PROGRAMA FONDECYT

INFORME FINAL

ETAPA 2010

COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACION CIENTÍFICA Y TECNOLÓGICA

VERSION OFICIAL

FECHA: 02/11/2011

Nº PROYECTO : 11080271 DURACIÓN : 3 años AÑO ETAPA : 2010 TÍTULO PROYECTO : GROUND-BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETS AND SYSTEMS

DISCIPLINA PRINCIPAL : ASTRONOMIA GRUPO DE ESTUDIO : ASTRON.,COSMOL.Y PAR INVESTIGADOR(A) RESPONSABLE : PATRICIO ROJO ROJO RUBKE DIRECCIÓN : COMUNA : CIUDAD : SANTIAGO REGIÓN : METROPOLITANA

FONDO NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO CIENTIFICO Y TECNOLOGICO (FONDECYT) Moneda 1375, Santiago de Chile - casilla 297-V, Santiago 21 Telefono: 2435 4350 FAX 2365 4435 Email: [email protected] INFORME FINAL PROYECTO FONDECYT INICIACION

OBJETIVOS

Cumplimiento de los Objetivos planteados en la etapa final, o pendientes de cumplir. Recuerde que en esta sección debe referirse a objetivos desarrollados, NO listar actividades desarrolladas. Nº OBJETIVOS CUMPLIMIENTO FUNDAMENTO 1 Preliminary analysis for our extend sample for the TOTAL The pilot program for our phase-velocity pilot phase velocity technique will be presented in was succesfully published (Cubillos et al 2011, conferences and journals. A&A 529, 88). Unfortunately, the conclusions is that will be better to wait for the next generation of instrumentation before expanding this technique to new systems. 2 Transit timing results for our extended sample TOTAL As part of his dissertation work, Sergio Hoyer will be presented in conferences and journals. monitored over a dozen planets collecting more than 60 transits to perform Transit timing analysis. Our first paper is already published on the planet OGLE-TR-111b (Hoyer et al 2011, ApJ 733, 53) and a second paper has just been accepted for the planet WASP-5b (Hoyer et al, ApJ accepted). Two more publications are expected to be submitted before the end of this .

Our results have been presented at several specialized conferences. 3 New data for Transit spectroscopy targets will be TOTAL We are analyzing new data collected this year on obtained. newly discovered bright southern transiting planets. Also, applications for new data has been submitted in the last call for proposals. 4 Develop and Implement new techniques to be TOTAL Four new methods have been identified as used in ground-based characterization of promising and are currently being followed as part of this project (See Results section for details): (1) search targeted for bright-transiting exoplanets (CHEPS survey using HARPS and Coralie Spectrographs, long-term status granted on the latter); (2) host characterization (Spectral studies of poorly studied -late MLT dwarfs- and survey of planetary search sample); (3) Occultation measurements of thermal emission from exoplanetary atmospheres, and (4) Radial velocity study of exoplanets around red-giants stars. Otro(s) aspecto(s) que Ud. considere importante(s) en la evaluación del cumplimiento de objetivos planteados en la propuesta original o en las modificaciones autorizadas por los Consejos. RESULTS OBTAINED: For each specific goal, describe or summarize the results obtained. Relate each one to work already published and/or manuscripts submitted. In the Annex section include additional information deemed pertinent and relevant to the evaluation process. The maximum length for this section is 5 pages. (Arial or Verdana, font size 10). Several techniques and approaches have been studied with the aim of accurate char- acterization of extrasolar planets from ground based telescopes.

• Search for Transit Timing Variations: We have recently expanded our pilot transit monitoring survey to encompass the brightest southern transit- ing planets: we have named our survey Transit Monitoring from the South (TraMoS project). From the original sample that has been monitored since 2008, we already have two papers from my Ph.D. student (Hoyer et al. 2011, ApJ 733, 53; Hoyer et al. 2011, ApJ accepted), and we are expected to submit two more publications in the coming months. As part of the extension to the original project, we have already been allocated over 100 new hours on the remotely-operated SARA telescope and we are in the process of performing the observations. We have also submitted a new application for more time with this telescope and we are developing pipelines for a quick and optimal analysis of the data. We have also presented our results in several international conferences. To complement sparse data on some of the targets we have joined efforts with other transit monitoring groups (e.g. Adams et al 2011, ApJ accepted)

• Transit Spectroscopy: We have analyzed data from two transits of the ex- trasolar planet HD 209458b. We use SINFONI at the VLT to precisely and efficiently measure the time series of the H–band spectra for this system. After accurate and careful removal of systematic effects (including removal of telluric contamination) the data is correlated with precise models. The result indicates the ground–based detection of water in the extrasolar atmosphere with a con- fidence of 2.8 σ. This borderline result needed some extra analysis that has delayed publication (Rojo et al. in prep) In collaboration with Europeans from ESO, we have successfully observed three transits of GJ1214b duiring this year and the analysis are well underway, we obtained photometry simultaneously and the results might probably be worth two papers.

