FP7-285556 Safecity Project Deliverable D2.5 Helsinki Public Safety Scenario

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FP7‐285556 SafeCity Project

Deliverable D2.5 Helsinki Public Safety Scenario

Deliverable Type: CO Nature of the Deliverable: R Date: 30.09.2011 Distribution: WP2 Editors: VTT Contributors: VTT, ISDEFE

*Deliverable Type: PU= Public, RE= Restricted to a group specified by the Consortium, PP= Restricted to other program participants (including the Commission services), CO= Confidential, only for members of the Consortium (including the Commission services)

** Nature of the Deliverable: P= Prototype, R= Report, S= Specification, T= Tool, O= Other

Abstract: This document is an analysis of Helsinki’s public safety characters. It describes the critical infrastructure of Helsinki, discuss its current limitations, and give ideas for the future.

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

DISCLAIMER The work associated with this report has been carried out in accordance with the highest technical standards and SafeCity partners have endeavored to achieve the degree of accuracy and reliability appropriate to the work in question. However since the partners have no control over the use to which the information contained within the report is to be put by any other party, any other such party shall be deemed to have satisfied itself as to the suitability and reliability of the information in relation to any particular use, purpose or application.

Under no circumstances will any of the partners, their servants, employees or agents accept any liability whatsoever arising out of any error or inaccuracy contained in this report (or any further consolidation, summary, publication or dissemination of the information contained within this report) and/or the connected work and disclaim all liability for any loss, damage, expenses, claims or infringement of third party rights.

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

List of Authors

Partner Authors VTT Sami Ruponen, Timo Kyntäjä, Titta Ahola, Kimmo Ahola

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

Document History

Date Version Editor Change Status 1.8.2011 0.4 Sami Ruponen First chapters added. First Draft 21.9.2011 0.7 Titta Ahola More text added. Combined contributions from VTT team. 26.9.2011 0.9 Titta Ahola Combined contributions from VTT team. 30.9.2011 1.0 Titta Ahola Text added and focused according to comments from Isdefe. 14.10.2011 1.1 Titta Ahola Text added and focused Draft for Review according to comments from Isdefe. Changed the deliverable type to CO. 27.10.2011 1.3 Titta Ahola, Changes according to peer Final Sami Ruponen review.

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

Table of Contents

List of Authors ...... iii Document History ...... iv Table of Contents ...... v List of Figures ...... vii List of Tables ...... ix Glossary ...... x References ...... xi 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the Document ...... 1 1.2 Scope and Structure ...... 1 2. Helsinki General Overview ...... 2 2.1 Area and Population ...... 2 2.1.1 Population ...... 2 2.1.2 Land Use ...... 3 2.1.3 Languages ...... 6 2.1.4 Climate and Air Pollution ...... 7 2.2 Critical Infrastructures ...... 8 2.2.1 Transportation System ...... 8 2.2.2 State and Municipal Authorities ...... 12 2.2.3 Infrastructural Settings ...... 16 2.3 Communication Infrastructures ...... 17 2.3.1 Public ICT Infrastructures ...... 17 2.3.2 Private ICT Infrastructures ...... 23 3. Public Safety Characterization ...... 25 3.1 Area A: Citizens Behavior ...... 25 3.1.1 Camera Surveillance Network ...... 25 3.2 Area B: Road Track Surveillance and Management ...... 25 3.2.1 Traffic Cameras ...... 26 3.2.2 Traffic Lights ...... 27 3.2.3 Helsinki Public Transport Signal Priority and Passenger Information (HeLMi) ...... 28 3.2.4 Real‐time Parking Guidance ...... 30

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

3.2.5 Road Weather Cameras ...... 30 3.2.6 Speed Camera System ...... 32 3.2.7 Bus Lane Surveillance ...... 33 3.3 Area C: Environmental Monitoring ...... 33 3.3.1 Air Quality Monitoring ...... 33 3.3.2 Water Quality Monitoring ...... 35 3.4 Area D: Alerting Citizens ...... 35 3.4.1 Public Alarm System ...... 35 3.4.2 HelsinkiTurva.fi Portal ...... 36 4. Social, Ethical and Legal implications ...... 37 4.1 Helsinki Social and Environmental Implications ...... 37 4.2 Monitoring Public and Private Areas ...... 37 4.3 Improving the Safety ...... 38 4.4 Legal Aspects ...... 38 5. Challenges in Public Safety ...... 39 5.1 Current Limitations and Gaps ...... 39 5.2 On‐going innovative Initiatives ...... 39 5.3 Ideas for the future ...... 39 5.4 Future Characterization ...... 40 Annex A – SafeCity End User Questionnaire ...... 41 Annex B – Use Case Example ...... 57

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

List of Figures

Figure 1 Geographic of Helsinki and Helsinki Region...... 2 Figure 2 Total Population Progress in Helsinki [1]...... 3 Figure 3 Land Use and Districts in Helsinki [1]...... 4 Figure 4 Population Density in Helsinki [17]...... 5 Figure 5 Neighborhoods of Helsinki...... 6 Figure 6 Populations by Language in Helsinki [1]...... 7 Figure 7 Climatological Statistics of Helsinki for the Period 1971–2000 [3] [4]...... 7 Figure 8 Tram and Metro Lines of Helsinki [7]...... 9 Figure 9 Highways and Railways in Finland...... 10 Figure 10 West Metro [10]...... 11 Figure 11 City Rail Loop [12]...... 12 Figure 12 Police Stations and Rescue Departments in Helsinki...... 12 Figure 13 Headquarters of the Finnish Authorities in Helsinki...... 13 Figure 14 The Location of the Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre...... 14 Figure 15 Offences Registered in the Helsinki Police District [1]...... 15 Figure 16 Elisa Coverage at Helsinki Region [18]...... 18 Figure 17 Sonera Coverage at Helsinki Region [19]...... 19 Figure 18 DNA Coverage at Helsinki Region [20]...... 19 Figure 19 Sonera 4G Coverage Area [21]...... 20 Figure 20 DNA 4G Coverage Area [22]...... 21 Figure 21 Datame 4G Coverage [25]...... 21 Figure 22 VIRVE Coverage Area [43]...... 23 Figure 23 Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre [41]...... 26 Figure 24 Traffic Cameras in Helsinki [41]...... 27 Figure 25 HeLMi Communication System [41]...... 29 Figure 26 The Example Sign of the Real‐time Parking Guidance System [41]...... 30 Figure 27 Road Weather Cameras of the Helsinki Region [23]...... 31 Figure 28 An Example Figure of the Road Weather Camera [23]...... 32 Figure 29 Map of Air Quality in Helsinki...... 34 Figure 30 Air Quality and Pollutant Concentrations in Helsinki...... 34 Figure 31 Public Alarm Systems in Helsinki...... 36

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

Figure 32 New Sensors to Important Crossings in route 51...... 40

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

List of Tables

Table 1: Operator subscriptions in Finland ...... 20

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Glossary

Acronym Meaning ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPS Global Positioning System GSM Global System for Mobile Communications ICT Information and Communication Technology HeLMi The public transport telematic system of Helsinki (Helsingin joukkoliikenteen liikennevaloetuus‐ ja matkustajainformaatiojärjestelmä in Finnish) HKL Helsinki City Transport HSL Helsinki Region Transport (Helsingin Seudun Liikenne in Finnish) HUS Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa MDSL Multirate Digital Subscriber Line NSN Nokia Siemens Networks OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing TEDS TETRA Enhanced Data Service UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System VIRVE National TETRA network for Finnish authorities (Viranomaisverkko in Finnish) WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

References

Number Reference [1] City of Helsinki Urban facts, “Statistical Yearbook of Helsinki 2010” (Helsingin Tilastollinen Vuosikirja in Finnish), Bookwell Oy, Porvoo 2011. [2] Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia [3] Finnish Meteorological Institute. http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/normal‐period‐1971‐2000 [4] Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki [5] HKL Helsinki City Transport, “City Transport Annual Report 2010”, Tornion Kirjapaino Ky, Helsinki 2011. http://www.hel.fi/hki/hkl/en/About+HKL/Annual+Reports [6] HSL Helsinki Region Transport, “Helsinki Region Transport Annual Report 2010”. http://www.hsl.fi/EN/abouthsl/Pages/default.aspx [7] Helsinki City Transport. http://www.hel.fi/hki/hkl/en [8] The Finnish Transport Agency (Liikennevirasto in Finnish). http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/sivu/www/f/liikenneverkko/tiet [9] Helsinki Airport. http://www.helsinki‐vantaa.fi/enemman‐tietoa/medialle [10] West Metro (Länsimetro in Finnish). http://www.lansimetro.fi/en/stations [11] Finnish Transport Agency, The Ring Rail Line (Kehärata in Finnish). http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/sivu/www/e/projects/under_construction/ring_rail_line [12] Finnish Transport Agency, The City Rail Loop (Pisara‐rata in Finnish). http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/sivu/www/e/projects/planning_phase/city_rail_loop_pisara [13] Finnish Police. http://www.poliisi.fi/poliisi/home.nsf/pages/index_eng [14] Finnish Rescue Services, Emergency Announcements. http://www.peto‐media.fi/ [15] Finnish Border Guard. http://www.raja.fi/ [16] HS.fi Uutiset. http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/artikkeli/Hanavesi+voittaa+pulloveden+puhtaudessa/113522889 4066 [17] Service Map of Helsinki. Demographic Map ‐> All population [18] Elisa coverage area. http://www.elisa.fi/kuuluvuus/ [19] Sonera coverage area. http://www.sonera.fi/asiakastuki/puhelin+ja+liittymat/kuuluvuus+ja+nopeuskartta/kuuluvu uskartta [20] DNA coverage area. http://www.dna.fi/yksityisille/puhe/Kuuluvuus/kuuluvuuskartta/Sivut/Default.aspx [21] Sonera 4G goverage area. http://www.sonera.fi/tietokone+ja+yhteydet/nettiyhteydet/4g+langaton+laajakaista/4g+ku uluvuus

D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556

Number Reference [22] DNA 4G goverage area. http://www.dna.fi/yksityisille/liikkuvalaajakaista/4G‐testi/Sivut/4g‐peittokartta.aspx [23] Finnish Transport Agency, The Road Weather Cameras. http://alk.tiehallinto.fi/alk/english/kelikamerat/kelikamerat_8.html

