DOCSLIB.ORG

The State of the Art of Uralic Studies: Tradition Vs Innovation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

41 Convegni Studi umanistici – Philologica The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation edited by Angela Marcantonio University Press Collana Convegni 41 Studi umanistici Serie Philologica The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation Proceedings of the ‘Padua Uralic seminar’ University of Padua, November 11-12, 2016 edited by Angela Marcantonio 2018 Studi umanistici Serie Philologica The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation Proceedings of the ‘Padua Uralic seminar’ University of Padua, November 11-12, 2016 edited by Angela Marcantonio 2018 Copyright © 2018 Sapienza Università Editrice Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 – 00185 Roma www.editricesapienza.it [email protected] Iscrizione Registro Operatori Comunicazione n. 11420 ISBN 978-88-9377-066-8 Pubblicato ad aprile 2018 Quest’opera è distribuita con licenza Creative Commons 3.0 diffusa in modalità open access. In copertina: The Uralic Languages Map. Index Preface vii Introduction (Angela Marcantonio) 1 A ‘steppe nomadic culture’ vs a ‘forest language’: Modern identity dissonance in the history of the Magyars 21 Giuseppe Cossuto Information Structuring and typology: Finnic and Samic word order revisited through the prism of orality 33 M.M. Jocelyne Fernandez-Vest Issues of comparative Uralic and Altaic Studies (4): On the origin of the Uralic comparative marker 49 Juha Janhunen Revisiting the theory of the Hungarian vs Chuvash lexical parallels 59 László Marácz Are the Hungarians Ugric? 87 Borbála Obrusánszky The impossibility of the evolutionary metaphor: Neogrammarians, family trees and linguistic affinity 107 Péter Pomozi Differential Object marking in Eastern Mari and Permic: A look from the field 129 Natalia Serdobolskaya vi The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation The ‘impossible’ Comparison between the Creatures and Figures of the Hungarian Folklore and the Finnish Mythology 157 Elisa Zanchetta Contributors and abstracts 167 Preface This volume contains the Proceedings of the ‘Uralic Studies’ Seminar, titled: The State of the Art of Uralic Studies: Tradition vs Innovation, held in Padua (~ Padova, Italy), November 12-13, 2016. The seminar was part of an ongoing series of seminars, conferences and workshops, or- ganized by the Department of ‘Studi Linguistici e Letterari (DiSLL)’ of Padua University, precisely by the ‘Chair of Hungarian Language and Literature’, directed by Professor Cinzia Franchi. The topics of the various past (and future) seminars always revolve, obviously, around ‘Hungarian’ as a pivotal theme, however much diverse they may be. The 2016 Seminar has been organized by Cinzia Franchi – support- ed by her Department, Head Department Professor Anna Bettoni – in cooperation with Angela Marcantonio, Professor of ‘Linguistics, Fin- no-Ugric & Hungarian Studies’ at Sapienza University of Rome – with the support of her Department of ‘Scienze Documentarie, Linguisti- co-filologiche e Geografiche’, under the direction of Professor Giovan- ni Solimine, as well as the ‘Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia’, under the direction of the ‘Preside’, Professor Stefano Asperti. We wish to thank the speakers, who have willingly and generously accepted our invitation, as well as the various institutions that have offered us this great opportunity, supporting and sponsoring our ‘joint venture’, that is, as mentioned, the University of Padua and Rome ‘La Sapienza’ (and related Departments / Faculties), as well as CISUECO, that is: ‘Centro Internazionale di Studi Ungheresi e sulla Europa Cen- tro Orientale’. To give a detailed and precise record of the time, the venue, and the talks that took place, and other relevant items of information, we include the original program of the seminar itself. viii The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation We hope that the topics and related debates of our Seminar will raise much interest and further stimulating debates and research re- garding Hungarian and the other Uralic languages. We also hope that this series of seminars and conferences may continue (perhaps by or- ganizing, again as a joint venture, another Uralic seminar in the near future), with the purpose of bringing together scholars approaching Uralic studies from different angles and perspectives, against the back- ground of a fully interdisciplinary approach. Cinzia Franchi Program of the seminar FRIDAY 11 I SESSION – 10.00‐13.30 Welcoming notes SERGIO BOZZOLA (Deputy) Head Department, University of Padua CINZIA FRANCHI University of Padua Introduction: overview and purpose of the conference ANGELA MARCANTONIO University of Rome “La Sapienza” The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation (an overview) BORBÁLA OBRUSÁNZKY Budapest: Károli Gáspár University Are the Hungarians Ugrians? GIUSEPPE