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Moved by the City

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Moved by the City View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki MOVED BY THE CITY EXPERIENCES OF HELSINKI IN FINNISH PROSE FICTION 1889–1941 Lieven Ameel ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Arts at the Helsinki University for public examination in Auditorium XII, University Main Building, 14 June 2013, at 12 noon. ISBN 978-952-10-8861-2 (pbk.) ISBN 978-952-10-8862-9 (PDF) Cover Image (printed book) Alvar Cawén: The Russian Fleet in the Harbour of Helsinki 1918. Photographer: Rauno Träskelin To purchase the printed book, contact the author at [email protected] Unigrafia Helsinki 2013 To Lucas and Iris ABSTRACT This study analyses experiences of Helsinki in prose fiction published in Finnish in the period 1889–1941. It examines the relationships that are formed between Helsinki and fictional characters, focusing, especially, on the way in which urban public space is experienced. Particular attention is given to the description of movement through urban space. The primary material consists of more than sixty novels, collections of short stories and individual short stories. Theoretically, this study draws on two sets of frameworks: on the one hand, the expanding field of literary studies of the city, and on the other hand, theoretical concepts provided by humanistic and critical geography, as well as urban studies. Following an introduction, which includes a concise history of Helsinki, a theoretical chapter charts the relevant concepts and theoretical approaches to the city in literature. The analysis of the selected corpus is divided into five chapters, loosely following a chronological order and structured thematically. In each chapter, one key text is used as a window from which to approach particular thematics. The third chapter analyses experiences of arrival in the city, using Juhani Aho’s Helsinkiin (1889) as a prototypical text. The fourth chapter studies experiences of urban public space around the turn of the century, with particular attention given to Eino Leino’s Jaana Rönty (1907). In the fifth chapter, Arvid Järnefelt’s kaleidoscopic Veneh’ojalaiset (1909) functions as a key novel to approach experiences of a transforming and even disappearing Helsinki. The sixth chapter, focusing on Mika Waltari’s Suuri illusioni (1928), analyses the aestheticization and internalization of the urban experience in 1920s and 1930s Helsinki novels. The seventh and final chapter examines the cumbersome movement of socially marginalized characters on the urban fringes, with Joel Lehtonen’s Henkien taistelu (1933) as a key primary text. This study argues that around the turn of the twentieth century, literary Helsinki was approached from a surprisingly rich variety of generic and thematic perspectives which were in close dialogue with international contemporary traditions and age-old images of the city, and defined by events typical of Helsinki’s own history. This resulted in fascinating and varied experiences of the city that set the tone for later literature. Helsinki literature of the 1920s and 1930s further developed the defining traits that took form around the turn of the century, adding a number of new thematic and stylistic nuances. The city experience was increasingly aestheticized and internalized, and as the description of the city moved inwards, the experience of Helsinki became dominated by a sense of centrifugal dynamics. The centre of the city became less prominent in literature, and in its place, the margins of the city and specific socially defined neighbourhoods gained in importance. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All cities are made up of narratives, and in the years during which this dissertation was written, my own life story has become intimately intertwined with the narratives of Helsinki. It has been a rewarding but also at times unsettling experience to write a study of the literature of a city with which one is constantly surrounded. Narratives are, if anything, acts of communication, and they thrive in dialogue. If I have succeeded in not getting fatally lost in the maze of Helsinki narratives, real-life and fictional, this is to a considerable degree thanks to the many people who have guided, supported and challenged me during these past years: colleagues, friends and family, students, and my doctoral supervisors. Many thanks are due, first of all, to my supervisor Pirjo Lyytikäinen, for her continuous and heart-felt support, and for the expert comments she has given on my various drafts on numerous occasions. Pirjo Lyytikäinen has been as important in providing academic supervision as she has been instrumental in introducing me to national and international research networks, and in helping me secure funding. She has also been more than understanding about the challenges inherent to balancing family life and academic tasks. When I joined the international