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1. Dry exposed sites 2. Moist sites 3. Wet sites Mapping references: interpreted and AVHRR-derived maps. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20:2921-2946. Habitats along a meso- 4. Snowbeds Murray, D. F. 1974. Notes on the botany at selected localities a. well-drained, Habitat Acevedo, W., D. A. Walker, L. Gaydos, and J. Wray. 1982. in the Alatna and Killik River valleys, central Brooks topographic gradient early-melting along the Acidic substrates Non-acidic substrates Vegetation and land cover National Wildlife Refuge, Range, . Final report CX-9000-3-0125, Gates of the Dominant arctic Alaska b. poorly-drained, Subzone E meso- (community # 50-70) (community # 77-85) Coastal Plain Alaska. (colored 1:250,000 scale map), Map- Arctic Vegetation Study. late-melting Arctic Foothills, Seward Peninsula, and southwestern Alaska topographic I-443 U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of Interior. Palmer, L. J. & Rouse, C. H. 1945. Study of the Alaska 5. Riparian areas Andreyev, V. N. 1979. Botanical observations in Alaska. with reference to its reactions to and other grazing. gradient Draft Translation 698. Cold Regions Research and 1 a. stabilized floodplains Research Report 10. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish communities Habitat Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. 4a b. active floodplains 50. Low (Betula nana), sedge ( Hanover, New Hampshire. 2 along the Acidic substrates Non-acidic substrates vaginatum), dwarf shrub (Ledum decumbens, Rubus Racine, C. H. 1976. Flora and vegetation. In H. Melchior, Babcock, C. A., and C. R. Ely. 1994. Classification of editor. Biological Survey of the Proposed Kobuk Valley meso- (community # 35-49) (community # 71-76) chamaemorus, , V. vitis-idaea, vegetation communities in which geese rear broods on the Prevailing wind topographic Empetrum nigrum), (Sphagnum spp.), National Monument. U.S. Deptartment of Interior, National -Kuskokwim delta, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Park Service. gradient Moist (Cladina spp., Cetraria spp.). Botany 72:1294-1301. Numbered units within the table are plant Semi-permanent4b Map Units 1,3 (Talbot et al. 1985); Map Unit M12 (Tande and Racine, C. H. and J. H. Anderson. 1974. Flora and vegetation sites Jennings 1986); Map Unit L3 (Wibbenmeyer et al. 1982) Batten, A. R. 1977. The vascular floristics, major vegetation community types snow drift 2 35. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Vaccinium uliginosum, 71. Prostate dwarf shrub ( octopetala, D. of the Chukchi-Imuruk area. Pages 38-113 in H. Melchior, 3 5a5b 5a (Kuskokwim Mtns.). units, and phytogeography of the Lake Peters area, editor. Biological Survey of the Bering Land Bridge National Salix phlebophylla, Loiseleuria procumbens, drummondii), forb ( Antennaria alpina, (cont.) northeastern Alaska. M.S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Braun-Blanquet descriptions, dominant plant Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Dryas octopetala), graminoid Minuartia obtusiloba, Oxytropis nigrescens, 51. Low shrub (Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa, Spiraea Monument. US Department of Interior, National Park Fairbanks. Service. functional types and species are listed where data (Hierochloe alpina, microchaeta), forb Smelowskia calycina, Artemisia arctica), lichen stevenii), grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), fern Beget, J.E., D.M. Hopkins and S.D. Charron. 1966. The Subzone D (Androsace chamaejasme), moss (Rhacomitrium (Alectoria nigrescens, Bryocaulon divergens, (Dryopteris expansa). Racine, C. H., L. A. Johnson, and L. A. Viereck. 1987. Patterns were available. Literature citations (in small font) largest known maars on Earth, Seward Peninsula, Northwest of vegetation recovery after tundra fires in northwestern lanuginosum). Hypogymnia subobscura, Ochrolechia Alder types ; green alder shrub thicket (Hanson 1953); Map Unit Alaska. Arctic 49(1):62-29. include unit names, habitat, citation and location. Arctic Coastal Plain, northern Seward Peninsula, St. Lawrence Island Vaccinio uliginosi-Salicetum phlebophyllae Assoc. 