[24] Elisa Press Release. http://www.elisa.com/on‐elisa/140/130.00/16791 [25] Datame 4G coverage area. http://4gsaatavuus.ppo.fi/ [26] Helsinki WLAN hotspots. http://ptp.hel.fi/wlan/ [27] Helsinki Region Transport, Free Wireless Internet. http://www.hsl.fi/EN/passengersguide/mobileservices/Pages/Freewirelessinternet.aspx [28] HSL Live. http://transport.wspgroup.fi/hklkartta/defaultEn.aspx. [29] Mobiili– ja PDA blogi (Mobile and PDA Blog in English). http://lehto.net/blogi/2007/01/helsingin‐wlan‐bussit‐ja‐ratikat.htm [30] Joukkoliikenteen liikennevaloetuusjärjestelmien jatkokehitys http://www.hel.fi/static/public/hela/Helsingin_kaupungin_HKL‐ liikelaitoksen_johtokunta/Suomi/Esitys/2009/HKL_2009‐03‐19_HKLjk_04_El/663D8FDF‐ 0FD6‐4780‐AE35‐1BE249FACFE0/Joukkoliikenteen_liikennevaloetuusjarjestelmien_ja.html [31] Maxinetti. http://www.maxinetti.fi [32] SparkNet/OpenSpark. http://www.sparknet.fi/ [33] FON. http://www.fon.com [34] 24Online. http://www.24online.fi [35] SuomiCom. http://www.suomicom.fi [36] Datame. http://www.datame.fi [37] Nebula. http://www.nebula.fi [38] Academica. http://www.academica.fi [39] Helsinki City Rescue Department, Civil Defence. http://www.hel.fi/hki/pela/en/Civil+defence [40] Wimax. http://www.wimax.fi/peittokartta.php [41] Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre. http://www.hel2.fi/liikenteenohjaus/yhteinenliikenteenhallintakeskus.asp [42] Swarco. http://swarconordic.com/default.asp?menu=1912 [43] VIRVE. http://www.pelastustoimi.fi/artikkelit/4551 [44] The translation of the Finnish legislation. http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/ [45] Helsinki Region Environmental Service Authority (HSY). http://www.hsy.fi/en/Pages/Default.aspx

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

1. Introduction

SafeCity refers to public safety in large EU cities. The objective is to enhance the safety with the help of Future Internet. New capabilities and applications could make urban public safety systems not just more connected and efficient, but smarter. These new systems could assist authorities in their everyday work. However, before these new systems and applications can be designed, the current system and especially the requirements of the real end users must be explored. 1.1 Purpose of the Document This document presents Helsinki Public Safety Scenario. It gives an overview of Helsinki and analyzes the characteristics of Helsinki’s current critical infrastructure. In the document, the idea is first to familiarize the current system, and consider its advantages and disadvantages. Thereafter, the ideas for the future enhancements are discussed. For this document, several real end users were interviewed. The present system and the future needs were surveyed in association with representatives of Finnish Police and City of Helsinki. 1.2 Scope and Structure The scope of this document is to give an analysis of Helsinki’s public safety characters by describing its critical infrastructure, discuss the current limitations, and give ideas for the future enhancements. This document is organized as follows. Section 1 is an introductory chapter and shortly describes the document. Section 2 gives a general overview of Helsinki describing its geographical and demographical features. It introduces Helsinki’s critical infrastructure such as transportation system, state and municipal authorities, and other infrastructure concentrating especially on those that are most important for public safety. Furthermore, both public and private information and communication technology (ICT) of the city in described. The present applications that enhance public safety are researched more closely in Section 3. Section 4 considers social, ethical, legal implications of the public safety applications, and finally, Section 5 discusses the challenges in public safety. It lists the limitations and gaps of the current systems, reveals on‐going initiatives, and gives ideas for the future enhancements.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

2. Helsinki General Overview

The City of Helsinki, later Helsinki, was founded in 1550 and is located in the southern Finland on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. It is the largest city in Finland and was proclaimed the capital city in 1812, three years after Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire. Helsinki continued as the capital after Finland declared its independence in 1917. Today, Helsinki covers an area of 716 km2 with 588 549 inhabitants. The next sections give an overview of the city. 2.1 Area and Population

2.1.1 Population

Helsinki has three neighboring cities: Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen. Together, these four cities comprise the Helsinki Metropolitan Area that has 1 045 263 inhabitants. Helsinki is also a center of a major economic zone that consists of 14 cities and municipalities, the Helsinki Region. The Helsinki Region covers an area of 5 518 km² and has 1 349 453 inhabitants1, which is one quarter of the total Finnish population. The geographic of the above‐mentioned cities and regions can be seen in Figure 1.

Norway

Russia

Sweden Finland

Helsinki

Figure 1 Geographic of Helsinki and Helsinki Region.

During last decade, the population of Helsinki has been growing and become more international. Figure 2 shows the total population progress in Helsinki that has generally increased over the years. This is due to migration from the rest of Finland and abroad. The same trend can be seen in the population of the whole Helsinki Region and Helsinki Metropolitan Area, only much more intensively. A major reason for the migration is because of the excellent education and employment offerings in the region compared to the rest of the country.

1 1.1.2011.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Helsinki Region

Helsinki Metropolitan Area

Helsinki

Figure 2 Total Population Progress in Helsinki [1].

The population age structure varies between the different areas in the Helsinki. In the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, the population is more aged than in the Helsinki Region. There are relatively more children under 15 in the rest of the region than in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. However, the age structure in the Helsinki Region is predicted to change as the population ages by the year 2040. It is expected that the number of children will increase, but the highest growth is forecasted in the number of people aged 70 and over.

2.1.2 Land Use The town planning regulates the usage and construction of land. The plan defines where for example residential areas, workplaces, park and garden areas, and traffic are placed in the city. The city planning in Helsinki is responsibility of the City Planning Department. The department’s tasks are the structural and architectural development of Helsinki. Figure 3 presents the land use in Helsinki at high level. In the figure, three large industrial areas at the coast are the three important harbors of Helsinki, the industrial area in Central Major District is the railway depot in Ilmala, and in southeastern neighborhood of Helsinki there are industrial areas of Herttoniemi and Roihupelto.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 3 Land Use and Districts in Helsinki [1].

Helsinki's current population density of 2 753 people per square kilometer is by far the highest in Finland. For example, the population density of Helsinki Metropolitan Area is 1357 people per square kilometer, and in whole Finland, the population density is only 18 people per square kilometer. Figure 4 presents the population density in Helsinki. If you compare Figure 3 and Figure 4, you can see that the Southern Major District and the Central Major District have the highest population densities in Helsinki. The other noteworthy fact is that residential areas are concentrated near to railway and metro lines. In fact, planning of Helsinki has promoted fluency and service of public transport, and thus, emphasized friendliness to the environment.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 4 Population Density in Helsinki [17].

Figure 5 shows the 59 neighborhoods of Helsinki. This is the official division created by the city council and used for city planning and other similar purposes. Each neighborhood is identified by both a two‐ digit number between 01 and 59 and an official name in both Finnish and Swedish. The next list presents some facts of the most known neighborhoods.  In Kruununhaka, there are for example Helsinki Cathedral, Presidential Palace, Government Palace, Bank of Finland and several buildings of the University of Helsinki.  Kluuvi is the location of railway station, main post office, shopping centres, financial institutions, and several buildings of the University of Helsinki.  In Kaartinkaupunki, there are a lot of enterprise premises.  Kamppi is the location of bus station and a large shopping centre.  Punavuori has the highest population density in Helsinki.  Eira is known as residential area of wealthy people.  Ullanlinna is a diplomatic district where there are many embassies and consulates.  Katajanokka is the location of Uspenski cathedral, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and Katajanokka terminal.  Kaivopuisto one of the oldest parks in Helsinki, and residential area of high repute.  Kallio and Sörnäinen were formerly known as the residential areas of working population, but nowadays, there live many students and artists.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

 Taka‐Töölö is the area of parks and sports. There lies the Olympic Stadium, the Rowing Stadium, and the Swimming Stadium.  Meilahti is known for its large hospital area in which lie for example many clinics of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS), University of Helsinki’s Faculty of Medicine, and Biomedicum Helsinki.  Pasila is the second biggest railway station in Finland.  Länsisatama is a location of West Terminal and West Harbor.  Viikki and Kumpula are known as campus areas of the University of Helsinki.  Malmi is the location of the Helsinki‐Malmi Airport.  Vuosaari is the biggest neighborhood, and a location of Vuosaari harbor.  Ultuna, Östersundom, Karhusaari, Talosaari and Salmenkallio were added to Helsinki from Sipoo in 2009.

Figure 5 Neighborhoods of Helsinki.

2.1.3 Languages Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Figure 6 presents the language division of the Helsinki residents. The majority of the population speaks Finnish as their first language. A minority speaks Swedish, and around 10% of the population speaks a native language other than Finnish or

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Swedish. The amount of people that speak other languages as their first language has grown significantly in the past few years.

Finnish

Swedish

Other

Figure 6 Populations by Language in Helsinki [1].

The largest groups of foreigners are from Estonia and Russia, but the other languages, such as English, French, Somali, Serbo‐Croat, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Spanish, Albanian and Kurdish (Sorani) are also represented.

2.1.4 Climate and Air Pollution The Helsinki climate shows the characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate, depending on the direction of airflow. In addition, the climate has great variations between seasons and their lengths. Using a thermal criteria, with seasons defined by the daily mean temperatures of 0°C and 10°C, the year can be distinguish to four seasons. In Helsinki area, spring usually begins in early April, and lasts about six to nine weeks. The summer begins in later May, and can last until the middle of September. The highest summer temperatures are about late July. Because Helsinki is near the sea, the summer temperatures over 30°C are extremely rare. The highest temperature ever recorded in Helsinki is 31.6°C (1945) [2]. The autumn arrives at the late September, and the winter begins usually in the middle of November, and lasts for about 100 days. Like the temperature, also the length of daytime varies during the seasons. In Helsinki Region, daylight lasts almost 19 hours around Midsummer, and only 6 hours around Christmas. Figure 7 presents climate data for Helsinki.

Figure 7 Climatological Statistics of Helsinki for the Period 1971–2000 [3] [4].

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

In the early 21st century Finland has experienced record‐breaking warm winters, but also some rather cold and snowy winters. Summers have also varied significantly in terms of temperature and precipitation. For example, the highest temperature ever recorded in Finland was recorded in last summer (Kuopio 37.2°C) [2]. In terms of air quality, the Helsinki is among cleanest metropolitan areas in Europe. For health, the most harmful air pollution is fine particles originating from traffic and wood burning. A part of this arrives from fires in Russia and the Baltic by the wind. In addition to particles also nitrogen dioxide concentrations may become high in busy traffic areas especially in spring. Furthermore, in Helsinki, the airborne dust is a big problem in spring times. The sun dries up the sand that is spread on icy streets in wintertime, and the dust is raised up into the air due to traffic and wind. 2.2 Critical Infrastructures The next sections describe the most critical infrastructure of Helsinki. The transport system, public authorities, and infrastructural settings are shortly presented.

2.2.1 Transportation System

In Helsinki, there is a sufficient urban transportation system consisting of metro, tram, and bus lines and regional trains. In addition, there are good highway and railway connection to the other parts of Finland, and international connection by tracks, by sea and by air.

