Balcanica Xliv
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BALCANICA XLIV BALCANICA XLIV, Belgrade 2013, 1–472 UDC 930.85(4–12) ISSN 0350–7653 SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES BALCANICA XLIV ANNUAL OF THE INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES Editor DUŠAN T. BATAKOVIĆ Director of the Institute for Balkan Studies SASA Editorial Board FRANCIS CONTE (Paris), DJORDJE S. KOSTIĆ, LJUBOMIR MAKSIMOVIĆ, DANICA POPOVIĆ, GABRIELLA SCHUBERT (Jena), BILJANA SIKIMIĆ, ANTHONY-EMIL TACHIAOS (Thessaloniki), NIKOLA TASIĆ, SVETLANA M. TOLSTAJA (Moscow) BELGRADE 2013 Publisher Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Knez Mihailova 35/IV www.balkaninstitut.com e-mail: [email protected] The origin of the Institute goes back to the Institut des Études balkaniques founded in Belgrade in 1934 as the only of the kind in the Balkans. The initiative came from King Alexander I Karadjordjević, while the Institute’s scholarly profile was created by Ratko Parežanin and Svetozar Spanaćević. The Institute published Revue internationale des Études balkaniques, which assembled most prominent European experts on the Balkans in various disciplines. Its work was banned by the Nazi occupation authorities in 1941. The Institute was not re-established until 1969, under its present-day name and under the auspices of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. It assembled a team of scholars to cover the Balkans from prehistory to the modern age and in a range of different fields of study, such as archaeology, ethnography, anthropology, history, culture, art, literature, law. This multidisciplinary approach remains its long-term orientation. Volume XLIV of the annual Balcanica is printed with financial support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia CONTENTS ARTICLES ARCHAEOLOGY. CLASICAL STUDIES Dragana Grbić, The Thracian Hero on the Danube: New Interpretation of an Inscription from Diana 7 Sanja Pilipović, Wine and the Vine in Upper Moesia: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence . 21 Vladimir P Petrović & Vojislav Filipović, Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence Contributing to Identifying the Location and Character of Timacum Maius . 35 EPIC FORMULA STUDIES Lidija Delić, Poetic Grounds of Epic Formulae . 51 Karl Reichl, The Varieties of Formulaic Diction in Turkic Oral Epics . 79 Predrag J Mutavdžić & Saša B Djordjević, Some Types of Introductory Formulas in Greek Klephtic (Heroic) Epic . 93 Ana V Sivački, Specific Initial (Introductory) Formulas in Albanian (Decasyllabic) Songs of the Frontier Warriors . 113 Marija Bradaš, The Return of Epic Formulas in Various Italian Translations. of the Kosovka djevojka (Kossovo Maiden) . 139 Dragoljub Ž Perić, Temporal Formulas in Serbian Oral Epic Songs . 159 Mirjana Detelić, Generic Lacuna in the Epic Poems Using the Fog Formula . 181 HISTORY Paschalis M Kitromilides, Dositej Obradović and the Greek Enlightenment . 201 Slobodan G Markovich, Patterns of National Identity Development among the Balkan Orthodox Christians during the Nineteenth Century 209 Radmila Pejić, Herbert Vivian: A British Traveller in Late Nineteenth-Century Serbia . 255 Miroslav Svirčević, The New Territories of Serbia after the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913: The Establishment of the First Local Authorities 285 Dušan T Bataković, Storm over Serbia: Rivalry between Civilian and Military Authorities (1911–1914) . 307 Milovan Pisarri, Bulgarian Crimes against Civilians in Occupied Serbia during the First World War . 357 Victor Neumann, Timişoara between “Fictive Ethnicity” and “Ideal Nation”: The Identity Profile during the Interwar Period . 391 REVIEWS Veljko Stanić: Georges Castellan, Gabrijela Vidan & Antonia Bernard, Histoire de la Croatie et de la Slovénie 413 Veljko Stanić: Frédéric Le Moal, La France et l’Italie dans les Balkans 1914–1919 Le contentieux adriatique, and La Serbie, du martyre à la victoire, 1914–1918 . 415 Veljko Stanić: Jean-Paul Bled, François-Ferdinand d’Autriche . 418 Miloš Vojinović: Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers – How Europe Went to War in 1914 . 422 Miroslav Svirčević : Vasilij Štrandman [Basil de Strandman], Balkanske Uspomene [Balkan Reminiscences] . 433 Dragan Bakić: Árpád Hornyák, Hungarian-Yugoslav Diplomatic Relations, 1918–1927 . 438 Dragan Bakić: Dejan Djokić, Nikola Pašić and Ante Trumbić: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Elusive Compromise: A History of Interwar Yugoslavia . 442 Veljko Stanić: Zoran Milutinović, Getting Over Europe The Construction of Europe in Serbian Culture . 450 Vladislav Lilić: Dušan T. Bataković, ed. Minorities in the Balkans State Policy and Interethnic Relations (1804–2004) 454 Miroslav Svirčević: Robert M. Hayden, From Yugoslavia to the Western Balkans: Studies of a European Disunion, 1991–2011 . 457 Ljubica Djurić: Suzana Marjanić and Antonija Zaradija Kiš, eds. Književna životinja Kulturni bestijraij II dio . 461 Miloš Luković: Ladislav Hladkýa et al., Vztahy Čechů s národy a zeměmi jihovýchodní Evropý . 