43, prostrate 22 -tall shrub hillside (Racine and Anderson 1979); Releves Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 19:461-469. upsaliensis), moss (Polytrichum piliferum, C15,C18,QC25 (Raynolds et al. 2002) (Seward Peninsula). Beikman, H. M. 1980. Geologic map of Alaska. (1:1,584,000 vegetation of ridgetops on acidic soils (Cooper 1986) (Arrigetch Tortula ruralis). Raynolds, M. K., C. R. Martin, D. A. Walker, A. Moody, D. Mtns.). Map Unit 8, subalpine scrub (Talbot et al. 1985); Map Units scale) Map I-357 U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of Interior. Wirth, and C. Thayer-Snyder. 2002. ATLAS Vegetation Habitat Selaginello sibiricae-Dryadetum octopetalae, dry gravelly D2,D5,F1,F2 (Wibbenmeyer et al. 1982) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Bliss, L. C., and J. E. Cantlon. 1957. Succession on river soils (Walker et al. 1994) (Toolik Lake). Delta). Studies: Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2000. ARCSS-ATLAS- along the Acidic substrates Non-acidic substrates 36. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas octopetala, alluvium in northern Alaska. The American Midland AGC Data Report. Alaska Geobotany Ctr., Inst. of Arctic Vaccinium uliginosum), graminoid (Carex Major table sections are Tundra Bioclimate meso- (community # 13-23) (community # 24-34) 72. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas octopetala, 52. Sedge (Carex rotundata, C. rariflora, C. 77. Sedge (, C. chordorrhiza Naturalist 58:452-469. Biology, Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks. 125 pp. scirpoidea, C. microchaeta, Festuca altaica), lichen Saxifraga oppositifolia), sedge (Carex Churchill, E. D. 1955. Phytosociological and environmental Rieger, S., D. B. Schoephorster, and C. E. Furbush. 1979. Subzones (see inset map on front side) topographic (Cladina spp., Flavocetraria spp.). chordorrhiza, ), moss Carex spp., Eriophorum angustifolium), moss scirpoidea, ), lichen (Thamnolia (Sphagnum orientale). (Drepanocladus brevifolius, Scorpidium characteristics of some plant communities in the Umiat Exploratory soil survey of Alaska. Soil Conservation gradient Carici scirpoideae-Vaccinietum uliginosi, Assoc. 18 (Cooper region of Alaska. Ecology 36:606-627. 1986) (Arrigetch Mtns.). subuliformis, Dactylina beringica, Vulpicida Sphagnum orientale-Eriophorum scheuchzeri comm., wet scorpioides, Cinclidium latifolium, Meesia Service. tilesii, Flavocetraria nivalis, F. cucullata, microsites in wet acidic tundra in foothills (Walker and Walker Cooper, D. J. 1986. Arctic-alpine tundra vegetation of the Schickhoff, U., M. D. Walker, and D. A. Walker. 2002. Riparian Subzone Subzone Subzone 13. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas 24. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas 1996) (Imanavait Creek). triquetra, Catascopium nigritum, Distichium 37. Prostate dwarf shrub (Dryas octopetala, D. Cetraria islandica), moss (Ditrichum flexicaule). capillaceum). Arrigetch Creek Valley, Brooks Range, Alaska. communities on the Arctic Slope of Alaska and C D E integrifolia, Salix phlebophylla, Arctous integrifolia, Salix reticulata), sedge (Carex Phytocoenologia 14:467-555. rubra, Diapensia lapponica), lichen rupestris), forb (Oxytropis nigrescens), drummondii), forb ( Antennaria alpina, Minuartia Caricetum scirpoideo-rupestris, Assoc.30, limestone slopes 53. Sedge (Carex rotundata, C. rariflora), prostrate Eriophorum angustifolium-Carex aquatilis comm., their environmental relationships: a classification and (Cooper 1986) (Arrigetch Mtns.). Ebersole, J. J. 1985. Vegetation disturbance and recovery at (Alectoria nigricans). lichen (Lecanora epibryon, Pertusaria spp., Dry obtusiloba, Oxytropis nigrescens, Artemisia arctica), dwarf shrub (Salix fuscescens, Andromeda polifolia, nonacidic marshes (Walker and Barry 1991) (Toolik Lake). ordination analysis. Phytocoenologia 32:145-204. Map 2, Unit 6, evergreen dwarf shrub, dry stabilized lichen (Alectoria nigrescens, Bryocaulon divergens, Rubus chamaemorus, Betula nana), moss (Sphagnum the Oumalik Oil Well, Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. Ph.D Thamnolia subuliformis). 