1 Through different collaborations we have also applied for telescope time at 8m- and 4m-class telescopes to obtain primary transit data. Telescope time will be continuosuly applied for promising new systems that are visible from the southern hemisphere. Aditionally, my student Nicola Astudillo has just finished his master thesis. He worked on data from the ESO and Subaru archives and developed a new telluric correction method that does not requires simultaneous observation of bright reference star to correct for Earth’s atmospheric absorptions. A publication is being prepared with new atomic detections on HD209458b (Astudillo et al 2012, in prep)

• Phase Velocity: The data from the high-resolution IR spectrograph Phoenix at the Gemini South telescope has been fully analyzed. The result is a non- detection of the planetary spectrum, however we are able to place constrains on the detectability and suggest an optimal observing strategy that should warrant positive detections in future attempts. The M.Sc. student Patricio Cubillos worked on this for his thesis (Cubillos et al 2010, A&A 529, 88).

• Explore different techniques to characterize extrasolar planets using ground-based telescopes: Different techniques and alliances have been ex- plored on this topic. In particular, three new approaches have been added to this project:

– Radial Velocity (RV) Search for Bright Exoplanets: Radial velocity is cur- rently the most successful method to search for exoplanets. In particular, this method detected the two brightest transiting planets, HD209458b and HD189733b. They are the better suited planets for atmospheric charac- terization, which is evidenced in the formidable list of over 1000 refereed papers to this date. However, both these planets have northern declina- tions and are difficult to observe from the southern hemisphere. We formed a collaboration and started a survey for exoplanets: the Calan- Hertfordshire Extrasolar Planet Search (CHEPS). Our focus is the search for benchmark bright transiting exoplanets in the southern hemisphere in a stellar population that is not targeted by other RV surveys. We use the HARPS and Coralie spectrograph. Two papers has already been published (Jenkins et al. 2009, MNRAS 398, 911; Jenkins et al 2011, A&A 531, 8) and several others are in preparation, including the detection of some very bright close-in planets with southern . We are also

2 performing photometric follow-up to our candidates to confirm or rule-out detection of transits. – Radial Velocity study of planets around evolved stars Only a handful of planets are known around these evolved stars. They are a necessary pop- ulation to study to draw conclusions for post-main sequence evolution of planetary systems and they currently provide the only means to study planetary systems around massive stars, since during their main sequence stage their spectra is too hot and devoid of enough spectral features to accurately determine Doppler velocities. Ph.D. student Mat´ıasJones has made this topic his dissertation project with the study of almost 100 stars that belong to the and horizontal-branch populations. The first paper on the sample characterization is accepted (Jones et al 2011, A&A accepted). Both the detection or non-detection of exoplanets in this project will pro- vide a statistically significant constrain on the nature of exoplanets around massive stars and/or about its fate as the star evolves. – Host star characterization: In order to improve the discovery yield of exoplanet searches, it is necessary to investigate if the appearence of ex- oplanets is biased by host star properties. In fact, it is well known that planet hosts tend to be more metal-rich for main sequence stars with spec- tral types FGK (Fischer and Valenti 2005, ApJ 622, 1102). However, it is not clear that this relationship holds for the more abundant later type stars, partly because there are fewer surveys exploring this population and partly because the of such stars has not been well calibrated. Therefore, I formed new alliances and started a couple projects to better understand the poorly characterized light spectrum emerging from M- dwarfs and later type stars. We use high precision IR spectrum from medium resolution spectrographs (OSIRIS@SOAR, SINFONI@VLT, and ISAAC@VLT) to carefully study spectral features by comparison with theoretical models and other observables (including spectrum from binary companions). One of the aims is to accurately asses the metallicity for these stars in order to calibrate the poorly constrained spectral models. With the new we should be able to revise the controversial conclusions about metallicity biases for late-type planetary host stars. One paper is already published (Bonnefoy et al 2010, A&A 512, 52) and another has just been submitted (Bonnefoy et al 2011, A&A, submitted). As mentioned, we additionally analyzed the metallicity of a stellar sample

