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N. IORGA uan ISTORIA ROM ANILOR VOL. II OAMENII PAMANTULUI (PANA LA ANUL 1000) + BUCUR E T1 1936 CARTEA I-iu AMINTIREA IMPERIULLII CAPITOLUL I. Barb arii §i Imperiul In Apus, numai prin ultimul sfert al secolului al III-lea conditiile contactului cu barbarii au fost deosebit de sAlba- tece. In sfdram'a'trurile de marmuri linse de fldcdri, In obiectele mdrunte fdcute bucdti, In grAmezile de monede ascunse Jul- lian vedea grozdvia 1°1.1. O oarecare ruralisare pare a se pronunta si In Galia In- sdsi2. Se lucreazd pamantul ca la camp Induntrul zidurilor In secolul al IV-lea s. Un fenomen asAmAngtor se petrece Lot alunci In Belgia, uncle in cala Francilor germani se Ingrd- mddesc ruinele 4. Tabloul pe care ni-1 presintd istoricul modern al Galiei al unei provincii fundamental ruinate In care s'au fdcut in grabd sfortgoidesperate pentru a se Inldri mdcar cateva celdti capabile de a resista s. E aceiasi operd care se face tot atunci pe malul drept dundrean, care n'a fost pArdsit, al Scitiei Minore, la Ulmelum si la odatd strillucitoarea cetate a Is trienilor. Jullian observd ialtceva: Imperiul trece, de pe urma greseldor sale, prinfro lngrozitoare crisci care märzancei ora- .ele. Le vedem pustiindu-se, fdrä nicio amenintare strdind, In Nordul Italiei si pe Adriaticd 6 1 Jullian, Ilistoire de la Ganle, IV, p. 601. 2 Ibid., pp. 603-4. 3 Libanius,Orationes, XVIII. p.35. Semnalat de Jullian,o.c., VII, p. 26, nota 6. 4 Sclmermans, In Buitetin des commissions royales d'art et d'archéo- logie, XXIV (1890), p.189 si urm. 5 Jullian, o.c., VII, p. 19 si urm. 6Ibid., p. 26, nota 6. 4 Amintirea Imperiului In ce priveste Britania Arare, se crede astdzi cá. teribilele jalanii relorice ale lui Nonnius si ciliar pesimismul luji Beda sant exageratel.Spectacolul Daciei In momentul primelor ndvdliri se poate restitui deci prin c,asuri asAmdndtoare. Astfel se putea spune cd, 1nainte de refacerea de dire Iulian, Nico- polul lui August era In ruine: peálate (lacerae) casele no- bililor, fard coperi$uri forurile, totul era plin, dupd stricarea aped-uctelor, de murddrie si praf". Atena Insdsi i$i pierduse once Ingrijire publicd si privald". Eleusis era In ddramdturá.2. In párdsirea" Daciei lusa nu se poate vorbi de o invasie $i Incà de una distrugItoare. Tendintile ciliar de nimicire ale Germanilor au fost rds- pinse inca de Jung: O distrugere a populatiei unei ten i cuce- rite de ei nu se intalneste nicliri din partea Germanilor pe pdmant roman. Nu erau asa de numeroase semintiile lor ca sd fi putut sà se lipseascà de puterile de muna. existente: aveau totdeauna nevoie de ajutoare (Knechte); cu cat mai multe cdpdtau, eu atat mai bine" 3. Nicdiri n'a fost mdcar o pátrun- dere prin vdi,si e neadmisibil sà se caute urme de Goti prin Nordul munalor moldovenegi, u.nde s'ar fi recunoscut urme si un chip din vremea ndvdlirilor4. Pentru raportul regilor goti In situa(ie de drept MIL de 1 V. §i Cunningham, in The growth of english industry and com- merce cfuring the early and middle ages, Cambridge 1890, p.92: Il is possible that thie statements of Bede and Nonnius, who are inclined to moralisle on the events, are somewhat exaggerated or only rellertospecial localities". Dar observa ca, dispayAnd rre- tinismuli limba, trebute sa fi fost o rupere de continuitate. Ajunge, spuneel, un foarte mic element de supravietitim a popalatiei pentru a pastra vechik nume locale qi a mentinea qi putin temeiti" p. 140). V. §i Charles Roach Smith, Collectanea antigua, V (1861 p. 129; despre urmele dupa retragere. V. §i Jung, 1J:e Anfange der Romaenen, inZeitschrift far österreichische Gymnasien,1876.Cf. H'storisches Taschen.buch, 1874, §i Hermes, IV, p. 99i urm. 2 Mamertinus catre Impdratul Tullan, In Panegyr:ci ueteres, ed. 1779,pp. 146-7. 