463 Bogdan Trifunović: Jolanta Sujecka, ed. Semantyka Rosji na Bałkanach . 465 Dragana Grbić DOI: 10.2298/BALC1344007G Original scholarly work Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade The Thracian Hero on the Danube New Interpretation of an Inscription from Diana Abstract: The paper looks at some aspects of the Thracian Hero cult on the Danube frontier of Upper Moesia inspired by a reinterpretation of a Latin votive inscription from Diana, which, as the paper proposes, was dedicated to Deo Totovitioni. Based on epigraphic analogies, the paper puts forth the view that it was a dedication to the Thracian Hero, since it is in the context of this particular cult that the epithetTotovi - tio has been attested in various variants (Toto-viti- / Toto-bisi- / Toto-ithi-). Keywords: Latin epigraphy, Upper Moesia, Djerdap/Iron Gates, Thracian epithets, Thracian cult, Thracian Hero, religion he cult of the Thracian Horseman or Thracian Hero, which is a con- ventional term coined in the nineteenth century to reflect a distinc- tiveT iconography,1 was widespread in the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire, notably in Thrace and Lower Moesia. Most of such monuments discovered in the area of Upper Moesia come from the south and southeast of the province, where there were higher concentrations of Thracian popu- lation. Evidence for the presence of the cult in the north of the province bordering the Danube is not nearly as ample, and the finds are mostly con- fined to Roman military sites. This paper will focus on these monuments since they may shed light not only on some interesting aspects of the Thra- cian Hero cult, but also on the more general issue of the religion of Roman soldiers. In this regard, it is important to note the findings of D. Boteva per- taining to the dedicants from the ranks of military personnel who bore Latin names (Boteva 2005; cf. Boteva 2007). Namely, taking into account the inscriptions from Lower Moesia and Thrace, Boteva has shown that a considerable number of such monuments were dedicated by Roman auxil- iary or legionary soldiers and veterans. She has also found that the number of dedicants with Latin names or names shaped according to the Roman 1 It is an indigenous Thracian deity whose character and function remain insufficiently clear despite the abundant finds and many studies (cf. Dimitrova 2002, 210; Boteva 2002; Boteva 2011). A typical iconography occurs on votive and sepulchral monuments alike, and religious syncretism is very prominent. For a brief overview of the issue and the most important earlier studies, see Boteva 2011, 85–87. 8 Balcanica XLIV (2013) onomastic formula is not insignificant and that they were not necessarily Romanised Thracians by origin (Boteva 2007, 75–89).2 When the Upper Moesian examples are looked at in this light, it becomes obvious that a con- siderable number of the inscriptions belonging to this cult3 show a similar combination of features indicating that they were dedicated by Roman sol- diers. Most dedicants have Latin names and their vota are written in Latin. To this group belong, for example, the votive relief of the Thracian Hero from Buljesovac near Vranje, south Serbia (Cf. Cermanović-Kuzmanović 1963, 38, n. 52): Deo Tatoni Pa(trio) L. Pet(ilius?) Aurelia|nus mil(es) leg(ionis) VII Cla(udiae) | v(otum) l(ibens) p(osuit);4 the icon of the Thracian Hero from the environs of Paraćin dedicated by a soldier of the legion IV Flavia (IMS IV 92): M. Aur(elius) Lucius m(iles) leg(ionis) IIII | F(laviae) Al(exandrianae) v(otum) p(osuit) l(ibens) m(erito); the dedication from Naissus (IMS IV 26): 5 Deo | Mund(ryto) | Cl(audius) Rufus | v(otum) s(olvit); as well as the altar from Viminacium (IMS II 16): Dio (!) | (H)eroni | Aur(elius) Gai|us vet(er)a|nus l(e)g(ionis) | IIII 6 Fl(aviae) An(toninianae) | vot(um) s(ol)vi(t). Interesting is the dedication to the Thracian Hero on a monument from Singidunum erected by his cultores, obviously Thracians IMS( I 2; CCET V 2): Deo Heroni | collitores (!) ipsius | Theodotus Gude pater || Victorinus | Mucianus | Valentinus | Rodo | Natus | Victorinus | Dometianus (!) | Septuminus (!) || Zinama | Herodes | Hermogenes | Iulius | Her- 2 Cf. CIL VI 32578, 32580, 32581, 32582; I. Vendikov in CCET I 1. 3 It should be noted that not all monuments are inscribed and that most have been identified on the basis of the iconography. 4 The reading proposed byCCET V 25, accepted also by Epigraphic Database Heidelberg (HD032797), is better than Attonipal(---), proposed by IMS IV, 119 (Cermanović- Kuzmanović 1963, 38, n. 52: Tatonipal). It can be checked from the published photo- graph of the monument: the ligature TA at the beginning of line 1 is clearly visible. 5 For Deus Myndritus cf. АЕ 1924, 51 (Philippi): Iovi Fulm[ini] | et Mercur[io] | et Myndryt[o] | Aliulas Zepa|is filius Zipas Me[s]|tus Zeces Aliul[ae?] | filia ex merit[is] | eius(?) f(aciendum) curaveru[nt] | l(ibentes) m(erito). Georgiev 1975; Detschew 1957, 324; Duridanov 1995, 120. 6 IMS II 221; 309. D. Grbić, The Thracian Hero on the Danube 9 mogenes | Maximinu[s] | Marcus | v(otum) p(osuerunt) l(ibentes) m(erito).