3 to be included in our metal-rich CHEPS survey (Jenkins et al 2011, A&A 531, 8) – Planetary thermal emission from secondary eclipse: Secondary eclipses, better known as occultations, provide a precise opportunity for detection of emitted IR photons from the exoplanetary atmosphere. Establishment of new algorithms together with serendipitous discoveries of new transiting systems in fields with many available reference stars, makes this a new research venue from ground-based telescopes. Currently, with an European collaboration, we have applied for extensive telescope time at 8m-class telescopes to monitor several systems.

Aditionally, I have participated in two other related research projects: Mon- itoring of planetary microlensing for the detection of exoplanets (Sumi et al 2010, ApJ 710, 1641), and the detection of a satellite around a the aster- oid 702 Alauda (Rojo & Margot 2010, ApJ accepted). The latter is not di- rectly related to exoplanets, however, the detection required high-contrast, high-angular-resolution imaging, which is a current technique for exoplanet search that will be part of my follow-up projects as part of the GPIES collabo- ration with guaranteed time on next-generation GPI instrument to be installed at the Gemini telescope.

4 ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT: - Research visit(s) to other institution(s). - Outreach activities related to the projects main topic. - Any other contribution, not addressed elsewhere, that you consider important. The maximum length for this section is 1 page. (Arial or Verdana, font size 10). In addition to the M.Sc. students indicated in the online forms (3 thesis finished during 2010 and 2011), two Ph.D. students, Sergio Hoyer (SH) and Mat´ıasJones (MJ), are working under my guidance on the search for exoplanets’ transit timing variations and searching for exoplanets around giant stars, respectively. They have obtained a wealth of data that is currently under analysis and have presented prelim- inary results in international conferences. SH is expected to graduate during January 2012, while MJ during late 2012. Together with the help of Basal initiative Center for Astrophysics and Associated Technologies (CATA), I was able to travel to 3 international conferences this year (Two in France, and one in Chile). I presented there my results, and was able to establish new collaborations and reaffirm old ones. My students were able to present their result in the professional annual meeting SOCHIAS (this year in San Juan Argentina) and in international conferences specific to their research topic Exploring Strange New Worlds: From Giants Planets to Super Earths (Flagstaff, AZ, US) for MJ and SH, respectively. I also participated in several media releases and at national channel newscasts to help educating the general population about the different Solar and Extrasolar Sys- tems phenomena and discoveries in current year (like peculiar exoplanets, near earth asteroids crossings and comets).

1 PROJECT SUMMARY: We proposed to use the newest developments to characterize extrasolar planets and extrasolar systems. We will explore the feasibility, conduct pilot programs of promis- ing new methods, and apply proved methods on newly discovered planets using state-of-the-art ground-based astronomical instruments available to the researchers. The methods in which we focused are: search for new planets using radial veloc- ity, initiating one survey of bright main sequence stars and another of giant stars; search for atmospheric signature of transiting extrasolar planets through transmis- sion and occultation spectroscopy; search for timing variations produced by unseen companions of transiting planets; and search for the time-resolved, IR spectroscopic signature of selected extrasolar non-transiting planets. Using the different methods we will attempt to (1) detect bright new transiting planets that can be ideally suited for exoatmopsheric follow-up from the southern hemisphere, (2) place constraints on exoatmospheric models and abundances (both of molecules and atoms), (3) detect non-transiting lowmass companions to transiting planets, and (4) place constraints on the atmospheric abundances of non-transiting planets. All the above discoveries are possible by the continued application for time on state- of-the-art telescopes available to Chilean researchers. We have two long term surveys in place: Transit Monitoring from the South (TraMoS) and the Calan-Hertfordshire Extrasolar Planet Search (CHEPS). The latter even has telescope long-term time allocation status until 2014. Three M.Sc. thesis and two Ph.D. thesis have been executed as part of this project. The Master thesis have been finished, two of them have their results published and the third paper is in preparation. The Doctorate projects are in execution, one of them is expected to be defended next January while the other during late 2012/early 2013. Currently, 2 and 1 papers have been accepted for each of these students, respectively. Of the published or accepted results lead by our team, we constrained the variability of the transit lightcurve and its timing for OGLE-TR-111b and WASP-5; we placed upper limits on the atmospheric extension of the exoplanet HD 217107b; we found a unusual eccentric brown dwarf around the star HD 191760; we catalogued hundreds of main sequence and giant stars; we characterize a high-precision spectra of the planet/brown dwarf companion AB Pictoris b and used extreme angular resolution and contrast imaging to detect a satellite to an asteroid in a manner akin to direct imaging of exoplanets. I also collaborated on constraining the transit variability of OGLE-TR-56b and detecting the cold-neptune microlensing planet OGLE-2007- BLG-368Lb.