8 Ramer u. Rom., p. 183. $i el observa cA pentru asimilare aici nu era timp (ibid., pp. 183-4). 4 Prima semnalaPp deI.Bianu,in Mem. Ac. Rom., sect.lit., 191. Discutia urmatoare e prea putin serioasa ca sa poata interesa. Fig. 1. Din luptcle Romanilor cu barbaru. Sculptun pe metal aflate in Ardeal. Arcb.-epigr. Mitt., XI-XII, tabl. 4, I. Distrugerea 5 populalia romanti, iaLä ce scria un Invdtat german 1: Regil (Statelor germane alcdtuite In Apus) n'au domnit cumva numai prin dreptul de cucerire asupra provincialilor romani supusi, ci intr'un fel de raport de drep' &Are Imperiul roman care continua sd existe. Imperiul poate sä pdslreze pe barbari, poale sd-i caseze, sd-i goneascd. Astfel adevdratul urmas al luí Aurelian, Probus (276-82), Intors din Tracia, amid In Balcani 100.000 de Bas- tarni", cari toti au pdstrat credinta" 2 si multi Gepizi, Greu- thungi goti, Vandali, cari toti au cdlcat-o"3. Si Vandalii daed stau In Africa, la 438, e pentru cd li s'a dat de Imperiu sdlas pe trei ani 4. Gotii, federati, noi soldati ai Imperiului, fdra regi, nu se pomeneste niciunul in curs de un veac , nu sant altd. natie", In altd patrie". De fapt nu putea sd fie decat un singur Stat, fermecand si dominand sufleteste si pe cei cari-1 amenintau 5i4 prddau teritoriul 3. Hotarele sepdstreazd. ca Ingrijire In aceste Ott. Astfel d. Filov a gdsit in Balcani o inscriptie cdtre Impdratii Carus si Carinus (282-3), urmasii lui Pnobus, In care e vorba de I Otto Karlowa, Reim;sche Rechtsgeschichte, I, Lipsca 1885, p. 947. 2 Qui omnes fidem servarunt. 3 Qui omnes fidem fregerunt; Jung, Reimer und Rom., pp. 126-9. 4 Data eis ad habitandum pfer triennium in loco Africae portione Hipponae; Prosper de Aquitania. Daca au Cartaginea, e o calcare de paot;ibid.,laa.442. Urmleaza Impreir(irea prouinciei; ibid.,la a. 445.i Visigotii au pacts paacita", E vorba numai de o habitat°, en limites; ibid., la a. 441. Visigolii oer paoea umil"; acelasi la a. 442. 5 Gasesc pariqreasila Ludwig Schmidt,in Forschungen und Fortschrlte, 1-iu August 1935: Den 116mern war von jeher jeder Untertan, gl4chviel welcher Nationalitat, willkommen, der sich ihrem Staatswegen einfügte. Die Goten galten nach Auffassung der kaiser- lichen Regierung immer noch alsreichstangehörige F6deraten;sie hatten den Krieg geffihrt nicht alssbirveranes Volk, sondern als AterCihrer, die nach erfolgter Beg,nadigung wieder indie frilhere Rechtsstellung als kaiserliche Soldaten zurficktraten"p.283). Ele/- mente germanice patrund asa si pana In N.-E. Ardealului, V. Korres- pondepzblatt, XIV1891), p. 97 si urrn, 6 Amintirea Imptcriului punerea unui hotar nou", Ki]nter du_as Dlacias", cel vechiu fiind delaps-us"1. Raportul fusese si a rAmus, nu de osebire lntre douà teri, ci de o conventle Intre federatii gotisi Imperiu, care era fi Imperiul lor. 0 reounoaste si Mommsen 2. Si August vorbesle, In inscriptia comemorativA, de Bastarni cari i-au cenit prietenia" 3. Numele de Gothia nu se IntampinA In nicium izvor din secolul al III-lea; numai tArziul Jordanes o numeste asa pentru a glorifica neamul earuia-i serveste. Pentru contemporanii 1)6.11- siriioficialee numai oposilia nitre lmperium si formatia corespunzAtoare, barbaricum. Mai tArziu chiar vom avea o Avarie 4,fiinda.aici,In Panonia, este forma de Stat deo- sebilit. Nu exista, deci, o Gotie de Slat recunoscut5. de Roma. Nustnai In secolul al V-lea se cunoaste aceastà Gothia5. Astfel are deplinA dreptate Pal-van când considerK pe Goti ca de la 270 Inainte oarecum represintantii oficiali ai sigu- rantei publice" G. 0 cedare analogA au fácut-o doar Gratian sl. Teodosiu fatA de aceiasi Goti un secol mai arziu 7. 