COSSUTO Cluj/Kolozsvár: The Institute of Turkish and Central Asian Studies - Babeș- Bolyai University A ‘steppe nomadic culture’ vs a ‘forest language’: a modern identity dissonance in the history of the magyars 12.45 QUESTION TIME 13.30 LUNCH BREAK Preface ix II SESSION – 15.00‐19.00 ELISA ZANCHETTA PhD, University of Florence The impossible comparison between the creatures and figures of the Hungarian folklore and the Finnish mythology NATALIA SERDOBOLSKAYA Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities Differential Object marking in Permic, Mari and Erzya-Mordvin 16.15‐16.45 QUESTION TIME M.M. JOCELYNE FERNANDEZ‐VEST Paris: CNRS; Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Information Structuring and typology: Finnic and Samic word order revisited through the prism of orality 17.15‐17.30 COFFEE BREAK TAPANI SALMINEN University of Helsinki The background of grammatical parallels between Finnic and Samoyed 18.15‐19.00 QUESTION TIME SATURDAY 12 III SESSION – 10.00‐13.30 LÁSZLÓ MARÁCZ University of Amsterdam; L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University West Old Turkic as a phantom-category: the Hungarian substrate of Chuvash JUHA JANHUNEN University of Helsinki Proto-Uralic derivational issues PÉTER POMOZI Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University The impossibility of the evolutionary metaphor: Newgrammarians, family trees and linguistic affinity 12.15‐13.00 QUESTION TIME THE ORGANIZERS Cinzia Franchi Angela Marcantonio x The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation Introduction 1. The state of the art 1.1. Nowadays there is plenty of interesting (mainly synchronic) studies on the Uralic (U) languages, based on modern linguistic theories and approaches, including: the sounds of the U languages from the point of view of modern phonological and prosodic stud- ies; new approaches to morphology and morpho-phonology; argu- ment structure, word order and information structuring; differential object marking; U languages and linguistic universals; U languag- es from a cognitive perspective; U languages and ‘Tense, Mood & Aspect’ structure (so-called TAM); ‘corpus linguistics’ approach, non-finite subordinate construction (NFC) / patterns and ‘sententi- ality’ (a set of characteristic features possessed by NFCs), etc. Not to mention the recent results obtained in the field of ‘language-in-con- tact’, through the adoption of new methods of analysis (see below), etc. It is certainly the case that several linguistic phenomena (be- lieved to be specifically U) have become of general, theoretical inter- est, and one could apply to the U languages (and related research) what Helasvuo & Campbell (2006: 2 ff.) have stated with regard spe- cifically to Finnish: … we find numerous instances of Finnish examples playing significant roles in theoretical discussions of vowel harmony, gemination, meter, codeswitching, child language acquisition, language contact, loan- words, language change, word order, theoretical morphology, com- putational linguistics, morphological processing, case […], posses- sion, anaphora, metaphor […], null subjects, and typological issues of many sorts 2 The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation There are also recent volumes addressing the historico-political and socio-economical status of the U languages and people, such as Taagepera (1999): The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State, or Nanovfszky (ed. 2004): The Finno-Ugric World, volumes that also pro- vide geographical information about the U languages / peoples and related contact with U and non-U people. However, this recent waves of exciting research do not typically relate to, or touch upon, the topic of the origin and classification of the U languages, topic that, in fact, has remained on a much more ‘traditional’ footing: the conventional U family tree model – whose validity is generally taken for granted – keeps being re-proposed and promoted both within specialistic stud- ies and on the world stage, essentially unchanged, as if it were more of a ‘dogma’, than a model of analysis. As a matter of fact, the U theory is now about 200 years old, and alternative models (be they just more or less deep revisions, or rejection of the model altogether) have sprung up numerously through the years, as shown in the following article by Salminen (1999): Problems in the taxonomy of the U languages in the light of modern comparative studies (see also Marcantonio (2002; chapter 2.) for an outline of various, alternative models). However, regrettably, these ‘dissonant voices’ do not appear to have had much of an impact on more traditional views. 1.2. A similar situation can be found in the field of ‘language-in-con- tact’, including ‘diachronic contact and change’. There are many studies that
Recommended publications
  • A Presença De Átila Na Canção Dos Nibelungos: Uma Análise Da Maneira Como O Grande Chefe Huno Foi Retratado No Épico Germânico

