600 Jaar Later: De Slag Bij Kosovo in De Hedendaagse, Servische Literatuur

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600 Jaar Later: De Slag Bij Kosovo in De Hedendaagse, Servische Literatuur Universiteit Gent Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Academiejaar 2008-2009 600 jaar later: De slag bij Kosovo in de hedendaagse, Servische literatuur Verhandeling ingediend tot het behalen van de graad van Master in de Oost-Europese Talen en Culturen Promotor: Dr. S. Vervaet door: Laurens Strobbe 2 Voor de literatuur, overgevlogen uit het verre zuiden, in de handen van mijn promotor, Ik dank Aan de goden van de wereldlijke panthea, voor spirituele begeleiding, Ik dank Aan alle geliefden in mijn leven, voor hun energie, Ik dank ≈ 3 4 Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................. 7 2. De veldslag bij Kosovo: De evolutie van een nationale legende ........................................... 9 3. Kosovo Polje door de ogen van de huidige schrijvers ............................................................ 13 4. In het spoor van de legendarische personages ......................................................................... 17 4.1 Lazar, prins van Servië ............................................................................................................ 17 4.1.1 De christelijke aura van Lazar ......................................................................................... 19 4.2 Miloš Obilić, de eeuwige held ................................................................................................. 23 4.2.1 De twist met Vuk Branković ............................................................................................ 26 4.3. Verraad op het veld ................................................................................................................... 30 4.4 De dood van een sultan ............................................................................................................. 33 4.4.1 Het bewijs van Obilić ........................................................................................................ 34 4.4.2 Het einde van Kosovo ........................................................................................................ 38 5. De ideologische kant van het verhaal ......................................................................................... 40 5.1 Vid, de inspiratie voor een heldendom ................................................................................. 41 5.2 De strijd tussen twee werelden ............................................................................................... 44 5.2.1 Het beeld van de Turk ....................................................................................................... 47 5.3 Kosovo als eeuwige herinnering ............................................................................................. 50 6. Besluit .................................................................................................................................................. 54 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Bijlagen .................................................................................................................................................... 59 5 6 1. Inleiding De slag bij Kosovo van 1389 is in de geschiedenis van Servië een van de grootste gebeurtenissen ooit geweest, en doorheen de eeuwen is er heel veel over geschreven. In deze thesis heb ik de literatuur over de slag van de laatste 20 jaar in kaart gebracht, meer bepaald de werken gepubliceerd in het jaar 1989, en een heruitgave uit 2003. Ik heb er de voornaamste elementen van de legende trachten in terug te vinden, om zo waar mogelijk de evolutie of de afwijking te zien met de overleveringen. De lijst met verhalen over de slag is echter heel groot, en daarom heb ik met behulp van naslagwerken, vooral deze van Miodrag Popović en Jelka ReĊep, de hedendaagse literatuur trachten te vergelijken met vroeger. De naslagwerken bieden een heel duidelijk overzicht van de geschreven en gesproken verhalen en hun inhoud, en samen met de andere bronnen, die dieper ingaan op bepaalde aspecten van de legende, heb ik alles gebonden kunnen inkaderen. De werken die ik onder de loep heb genomen in deze thesis zijn het dramastuk van Ljubomir Simović1, Boj na Kosovu, en twee romans, Suzopolje van Danilo Marić en Roman o Obiliću van Dobrilo Nenadić. Ik heb daarnaast ook de verfilming van het stuk van Simović ter referentie gebruikt. Eerst heb ik de algemene evolutie van de vroegere literatuur nader bekeken, tot aan de verhalen van Vuk Karadţić, om dan over te kunnen gaan tot de huidige literatuur. Als inleiding daarop heb ik de historische situatie van de slag geschets met behulp van aantekeningen uit die