„…Ut Strenui Viri…” a Gepidák Kárpát-Medencei Története

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„…Ut Strenui Viri…” a Gepidák Kárpát-Medencei Története Szegedi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskola Medievisztika alprogram Kiss Attila „…ut strenui viri…” A gepidák Kárpát-medencei története Doktori értekezés Témavezet ı: Dr. Prof. Olajos Terézia professor emerita Szeged, 2014 Tartalom KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ............................................................................................................... 2 I. BEVEZETÉS ...................................................................................................................................... 3 I. 1. A GERMÁN KÉP VÁLTOZÁSAI A TÖRTÉNETI FORRÁSOKBAN ÉS A KUTATÁSBAN ........................ 3 I. 2. A NEMZET NÉLKÜLI „SZEGÉNY ” GERMÁNOK , A GEPIDÁK MEGÍTÉLÉSE A KUTATÁSBAN ....... 15 II. A GEPIDA CSOPORTOK KÁRPÁT-MEDENCEI BEKÖLTÖZÉSE .................................... 20 II. 1. KIS GEPIDA İSTÖRTÉNET ........................................................................................................... 20 II. 2. A GEPIDÁK MEGJELENÉSE A KÁRPÁT -MEDENCÉBEN – ISMERKEDÉS A RÓMAI HATÁROKKAL ? ............................................................................................................................................................... 28 II. 3. GEPIDÁK A 3–4. SZÁZADI KÁRPÁT -MEDENCÉBEN ? ETNIKAI INTERPRETÁCIÓK A RÉGÉSZETI KUTATÁSBAN ........................................................................................................................................ 36 III. GEPIDÁK A HUN KORSZAKBAN........................................................................................... 52 III. 1. HUN URALOM ALÁ KERÜLÉS KÉRDÉSE ..................................................................................... 52 III. 1. HUN URALOM STRUKTÚRÁJA .................................................................................................... 57 III. 3. RÉSZVÉTEL A HUNOK HADJÁRATAIBAN ................................................................................... 59 III. 4. A GEPIDA VEZETÉS A HUN BIRODALOMBAN – ARDARICH ÉS A VEZET İ RÉTEG ................... 66 III. 5. ELHELYEZKEDÉS A HUN BIRODALOMBAN .............................................................................. 68 IV. A GEPIDA KIRÁLYSÁG MEGALAKULÁSA ÉS TÖRTÉNETE A 6. SZÁZAD ELEJÉIG ............................................................................................................................................................... 71 IV. 1. A NEDAOI CSATA : A HUN BIRODALOM FELBOMLÁSA , A FÜGGETLENEDÉS ........................... 71 IV. 2. A KÁRPÁT -MEDENCE KELETI FELÉNEK MEGSZERZÉSE .......................................................... 75 IV. 3. LEMEZFIBULÁSOK , AZ „ÁRTÁNDIAK ” ÉS SOROS TEMET İK NÉPESSÉGE , AVAGY KIK A GEPIDÁK A RÉGÉSZET SZEMSZÖGÉB İL A HUN KOR UTÁN ? .............................................................. 83 IV. 4. SIRMIUM MEGSZERZÉSE ÉS A SIRMIUMI GEPIDA KIRÁLYSÁG (473–504/505) ....................... 95 V. A GEPIDA KIRÁLYSÁG TÖRTÉNETE A 6. SZÁZADBAN ................................................ 112 V. 1. KÍSÉRLETEK SIRMIUM VISSZASZERZÉSÉRE ............................................................................ 112 V. 2. SIRMIUM A GAZDASÁGI ÉS ARIÁNUS KÖZPONT ? ..................................................................... 122 V. 3. ÚJ SZEREPL İ A POLITIKAI SZÍNTÉREN : A LANGOBARDOK . A GEPIDA –LANGOBARD VETÉLKEDÉS 552-IG ........................................................................................................................... 126 V. 3. RÉSZVÉTEL AZ ITÁLIAI HADJÁRATBAN ? ................................................................................. 147 V. 4. LANGOBARD KÖVETSÉG , ALBOIN H İSTETTE ÉS FEGYVERREL ÖRÖKBEFOGADÁS ? ............ 150 V. 5. BALKÁNI TERJESZKEDÉS A RÉGÉSZETI LELETEK TÜKRÉBEN ? .............................................. 165 VI. GEPIDÁK FEGYVERES EREJE AZ ÍROTT ÉS RÉGÉSZETI FORRÁSOK FÉNYÉBEN: A TISZA-VIDÉK PÉLDÁJA ........................................................................................................... 175 VI. 1. ÍROTT FORRÁSOK ..................................................................................................................... 177 VI. 2. FEGYVERESEK ARÁNYA A TISZA -VIDÉKI TEMET İKBEN ....................................................... 180 VI. 3. NEM ÉS KOR SZERINTI MEGOSZLÁS ........................................................................................ 185 VI. 4. FEGYVEREK , FEGYVERKOMBINÁCIÓK ................................................................................... 189 VII. A GEPIDA KIRÁLYSÁG BUKÁSA ÉS A NÉPESSÉG AVAR KORI TOVÁBBÉLÉSE 196 VII. 1. A GEPIDA KIRÁLYSÁG BUKÁSA ............................................................................................. 