    A Presença De Átila Na Canção Dos Nibelungos: Uma Análise Da Maneira Como O Grande Chefe Huno Foi Retratado No Épico Germânico

    Brathair 11 (1), 2011:.81-94. ISSN 1519-9053 A presença de Átila na Canção dos Nibelungos: uma análise da maneira como o grande chefe huno foi retratado no épico germânico. Eduardo Consolo dos Santos Pós-Graduado em História, Cultura e Sociedade/Barão de Mauá [email protected] Resumo O presente artigo pretende fazer uma análise de como o chefe huno Átila (c. 405 – 453) foi retratado em um dos grandes poemas épicos da Europa medieval, A Canção dos Nibelungos , levando em consideração também todo o contexto histórico envolvido. Palavras-chave: Átila, hunos, A Canção dos Nibelungos . Abstract The present article intends to analyze how the hunnish chief Attila (c. 405 – 453) was portrayed in one of the greatest epic poems of Medieval Europe, Das Nibelunglied , taking into account also the whole historic context involved. Key words: Attila, huns, The Song of the Nibelungs (Das Nibelungenlied ). http://www.brathair.com 81 Brathair 11 (1), 2011:.81-94. ISSN 1519-9053 Dentre os vários personagens da história da humanidade, Átila o huno é sem dúvida um dos que mais causam ao mesmo tempo admiração e repúdio, fascinação e execração, amor e ódio, no imaginário das pessoas. Ou seja, uma relação bem ambígua. Hoje em dia Átila é visto como um herói nacional na Hungria, assim como Genghis Khan na Mongólia e Tamerlão no Uzbequistão. Mas a oeste da Hungria, na Europa ocidental, é visto de forma bem negativa. Seu povo, os hunos, virou uma espécie de epíteto da barbárie e da violência, a ponto de a propaganda de guerra britânica nas duas guerras mundiais (ou seja, no século XX, transcorridos já 15 séculos do falecimento de Átila e o desmoronamento do poderio huno) associar os alemães aos hunos.
  • Hunnic Warfare in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries C.E.: Archery and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire

    Hunnic Warfare in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries C.E.: Archery and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire

    HUNNIC WARFARE IN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES C.E.: ARCHERY AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE A Thesis Submitted to the Committee of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science. TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Laura E. Fyfe 2016 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program January 2017 ABSTRACT Hunnic Warfare in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries C.E.: Archery and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire Laura E. Fyfe The Huns are one of the most misunderstood and mythologized barbarian invaders encountered by the Roman Empire. They were described by their contemporaries as savage nomadic warriors with superior archery skills, and it is this image that has been written into the history of the fall of the Western Roman Empire and influenced studies of Late Antiquity through countless generations of scholarship. This study examines evidence of Hunnic archery, questions the acceptance and significance of the “Hunnic archer” image, and situates Hunnic archery within the context of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. To achieve a more accurate picture of the importance of archery in Hunnic warfare and society, this study undertakes a mortuary analysis of burial sites associated with the Huns in Europe, a tactical and logistical study of mounted archery and Late Roman and Hunnic military engagements, and an analysis of the primary and secondary literature. Keywords: Archer, Archery, Army, Arrow, Barbarian, Bow, Burial Assemblages, Byzantine, Collapse, Composite Bow, Frontier, Hun, Logistics, Migration Period, Roman, Roman Empire, Tactics, Weapons Graves ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr.
  • Vom Wandern Der Völker      