2.2.1.1 Urban Transportation In Helsinki, about 232,2 million journeys are made in public transportation each year [5]. The public transportation network contains metro, tram, and bus lines, regional trains, and Suomenlinna ferry. The public transportation has two main actors. Helsinki City Transport (HKL) is responsible to produce tram and metro services, and Helsinki Region Transport (HSL) is responsible for running public transport in an area which encompasses Helsinki Metropolitan Area as well as nearby situated Kerava and Kirkkonummi. The regional trains are operated by VR, and Suomenlinna ferry is operated by Suomenlinna Liikenne Oy. The metro and tram lines are presented in Figure 8. The Helsinki metro has two lines Ruoholahti– Vuosaari and Ruoholahti–Mellunmäki. These lines connect the centre of Helsinki and the eastern parts of the city. There are 54 trains, 17 stations and 21.1 km of tracks. There also found 92 km of tram tracks and 132 trams with 265 stops that crisscross from centre mainly to the north and south from the city centre. In addition, the amount of 1250 buses, 77 commuter trains, and four ferries transport residents around Helsinki Region [6].

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 8 Tram and Metro Lines of Helsinki [7].

2.2.1.2 Railways and Highways The Finnish Transport Agency is responsible for the management, development and maintenance of the state‐owned roads and railways. The Finnish road network is approximately 454,000 kilometres long in total. It includes around 350,000 kilometres of private and forest roads and 26,000 kilometres of municipal streets [8]. The Figure 9 presents the road and railway networks in Finland. Highways and main roads comprise more than 13,000 kilometres, 700 kilometres of which are motorways. In the left map, the motorways are marked in green, other main roads in red, and 2nd class main road in yellow. The twelve biggest urban areas are marked with black dots. The map in the right presents railway network. In total, Finland has 5,919 kilometres of railways. The railways are illustrated in different colors according to their speed limits.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 9 Highways and Railways in Finland.

As the figure shows, there are great highway and railway connections from Helsinki to other parts of Finland. For instance, nearly all motorways connections start from Helsinki. In addition, Helsinki is also essential in railway network for both commuter and long distance connections.

2.2.1.3 Ferry Connections From Helsinki, there are ferry connections to Mariehamn, Tallinn (Estonia), Stockholm (Sweden), Gdynia (Poland), Travemünde (Germany), Rostock (Germany) and Saint Petersburg (Russia). Also, nearly 300 cruise ships and up to 360 000 cruise passengers visit Helsinki yearly. The ferry traffic uses the following terminals:  Makasiini Terminal, South Harbour  Olympia Terminal, South Harbour  Katajanokka Terminal, Katajanokka  Hansa Terminal, Vuosaari  West Terminal, West Harbour In addition to these passenger harbors, the international ships dock also in Hernesaari, and the Vuosaari Harbour, which is the central port for cargo traffic.

2.2.1.4 Airport Helsinki Airport is situated in Vantaa, and was opened in 1952 for the Helsinki Olympic Games. Helsinki Airport is important long‐haul airport in Northern Europe offering 10 daily flights to Asian destinations and two daily destinations to the USA, altogether over 120 non‐stop destinations around the world and 300 departures a day [9]. In year 2010, Helsinki Airport had a total of 12,9 million passengers, and 170 500 takeoffs and landings. The airport has three runways, two terminals and a total of 30 000 employees. There are several bus connections from Helsinki to Helsinki Airport.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

There is also another airport in Helsinki: Helsinki‐Malmi Airport. Until the opening of the new Helsinki Airport in 1952, it was the main airport of Helsinki and all Finland. Today, the airport is still actively used in general aviation and flight training. For a long time, Helsinki has had plans to close the airport in order to use the area for construction of new residential areas. However, the closure of the airport has been a very controversial issue and its future remains unclear.

2.2.1.5 Future Plans In 2010, the public transport system in the Helsinki region launched three important rail projects, the West Metro, the Ring Rail Line, and the City Rail Loop. The West Metro will extend the Helsinki metro services from Ruoholahti via Lauttasaari to Matinkylä in Espoo, like presented in Figure 10. The new metro will include seven underground metro stations and bus connections and parking places at the stations. The Helsinki metro will go automatic in few years, and therefore, also the West Metro will have an automatic control system. The construction work has started in November 2009, and the extension is expected to be in operation in 2015 at the earliest.

Figure 10 West Metro [10].

The Ring Rail Line (Kehärata in Finnish) will provide a transport connection between the main line and the Vantaankoski line, and have four stations: Kivistö, Aviapolis, the Helsinki Airport and Leinelä. A fast train connection between Tikkurila and Helsinki Airport will be opened in 2014. Then northbound travelers will be able to change from long‐distance trains in Tikkurila to the Ring Rail Line. The journey from Tikkurila to the airport will take just eight minutes. The rapid train connection will make it easy to travel also between the city of Helsinki and the airport. The fastest journey time from Helsinki will be around 30 minutes [11]. The Finnish Transport Agency and the City of Helsinki have commissioned a general plan for the City Rail Loop (Pisara‐rata in Finnish), an underground railway passing under the Helsinki city centre. At the moment, the rail capacity between Pasila and Helsinki is nearing its maximum, and there is no room for more rail tracks. The idea is that the urban railway traffic and the Ring Rail Line could be transferred to the City Rail Loop, thus freeing Helsinki Central Railway Station to regional and long‐distance traffic. Figure 11 pictures the planned new railway track.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 11 City Rail Loop [12].

2.2.2 State and Municipal Authorities In the Helsinki, there operates the following agencies that are important in public safety:  Finnish Police  Helsinki City Rescue Department  Emergency Response Centre  Finnish Border Guard  Customs The next chapter contains an overview of the main public safety agencies and their main responsibilities. Figure 12 represents the locations of the Police Departments and Rescue Departments in Helsinki.

Police Station

Rescue Department

Figure 12 Police Stations and Rescue Departments in Helsinki.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

There is no common command centre of different authorities in Helsinki. Therefore, Figure 13 depicts only the headquarters of the different Finnish authorities in Helsinki. The Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre locates in Pasila, and is presented in Figure 14.

The Defence Command of the Finnish Defence Forces National Board of Customs Central Rescue Station of the Helsinki City Rescue Department

Headquarter of the Finnish Border Guard Headquarter of the Helsinki Police Department

Figure 13 Headquarters of the Finnish Authorities in Helsinki.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 14 The Location of the Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre.

2.2.2.1 Finnish Police In Finland, there is only state police, not any municipal police departments. The local police consist of 24 police departments, each of which has a central police station and one or more other police stations. The Helsinki Police Department differs from other local police units, because in addition to the normal local police duties, it has a number of special duties at national level. The police employ about 10,900 people, of whom 7,800 are police officers. This means that in Finland there is one police officer per 681 citizens [13]. The main objective and responsibilities of police is defined in the Police Act: “Under the Police Act, the function of the police is to secure judicial and social order, to maintain public order and security, to prevent and investigate crimes, and to submit cases to prosecutors for decision.”

The Police also provide the public with various license services and operate a comprehensive lost property system throughout the country. In last year, the Police responded to approximately one million calls related to public order and safety. Figure 15 presents the offences registered in the Helsinki from 1980 to 2009. During last years, the number of reported crimes has decreased in Helsinki area. One significant upswing has been in the traffic‐related violations. This number has risen due to increase in automatic traffic surveillance and stricter limits in high speeding. In total, the Police operated about 100 surveillance cameras, which were mounted on 1000 fixed surveillance poles all around Finland. It is hard to said the exact number how

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO many of the cameras are in Helsinki are, but for example the Ring Road III has several poles. More information on these cameras can be found in Section 3.2.6.

Total offences

Crime against life Crime against and health property

Figure 15 Offences Registered in the Helsinki Police District [1].

In last years, crimes against property has also increased, in particular the crimes involving residences and commercial premises. The significant increase can be seen after 2007, when Estonia was admitted to the Schengen Zone and border inspections were discontinued. Since that time, crimes committed by itinerant criminal groups crossing the Gulf of Finland began to rise [13]. It is pleasant to notice that even if the number of total offences has increased, the crimes against life and health has slightly decreased.

2.2.2.2 Helsinki City Rescue Department The Helsinki City Rescue Department is one of Finland’s 22 regional rescue departments. It operates 24 hours a day all year round. They have eight rescue stations and one ambulance station. The Helsinki City Rescue Department employs approximately 700 people. If needed, the Rescue Department is helped by the 15 contract fire departments whose emergency departments have approximately 300 people. The Rescue Department is responsible for accident prevention, fire fighting, and rescue operations. Together with the emergency medical care unit of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS), the Rescue Department is responsible for the emergency medical care and urgent ambulance services that aim to treat the patients before transportation to a hospital. In addition, the Rescue Department coordinates how Helsinki prepares for civil defense, and taking care of approximately 50 bedrock civil defense shelters located in different parts of Helsinki.

2.2.2.3 Emergency Response Centres In Finland, there are 15 Emergency Response Centres that operate under the Ministry of the Interior. They receive all emergency calls called to our only emergency number (112) and deal them for the police, rescue services, and social and health authorities. City of Helsinki is one of the 15 Emergency Response Centres. It received approximately 570 000 emergency calls in year 2009, which is almost 15 % of all emergency calls in Finland. In order to deliver news related to authorities’ emergency service tasks, the Rescue Services have created an electronic media service system, 112info, which is maintained by the Department for Rescue Services of the Ministry of the Interior [14].

2.2.2.4 Customs Finnish Customs is supervised by the Ministry of Finance and a part of the customs system of the European Union. The main duties of Finnish Customs is to ensure the operation of EU’s internal market,

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO facilitates international goods trade and collect the duties, taxes and charges on foreign trade and on the production of goods. Finnish Customs has approximately 2 370 employees.

2.2.2.5 The Finnish Border Guard The Finnish Border Guard is an expert in border security and sea rescue operations. It operates under the Ministry of the Interior. The main responsibilities of the Border Guard are border surveillance and checks, crime prevention, maritime safety, international cooperation and national defense [15]. During last years, the border surveillance, in other words preventing unauthorized border crossings, have had a significant role. Due to its location on the external border of the Schengen area, Finland has important role in cross‐border crime prevention.

2.2.3 Infrastructural Settings

This section introduces the infrastructural settings of Helsinki that are somehow significant to public safety in perspective of the SafeCity project.

2.2.3.1 Health Care Services All residents of Helsinki are entitled to municipal health care at local health stations, which are dispersed around the city. For the specialized medical care, Finland is divided into 20 hospital districts. The largest of these is the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS) that servers the residents of its 26 member municipalities. HUS has 20 hospitals, and one of them is the largest university hospital in Finland, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and the experts in a total of 49 specialties are employed in the hospitals. For emergency situations, the medical care is offered to the Helsinki region, and in some special cases, to whole of Finland. Several hospitals and Emergency Health Centres are always on duty, and the telephone health service is given in Finnish, Swedish and English by professional nurses.