hedendaagse verhalen, om dan te kunnen onderdompelen in de legende zelf. Binnen die legende heb ik me echter beperkt tot een nadere studie van de twee hoofdpersonages, prins Lazar Hrebeljanović en ridder Miloš Obilić, en de elementen van de legende die zich rondom hen afspelen. Ik heb bekeken op welke manier deze figuren vandaag in de literatuur worden ingewerkt in vergelijking met vroeger en op welke manier de hedendaagse schrijvers hen benaderen. Zo zullen er beschrijvingen zijn door de ogen van allerlei figuren, gaande van de sultan tot de kleine boer alsook de hoofdpersonages zelf, maar daarbij moet rekening worden gehouden dat deze uiteindelijk wel de ideeën profileren van de schrijvers zelf. 1 Ljubomir heeft echter in 2003 een herziening gemaakt van zijn werk uit 1989. Afhankelijk van de verschillen in de beide versies zal ik ofwel uit beide de gelijkaardige passages citeren, of me beperken tot één uitgave, bij voorkeur de laatste, als er geen veranderingen waren aangebracht. 7 Daarnaast ben ik ook dieper ingegaan op de meer belangrijke aspecten van de legende die zich verhouden tot deze personages. Voor Lazar betreft dit de christelijke inslag van zijn persoon, terwijl voor Obilić het vooral gaat over de twist met Vuk Branković en zijn heldhaftige opoffering voor Lazar. Samen met de daaropvolgende hoofdstukken, de apotheose van de slag, gaande over het bekende motief van verraad en de uiteindelijke afloop van de slag, heb ik kunnen opmaken tot wat de legende en haar hoofdrolspelers geworden zijn, na zes millennia van evolutie. Er zijn echter nog vele andere aspecten van de legende, die soms kort worden aangekaart in de thesis, maar waar verder niet wordt op ingegaan, aangezien het ons te ver van het centrale element van de thesis zou leiden. In het laatste hoofdstuk heb ik de hedendaagse verhalen ook in een historische en sociaal- politieke context bekeken, en heb ik de ideologische inslag onderzocht, die misschien in de verhalen vervat zit. Ik heb de literaire inhoud getoetst aan de politieke situatie van 1989 en later, welke gaat over de kwestie van Kosovo, en waar dus ook de verhalen een functie in kunnen hebben. Daarbij heb ik veronderstellingen gemaakt en conclusies getrokken over de aspecten die een mogelijke ideologische inhoud kunnen rechtvaardigen. Ik heb trachten terug te vinden hoe de verhouding tussen de Osmanen en Serven is in de verhalen, in welke mate de inspiratie van het heldendom teruggaande op de God Vid zich manifesteert, en uiteindelijk hoe belangrijk Kosovo is als gegeven in de hedendaagse literatuur en de hedendaagse context. Zo heb ik dan de conclusie kunnen maken of de verhalen misschien zouden kunnen hebben bijgedragen tot een versterkt nationaal beeld, of juist afbraak zouden kunnen hebben gedaan aan dat beeld. 8 2. De veldslag bij Kosovo: De evolutie van een nationale legende Wat in 1389 bij Kosovo gebeurde is voor de Serviërs altijd een inspiratie geweest, een episch treffen dat niemand kon of wou vergeten. Het was een slag tussen enkele Servische feodale staten en de Osmaanse reus, waarvan de hamerslag viel bij Kosovo Polje, en de dreun eeuwen is blijven nazinderen. De gebeurtenis komt al in teksten van het eind van de 14e eeuw en het begin van de 15e eeuw voor (ReĊep, 2007: 1), vlak na de slag. Een legende werd toen geboren. Het waren echter geestelijken die als eerste over de slag begonnen te schrijven, en niet de ooggetuigen, of historici en kroniekschrijvers die het gevecht neerpenden. (Bećković, 1989). Op het eind van de 16e en het begin van de 17e eeuw was de legende al gevormd, en in teksten van de 18e eeuw kwam ze in haar definitieve plooi te liggen. (ReĊep, 2007: 12) Ze stond echter eerst in het teken van een enkele man, de Servische prins Lazar. “Al snel na de gebeurtenis verschenen de eerste verhalen en de eerste teksten die ofwel getuigden over de slag ofwel geschreven waren om de cultus van de overleden Servische prins Lazar op gang te trekken”2. Enkele voorname voorbeelden van de geschreven literatuur zijn Slovo o knezu Lazaru van patriarch Danilo III en Povesno slovo o knezu Lazaru van Ravaniĉanin III3 als vroegste werken. De lijst van verhalen werd echter heel lang (cf. ĐuriĊ, 1990), en bevestigt hoe Lazar althans in de geschriften een vaste plaats had. Aan het eind van de 14e eeuw en het begin van 15e eeuw schreef men echter nog niet over de dapperheid van Lazar, maar enkel over zijn toewijding voor het hemelse rijk, als onderdeel van zijn cultus. (ReĊep, 2007: 22) Van de overleveringen over de slag die tot ons zijn gekomen stelt Trifunović echter dat er enkel “slechte of onvolledige historische bronnen [zijn].”4 Het is natuurlijk geweten dat historische overleveringen altijd met een korrel zout moeten worden genomen, en dit geldt nog meer
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