    Vom Wandern Der Völker      

    Vom Wandern der Völker Felix Wiedemann Kerstin P. Hofmann Hans-Joachim Gehrke (eds.) BERLIN STUDIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD gehören zu den zentralen Gegenständen historischer Forschung und Darstellung. Sie fungieren als historische Wegmarken oder Epochen schwellen und spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der ( Trans-) Formation von Räumen und kollektiven Identi täten. Dabei weisen moderne wissenscha liche Darstellungen von Wanderungsbewegungen aus unter schiedlichen Kontexten, Zeiten und Räumen er staun liche inhalt liche Ähnlichkeiten und analoge Erzähl muster auf, die sich keineswegs durch vermeint- liche Parallelen in den dargestellten Ereignissen er klä ren lassen. Vielmehr scheinen diese ihren Hinter- grund in der Art und Weise zu haben, wie Migra- tionen dargestellt und erzählt werden. Die Beiträge des vor liegenden Bandes decken ein breites Spektrum vornehmlich altertumswissenscha licher Disziplinen ab und ver mögen zu zeigen, dass noch die jüngere Wanderungs historiographie tradierten Erzählmustern folgt, die teilweise bis in die Antike zurückreichen. 41 · 41 Vom Wandern der Völker ä Felix Wiedemann Kerstin P. Hofmann Hans-Joachim Gehrke Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © Edition Topoi / Exzellenzcluster Topoi der Freien Universität Berlin und der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Abbildung Umschlag: Dunja Antić Typographisches Konzept und Einbandgestaltung: Stephan Fiedler Printed and distributed by PRO BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH, Berlin ISBN ---- ISSN (Print) - ISSN (Online) -X URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:-fudocsseries- First published Published under Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC . DE. For the terms of use of the illustrations, please see the reference lists.
  • T. Mukhazhanova1 , G. Sabdenova2 , D. Baіgunakov3 SOME

    T. Mukhazhanova1 , G. Sabdenova2 , D. Baіgunakov3 SOME

    ISSN 1563-0269, еISSN 2617-8893 Journal of history. №2 (97). 2020 https://bulletin-history.kaznu.kz IRSTI 03.91.00 https://doi.org/10.26577/JH.2020.v97.i2.10 T. Mukhazhanova1 , G. Sabdenova2 , D. Baіgunakov3 1Сandidate of historical sciences, associate professor, e-mail: [email protected] 2candidate of historical sciences, associate professor, e-mail: [email protected] 3Doctor of historical sciences, associate professor, e-mail: [email protected] Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, Almaty SOME HISTORIOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF THE HUNGARIAN HISTORY (in the context of Turkic ethnic culture) The study of the ethnic history of the Hungarian people is one of the actualis suesin historicalsci- ence. The ancient history ofthe formation of the Hungarian people as an ethnos is undoubtedly interest- ing for nomadic civilization and settled nations. Their distinctive difference from other European nations is in their deeply rooted ethnic history. If we lookin addition at the proto-Hungarian language formed 1 millennium BC, then Hungarian’s historical origin dates back to 2,500 BC. Nonetheless the first true written sources appear in the IX century. The close connection of this ethnos, called Magyars in general history, with the nomadic Kypchaks required difficult turning points in historiography. If we look at the history of Magyars before the IX century, we see that they need to be considered from the point of view of a single nomadic civilization. However, historical data on the western part of the Hungarians who set- tled on the banks of the Danube and Tissa were preserved only in Western chronicles. And the historical data on eastern hordes were found in Arab and Persian sources.
  • Án Zimonyi, Medieval Nomads in Eastern Europe