2.2.3.2 Water Supply Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority provides water and waste management services to the Helsinki area. The household water of the Helsinki area is piped along the longest single rock tunnel in the world from Päijänne, the second biggest lake in Finland. The drinking water in then produced in water treatment plants in Helsinki (Pitkäkoski and Vanhakaupunki) and Espoo (Dämman). The household water in Helsinki is of extremely high quality. In the laboratory tests commissioned by Finnish newspaper Aamulehti, it was found that the common bottled water had hundreds times more bacterial than the Finnish household water [16]. The waste water is treated in waste‐water treatment plant in the Suomenoja, Espoo and in the Viikinmäki, Helsinki. The interesting fact about the Viikinmäki is that it is mostly constructed inside the bedrock.

2.2.3.3 Electricity and Heating Electricity produced in power plants is transmitted to customers through an electricity network. In Helsinki, the Helen Sähköverkko Oy administers this electricity network and is in charge of providing the electricity transmission and distribution services. As discussed in the climate section, the average temperature in Helsinki can be below the zero nearly third of the year. Therefore, the heating system is crucial part of the city infrastructure. The most prevalent system is the district heating that is used in over 90 per cent of the buildings in Helsinki. In addition to its reliability, the district heating is also environmentally friendly alternative. The half of the heat is produced by natural gas, and the half by coal, nuclear, hydro and wind power in conjunction with electricity.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

2.2.3.4 Underground Helsinki Helsinki has largely taken advantage of the opportunities of the underground construction. This is mainly because of the sturdy Finnish bedrock that makes the building process somewhat easier but also because of the huge development in underground engineering technology. There are more than 400 premises and over 200 kilometers of tunnels crisscrossing underneath of the city, and more than 200 new reservations for underground projects. The Helsinki Underground Master Plan controls the planning and building of the city's underground spaces. The following list divides the underground facilities into the four categories and gives some examples of each category.  Community technical systems o Facilities for community technical systems (such as energy and water supply and telecommunications) o Utility tunnels  Energy and water supply o Päijänne tunnel (the household water of Helsinki comes through this tunnel) o Viikinmäki waste‐water treatment plant o District heating system  Traffic and parking o Bus station o Metro goes in tunnel between Ruoholahti–Sörnäinen and Itäkeskus–Puotila o Railway tunnels in Malminkartano and Kumpula o Vehicle tunnels in Mallaskatu, Hakamäentie, and Vuosaari harbor o 20 underground parking space  Civil Defense o Bedrock shelters  Services o Shopping malls o Underground swimming centre o Underground churches o Gyms, running tracks, and ice hockey pitches 2.3 Communication Infrastructures This section describes the information and communication technology (ICT) of the City of Helsinki with particular regard to the infrastructure around telecommunications and Internet provision. The research is divided to private and public infrastructures.

2.3.1 Public ICT Infrastructures This section describes the ICT infrastructure that provides network connection to the general public. The major operators for both mobile communications and broadband communication are presented.

2.3.1.1 Mobile Operators

2.3.1.1.1 2G and 3G There are three national mobile operators in Finland: DNA Oy, Elisa Oyj and TeliaSonera Finland Oyj. They also host virtual operators, for example Cubio, Globetel, Academica, Aina Com, and Dicame. Sonera (Sonera is registered trademark of TeliaSonera Finland Oyj and is used in Finland) is formerly the state owned telecommunication company, which is now privatized and merged with Telia from Sweden. In Finland, it has over 4600 employees, and also large coverage of fixed infrastructure (about 476000

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO subscriptions). TeliaSonera Finland Oyj has also another registered trademark for inexpensive customers, named Tele Finland. Elisa Oyj has previously been known as Helsingin Puhelinyhdistys, which was regional telecom operator in Helsinki area. Nowadays Elisa is national mobile operator and has also bought several regional telecom companies from outside of the Helsinki region. Elisa acquired Saunalahti Group Oyj at 2005 and nowadays uses “Saunalahti” as its own customer brand. DNA Oy was established at 2007 when Finnet Oy and six local telecom operators combined to be the third national mobile operator. DNA is famous for its commercials, and has established itself as the third largest mobile operator in Finland. Figure 16, Figure 17, and Figure 18 shows the coverage areas of these operators. In Figure 17, the orange color shows the coverage area of 3G 2100 MHz, and the green color is the coverage area of 3G 900 MHz. in the next figure, Figure 18, the lighter violet marks 3G 2100 MHz, and the darker is for 3G 900 MHz.

Figure 16 Elisa Coverage at Helsinki Region [18].

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 17 Sonera Coverage at Helsinki Region [19].

Figure 18 DNA Coverage at Helsinki Region [20].

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

National mobile operator’s customer subscriptions in Finland are presented below in Table 1.

Operator Name Customer subscriptions

Elisa 3.5 million 2

TeliaSonera 3.2 million 3

DNA 2.1 million 4

Table 1: Operator subscriptions in Finland

2.3.1.1.2 4G The latest generation of mobile cellular networks is known as 4G and there are some operators and networks ready in Helsinki area. Sonera has started its 4G network in centre of Helsinki and Turku. The coverage area in Helsinki is showed in Figure 19.

Figure 19 Sonera 4G Coverage Area [21].

DNA has also started to test its 4G networks in Helsinki and Hämeenlinna. This testing phase is ending quite soon and after that commercial sales are starting. The coverage area is shown in Figure 20. The explanations for the colors in Figure 20:

2 http://www.elisa.fi/ir/docimages/attachment/sijoittajat/110719Elisa%20Operational%20Data%20Q2%202011.xls 3 http://www.teliasonera.com/Documents/Reports/2011/Q2/TeliaSonera‐Financial_and_operational_data_Q2_2011.xls 4 http://www.dna.fi/DNAOy/Talous/julkaisut/osavuosikatsaukset/Documents/DNA_Q2%202011.pdf

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

 Blue – good coverage inside  Orange – good coverage inside

 Red – moderate coverage outside  Yellow – moderate coverage outside

Figure 20 DNA 4G Coverage Area [22].

Elisa has also started pre‐commercial tests in 4G network in Helsinki area. Those tests are still ongoing, but they have opened corporate 4G network in Espoo, more precisely at Karaportti area. The first corporate user is NSN (Nokia Siemens Networks) [24]. Datame is also offering 4G network in Helsinki area, but with quite restricted coverage area, see Figure 21.

Figure 21 Datame 4G Coverage [25].

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

2.3.1.2 Public WLAN in Helsinki Area Helsinki offers public WLAN access in several places at downtown. The WLAN access points are mainly located near city’s buildings or administered areas and are also used by city personnel. The location of WLANs and usage patterns of access points can be seen at [26]. Also libraries in Helsinki are offering WLAN access to their customers (also known as Stadinetti), i.e. normally the library card is needed for the WLAN. There are also guest accounts available in libraries. Furthermore, the Helsinki Region Transport (HSL) offers WLAN access in several busses and trams in Helsinki. More info about WLAN in public transport vehicles can be found in [27]. The WLAN enabled vehicles and their current location can be found from HSL Live [28]. The communication from trams and busses to the network was mainly realised with @450 network (Flash‐OFDM based wireless broadband network, operated by Digita at the beginning and now by Datame) [29]. The purpose was to install WLAN to every buss and tram, but the expense of @450 communications was too expensive [30]. The original plan was to use the @450 connection for safety camera pictures from trams. They are also some commercial companies or crowsourced WiFis, who offers public WLANs in Helsinki region. For example Maxinetti [31], SparkNet/OpenSpark [32], and FON [33] offer connection to the Internet with their users or with access codes, which can be found from host companies (cafes, restaurants, etc.).

2.3.1.3 Broadband Operators The broadband connections can be divided to two different access modes, fixed and wireless/mobile. There are several fixed broadband operators in Helsinki region, both small and big companies. The fixed side is mainly divided to two technologies, xDSL and cable tv. Wireless side is offered at least three different technologies, 3GPP 3G/4G, WiMax and Flash‐ODFM. The following list contains the largest operators in both access modes. DNA operates in Helsinki region as a wireless and fixed broadband operator. Their fixed side was expanded considerably when they acquired Welho from Sanoma at 2010. Welho was very Helsinki Region centric and offered quite high‐speed connections when comparing with competitors. Now when Welho is part of DNA, fixed broadband connections are sold within Welho Broadband brand, which still consists of xDSL and cable TV technologies. DNA has also 3G/4G network, which offers the wireless broadband connections. Sonera has several access technologies for broadband access: 3G/4G, cable TV and xDSL networks. Lately also Fiber‐based connections are built to the new residential regions and also in downtown area. Elisa is also big broadband operator in Helsinki region, mainly because of compony’s roots in that area. They offer the same access technologies than Sonera. 24Online [34] is private telecommunication company, which is established at 2003. Their operation expanded significantly when Elisa bought Saunalahti and Saunalahti’s core network “Saunaverkko” was ordered to be sold by Finnish Competition Authority. 24Online bought the Saunaverkko and also Finnet’s Helsinki region broadband business. SuomiCom [35] operates the large wireless WiMax network in Helsinki Region (coverage can be found in [40]) and offers also the xDSL connections. Datame [36] offers wireless broadband access, mainly by using WiMax and Flash‐OFDM (@450) networks. Lately they have also expanded to the 4G side in Helsinki, but that side is still in testing phase.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Nebula [37] has also own fiber backbone network for xDSL users, which operates in Helsinki Region. They acquired Maxinet broadband business at May 2011 which added about 850 customers to Nebula. Nebula offers also wireless broadband access through @450 network. Academica [38] has also own fiber backbone network in Helsinki Region and they offers Internet connections to business users.

2.3.2 Private ICT Infrastructures Private ICT infrastructure is managed and controlled by local authorities. The availability of information for private ICT infrastructure is unfortunately restricted to only authorized persons. In that sense there is little that can be said of this area.

2.3.2.1 VIRVE Network The VIRVE (“Viranomaisradioverkko”) network is the national TETRA network for Finnish authorities. It started operation in 2002 being the world’s first nationwide TETRA network. Currently VIRVE network comprises of 1300 base stations. The network is owned and operated by a limited company, State Security Networks Ltd. Its ownership is managed by the Ministry of the Interior and The Ministry of Transport and Communications issues the licenses. VIRVE network is used by over 60 000 users including the Finnish Police, emergency and rescue services, the Finnish Defence Forces, the Frontier Guard, social and health services, and other national security related organizations. The coverage area of the VIRVE network is presented in Figure 22. Currently, the VIRVE network is under development which includes updating about 400 base stations, for example. This should further enhance the service coverage and reception. The updating of base stations will also enable the use of TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS) providing faster data services to the users.

Figure 22 VIRVE Coverage Area [43].