1 COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL

Nº Proyecto: 11080271 Nombre Colaborador (a) Extranjero (a): MERCEDES LOPEZ MORALES Afiliación Institucional Actual: CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS Fechas de estadía Desde : Hasta :

Describa las actividades realizadas y resultados obtenidos. Destaque su contribución al logro de los objetivos del proyecto. Si es pertinente, indique las publicaciones conjuntas generadas, haciendo referencia a lo informado en la etapa Productos. Agregue en la etapa anexos la información necesaria.

PRODUCTOS

ARTÍCULOS Para trabajos en Prensa/ Aceptados/Enviados adjunte copia de carta de aceptación o de recepción.

Nº : 1 Autor (a)(es/as) : James S. Jenkins, F. Murgas, P. Rojo, Hugh R.A. Jones, Avril C. -Jones, Matias I. Jones, James R.A. Clarke, Maria-Teresa Ruiz, David J. Pinfield Nombre Completo de la Revista : Astronomy and Astrophysics Título (Idioma original) : Chromospheric Activities and Kinematics for Solar Type Dwarfs and : Analysis of the Activity Distribution and the AVR Indexación : ISI ISSN : 2011A&A...531A...8J Año : 2011 Vol. : 531 Nº : 8 Páginas : 15 Estado de la publicación a la fecha : Publicada Otras Fuentes de financiamiento, si las hay : Fondecyt postdoc 3110004 Fondap 15010003 Fondecyt postdoc 3100098 Gemini/Concyt 32090002

Envía documento en papel : no Archivo(s) Asociado(s) al artículo : aa16333-10.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_articulos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/15635/1/

Nº : 2 Autor (a)(es/as) : Hoyer, S.; Rojo, P.; López-Morales, M.; Díaz, R. F.; Chambers, J.; Minniti, D. Nombre Completo de la Revista : Astrophysical Journal Título (Idioma original) : Five New Transit Epochs of the Exoplanet OGLE-TR-111b Indexación : ISI ISSN : 2011ApJ...733...53H Año : 2011 Vol. : 733 Nº : 53 Páginas : 8 Estado de la publicación a la fecha : Publicada Otras Fuentes de financiamiento, si las hay : Fondap 15010003 Basal PFB06 GEMINI-CONICYT FUND#32070020, ALMA-CONICYT FUND#31090030

Envía documento en papel : no Archivo(s) Asociado(s) al artículo : apj_733_1_53.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_articulos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/15636/1/

Nº : 3 Autor (a)(es/as) : Cubillos, P. E.; Rojo, P.; Fortney, J. J. Nombre Completo de la Revista : Astronomy and Astrophysics Título (Idioma original) : High-resolution spectroscopic search for the thermal emission of the extrasolar planet HD 217107 b Indexación : ISI ISSN : 2011A&A...529A..88C Año : 2011 Vol. : 529 Nº : 88 Páginas : 7 Estado de la publicación a la fecha : Publicada Otras Fuentes de financiamiento, si las hay : Fondap 15010003 Basal PFB06

Envía documento en papel : no Archivo(s) Asociado(s) al artículo : aa15802-10.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_articulos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/15638/1/

Nº : 4 Autor (a)(es/as) : Rojo, P.; Margot, J. L. Nombre Completo de la Revista : Astrophysical Journal Título (Idioma original) : and Density of the B-type Asteroid (702) Alauda Indexación : ISI ISSN : 2011ApJ...727...69R Año : 2011 Vol. : 727 Nº : 69 Páginas : 5 Estado de la publicación a la fecha : Publicada Otras Fuentes de financiamiento, si las hay : Fondap 15010003 Basal PFB06