    Án Zimonyi, Medieval Nomads in Eastern Europe

    As promised, after the appearance of Crusaders, in Slavic or Balkan languages, or Russian authors Missionaries and Eurasian Nomads in the 13th ­ who confine themselves to bibliography in their 14th Centuries: A Century of Interaction, Hautala own mother tongue,” Hautala’s linguistic capabili­ did indeed publish an anthology of annotated ties enabled him to become conversant with the Russian translations of the Latin texts.10 In his in­ entire field of Mongol studies (14), for which all troduction, Spinei observes that “unlike West­Eu­ specialists in the Mongols, and indeed all me­ ropean authors who often ignore works published dievalists, should be grateful. 10 Ot “Davida, tsaria Indii” do “nenavistnogo plebsa satany”: ­ Charles J. Halperin antologiia rannikh latinskikh svedenii o tataro­mongolakh (Kazan’: Mardzhani institut AN RT, 2018). ——— István Zimonyi. Medieval Nomads in Eastern Part I, “Volga Bulgars,” the subject of Zimonyi’s Europe: Collected Studies. Ed. Victor Spinei. English­language monograph,1 contains eight arti­ Bucureşti: Editoru Academiei Romăne, Brăila: cles. In “The First Mongol Raids against the Volga­ Editura Istros a Muzueului Brăilei, 2014. 298 Bulgars” (15­23), Zimonyi confirms the report of pp. Abbreviations. ibn­Athir that the Mongols, after defeating the his anthology by the distinguished Hungarian Kipchaks and the Rus’ in 1223, were themselves de­ Tscholar of the University of Szeged István Zi­ feated by the Volga Bolgars, whose triumph lasted monyi contains twenty­eight articles, twenty­seven only until 1236, when the Mongols crushed Volga of them previously published between 1985 and Bolgar resistance. 2013. Seventeen are in English, six in Russian, four In “Volga Bulgars between Wind and Water (1220­ in German, and one in French, demonstrating his 1236)” (25­33), Zimonyi explores the pre­conquest adherence to his own maxim that without transla­ period of Bulgar­Mongol relations further.
  • Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe

    Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe

    The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka volume 74 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe By Aleksander Paroń Translated by Thomas Anessi LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Publication of the presented monograph has been subsidized by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, Modul Universalia 2.1. Research grant no. 0046/NPRH/H21/84/2017. National Programme for the Development of Humanities Cover illustration: Pechenegs slaughter prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and his “Scythians”. The Madrid manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Miniature 445, 175r, top. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Proofreading by Philip E. Steele The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://catalog.loc.gov/2021015848 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”.
  • Reconstructing Proto-Ugric and Proto-Uralic Object Marking Katalin É

    Reconstructing Proto-Ugric and Proto-Uralic Object Marking Katalin É

    Reconstructing Proto-Ugric and Proto-Uralic Object Marking Katalin É. Kiss ([email protected]) Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy and Pázmány P. University Abstract This paper demonstrates that syntactic changes in the feature specifications of functional heads can be traced back to undocumented stages of languages. It reconstructs the object–verb relation in Proto-Uralic – by means of the comparative method adapted to syntax. Present-day Uralic languages display differential object–verb agreement and/or differential accusative marking. In double-marking languages, the head licensing object–verb agreement may be different from that licensing accusative-marking. The licensing conditions of object marking are also different across languages. It is argued that the Uralic parent language had both object-verb agreement and accusative assignment licensed by a TP-external functional head with a [topic] feature. The [topic] feature of this head has been reanalyzed as [specific] in Udmurt, and as [definite] in Hungarian – via a natural extention of the content of the notion of topicality. In languages with generalized accusative assignment, i.e., in Hungarian and Tundra Nenets, the licensing of object agreement and accusative marking have been divorced; the latter has come to be associated with v. Keywords: differential object marking (DOM), object–verb agreement, accusative, syntactic reconstruction, comparative method 1. Introduction According to the Borer–Chomsky Conjecture (Borer 1984), the parametric values of grammars are expressed in the functional lexicon. Under this assumption, syntactic changes involve changes in the feature specifications of functional heads. It is an open question whether changes of this type, affecting features of morphologically real or abstract syntactic heads, can be traced back to undocumented stages of languages (cf.
  • Journal of Eurasian Studies