78. Graminoid (Puccinellia phryganodes, Carex Spetzman, L. A. 1959. Vegetation of the Arctic Slope of Alaska. sand dune crests (Komarkova & Webber 1980) Stand Type B1 (Walker 1985); Stand Type Dryas exposed Hypogymnia subobscura, Ochrolechia upsaliensis), 73. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas octopetala, lenense, Sphagnum spp.). Dissertation. University of Colorado, Boulder. Table columns within the subzone sections ramenskii). Professional Paper 302-B, U.S. Geological Survey. (Atqasuk). integrifolis – Oxytropis nigrescens, dry calcareous moss (Polytrichum piliferum, Tortula ruralis). Rhododendron camtschaticum), sedge (Carex Sphagnum lenense-Salix fuscescens comm., raised microsites in Elias, S. A., S. K. Short, D. A. Walker, and N. A. Auerbach. Swanson, J. D, M. Schuman and P. C. Scorup. 1985. Range separate acidic and non-acidic communities gravelly soils (Walker 1990) (Prudhoe Bay). sites nardina), forb (Artemisia senjavinensis, A. acidic wetlands (Walker and Walker 1996) (Imnavait Creek). Salt grass meadow (Racine and Anderson 1979); 51- tidal 1996. Historical biodiversity at remote Air Force sites in Selaginello sibiricae-Dryadetum octopetalae, dry gravelly soils marsh (Swanson and Schuman 1985) (Seward Peninsula). survey of the Seward Peninsula reindeer ranges, Alaska. 14. Graminoid (Arctagrostis latifolia, Carex (Walker et al. 1994) (Imnavait Creek). globularia, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Oxytropis Alaska. Legacy Project #0742, final report. US Department (see inset map on front side) 54. Sedge (Carex aquatilis, Eriophorum Map Unit 14 (Talbot et al. 1985), Map Unit M15 (Tande US Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Dry microchaeta ssp. nesophila, Hierochloe 25. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas nigrescens, Packera cymbalaria, Smelowskia and Jennings 1986; Map Unit 13 (Jorgenson 2000) (Yukon- of Defense. 60 pp + appendices. integrifolia), lichen. scheuchzeri), erect dwarf shrub (Ledum palustre Anchorage, Alaska. 67 pp + maps. exposed alpina, Trisetum spicatum), prostrate dwarf 38. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Arctous alpina, Vaccinium calycina, Minuartia arctica, Phlox sibirica, Kuskokwim Delta). Everett, K. R. 1980. Distribution and variability of soils near Swanson, J. D., D. Lehner, and J. Zimmerman. 1986. Range Blocks of rows are positions along a shrub (Salix phlebophylla, S. polaris), forb Devil's Upland (Joregenson 2001) (Seward vitis-idaea, V. uliginosum, Salix phlebophylla), grass Potentilla biflora, P. uniflora, Stellaria ssp. decumbens), moss (Sphagnum spp.), lichen Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 12:433- Peninsula). survey of Nunivak Island, Alaska. Vol. II. U.S. Dept. of sites (Minuartia arctica, Potentilla spp., (Hierochloe alpina), lichen (Flavocetraria cucullata, dicranoides), lichen (Thamnolia subuliformis, (Cladina spp., Cladonia spp.). 446. mesotopographic gradient (see figure to right) Map Unit 55- cottongrass-water sedge (low-centered polygons) Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Anchorage, Alaska. Oxytropis nigrescens, Pedicularis lanata, 26. Prostrate dwarf shrub, forb, lichen. Sphaerophorus globosus, Alectoria ochroleuca, Cetraria islandica). (Swanson and Schuman 1985) (Seward Peninsula). Everett, K. R., and R. J. Parkinson. 1977. Soil and landform Alpine Dryas stand ; Map units 61 lichen meadow, mountain Swanson, D. K. 2001. Ecological Subsections of Cape Artemisia spp.). (dry limestone slopes, York Mtns., Seward Peninsula). Cladina arbuscula), moss (Polytrichum strictum, associations, Prudhoe Bay area, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Krusenstern National Monument. National Park Service, Vegetation of alpine areas and fell-fields (Young no data - probably similar to Subzone E, Dicranum elongatum). (Hanson 1953), 71 Dryas limestone slope, and 72 bald Research 9:1-19. limestone slope (Swanson and Schuman 1985); Vegetation 55. Sedge (Carex ramenskii, C. rariflora, C. Anchorage, Alaska. 