PhDnet for Literary and Cultural Studies in 2008, I had only the faintest idea of what this network was going to contribute to my dissertation project. Looking back at the numerous PhDnet doctoral seminars and conferences in which I have since participated, I feel very privileged to have been part of an inspiring and in many ways unique doctoral network. I am grateful to the participants of all five universities involved in the PhDnet, especially to the network coordinator Kai Sicks and to fellow doctoral students Robert Vogt and Elisa Antz. In particular, I would like to thank Ansgar Nünning, my supervisor from Giessen’s Justus Liebig University, for his generous support and his detailed feedback. In innumerable small and large ways, this work has benefited from his support. My second supervisor at Helsinki University, Sirpa Tani, has followed my academic progress from its early beginnings, when I was writing my Master’s Thesis. Our joint research work and the supervision she has given me in my doctoral project have taught me immensely about conducting interdisciplinary academic research, and about editing and submitting academic texts to international audiences from diverse research disciplines. Several colleagues at my department, the Department of Finnish, Finno- Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies, have contributed to the completion of this study. I would like to thank the department’s head, Jyrki Kalliokoski, who was the supervisor of my Master’s Thesis and who has been supportive of my research ever since. My sincere gratitude goes out to the many colleagues who have found the time to read and comment on chapters of my 5 dissertation: Jyrki Nummi, Anna Hollsten, Irma Perttula. Thanks to Tuomas Juntunen for academic feedback and for refreshing lunch talks. Thanks also to past and present “roommates” Päivi Koivisto, Elise Nykänen and Paula Arvas, and also to Riikka Rossi and Minna Maijala, with whom I could not only discuss academic woes but also the wonders of parenthood. Thanks to Andrew Newby, from the Helsinki Collegium, for carefully commenting on a chapter of my dissertation. My warmest appreciation goes to the Finnish Doctoral Programme for Literary Studies, which has provided me with vital funding for two years, as well as to all participants in our inspiring doctoral seminars. Special thanks to Laura Karttunen and Tintti Klapuri for reading and commenting on my texts, and for dreaming of grand and trail-blazing future research projects. The first three years of my research project were funded by the KONE foundation. The City of Helsinki Urban Facts encouraged me with a research grant in the first year of my research. In 2011, I co-founded the Helsinki Literature and the City Network (HLCN). The possibility of sharing my fascination for the literary city with colleagues from other disciplines and universities has been incredibly rewarding. I would like to thank everyone involved in the activities of our thriving network, Sofie Verraest, Giacomo Bottà, Markku Salmela and Jason Finch, in particular. Over the past years, I have taught several courses related to my research interests. My gratitude goes out to my students at the Helsinki University and to the students and staff at the Estonian Academy of Arts, where I have had the opportunity to teach the course “City in Literature” for several years now. I am particularly grateful to Panu Lehtovuori, currently at the Tampere University of Technology, who originally invited me to Tallinn, and whose genuine interest in my research projects has always felt encouraging. The comments I have received from the pre-examiners of my work, Bart Keunen and Päivi Lappalainen, have been of considerable importance for finalizing my text and for making crucial adjustments. Thanks to the staff at Didrichsen museum and to Jaana Cawén for granting me kind permission to use Alvar Cawén’s fascinating painting as the cover image of the printed version of this dissertation. My gratitude goes out to Jarmo Wideman, who created, with painstaking attention to detail, the maps of Helsinki used in this study. My work has greatly benefited from the untiring help of the staff of the various Helsinki University libraries. It would perhaps have been possible to write a dissertation without the presence of dear friends, but it certainly would have been a lot less fun. Thanks to all the friends in Helsinki, and those further away, for the moments you asked me how my research was going, and for the moments you didn’t. I owe much gratitude to my extended family (“Mummo” in particular) for helping out with childcare during these last hectic years. 6 I thank my parents for bringing me up with literature, and my brother for always being there. My wife Maria has my deepest gratitude for her unwavering belief, support and patience. I dedicate this thesis to our children Lucas and Iris. 7 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................
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