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

2.3.2.2 HelenNet The HelenNet is a TETRA network used as a communication tool at various public events and big meetings. The HelenNet service was one of the key telecommunication tools used at the Asia‐Europe Meeting (ASEM) during Finland’s EU presidency. The HelenNet network plays an important role in control of public transport in the City of Helsinki and in various security services. Helsingin Energia ICT Services is responsible for providing information system, information technology, and telecommunication services as well as for communication technologies including the operations of HelenNet and the regional optical fibre network that is also used by HelenNet. Helsingin Energia is an energy company owned by the City of Helsinki and it operates as a municipal corporation. HelenNet coverage area is roughly the area of City of Helsinki partly extending toward its neighbour city Espoo on the west. HelenNet has around 1500 users of which 450 belong to Helsingin Energia. Helsingin Energia uses HelenNet mobile radios in demanding underground conditions, such as the Salmisaari coal store, in substations, as well as in multi‐utility tunnels in collaboration with Helsinki Water. The HelenNet mobile radio network plays an important part in the improvement of tunnel safety. As a side notice the HelenNet mobile network services is also taken into use in the Korkeasaari Zoo in Helsinki.

2.3.2.3 Radio Network IT‐radio network is a city‐owned radio network developed especially for the telematics of the public transportation. There are several dedicated base stations in the different parts of Helsinki, for example in high chimneys in Ruskeasuo, Salmisaari and Hanasaari. All buses and trams are equipped with an on‐ board computer and radio modem. The frequencies can be used to polling the buses, signal priority, and for updating the displays in the stops. The utilization of this network is described more detailed in Chapter 3.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

3. Public Safety Characterization

This section research the current state of the art of the key systems that enable Public Safety capabilities in the City of Helsinki. The identified applications are divided into the four functionality areas: citizen behavior, road track surveillance, environmental monitoring and alerting citizens. In Finland detailed information concerning applications and networks in the public safety areas are unfortunately restricted to only authorized persons. Therefore, this section does not contain very detailed information such as locations of the CCTV cameras. 3.1 Area A: Citizens Behavior

3.1.1 Camera Surveillance Network

3.1.1.1 General Description The arrangement regarding the CCTV surveillance camera system used for public order and safety in Helsinki is somewhat exceptional. This is the result of national legislation, but also the fact that the police service is a state service, and therefore has no budget allocation for any specific cities. The infrastructure is installed and owned by the city of Helsinki, but the Finnish Police is the authority operating it. Currently there are approximately one hundred CCTV surveillance cameras installed and in use. There are surveillance cameras in inner city area (downtown), biggest shopping centres, traffic stations, and harbor areas. However, the exact locations of these cameras are restricted only to authorized persons. The surveillance cameras are connected to a dedicated private packet network. Most of the cameras use fixed line connections. There are also cameras connected through private wireless networks. The surveillance of these cameras is done by police operators without any helping applications. If some complication is recognized, the nearest police patrol is notified. The videos are saved for 14 days, and then destroyed unless they contain material that is important for some investigation. 3.2 Area B: Road Track Surveillance and Management The road track surveillance and management can be divided to the functions that enhance the safety, and to the functions that track offences and are therefore operated by the Police. In addition to the Police, the other main actor in road traffic management is the Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre that originates from the merge of the Helsinki Urban Traffic Control Centre and Traffic Control Centres of Espoo and Vantaa in 2009. The new centre contains traffic light management of all these three cities, and the parking guidance systems of Helsinki, like represented in Figure 23.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 23 Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre [41].

In the centre, there work permanently twelve representatives from The Finnish Transport Agency, one from municipals, and four police officers. In their daily work, they can exploit all traffic cameras in the Helsinki Region area.

3.2.1 Traffic Cameras

3.2.1.1 General Description Traffic cameras are used, as the name already revels, to control traffic. With the help of these cameras, the abnormalities in the traffic are easier to notice, and perform some required actions. This action could be for example steering the traffic to other place or adjusting the traffic lights.

3.2.1.2 Application and Infrastructure deployment The Figure 24 shows the locations of the traffic cameras in Helsinki.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 24 Traffic Cameras in Helsinki [41].

3.2.1.3 Use case & Actuation Proceedings In addition to the noticing exceptional weather conditions and recognizing abnormal situation in traffic, the traffic cameras are extremely useful with the traffic of weekly sport and cultural events. One example of this is the cameras number 9 and 11 in Figure 24 that are placed so that the exiting traffic from the ice hockey arenas can be easily noticed. In same way, there is also a camera near the Finnish National Opera (number 8). Other important places for traffic cameras are harbor areas, and the other important traffic junctions.

3.2.2 Traffic Lights

3.2.2.1 General Description The system for remote controlling and monitoring of signalized intersections, called OmniVue [42], is used in Helsinki. More than 200 traffic lights/intersections are connected with each other via IP network. Different kind of management appliances can also be attached to the system by using for example fixed lines, ADSL, GPRS, WLAN or GSM techniques.

3.2.2.2 Application Requirements  OmniVue traffic light management system

 ELC‐3 or ELC‐2 Traffic controllers

 Multirate Digital Subscriber Line (MDSL) in each traffic controller

 TCP/IP network

3.2.2.3 System Architecture In OmniVue, each traffic controller is attached with the Multirate Digital Subscriber Line (MDSL) unit that handles the communication between the server and the actual traffic light controller. The MDSL

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO unit contains Linux based computer and MDSL modem. These units work as routers in forming their own local network, and also as proxies for the traffic controllers if needed. Formed TCP/IP network uses the private network of the Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre that is connected to the HelNet.

The OmniVue ervers in the Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre offer a user interface to remotely control the traffic lights. The OmniVue server sends the changes to the traffic controller’s MDSL unit, which in turn relays the changes to the traffic controller itself.

3.2.2.4 Use case & Actuation Proceedings The OmniVue system has several different ready traffic light programs that can be used. These programs can be run automatically according selected times or selected manually in the Helsinki Region Traffic Management Centre. Some of these programs, such as morning rush, afternoon or evening traffic program, are used daily.

The new co‐operation in traffic light management of different municipals in Helsinki area has several benefits. If for example the construction works or some public event requires exceptional arrangements, they can now be handled easier from one place. In addition, the problems with traffic lights can now be reported to one office.

3.2.3 Helsinki Public Transport Signal Priority and Passenger Information (HeLMi)

3.2.3.1 General Description The public transport telematics system called HeLMi (Pearl) was launched in Helsinki already in the year 1999. The system offers public transport telematics functions like real‐time passenger information, bus and tram priority at traffic signals, and the schedule monitoring for trams and buses. Nowadays, the system contains all tram lines and 21 bus lines, and 30 real‐time passenger information displays.

3.2.3.2 Application Requirements  In each HeLMi bus/tram o On‐board computer o Radio modem o GPS o Odometer  HeLMi antennas in traffic signal controllers  Eight Base Station  IT‐Radio network o Satel radio modems  30 Passanger Information Displays  ITRadioTM (Information Technology Radio Traffic Management) application and map

3.2.3.3 System Architecture The corner stone of the system is the location of the bus that is determined is following three steps. First the rough location of the bus is received using GPS. Then, the bus door opening at the bus stop places the bus exactly on the right position along the route. Thereafter, the bus location along the route is based on the odometer counting the accurate distance of the bus from the preceding bus stop [41]. Figure 25 presents the whole HeLMi system communication containing traffic signal priority, passenger information and fleet management.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 25 HeLMi Communication System [41].

The system polls each vehicle every ten seconds, and thus it always has the exact locations of each bus (three hundreds vehicles can be polled simultaneously). This schedule information is then transmitted to the driver and to the fleet management room where the progress of all buses can then be followed. At the stops, the real‐time passenger information displays provide passenger waiting the displays showing the time in minutes when the next bus arrive. In addition, in a case of and disturbance, the operator is able to send additional information to the display. The HeLMi contains also the traffic signal priority function that is based on the request of the approaching bus. The bus sends a first request via radio modem 150‐250 meters before the junction, and the receiver traffic signal controller can either call or extend the green for bus. After the bus has passed the junction, it sends the second message indicating that the green for it can be terminated. The buses that are ahead their time‐table cannot use the signal priority. All buses and trams are equipped with an on‐board computer and radio modems. Also, the visual displays at stops and signal controller equipment contains radio models. There are eight base stations located on high chimneys and roofs in different parts of the city. The total number of frequencies used for the radio network is six: three for polling buses, one for signal priority, one for updating visual displays on bus and tram stops and one for the data maintenance at depots during nights [41]. The HeLMi system is almost solely based on the wireless communication via city‐owned radio network, only the data transmission between base stations and central work stations is realized via cable network.

3.2.3.4 Future Plans In the same time than the HeLMi is extended, also the totally new ticket and information system for Helsinki Region will be developed. The main idea is to develop a new travel card system and unify current passenger information and traffic signal priority system to relate entire Helsinki Region. The new system should be ready in 2014.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

3.2.4 Real‐time Parking Guidance

3.2.4.1 General Description There are two real‐time parking guidance systems installed in Helsinki, one in the city centre and the other in Pasila. The idea is to give the real‐time parking information to the drivers, and thus, reduce unnecessary traffic. The variable message signs inform drivers of the free parking spaces in each car park. Figure 26 is an example of this kind of sign. It simply informs is there any free space in the nearby parking areas. Message display format used in Helsinki is unique: information on the free spaces is shown with a white figure "P", and if the car park is full or closed, the red back flash is drawn over the figure P.

Figure 26 The Example Sign of the Real‐time Parking Guidance System [41].

Totally there are 56 parking signs with 80 variable messages. The control system of these signs is completely automatic. Only some minor manual operations are needed for special events when open hours of the car parks should be changed.

3.2.5 Road Weather Cameras

3.2.5.1 General Description In Finland, there are over 300 CCTV road weather cameras on public roads. These cameras are especially important in winter times when the weather conditions can vary fast. The road weather cameras take photos in every 10 to 120 minutes, depending on the model of camera, the network connection type (fixed or dial‐up connection), and prevailing weather conditions. These photos are then retrieved using the Axis video server and uploaded to the webpage of the Finnish Transport Agency. All photos are deleted within 12 hours.

3.2.5.2 Application and Infrastructure deployment The locations of the road weather cameras at Helsinki Region are presented Figure 27.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 27 Road Weather Cameras of the Helsinki Region [23].

Considering the ethical part, the Finnish Law allows photography in public places. The road weather cameras take photos, and then the selected photos are uploaded to the Internet by the operator. From some photos, the model and color of the car can be recognized, but never the registration mark. And like mentioned earlier, all photos are deleted within 12 hours. In addition to cameras, the road information is based on data from detectors and municipalities. The Finnish Transport Agency works in close co‐operation with the police, regional emergency centres, border guard detachment, voluntary road services and radio stations. The real‐time traffic and weather information is also broadcasted via the Traffic Message Channel (TMC) that is a specific application of the FM Radio Data System (RDS). Data messages are received silently and decoded by a TMC‐equipped car radio or navigation system.

3.2.5.3 Application Requirements  CCTV cameras o Old models: Baxall, Philips, Videotronic and Pelco o New model: Bosch LTC 0620/11  Network connection  Axis video server

3.2.5.4 Use case & Actuation Proceedings The following Figure 28 represents an example photo of the road weather camera uploaded to the webpage of the Finnish Transport Agency. Below the photo, also the weather information from the nearest road weather station is presented. The information contains the temperature of the air (ilma), the temperature of the road (tie), precipitation (sade) and road condition (keli).