    Journal of Eurasian Studies

    JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES _____________________________________________________________________________________ Journal of the Gábor Bálint de Szentkatolna Society Founded: 2009. Internet: www.federatio.org/joes.html _____________________________________________________________________________________ Volume II., Issue 1. / January — March 2010 ____________________ ISSN 1877‐4199 January‐March 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Publisher Foundation ʹStichting MIKES INTERNATIONALʹ, established in The Hague, Holland. Account: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Registered: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Distribution The periodical can be downloaded from the following Internet‐address: http://www.federatio.org/joes.html If you wish to subscribe to the email mailing list, you can do it by sending an email to the following address: mikes_int‐[email protected] The publisher has no financial sources. It is supported by many in the form of voluntary work and gifts. We kindly appreciate your gifts. Address The Editors and the Publisher can be contacted at the following addresses: Email: [email protected] Postal address: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Holland Individual authors are responsible for facts included and views expressed in their articles. _____________________________________ ISSN 1877‐4199 © Mikes International, 2001‐2010, All Rights Reserved _____________________________________________________________________________________
  • Magic Songs of the West Finns, Volume 1 by John Abercromby

    Magic Songs of the West Finns, Volume 1 by John Abercromby

    THE PRE- AND PROTO-HISTORIC FINNS BOTH EASTERN AND WESTERN WITH THE MAGIC SONGS OF THE WEST FINNS BY THE HONOURABLE JOHN ABERCROMBY IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I. 1898 Magic Songs of the West Finns, Volume 1 by John Abercromby. This edition was created and published by Global Grey ©GlobalGrey 2018 globalgreyebooks.com CONTENTS Preface The Value Of Additional Letters Of The Alphabet Full Titles Of Books Consulted And Referred To Illustrations Chapter 1. Geographical Position And Craniology Of The Finns Chapter 2. The Neolithic Age In Finland Chapter 3. Historical Notices Of Classical Authors Chapter 4. The Prehistoric Civilisation Of The Finns Chapter 5. The Third Or Iranian Period Chapter 6. Beliefs Of The West Finns As Exhibited In The Magic Songs 1 PREFACE In this country the term Finn is generally restricted to the natives of Finland, with perhaps those of Esthonia thrown in. But besides these Western Finns there are other small nationalities in Central and Northern Russia, such as the Erza and Mokša Mordvins, the Čeremis, Votiaks, Permians, and Zịrians, to whom the term is very properly applied, though with the qualifying adjective—Eastern. Except by Folklorists, little attention is paid in Great Britain to these peoples, and much that is written of them abroad finds no response here, the 'silver streak' acting, it would seem, as a non-conductor to such unsensational and feeble vibrations. Although the languages of the Eastern and Western Finns differ as much perhaps among themselves as the various members of the Aryan group, the craniological and physical differences between any two Finnish groups is very much less than between the Latin and the Teutonic groups, for instance.
  • Architecture, Style and Structure in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe

    Architecture, Style and Structure in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe

    TOMASZ GRALAK ARCHITECTURE, STYLE AND STRUCTURE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CENTRAL EUROPE Wrocław 2017 Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Danuta Minta-Tworzowska prof. dr hab. Andrzej P. Kowalski Technical preparation and computer layout: Natalia Sawicka Cover design: Tomasz Gralak, Nicole Lenkow Translated by Tomasz Borkowski Proofreading Agnes Kerrigan ISBN 978-83-61416-61-6 DOI 10.23734/22.17.001 Uniwersytet Wrocławski Instytut Archeologii © Copyright by Uniwersytet Wrocławski and author Wrocław 2017 Print run: 150 copies Printing and binding: "I-BIS" Usługi Komputerowe, Wydawnictwo S.C. Andrzej Bieroński, Przemysław Bieroński 50-984 Wrocław, ul. Sztabowa 32 Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I. THE HALLSTATT PERIOD 1. Construction and metrology in the Hallstatt period in Silesia .......................... 13 2. The koine of geometric ornaments ......................................................................... 49 3. Apollo’s journey to the land of the Hyperboreans ............................................... 61 4. The culture of the Hallstatt period or the great loom and scales ....................... 66 CHAPTER II. THE LA TÈNE PERIOD 1. Paradigms of the La Tène style ................................................................................ 71 2. Antigone and the Tyrannicides – the essence of ideological change ................. 101 3. The widespread nature of La Tène style ................................................................
  • The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471