Envía documento en papel : no Archivo(s) Asociado(s) al artículo : apj_727_2_69.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_articulos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/15639/1/

Nº : 5 Autor (a)(es/as) : M. I. Jones, J. S. Jenkins, P. Rojo, and C. H. F. Melo Nombre Completo de la Revista : Astronomy and Astrophysics Título (Idioma original) : Study of the impact of the post-MS evolution of the host star on the orbits of close-in planets Indexación : ISI ISSN : Año : Vol. : Nº : Páginas : Estado de la publicación a la fecha : Aceptada Otras Fuentes de financiamiento, si las hay : Conicyt/ALMA grant #31080027 Fondap 15010003 Basal PFB06 Fondecyt postdoc 3110004

Envía documento en papel : no Archivo(s) Asociado(s) al artículo : jones_m.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_articulos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/15641/1/

jones_accepted.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_articulos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/15641/2/

OTRAS PUBLICACIONES / PRODUCTOS Sin información ingresada.

CONGRESOS

Nº : 1 Autor (a)(es/as) : P. Rojo, James S. Jenkins, Sergio Hoyer, Matias I. Jones Título (Idioma original) : Extrasolar Planet Research at Universidad de Chile Nombre del Congreso : ISSOL and Bioastronomy Joint International Conference 2011 País : FRANCIA Ciudad : Montpellier Fecha Inicio : 03/07/2011 Fecha Término : 08/07/2011 Nombre Publicación : Año : Vol. : Nº : Páginas : Envía documento en papel : no Archivo Asociado : montp.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_congresos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/23312/1/

Nº : 2 Autor (a)(es/as) : Rojo, P.; Margot, J. L. Título (Idioma original) : First Satellite to a B-type Asteroid, (702) Alauda: Dynamical Mass and Density Nombre del Congreso : 43th Division for Planetary Sciences Annual Meeting País : FRANCIA Ciudad : Nantes Fecha Inicio : 02/10/2011 Fecha Término : 07/10/2011 Nombre Publicación : Año : Vol. : Nº : Páginas : Envía documento en papel : no Archivo Asociado : rojo-margot.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_congresos/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/23314/1/ TESIS/MEMORIAS

Nº : 1 Título de Tesis : Ground-ased Transit Spectroscopy: the case of HD 209458b Nombre y Apellidos del(de la) Alumno(a) : Nicola Astudillo Nombre y Apellidos del(de la) Tutor(a) : Patricio Rojo Título Grado : Magister Institución : Universidad de Chile País : CHILE Ciudad : Santiago Estado de Tesis : Terminada Fecha Inicio : 01/07/2009 Fecha Término : 02/11/2011 Envía documento en papel : no Archivo Asociado : msc-astudillo.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_tesis_memorias/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/12577/1/

Nº : 2 Título de Tesis : A HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPIC SEARCH FOR THE THERMAL EMISSION OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANET HD 217107 b Nombre y Apellidos del(de la) Alumno(a) : Patricio Cubillos Nombre y Apellidos del(de la) Tutor(a) : Patricio Rojo Título Grado : Magister Institución : Univerisdad de Chile País : CHILE Ciudad : Santiago Estado de Tesis : Terminada Fecha Inicio : 03/03/2008 Fecha Término : 01/07/2010 Envía documento en papel : no Archivo Asociado : msc-cubillos.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_tesis_memorias/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/12579/1/

Nº : 3 Título de Tesis : PROPIEDADES F ISICAS Y CINEMATICAS DE ESTRELLAS DE LA VECINDAD SOLAR PERTENECIENTES AL HEMISFERIO SUR Nombre y Apellidos del(de la) Alumno(a) : Felipe Murgas Nombre y Apellidos del(de la) Tutor(a) : Patricio Rojo; James Jenkins Título Grado : Magister Institución : Universidad de Chile País : CHILE Ciudad : Santiago Estado de Tesis : Terminada Fecha Inicio : 03/03/2008 Fecha Término : 03/05/2010 Envía documento en papel : no Archivo Asociado : msc-murgas.pdf http://sial.fondecyt.cl/index.php/investigador/f4_tesis_memorias/descarga/13233870/11080271/2010/12581/1/

ANEXOS

A continuación se detallan los anexos físicos/papel que no se incluyen en el informe en formato PDF.