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 28 An Example Figure of the Road Weather Camera [23].

3.2.6 Speed Camera System

3.2.6.1 General Description Automatic speed surveillance cameras are mostly used on high volume roads. These are also used for junction and traffic light surveillance where traditional traffic surveillance is impractical. Automatic surveillance is indicated by roadside signs. Surveillance conducted using mobile surveillance equipment is not indicated by any signs. The traffic enforcement is performed by the National Traffic Police. Currently there are approximately 1 000 automatic speed cameras nationwide, but not all of them have the actual camera unit (inside electronics) installed. The camera units are periodically changed from one post to another.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

During the year 2011 speed cameras have been installed also in Helsinki area on the Ring Road III that is one of the busiest road portion in Finland. There are 17 camera posts and couple of cameras cycling in the posts.

3.2.6.2 Use case & Actuation Proceedings If the speed camera detects a vehicle that is speeding, it takes a photo and stores it on a memory card. The photo shows the vehicle, the registration number, and the driver. Also, the date and time of the picture are also printed on it. Any person sitting next to the driver will be blackened out in the photo. Afterwards, the police will send a letter to the vehicle’s owner and asks about the driver of the car in the photo. When the owner has provided the information on the person driving the car, the police will send a request for an investigation to the police authorities in the driver's area of residence.

3.2.7 Bus Lane Surveillance

3.2.7.1 General Description In Helsinki there is an ongoing trial of using automatic camera surveillance to detect illegal use of bus lanes. The trial will last until the end of 2011. The trial consists of camera installed in junction that concludes the permission to use the bus lane from the license plate number. The detection is based on a database that holds the license plate numbers of vehicles that are permitted to use the bus lanes, mainly the busses and taxis. The trial is carried out by the Helsinki Region Transport together with the Police, the Helsinki City Planning Department, the Finnish Taxi Owners Federation, and the Finnish Bus and Coach Association. 3.3 Area C: Environmental Monitoring Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY) provides environmental services, such as water and waste management, for the companies and residents in Helsinki. In addition, HSY takes care of monitoring and informing the public on both air and water quality.

3.3.1 Air Quality Monitoring

3.3.1.1 General Description HSY is responsible of monitoring air quality in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. There are total of eleven air quality monitors from which eight have permanent location, and three are movable.

3.3.1.2 Application and Infrastructure deployment Up‐to‐date information on air quality can be seen in [45] on the map like presented in Figure 29.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 29 Map of Air Quality in Helsinki.

From the map, you can select a monitor to a closer look. For example, the closer examination of the monitor in Mannerheimintie, downtown Helsinki gave the following figures represented in Figure 30.

Figure 30 Air Quality and Pollutant Concentrations in Helsinki.

This monitor locates in one of the main street of the city centre, and the result can be generalized to describe the air quality in the busy downtown districts. The top diagram shows air quality and the bottom diagram shows pollutant concentrations (µg/m3) over the last 24 hours. The measuring station monitors the concentrations of nitrogen monoxide NO, nitrogen dioxide NO2, thoracic particles PM10, fine particles PM2.5, ozone O3, and carbon monoxide CO.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

3.3.2 Water Quality Monitoring

3.3.2.1 General Description Helsinki monitors both the quality of the swimming water and sea water. There are 29 beaches in Helsinki, and HSY regularly monitors the quality between 15th of June and 31st of August. The quality indicators for the swimming water are microbiological quality and the amount of blue‐green algae. The quality of the seawater is affected by impurities in storm waters, diffuse loading, human activities and wastewaters led to the outer archipelago through tunnels [45]. In addition, the silt containing water masses flowing from the River Vantaanjoki affects the Helsinki sea area. The quality of seawater is monitored regularly at several observation stations. 3.4 Area D: Alerting Citizens Public notifications are emergency announcements of either an immediate or an imminent threat or danger. The public notifications are broadcasted via the radio and TV. For the critical emergency situations, the public alarm system can also be used. By the end of this year, Helsinki will also launch a web portal that informs citizens about the on‐going incidents.

3.4.1 Public Alarm System

3.4.1.1 General Description The former section 2.2.2.2 introduced the most important tasks of the Helsinki City Rescue Department. One of these tasks was a civil defense. For civil defense purposes, Helsinki has been divided into seven district, 34 civil defense sections and into a further 369 subsections [39]. In case of an emergency, the civil defense operations are lead from the command centre of the regional rescue service, and other offices and departments of the city organizations as well as other authorities take part in operations according to their areas of responsibility.

3.4.1.2 Use case & Actuation Proceedings In a case of emergency, the public notifications are broadcasted via the broadcasting service, as well as commercial radio and TV companies. The content of public notifications is always determined by the notifying authority, but it must always contain what has happened, and how people should react. In a case of a critical emergence, the notification must be published immediately. Otherwise, the notification must be published as soon as possible when is does not unreasonably disturb the program. In TV, the actual public notation appears as a rolling text in red background in the upper edge of the screen, and international CQ call is played with Morse signals ( — ∙ — ∙ — — ∙ — ). Furthermore, the public warning sirens can be used to warn people who are outdoors. The alarm system contains a control system, fixed and movable public warning sirens, and speakers that can be attached to vehicles. Public warning sirens can be activated at the Emergency Response Centre or the command centre of the rescue services.

3.4.1.3 Application and Infrastructure deployment Figure 31 presents the locations of the public alarms in Helsinki.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Figure 31 Public Alarm Systems in Helsinki.

The public warning signals are used only in a case where there is an immediate threat to the general public. The public warning signal is a minute‐long undulating sound in which the signal rise and fall in 7 second sequences respectively. If you hear a signal, you must move indoors and close all windows, doors, and shut down all ventilation equipments. Then, turn on the radio and wait for further instructions. You should avoid using the telephone, and stay inside unless advised to do otherwise by authorities.

3.4.2 HelsinkiTurva.fi Portal

3.4.2.1 General Description HelsinkiTurva (“Helsinki Safety”) is a web portal that targets on responding to the existing urgent demand of information of incidents and to reduce the amount of non‐critical calls to the 112 emergency number. It serves two purposes: normally it provides general safety information of different authorities to the citizens and e.g. tourists, and at the time of crisis it functions as a crisis announcement channel supporting city’s and authorities’ communication towards the citizens. Such incidents could be catastrophes, metro accidents, natural disaster etc. It does not replace the current authority communication but enhances it. The portal is designed to support large volume of queries and is separated from city’s other infrastructure. It is planned to be operational by the end of year 2011.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

4. Social, Ethical and Legal implications

Certain Public Safety applications, especially those enabling surveillance capabilities, usually have inherent implications of ethical aspects. This section researches the Finnish laws and restrictions for this type of applications. 4.1 Helsinki Social and Environmental Implications The Helsinki is considered to be one of the safest cities in the world. Today this applies especially regarding terrorism. Still there are issues that cause disturbances in public and residential places, which cause a lot of work for the police and other officials. Different kind of mass happenings increase the density of these incidents.

Another difference compared to most of the other countries is the climate. This affects the traffic approximately half of the year. To prevent the consequences of the slippery roads during the wintertime the state and each municipality possesses large enough capacity of machinery to keep the vital areas of transportation in function (roads, rail roads, airports, harbors, and sea passages). Still rapid changes of the weather cause every year unpredicted circumstances that cause sometimes very dramatic accidents.

The Helsinki scenario includes both the traffic and citizens monitoring systems, and its objective is to increase the autonomous sensing of abnormal situations. The alarms raised when noticing such situations can be applied creating services e.g. for

 sending warnings early to the public,  guide the users of the road,  send notifications to the officials about incidents, and  help in investigations of already passed events. 4.2 Monitoring Public and Private Areas Monitoring of different areas is restricted with laws that focus on maintaining the privacy of the citizens. In addition to the laws there are issues from social and ethical perspectives that prevent of using all the technical aids existing to survey the everyday surroundings of habitants.

In Finland the most considerable issue is the differences related to public and private areas, and furthermore, distinguishing the domestic areas, which are protected by many times separate laws preventing also the official's intrusion without a proper cause. This has caused e.g. the camera surveillance system owned by the City of Helsinki to be operated only by the personnel of the Finnish Police.

To establish a public technical monitoring site the Police needs to notify the citizens of its existence in prior. If the monitoring systems also collect data (i.e. it is considered to be information database) this has to be officially notified to the Data Protection Ombudsman at least 30 days before the database or file is established.

For private areas (e.g. metro stations, sports arenas) private companies can have their own camera surveillance systems. The viewpoint here is that a person is able to select whether to enter such an area or not. The material and data of these systems can be acquired by the Police when necessary.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

The most considerable issue to notify is that when setting up a surveillance system, it must not be able to monitor any domestic areas; e.g. inside car is considered here a domestic area. This would require special conditions and permits even for the Police. 4.3 Improving the Safety For the SafeCity project the final objective is to set up a Future Internet based system that helps the different officials of the state and municipalities to increase the physical safety of the urban areas. This needs to be done in according to the existing rules of social and ethical codes, and valid laws. The most beneficial manner to implement this is in close co‐operation between the project and officials involved. 4.4 Legal Aspects The rights and responsibilities of the Police are defined in the Police Act (493/1995) and its amendments. There it is documented that the Police can do camera surveillance almost in any case. Announcement of the surveillance has to be made and also the domestic areas (homes, car) have restrictions. In addition, collecting the information to databases requires permission from the state Ombudsman.

The Police Act section 29 states the following:

“Preconditions for technical monitoring: After giving prior notification, the police have the right to carry out technical monitoring in a public place or on a public road in order to maintain public order and security, prevent offences, identify a person suspected of an offence and guard special targets to be monitored.”

Furthermore, the usage of privacy related information is the Act on the Processing of Personal Data by the Police (761/2003). Its section 8 defines the following:

“Establishing personal data files:

 The decision to establish a personal data file as referred to in section 6(1) is made by the Supreme Police Command, and the decision to establish a personal data file as referred to in section 6(2) is made by the police unit in charge of the operation.

 Establishing personal data files other than those referred to in sections 2‐5 and in sections 30 and 31 requires a decision in writing. In respect of temporary or manually maintained personal data files for nationwide use as referred to in section 6, the decision on establishing a file and any significant alteration to it shall be notified to the Data Protection Ombudsman no later than one month before the file is established or altered. The decision to establish a personal data file shall state the purpose of use of the file.”

Personal Data Act (523/1999) defines issues related to e.g. data confidentiality and rights of accessing the information. The translation of the Finnish legislation can be found in [44].

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

5. Challenges in Public Safety

In general the limitations of the current systems are caused by the cost of the equipment and the work force. Also the scarcity of the available technical solutions prevents the more extensive use of such systems for safety improvements.