    The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471

    - THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD 1016-1471 TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ROBERT ,MICHELL AND NEVILL FORBES, Ph.D. Reader in Russian in the University of Oxford WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, D.Litt. Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE TEXT BY A. A. SHAKHMATOV Professor in the University of St. Petersburg CAMDEN’THIRD SERIES I VOL. xxv LONDON OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY 6 63 7 SOUTH SQUARE GRAY’S INN, W.C. 1914 _. -- . .-’ ._ . .e. ._ ‘- -v‘. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE General Introduction (and Notes to Introduction) . vii-xxxvi Account of the Text . xxx%-xli Lists of Titles, Technical terms, etc. xlii-xliii The Chronicle . I-zzo Appendix . 221 tJlxon the Bibliography . 223-4 . 225-37 GENERAL INTRODUCTION I. THE REPUBLIC OF NOVGOROD (‘ LORD NOVGOROD THE GREAT," Gospodin Velikii Novgorod, as it once called itself, is the starting-point of Russian history. It is also without a rival among the Russian city-states of the Middle Ages. Kiev and Moscow are greater in political importance, especially in the earliest and latest mediaeval times-before the Second Crusade and after the fall of Constantinople-but no Russian town of any age has the same individuality and self-sufficiency, the same sturdy republican independence, activity, and success. Who can stand against God and the Great Novgorod ?-Kto protiv Boga i Velikago Novgoroda .J-was the famous proverbial expression of this self-sufficiency and success. From the beginning of the Crusading Age to the fall of the Byzantine Empire Novgorod is unique among Russian cities, not only for its population, its commerce, and its citizen army (assuring it almost complete freedom from external domination even in the Mongol Age), but also as controlling an empire, or sphere of influence, extending over the far North from Lapland to the Urals and the Ob.
  • Nominalia of the Bulgarian Rulers an Essay by Ilia Curto Pelle

    Nominalia of the Bulgarian Rulers an Essay by Ilia Curto Pelle

    Nominalia of the Bulgarian rulers An essay by Ilia Curto Pelle Bulgaria is a country with a rich history, spanning over a millennium and a half. However, most Bulgarians are unaware of their origins. To be honest, the quantity of information involved can be overwhelming, but once someone becomes invested in it, he or she can witness a tale of the rise and fall, steppe khans and Christian emperors, saints and murderers of the three Bulgarian Empires. As delving deep in the history of Bulgaria would take volumes upon volumes of work, in this essay I have tried simply to create a list of all Bulgarian rulers we know about by using different sources. So, let’s get to it. Despite there being many theories for the origin of the Bulgars, the only one that can show a historical document supporting it is the Hunnic one. This document is the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, dating back to the 8th or 9th century, which mentions Avitohol/Attila the Hun as the first Bulgarian khan. However, it is not clear when the Bulgars first joined the Hunnic Empire. It is for this reason that all the Hunnic rulers we know about will also be included in this list as khans of the Bulgars. The rulers of the Bulgars and Bulgaria carry the titles of khan, knyaz, emir, elteber, president, and tsar. This list recognizes as rulers those people, who were either crowned as any of the above, were declared as such by the people, despite not having an official coronation, or had any possession of historical Bulgarian lands (in modern day Bulgaria, southern Romania, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, and northern Greece), while being of royal descent or a part of the royal family.