196 VII. 2. GEPIDÁK AZ AVAR KORI DUNÁNTÚLON ? .............................................................................. 200 VII. 3. A TOVÁBBÉLÉS SZÍNTEREI : ALFÖLD ÉS ERDÉLY ................................................................. 206 VII. 4. TOVÁBBÉLÉS AZ ÍROTT FORRÁSOK TÜKRÉBEN .................................................................... 228 VIII. ÖSSZEGZÉS ............................................................................................................................ 242 BIBLIOGRÁFIA ............................................................................................................................... 246 MELLÉKLETEK .............................................................................................................................. 277 KÉPEK ................................................................................................................................................. 278 TÁBLÁZATOK ÉS ÁBRÁK .................................................................................................................... 325 1 Köszönetnyilvánítás Ezúton szeretnék köszönetet mondani mindazoknak, akik valamilyen formában hozzájárultak disszertációm elkészüléséhez. Témavezet ımnek, Dr. Prof. Olajos Terézia professor emeritának szeretném megköszönni bizalmát és tanácsait, valamint útmutatását, mellyel mindvégig nagyban segítette munkámat. Számomra igen hasznosnak bizonyultak útmutatásai az írott, els ısorban görög nyelv ő források értelmezése terén. Egykori tanáraim közül külön szeretnék köszönetet mondani B. Tóth Ágnesnek és Vida Tivadarnak. A gepida korszak iránti érdekl ıdésemet B. Tóth Ágnes órái keltették fel és még azóta is a vele folytatott számos értékes konzultáció és inspiráló beszélgetés segítette további fejl ıdésemet és az elmélyültebb kutatást. Vida Tivadarnak is köszönetet mondok, aki az Erasmus Szakkollégiumban volt tutorom és a közös munkának köszönhet ıen ismerkedhettem meg azzal a nagy arányú nemzetközi módszertani szakirodalommal, mely a kora középkor történeti és régészeti kutatásához elengedhetetlen. Külön szeretnék köszönetet mondani egykori tanáraimnak, akik a régészet és történettudomány terén elindították pályámat: Almási Tibor, Fodor István, Galamb György, Horváth Ferenc, Ivanics Mária, Makk Ferenc, Vörös Gabriella, Zimonyi István. Tomka Péter bár hivatalos keretek között soha sem volt tanárom, azonban az ı sorukba említve szeretnék köszönetet mondani a Fiatal Népvándorlás Kor örökifjú kutatójának, az örök spiritus rector nak, a konferenciákon tett észrevételeiért és további gondolkodásra sarkalló felvetésiért. Kollégák közül szeretném megköszöni Balogh Csilla, Bollók Ádám, Brandl Gergely, Csiky Gergely, Felföldi Szabolcs, Göncöl Csaba, Igaz Levente, Jakucs János, Keresztes Noémi Ninetta, Kovács Szilvia, Kovács Tamás, Langó Péter, Marcsik Antónia, Mráv Zsolt, Révész Éva, Révész László, Schilling László, Sudár Balázs, Szentpéteri József, Szabados György, Takács Miklós, Vér Márton Gergely munkám során nyújtott igen értékes segítségét. Ezúton szeretnék köszönetet mondani a Nemzeti Kiválóság Program Jedlik Ányos Doktorjelölti ösztöndíjáért és az OTKA-109510 számú pályázatban (Ember és környezet kapcsolata a Maros mentén az avar kor els ı felében a régészeti leletanyag és interdiszciplináris vizsgálatok alapján) történ ı részvételemért, melynek köszönhet ıen a disszertációm több fejezete is elkészülhetett. Külön köszönet illeti a Balassi Intézetet, akiknek jóvoltából a bécsi Collegium Hungaricumban tölthettem el doktorandusz id ıszakom alatt négy hónapot. A bécsi ösztöndíjnak köszönhet ıen sikerült számos itthon ritkának számító szakmunkát beszereznem, valamint konzultációs lehet ıségem is nyílt a helyi szakemberekkel (Walter Pohl, Peter Stadler). Végül, de nem utolsó sorban pedig szeretnék köszönetet mondani családomnak és barátaimnak, akik szeretete és odafigyelése nélkül munkám nem készülhetett volna el. Külön köszönöm páromnak, Bodor Tímeának az irányomba mutatott türelmet és szeretetet, mely a nehéz id ıszakban is új inspirációval töltött el. 2 I. Bevezetés A keleti germán nyelvet beszél ı gepidák a hun kort követ ıen és az avar kort megel ızıen uralták a Kárpát-medence keleti felét, s ıt egyes periódusokban olyan korábbi nagyvárosok, mint az egykori császári központ Sirmium is birtokukban volt. A történetírói trendek mégsem kedveznek ennek a csoportnak, ugyanis a gótokkal és langobardokkal szemben a legutóbbi mindenre kiterjed ı elemzés a gepidákról majd fél évszázada született.1 Maga a gepida jelenlét a Kárpát-medence régmúltjának egy közel két évszázadot érint ı id ıszakát takarja, amit azonban mégis lehetetlen tárgyalni az európai viszonyok és a korszakra vonatkozó újabb módszertani irodalom ismerete nélkül. A disszertáció írásakor két tudományág, a történettudomány és a régészet eszköztárának
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