1laio,1912,p.236; Rev. arch., XX19122), p,467,no.200. Cf. Ilie Gherghel, Zur Frage der Urheimat der Romcinon, Viena 1910; Kalopothakes, '0 xcupLaph; t% otpattaynx% x. noXyccx-N igoua(n x. t Pmparxt aLoixnacç nap& sbv who) ilo6vcc6cv, Atena 1894. 2 SiSchiller,Giesch. des röm. Reiches, Ia,p. 853, vorbe§te de sistemul die camuflare §i de tralate de comer" ca noii Dad, Goti (Vertuschungssysthem). 3C.i.L., III, p. 796. 4 DupA Junq, Reimer und Romarten. 5Epifaniu, Adversas haereses, III,1,14: Et c& icnkcacc c% rotAfacg. Cf.qi AuguStin, De ciuitate Dei, XVIII, 2: ,in ipsa Gothia". Ct 0 rrnxil la Filostorgiu, Hist. Eccl., II, 5la Wa,itz, Ulfila, p. 59). 6Contribulii epigrafice, p.11. Pentru federati v. Mommsen, Das römischeMilittirtvesenseitDiocleran,InHermes, XXIV, p.215 §i urm., mai ales p. 218, nota 3: Am Haufigsft gedacht wird der Fiideration indieser Epoche bel den schon genannten Fiirsten der ramischen Sara cenen und vor allen bei den auf das rechte Donaufer ilbergetretenen Giothen".,5i de sigqr si &Ind erau pe malul stdng. Dar Mommsen eitioazA numai pe Claudia, In Rufinum, II,75, pe Malchus, In Fr. Hist. Gr., fr. 11, pe Suidas, la OoLbapcisot, pe Procopiu, De bell. goth., IV, 5 si chiar pe Jordanes, VIII, 188 (ed. Monunsen). 7 Dui:4 Monunsen, la Waitz, o. c, pp. 32-3. Dietrugerea 7 La ei, cum a fost apoi casul cu Tatarii, se pu(eau adclugi si provincialii Infii. Astfel E. Blochet a scris despre cucerirea arabg: Armatele musulmane, care erau un pumn de oameni In vremea de la Bedr si de la Ohod, flcurg avalansg. In calca lor: ele bgturg pe Cesan isi Chosroi cu propriii lor supusi, pe cari-i atraserg dupg. ele... Mohammed ar fi fost Marte nirat dacg ar fi vg.zut ce a fgeut lumea Caltfatului din Islam I. Aici ca si atarea, Imperiul nu era un obiect de urà sau de despret, ci un model, un Indreptariu 2. Barbarii rgmâneau, de altfel, clienrii statornici ai oraselor de comert de pe malla drept, a cgror activitatt n'a Incetat de sigur niciun moment.
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    Developing archaeological audiences along the Roman route Aquileia-Emona-Sirmium-Viminacium Ljubljana, July 2016 WP3, Task 3.1 – Historiographic research update on the Roman route Index 3 Bernarda Županek, Musem and Galleries of Ljubljana Roman road Aquileia-Emona- Siscia-Sirmium-Viminacium: the Slovenian section 21 Dora Kušan Špalj and Nikoleta Perok, Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Roman road Aquileia-Emona-Siscia-Viminacium: Section of the road in the territory of present-day Croatia 37 Biljana Lučić, Institute for protection of cultural monuments Sremska Mitrovica Contribution to the research of the main Roman road through Srem 45 Ilija Danković and Nemanja Mrđić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade From Singidunum to Viminacium through Moesia Superior 2 Bernarda Županek, Musem and Galleries of Ljubljana Roman road Aquileia-Emona- Siscia-Sirmium-Viminacium: the Slovenian section The construction of the road that connected the Italic region with central Slovenia, and then made its way towards the east, was of key strategic importance for the Roman conquest of regions between the Sava and the Danube at the end of the first century BC. After the administrative establishment of the province of Pannonia this road became the main communication route, in the west-east direction, between Italy and the eastern provinces, especially with Pannonia and Moesia. The start of the road, which we follow in the context of the ARCHEST project, was in Aquileia, then across Emona to Neviodunim, passing Aquae Iassae towards Siscia and onwards into Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium. Myth-shrouded beginnings: the Amber Road and the Argonauts The territory of modern Slovenia was already covered with various routes during prehistoric times.