27 pp. (http://www.nature.nps.gov/ Colored text outlines denote Floristic Provinces 1971) (St. Lawrence Island). community 73, this table. Salici phlebophyllae-Arctoetum alpinae, dry acidic organic soils Everett, K. R., and D. A. Walker. 1982. A geobotanical (Walker et al. 1994) (Imnavait Creek). type Dryas dwarf-shrub tundra Racine and Anderson 1979); lyngbyaei), prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix fuscescens), im/units/AKRO/Documents/Eco_Subsections/PDF%20 (see inset map on front side) 15. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix ovalifolia, Releves C5, C17, C-H (Raynolds et al. 2002) (Seward forb (Comarum palustre). reconnaissance of the SOHIO West (Kuparuk Field). Final Reports/CAKR_Subs_final.pdf) S. fuscescens, Dryas octopetala), lichen Peninsula). Map Units W1, W8, W9, M9 (Tande and Jennings 1986); Map report SOHIO Alaska Petroleum Co., Anchorage, Alaska. 39. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Loiseleuria procumbens, Unit 24 slightly brackish wet sedge-shrub meadow (Jorgenson Swanson, D. K. 2001. Ecological Subsections of Kobuk (Cladina stellaris, Sphaerophorus Arctous alpina, Empetrum nigrum, Rhododendron Fleming, M. 1997. A statewide vegetation map of Alaska using Valley National Park. National Park Service, Fairbanks, 74. Lichen (Umbillicaria spp, Rhizocarpon 2000) (Yukon-Kuskowkim Delta). phenological classification of AVHRR data. Pages 25-26 globosus, Flavocetraria cucullata), camtschaticum, Salix phlebophylla), lichen geographicum, Cladonia stellaris), dwarf shrub Alaska. 49 pp. (http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ Northern Beringian Northern graminoid (Carex microchaeta ssp. (Bryocaulon divergens, Pseudephebe pubescens, 56. Graminoid (Carex aquatilis, C. rariflora, in D. A. Walker and A. C. Lillie, editors. The Second AKRO/Documents/Eco_Subsections/PDF%20Reports/K (Loiseluria procumbens). Wet sites Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Mapping Workshop, Alaska Alaska Beringian Islands nesophila). Cladina spp., Thamnolia spp.). Rock desert , Lava A,B,C (Raynolds et al. 2002) (Seward Calamagrostis deschamsioides), hemiprostrate dwarf OVA_Subs_final.pdf) Dry flats, ridge tops & benches (Klein 1959) (St.Matthew Map units 65 lichen slope and 70 lichen granitic slope (Swanson Peninsula). shrub (Empetrum nigrum), moss (Sphagnum spp.). Arendal, Norway, 18-24 May 1996 and the CAVM-North Talbot, S. 1983. Unpublished field notes and photos, Yukon- Island). and Schuman 1985); Vegetation type dwarf-shrub tundra (Racine Map Unit W10 (Tande and Jennings 1986) (Yukon-Kuskowkim American Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska, US, 14-16 January Kuskokwim Delta. and Anderson 1979); Releves C13, QC35, QC36 (Raynolds et Delta). 1997. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Boulder, 16. Tussock sedge (Eriophorum 27. Sedge (, Eriophorum al. 2002) (Seward Peninsula). Talbot, S. S., M. D. Fleming, and C. J. Markon. 1985. Landsat- Colorado. facilitated classification and vegetation reconnaissance of vaginatum), erect dwarf shrub (Ledum angustifolium ssp. triste, E. vaginatum, C. 57. Sedge (Carex aquatilis, Eriophorum Gersper, P. L., V. Alexander, L. A. Barkley, R. J. Barsdate, decumbens, Vaccinium vitis-idaea), lichen membranacea, C. aquatilis), prostrate 40. Prostrate and erect dwarf shrub (Dryas angustifolium, C. rostrata), forb (Comarum palustre, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Draft and P. S. Flint. 1980. The soils and their nutrients. Pages unpublished report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, (Cladina rangiferina, Ochrolechia frigida), dwarf shrub (, Salix integrifolia, Empetrum nigrum), lichen (Cladina Menyanthes trifoliata), moss (Sphagnum spp.). 219-254 in J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen, and F. L. rangiferina, Cladina spp., Alectoria ochroleuca). Sites F1,H2,M2B (Talbot 1983); Map Unit 61 - lowland wet Anchorage, AK. moss (Dicranum spp., Sphagnum reticulata), erect dwarf shrub (Salix sedge meadow (Jorgenson 2000) ; Map Unit W2e,W3e (Tande Bunnell, editors. An Arctic Ecosystem: the coastal tundra compactum). richardsonii), forb (Tephroseris frigida, Sites V1,4,5 (Talbot et al. 1985); Map unit 4 ; description of Tande, G. F., and T. W. Jennings. 