The solutions to be provided by the SafeCity project can be considered mainly from the viewpoint of creating sensor data, preprocessing of the information, collecting the information from different subsystems, analyzing the information, and making it accessible for different applications and services. In addition the solutions focus on integration of nowadays many separate systems used by the officials. 5.1 Current Limitations and Gaps The existing systems, both in public and in private areas, include sensing systems that are inspected manually. The analysis of sensors' data is minimal and automated notification and alarming applications are usually missing. For example, monitoring of several hundreds of cameras by only a few persons can not be considered powerful and efficient by any means.

The existing surveillance and monitoring systems can be considered as islands. There are no connections between the systems and information from several systems to be analyzed in one place requires usually again manual work. 5.2 On‐going innovative Initiatives In Finland there are ongoing several R&D and piloting projects related to road and traffic monitoring systems. The sensing systems used here are innovative when considering the effectiveness of catching data from several sources, and feeding that to selected applications of end users.

Another example is the automating of the Metropolitan area metro system in a way that no human drivers are needed for the rail cars. This is also advanced by a vast surveillance camera system that monitors actions and incidents in the cars and stations. 5.3 Ideas for the future FI‐PPP program objective is to provide specifications and implementations for Future Internet components. In the program these components are called enablers. These enablers are divided to functional categories providing services such as enabling Internet of Things, cloud services, or information security. The aim is to bring reliable, efficient, and secure communications everywhere.

Public safety actors could benefit greatly with such a communications architecture implemented and it existence as available services, either as components that can be purchased and installed, or used as provided commercial services.

In urban city different sensors monitoring the surrounding could be installed easily, connected to the secure and reliable network. The data from the sensors could be gathered and preprocessed, and finally gathered into a database for further analyzing. When legally applicable, private and public systems could be integrated, and the information in different databases connected to form higher levels of information to be served for applications.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

The examples of such applications and services could include inspection of ongoing traffic (flows, parking, abnormalities, accidents, etc.), situations and people behavior at the stations of public transportation, masses of people during big events, demonstrations, etc. The goal would always be enhancement of public safety by providing autonomously analyzed information to end users, including both public and private instances and individuals. 5.4 Future Characterization One example of the future target for development could be the improvement of the utilization of the road weather and traffic conditions information. There are already several weather cameras in the important crossings of the Route 51 (Ruoholahti, Lauttasaari, Karhusaari, Matinkylä, Suomenoja, Jorvas. see figure 32). However, these cameras are operated by the Finnish Transport Agency, and are used only to provide weather information to their web page and radio/TV. In addition to these cameras, the Finnish Transport Agency also offers to road users weather information received from the nearby weather stations.

The first realizable improvement would the adding different sensors to these important junctions. The target is to monitor all the traffic and road conditions of all the directions and lanes. This would enable real time monitoring of the traffic and to provide not only timely information about the existing conditions but also to predict the forthcoming amounts of vehicles, and thereafter through navigator interfaces of the cars utilize balancing of the traffic. This service can be extended also to the users of the connecting roads, not just the main highways.

The sensors by them selves are not the solution required. The platforms of SafeCity and FI‐WARE projects are necessary in order to provide reliable services to the end users; both the citizens and the officials. Efficient real time connectivity of the sensors is of course a must but in addition to that, security, trust, and privacy mechanisms will guarantee validated data gathering. Finally the sensing system is producing huge amounts of data which needs to be preprocessed and analyzed promptly for the applications improving safety and fluency of traffic.

Figure 32 New Sensors to Important Crossings in route 51.

The longer term target is to deliver real‐time location based information services to the drivers. These services would be accessible through their smart phones or their in‐car terminals. In addition to detailed, location‐based road weather forecasts and real‐time information about actual road condition on their route, these services could report for example incidents that cause significant delays or locations and duration of the road works.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Annex A – SafeCity End User Questionnaire

FP7‐285556 SafeCity Project

SafeCity Questionnaire City of Helsinki, Administration Centre

Deliverable Type: CO Nature of the Deliverable: O Date: Interviewer Partner: Editors: Sami Ruponen

** Nature of the Deliverable: P= Prototype, R= Report, S= Specification, T= Tool, O= Other

Abstract: This is the SafeCity questionnaire for end‐users data collection.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

STATE OF THE ART

SUBJECT Q NR QUESTION ANSWER

APPLICATION Indicate brief description of the application. In which CHARACTERIZAT situations/operations do you use this application? Surveillance camera system of the City of Helsinki. System is owned ION by the city but operated by the Finnish Police, due to national Q1. You could support your inputs with references to case legislation. The system is used for e.g. aiding police operations and scenarios and/or past incidents. investigations.

In which SafeCity area (A, B, C or D) do you frame this Q2. application? A, C, and D.

Actuation procedure followed during the utilization of this Video signal of the cameras is sent to the command centre monitors Q3. application. using dedicated network.

Related to your organization operations, indicate key requirements of this application. Paying special attention on ICT needs (e.g. Band Width, rate (bps), latency, QoS, No special technical requirements. Legislation requires that the Q4. data storage requirements, trained/supervising personnel, operator is the police. energy costs, etc).

Which concrete sensors does your organization use for this application? What is the purpose of each of them? What is Q5. the format of the output data? Are these standardized with Surveillance cameras of different kind. respect to fusion processes?

Is this an automated process? If so, up to which level? Does Q6. this include definition of data tags? Manual system with human operator(s).

What kind of type and data are being forwarded to the Q7. citizens, regarding the original sensors outputs? N/A

Q8. How interrelated are the different families of sensors that Any location can be monitored. Storing of visual data of public

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

STATE OF THE ART

SUBJECT Q NR QUESTION ANSWER you apply? How interoperable are the different locations is only permitted for selected authorities (e.g. the police). technologies? How can one support/ complement the For private locations the data storage is allowed. other? How can one affect the others in case of malfunction

Advantages of the use of this application. Q9. Gaps detected (e.g. additional info, inefficiencies, etc). Could you categorize such limitations as being a result of:

. current ICT development No mobile systems nor mobile connectivity (ad hoc networks). No Q10. . current integration lacks (interoperability issues) co‐operation between different authorities (e.g. surveillance systems of Metro and City of Helsinki. . not full awareness of crisis situation requirements (advanced changes) . Information management and network complexity Would you see such limitations being corrected/refined via Q11. supported/back‐up technology? N/A

Infrastructure involved in this application (e.g. data bases, wired fibber connections, wireless standards, etc), private or public networks. No accurate information can be released. Private dedicated Q12. Main constrains imposed by this infrastructure (e.g. data networks are used. Wireless connections partly used. losses, network coverage, different networks interpretabilities, data security, etc.)

Is it Internet‐based application? Does it use any internet Q13. connection? No internet technologies are used.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

STATE OF THE ART

SUBJECT Q NR QUESTION ANSWER Which information security policies do you use within this Q14. application? Private networking, physical system protection.

Which ethical, social and legal policies do your organization Only authorized police personnel is allowed to operate the system satisfies in order to make use of this application (e.g. and is allowed to access and store the data. Q15. considering sensitive data)? How does this affect your data But Subway stations and public transportation vehicles are owned formats and permissions? by private companies (“private” place) so the legal aspects are less strict and allow private persons to operate the cameras.

STATE OF THE ART

AREA Q NR. QUESTION ANSWER What social policies do you apply (e.g. regarding social Q16. division)? AREA A: SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Does your organization have different data sources (e.g. Q17. criminal data base)? In that case, please list them. No

Which communication networks are currently used between different bodies and among members of the same Q18. body (PMR, Radio TETRA, TETRAPOL, UHF, Radio, Satellite GSM/GPRS/UMTS, TETRA, WiFi. links, GSM/GPRS/UMTS, WiFi, WiMax, etc)?

AREA B: AD-HOC Does your current communication network satisfy all the NETWORK needs you require to perform an efficient work when a Ad hoc networks are not used efficiently for data transmission. special event or an emergency happen? Have you ever Mobile /portable systems would be required in the future. For Q19. deploy portable base stations to improve covertures or example deployable surveillance cameras using ad hoc network capacity of the cellular network you are using? How during big events to expand the normal surveillance coverage. effective is this approach (coverage, data quality, etc)? How

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

STATE OF THE ART

AREA Q NR. QUESTION ANSWER efficient is this approach (cost/ benefit ratio)?

Which kind of incidents or situations do you consider Abnormality in citizen and traffic behaviour. Including crowds, Q20. important to be alerted of? accidents, and criminal behaviour.

How do you think it would be the best way to alert citizen AREA C: Q21. Applications utilizing to mobile phones. ALERTING about these incidents? CITIZENS What social implications do you see arising (division, mass Use of audio based population alerting system only under extreme panic, etc) and which policies do you define in order to deal Q22. situations e.g. fallout, air attack considered because of possible with these situations? more harm than benefit caused (panic etc.).

At which level(s) of your organization, control centre technologies are used? If several levels of your organization City Command centre has access only to the city intranet. use control centre technologies could you precise Rescue department has own coordination system that e.g. can track Q23. information managed at each level of the organization? rescue vehicles etc. And relation between/role of each level of the Note: New command centre under evaluation / construction that organization? serves only on crisis situations.

AREA D: What anomalous situations do you consider important to COMMAND be alerted of in the Command Post (Citizen Behaviour, Unusual citizen or vehicle behaviour on the street view indicating CENTRE Q24. TECHNOLOGIES suspicious objects…)? something abnormal is happening

What management direction do you follow regarding data fusion, distribution and overall coordination of the related processes? Mention if applicable, learned‐by‐experience Q25. lessons upon gradually moving to more efficient architectures.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA A Situational Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER awareness

Video Analytics What are the demands you pose on the operation Video . Orphan objects detection, intrusion detection, Application Analytics Application (1= very important, 2=important, facial detection, face recognition: 3=less important, 4=unimportant) If possible, establish also o [ 3 ] Distance some parameters related to each technical requirement: o [ 3 ] Application environment (indoor, outdoor…) o [ 3 ] Kind of object to be detected o [ 3 ] Cross check detection with Criminal Data Bases . Anomalous pattern detection:

Q26. o [ 1 ] Persons o [ 1 ] Objects . Tracking of: o [ 2 ] Persons o [ 2 ] Objects . [ 1 ] Speed in data processing once it has been collected . [ 1 ] Working autonomy . [ 2 ] Cost of maintenance (sensors maintenance and operation, data storage facilities, etc.)

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA A Situational Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER awareness

. [ 1 ] Confidentiality . [ 1 ] Requirements to configure and operate . [ 2 ] Justification of algorithms in defining suspicious and anomalous behaviours. How do you define suspicious and anomalous behaviours . Operating o [ 2 ] On demand o [ 1 ] Continuously . [ 2 ] Interconnection with other sensors (triggering inputs / outputs). If so, specify what type of sensor/output would you find necessary? What would be a suitable shared data format? o Audio sensors o Sea flooding sensors Which characteristics do you consider important to define Unusual behaviour Q27. exact profile (Location, Time, Behaviour…)

Evaluate how useful Video Analytics application could be to your specific organization (1= very important, 2= important, 1 Q28. 3= less important, 4= unimportant)

In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this Q29. application into your activities performed during

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA A Situational Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER awareness

prevention and preparedness phases? (Connectivity, trained personnel, additional data processing, etc)?

