me over the last four years. I have benefitted immensely from the advice offered and standards set by my peers in the field of African Studies at Durham, including Matthew Benson, Sarah Marriot, Harry Cross, Nicky Kindersley, and Adrian Brown. My research in Uganda was made possible by the warm welcome, logistical support, translation work and feedback provided to me by Willy Mugherwa, Arthur Owor, Sunday Okot, Zaid Sekitto, and David Angualia. I am grateful to Simon Mpanga for his teaching and patience as I took my first steps learning Luganda. Fellow researchers Doreen Kembabazi, Abigail Meert, and Bruno Braak were instrumental in offering their support and feedback, and I am sincerely thankful to Elizabeth Storer for providing accommodation, guidance and friendship during my research in Arua. I am also most grateful to the staff at Makerere University, the Uganda National Archive, Gulu District Administration, and the Human Rights Commission in Kampala for their work. My archival work in Washington DC was generously funded by the AHRC and I am grateful to Travis Hensley and Michael Stratmoen and the staff at the Kluge Centre for all of their help during my stay. I am enormously fortunate to have made and lived with some wonderful friends over the course of my study. My earnest thanks go to Flora, John, and Finola for being fantastic housemates and a constant source of support during my time in Durham, to the wonderful people of St Cuthbert’s College, all of the guests at Claire’s house in Makindye, my fellow Kluge scholars, and to Brendan for hosting me in America. Finally, I am immensely lucky to have had the unerring support of my parents, Ann and Mark, throughout my research, as well as the encouragement of my wider family, and I am forever thankful to Hannah for supporting me in this final year of writing up. The following thesis is dedicated to my Grandfather, Raymond Fullbrook, who would have loved the chance to study history for a living, and whose passion for learning I have inherited. !6/!278 i. Introduction The following thesis is a study of the causes and drivers of political violence during Idi Amin’s eight years as President of Uganda between 1971 and 1979. It is concerned with the relationship between political violence and order, the causes and function of political violence in post-colonial Africa, and the production and patterns of political violence, with a specific focus on the role of localised agency and coercive institutions in this production. It also seeks to contribute to a new wave of literature on the state and political life in Uganda under Amin. During Amin’s rule political violence became widespread, and hundreds of thousands of Ugandans are estimated to have been killed. New security units were created and quickly gained a lasting reputation for torture and murder. The extreme insecurity generated by this violence made detailed analysis of the Amin regime at the time difficult, but recent writing has employed a range of valuable primary materials to gain further insight into the period. Drawing on these materials, this thesis re- examines political violence in Uganda under Amin’s rule. The key themes of the thesis, and their analytical significance are outlined below, followed by an outline of my research methodology, and the thesis structure. Violence and the State in Amin’s Uganda The past decade has seen increasing academic attention being given to Amin’s eight year-reign in Uganda, and to political and social life under his military government. Oversimplified visions of Amin as a psychotic dictator, and the country as an extension of his maverick persona have been !7/!278 abandoned in favour of detailed historical work utilising an array of useful historical sources that have since become available. These include rehabilitated district archive files from across Uganda, oral interviews, and the testimonies recorded in two significant investigations into violence in Uganda, one undertaken under Amin himself in 1974, and the other organised by Museveni’s National Resistance Movement (NRM) in 1986. These materials have made possible the analysis of many different aspects of life in the country at this time from many different perspectives. This thesis takes inspiration from a 2013 special collection in the Journal of Eastern African Studies entitled ‘Rethinking Amin’s Uganda’. The articles in this collection employ a range of now accessible information to critically revisit the Amin era.
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