1986. Classification and Askinuk Mtns.(McCaffery and Harwood 1997); Map Units D1a, and Jennings 1986); Map Units 5,18,22 (Talbot et al. 1985) at Barrow, Alaska. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., mapping of tundra near Hazen Bay, Yukon Delta National Map 2, Unit 8, mesic stabilized sands (Komarkova Eutrema edwardsii, Papaver macounii ssp. M11 (Tande and Jennings 1986), lowland moist low scrub (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Stroudsburg, PA. & Webber 1980) (Atqasuk). Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Prepared for Yukon Delta National discolor, Leucanthemum integrifolium, (Jorgenson 2000) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Hamilton, T. D. 1986. Late Cenozoic glaciation of the Central Subzone C Pedicularis lanata, Tofieldia pusilla), moss 58. Sedge (Eriophorum russeolum, Carex aquatilis), Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK by US Fish and Wildlife 17. Tussock sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum, Brooks Range. Pages 9-49 in T. D. Hamilton, K. M. Reed, Service, Anchorage, AK. 156 pp. Carex bigelowii), dwarf shrub (Ledum (Tomentypnum nitens, Drepanocladus 41. Tussock sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex 75. Sedges (Carex bigelowii, Eriophorum forb (Comarum palustre), moss (Sphagnum spp.). and R. M. Thorson, editors. Glaciation in Alaska: the Northern part of Arctic Coastal Plain brevifolius, Distichium capillaceum, bigelowii), erect dwarf shrub (Betula nana, Ledum angustifolium ssp. triste, C. membranacea, E. Map Unit 21, 16 (Talbot et al. 1985); Map Unit W3 (Tande and Van Patten, D .J. 1990. Soil investigation of Seward Peninsula palustre ssp. decumbens), moss Jennings 1986) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Geologic Record. Alaska Geological Society. area, Alaska. Soil Conservation Service, Anchorage, AK. Moist (Polytrichum spp., Sphagnum spp.), lichen Ditrichum flexicaule, Hypnum bambergeri), decumbens, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Empetrum vaginatum), prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas Hamilton, T. D., and S. C. Porter. 1975. Itkillik glaciation in Habitat lichen (Thamnolia subuliformis, hermaphroditum, , Rubus integrifolia, Salix reticulata, Arctous rubra), 59. Sedge (Carex aquatilis), erect dwarf shrub 101 pp. sites (Cetraria spp., Cladina spp.). the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Quaternary Research Walker, D. A., P. J. Webber, K. R. Everett, and J. Brown. 1977. along the Acidic substrates Non-acidic 42B- low shrub cottongrass tussock tundra (Swanson Flavocetraria cucullata, Cetraria chamaemorus), forb ( grandiflora, Bistorta erect dwarf shrub (, S. glauca, (Betula nana, Empetrum nigrum, Ledum palustre 5:471-497. & Schuman 1985) (Seward Peninsula). islandica). plumosa, Saxifraga nelsoniana), moss (Sphagnum Vaccinium uliginosum, Rhododendron ssp. decumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum), moss The effects of low-pressure wheeled vehicles on plant meso- (community # 1-7) substrates Hanson, H. C. 1953. Vegetation types in northwestern Alaska communities and soils at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. CRREL Stand Type U3, mesic nonacidic loess (Walker 1985) spp., Hylocomium splendens, Aulacomnium lapponicum), forb ( arcticus, Oxytropis (Sphagnum spp.), lichen (Cladina spp., Flavocetraria and comparisons with communities in other arctic regions. topographic (community # 8-12) 18. Graminoid (Calamagrostis canadensis (Prudhoe Bay). turgidum, Dicranum spp., Polytrichum strictum), maydelliana, Pedicularis capitata, Lagotis spp.). Special Report 77-17, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research var. langsdorfii, Juncus castaneus), Ecology 34:111-140. and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH. gradient 27 (cont). Map unit 42A - low shrub water sedge lichen (Cladina spp., Cladonia amaurocraea, glauca, Eutrema edwardsii, Tephroseris frigida, Map Unit 5, 22 (Talbot et al. 1985); Map Unit W3e, W4 (Tande Hegg, K. M., and R. M. Dippold. 