  • „…Ut Strenui Viri…” a Gepidák Kárpát-Medencei Története

    „…Ut Strenui Viri…” a Gepidák Kárpát-Medencei Története

    Szegedi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskola Medievisztika alprogram Kiss Attila „…ut strenui viri…” A gepidák Kárpát-medencei története Doktori értekezés Témavezet ı: Dr. Prof. Olajos Terézia professor emerita Szeged, 2014 Tartalom KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ............................................................................................................... 2 I. BEVEZETÉS ...................................................................................................................................... 3 I. 1. A GERMÁN KÉP VÁLTOZÁSAI A TÖRTÉNETI FORRÁSOKBAN ÉS A KUTATÁSBAN ........................ 3 I. 2. A NEMZET NÉLKÜLI „SZEGÉNY ” GERMÁNOK , A GEPIDÁK MEGÍTÉLÉSE A KUTATÁSBAN ....... 15 II. A GEPIDA CSOPORTOK KÁRPÁT-MEDENCEI BEKÖLTÖZÉSE .................................... 20 II. 1. KIS GEPIDA İSTÖRTÉNET ........................................................................................................... 20 II. 2. A GEPIDÁK MEGJELENÉSE A KÁRPÁT -MEDENCÉBEN – ISMERKEDÉS A RÓMAI HATÁROKKAL ? ............................................................................................................................................................... 28 II. 3. GEPIDÁK A 3–4. SZÁZADI KÁRPÁT -MEDENCÉBEN ? ETNIKAI INTERPRETÁCIÓK A RÉGÉSZETI KUTATÁSBAN ........................................................................................................................................ 36 III. GEPIDÁK A HUN KORSZAKBAN..........................................................................................
  • Zq Od Ovin S Ki Časopis

    Zq Od Ovin S Ki Časopis

    POSTNINA PLAČANA V GOTOVINI 2s- X/, 1963 ZQ OD OVIN S KI ČASOPIS LETNIK XVI LETO 1962 LJUBLJANA Zgodovinski časopis je glasilo Zgodovinskega društva za Slovenijo Sedež uredništva: Oddelek za zgodovino Filozofske fakultete v Ljubljani Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 12 Zamenjave (обмену, Exchanges): Zgodovinsko društvo za Slovenijo Oddelek za zgodovino, Filozofska fakulteta Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 12 Založba in uprava: Državna založba Slovenije Ljubljana, Mestni trg 26 Številka čekovnega računa: 600-14-1-66 Redakcija tega letnika je bila zaključena 27. februarja 1963 Za znanstveno vsebino prispevkov ao odgovorni avtorji Ponatis člankov in slik je mogoč samo z dovoljenjem uredništva in navedbo vira ZQODOVI NISKI ČASOPIS ИСТОРИЧЕСКИИ ЖУРНАЛ HISTORICAL REVIEW XVI 1962 IZDAJA ZGODOINSKO DRUŠTVOZA SLOVENIJO LJUBLJANA Uredniški odbor: dr. Ferdo Gestrin, dr. Bogo Grafenauer, dr. Josip Korošec, dr. Milko Kos, dr. Vasilij Melik, dr. Metod Mikuž, dr. France Škerl, dr. Fran Zwitter Odgovorni urednik: dr. Bogo Grafenauer (J Zalaga Državna založba Slovenije v Ljubljani Tiska Železniška tiskarna v Ljubljani KAZALO Ferdo Gestrin, Gospodarstvo in družba na Slovenskem v 16. stoletju (Oris razvoja) 5—28 Économie et société en Slovénie au XVle siècle (26) Vlado Valenčič, Štetje prebivalstva leta 1754 v predjožefinski ljub­ ljanski škofiji in njegovi rezultati 27—54 Die Volkszählung d. J. 1754 im vor josephmischen Bistum Ljub­ ljana und seine Ergebnisse (53) Ivan Slokar, Ljubljanska suknarna 55—79 Laibacher Tuchfabrik (79) Dušan Kermavner, Hegemonistična prekonstrukcija jugoslovanskega programa v Ljubljani leta 1870 81—144 Fran Zwitter, Nekaj problemov okrog jugoslovanskega kongresa v Ljubljani leta 1870 145—170 Zapiski Bogo Grafenauer, Ob sedemdesetletnici Milka Kosa 171—172 Bogo Grafenauer, Bibliografski pregled dela Milka Kosa (1953-1962).