Which scenarios you consider that would be applicable to Video Analytics application? Please refer to potential as Citizens and vehicles on the streets, metro stations. Q30. well as past incidents applicable

Given your existing experience, what social, ethical and legal implications would you see to arise? What respective Q31. policies could your organization apply in each case?

Real time What are the demands you pose on the operation Real‐ . [ 1 ] Distance: …………………………………………………. Positioning for Time Positioning for Decision Support Application (1= very . [ ] Application environment Decision support important, 2=important, 3=less important, 4=unimportant) . [ 1 ] Working autonomy: …………………………………………………. Application If possible, establish also some parameters related to each . [ 2 ] Cost of maintenance: ……………………………………………… Q32. technical requirement: . [ 1 ] Reliability: …………………………………………………. . [ 1 ] Confidentiality . [ 1 ] Requirements to configure and operate: …………………………………………………. Which scenarios you consider that would be applicable to Real‐Time Positioning for Decision Support application? Tracking of citizens and vehicles. Q33. Please refer to potential as well as past incidents applicable

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA A Situational Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER awareness

Please precise for scenarios you describe at which operational level location information is relevant (on a local PDA, on a mobile Control Command vehicle screen, on a global city control room screen? Other? ) Possible use case would be when an incident (robbery, . What kinds of vehicles are interesting to locate/track? abuse etc.) happens in a subway station the video In which situation? surveillance detects and starts tracking the persons . In which situation is it interesting to locate and/or track involved. Information can include the subway the Q34. a specific person? persons enter, which exit points they use to enter the . When tracking information is not available anymore street. The information from privately operated (vehicle/person goes out of the scope of cameras), cameras and public police operated cameras are would it be interesting to have some information for merged together to maximise the benefit. decision support such as re‐apparition zone of the person/vehicle? . What kinds of events are interesting to locate? In which situation? Evaluate how useful Real time Positioning for decision support application could be to your specific organization 1 Q35. (1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant)

In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this Extending camera surveillance to public transportation Q36. application into your activities performed during vehicles dramatically increases the amount of information to process thus there is a need for

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA A Situational Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER awareness

prevention and preparedness phases? intelligent, computer aided, system analysing video.

Given your existing experience, what social, ethical and legal implications would you see to arise? What respective Q37. policies could your organization apply in each case?

Road Track and What are the demands you pose on the operation of . [ 1 ] Detect unusual traffic patterns environmental SafeCity Road track & environmental sensors application . [ 1 ] Identification of incident sensors (1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= . [ 3 ] Sense critical environmental changes application unimportant) If possible, establish also some parameters related to each technical requirement: . [ 3 ] Monitoring of structural health of bridges and buildings . [ 2 ] Monitoring of inhospitable/dangerous environments Q38. . Weather station o [ 3 ] Temperature o [ 3 ] Weather conditions o [ 3 ] Weather forecast . Road General condition o [ 3 ] Ice o [ 3 ] Snow

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA A Situational Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER awareness

o [ 3 ] Rain . Events and occasions o [ 3 ] Holidays and vacation periods o [ 3 ] Tourist seasons (visitors not aware with the area) o [ 3 ] Grand seasonal events . Speed in data processing once it has been collected . [ 1 ] Reliability . [ 1 ] Confidentiality Please specify what kind of information your organization Unusual traffic pattern and behaviour indicating would require to receive from the respective technology, in abnormality. Additionally, e.g. incorrectly parked cars Q39. order to foresee such risks. Please refer to appropriate case disturbing normal traffic, specifically at winter time scenarios, where possible. disturbing snow plough.

Evaluate how useful Road Track and environmental sensors application could be to your specific organization (1= very 2 Q40. important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant)

In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this Note: At the moment legislation only allows giving application into your activities performed during Q41. prevention and preparedness phases? parking tickets for incorrectly parked cars, nothing else.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA A Situational Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER awareness

Would you consider an intelligent transportation system to . [ 3 ] Automatic activation of breaking systems or be an important part of the city’s infrastructure? Which fuel control. parameters do you consider the most important? (1= very . [ 3 ] Maintain driver and passenger comfort and important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= safety through the use of sensors for airbags unimportant) control and seatbelt pre‐tensioning. Intelligent . [ 3 ] Use of sensors for fatigue and mood transportation Q42. monitoring to ensure safe driving system . [ 3 ] Use of a broad city‐wide distributed sensor network to indicate traffic flows, administer tolls or provide continually updated destination routing feedback to individual vehicles. . [ 3 ] Use of global and local information, combining GPS information with cellular networks

Beyond the state of the art

AREA B: Ad‐hoc Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER Networks

Ad‐hoc Network What are the demands you pose on the operation of . [ ] Characteristic of devices: weight, size, application SafeCity Ad‐hoc Network application (1= very important, Q43. robustness, accuracy, etc 2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant) If . [ ] Node time deploy possible, establish also some parameters related to each

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA B: Ad‐hoc Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER Networks

technical requirement: . [ ] Kind of data . [ ] BW . [ ] Reliability . [ ] Supporting data storage on the field . [ ] Allowing sensors intercommunications in the field (in such case, please reference families of sensors of which you would consider necessary/important to be integrated on a de facto basis Evaluate how useful Road Track and environmental sensors application could be to your specific organization (1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant) N/A Q44. In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this application into your activities performed during prevention and preparedness phases?

Which scenarios you consider that would be applicable to Deployable cameras using ad hoc network during mass Q45. Ad‐hoc Network application? events

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Beyond the state of the art

AREA C: Alerting Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER Citizens

Alerting Citizens Which applications do you consider useful to be part of applications your daily operation? Including in each case: Alerting through mobile phone would be efficient because almost everybody from age 6 onward has it. . Which requirements/demands would you have regarding to this application? More challenging is what happens when the mobile . networks go down during crisis. Same problem Q46. Evaluate how useful this application could be to your specific organization (1= very important, 2= important, concerns also the staff inside the Helsinki 3= less important, 4= unimportant) Administration that now mostly depend on regular GSM phones. Only few or none have TETRA phone. But of . In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate course authorities have these. this application into your activities performed during prevention and preparedness phases?

Beyond the state of the art

AREA D: Command Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER Centre Technologies

Decision Support What are the demands you pose on the operation of . [ ] Working autonomy: ………………………………….

System SafeCity Decision Support System (1= very important, 2= . [ ] Facilitate to configure and operate: ………… application important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant). If possible, Q47. . [ ] Reliability: ………… establish also some parameters related to each technical requirement. . [ ] Work distribution and decentralization: ………………………………….

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Evaluate how useful Decision Support System application could be to your specific organization (1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant) N/A Q48. In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this application into your activities performed during prevention and preparedness phases?

Beyond the state of the art

AREA D: Others Q Nr. QUESTION ANSWER

Other Which applications do you consider useful to be part of applications your daily operation? Including in each case:

. Which requirements/demands would you have regarding to this application? . Evaluate how useful this application could be to your Q49. specific organization (1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant) . In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this application into your activities performed during prevention and preparedness phases? Ubiquitous Would you consider important the existence of a Citizens with mobile phones would be an interesting Sensor Network Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN), a term which is used to and feasible addition to normal surveillance. Even video Q50. describe a network of intelligent sensors (including people streams could be sent directly to systems operated by with their mobile phones) that could appear everywhere? A authorities over mobile networks and public Internet.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

USN can be used to provide an intelligent information Challenges: How to prevent enthusiastic citizen to infrastructure to support a multitude of different endanger itself using the sensor. Trustworthiness of the applications (utility infrastructure, buildings, roads, rails, information from Ubiquitous Sensor / citizen. vehicles, goods, people…)

. Which requirements/demands would you have regarding to this vision? . Evaluate how useful this application could be to your specific organization (1= very important, 2= important, 3= less important, 4= unimportant) . In your opinion, what are the challenges to integrate this application into your activities performed during prevention and preparedness phases

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

Annex B – Use Case Example

No. Description Examples of Examples of Applications sensors. enablers.

1. Jim start's the working trip at 7:30am with the Internet family car together with his wife Jane. connections, navigator, notification applications.

2. The Navigator is fed the information from home GPS, cameras, Connectivity, Navigator, Olari to Jane's workplace (Spektri) and there to road side security. traffic sensors for guidance Jim's office Otaniemi. Based on the current traffic traffic density. service. situation a route from Olari‐Road 51‐ Road 101 ‐ Otaniemi is proposed.

3. The weather and road conditions are reported by Road side Internet of SafeCity the SafeCity platform and the car sensors. The environment Things, platform sensors, car security. database. weather is dry and no icy road conditions are sensors. expected. Jim has also allowed the car sensor information to be sent to the SafeCity platform using the cars mobile Internet connection, utilising user identification and privacy management enablers of the Future Internet platform.

4. At 7:34am the infrared camera sensors on the Infrared Navigator. Road 51 notice an Elk preceeding the road and cameras. staying just beside it. This immediately causes the traffic to slow down and creating a jam. Jim's car terminal receives a notification from the SafeCity platform about the situation and the car navigator calculates a new route using Road 102 ‐ Street Mankkaanlaakso ‐ Street Koivu‐Mankkaa ‐ Spektri ‐ Otaniemi.

5. Jim drops Jane beside the Spektri and continues towards his own office in the central of Otaniemi.

PROJECT Nº FP7‐ 285556 D2.5 – HELSINKI PUBLIC SAFETY SCENARIO

6. Just when arriving to the office parking lot he CCTV or Pre‐ SafeCity notices that a toe car is picking up a van that has infrared processing database and cameras. capabilities. data fusion been parked in the middle of the access road to applications, the parking area. Without its removal Jim would notification not have been able to drive to the area. The applications. camera system has recognised the illegally parked car, and through the SafeCity platform the notifications and live video has been sent to the officials. Then necessary actions have been ordered and the van is removed.

7. Jim enters his office at 7:50am as he had planned.

8. At 4:00pm Jim plans to leave the office and return to home after collecting Jane.

9. When feeding this information to his Smart phone CCTV and SafeCity for messaging Jane and the car Navigator he infrared platform, cameras, road navigator. receives a suggestion to delay his departure with side sensors. 30 minutes. There has been a large conference at the Barona Arena which has ended and a lot of traffic is caused by the departing members and their cars. The traffic sensors notice that there is a lot of extra traffic from the Arena to the direction of the Road 101 and since this would cause extra 10‐15 minutes travelling to Jim and Jane, a delay is proposed. Jim accepts this and also Jane is notified with this situation.

10. At 5:20pm Jim and Jane arrive home being able to make a short stop on the way in their local grocery store.