1973. Areas of nonforest prostrate dwarf shrub (Rubus arcticus), and Jennings 1986) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Walker, D. A., and P. J. Webber. 1980. Geobotanical mapping tussock tundra (Swanson & Schuman 1985) (Seward Cetraria spp., Dactylina arctica). Bistorta vivipara, Packera cymbalaria, and noncommercial forest land by cover types and by 1. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix 8. Prostrate dwarf shrub forb (Comarum palustris, Epilobium Peninsula). Sphagno-Eriophoretum vaginati, tussock tundra on acidic fine of the SOHIO portion of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Pedicularis lanata, Tofieldia pusilla), horsetail topographic site for interior Alaska. USDA Forest Service rotundifolia), lichen (Alectoria (Dryas integrifolia), sedge anagallidifolium). grained soils (Walker et al. 1994) (Imnavait Creek). (Equisetum arvense, E. variegatum), moss 60. Erect dwarf shrub (Andromeda polifolia), moss Unpublished report to SOHIO Alaska Petroleum Co., nigricans, Bryocaulon divergens, (Carex rupestris), (Lecanora Vegetation of mesic tundra (Young 1971) (St. 28. Graminoid (Deschampsia caespitosa, (Sphagnum balticum). Resource Bulletin PNW-47. Pacific Northwest Forest and Anchorage, AK. 41 (cont). Cottongrass-sedge-dwarf heath shrub complex (Hanson (Tomentypnum nitens, Hylocomium splendens, Map Unit 23 (Talbot et al. 1985) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. Dactylina arctica), rush (Luzula epibryon, Thamnolia Lawrence Island). Juncus biglumis, Luzula confusa), shrub Aulacomnium turgidum), lichen (Thamnolia Walker, D. A., K. R. Everett, W. Acevedo, L. Gaydos, J. Brown, (Salix phlebophylla, Salix polaris), forb 1953); Tussock dwarf-shrub tundra (Racine and Anderson 1979); Hettinger, L. R., and A. J. Janz. 1974. Vegetation and soils of Dry confusa, L. arctica), grass subuliformis). 19. Sedge (Carex microchaeta ssp. 42B- low shrub cottongrass tussock tundra, 60 - lichen tussock subuliformis, Flavocetraria spp., Dactylina 61. Sedge (Carex aquatilis, C. glareosa), prostrate and P. J. Webber. 1982. Landsat-assisted environmental (Arctagrostis latifolia), forb Type B12, coastal dry nonacidic (Huperzia selago, Oxyria digyna, Saxifraga tundra (Swanson and Schuman 1985); C2,C8,C19,QC1, northeastern Alaska. Arctic Gas Biological Report Series mapping in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. exposed nesophila, Alopecurus alpinus, Arctagrostis arctica). dwarf shrub (Salix fuscescens), moss (Sphagnum 21. (Potentilla hyparctica, gravelly sites (Walker 1985) (Prudhoe nelsoniana, Rhodiola integrifolia, Cassiope QC2,QC45 (Raynolds et al. 2002) (Seward Peninsula). Dryado integrifoliae-Caricetum bigelowii, moist calcareous CRREL Report 82-37. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research Bay). latifolia), prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix Map Units M11, M14 (Tande and Jennings 1986); Map Unit 71 spp.). Hoefle, C., C. L. Ping and J. M. Kimble. 1998. Properties of sites Pedicularis lanata), bryophyte tetragona, Primula tschuktschorum, tundra (Walker et al. 1994) (Toolik Lake). Type 52 (Swanson et al. 1986) (Nunivak Island). and Engineering Laboratory. Hanover, New Hampshire. rotundifolia, S. reticulata), forb. - lowland moist low-scrub (Jorgenson 2000); Sites BB10-13, permafrost soils on the northern Seward Peninsula, (Polytrichum strictum, Dicranum Artemisia arctica). MM5,7 (Talbot 1983) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Walker, D. A. 1985. Vegetation and environmental gradients Moist well-drained meadows (Klein 1959) (St. Matthew Vegetation of alpine areas and fell- fields (Young 75 (cont). Vegetation type Bigelow's sedge tussock dwarf- Northwest Alaska. Soil Science Society of America Journal elongatum, Gymnomitrion Island). of the Prudhoe Bay region, Alaska. CRREL Report 85- 1971) (St. Lawrence Island). shrub tundra (Racine and Anderson 1979); Releves 62:1629-1639. corallioides). 42. Erect dwarf shrub (Betula nana, , R6,7a,33,37,57,58 (Raynolds et al. 2002) (Seward 62. Hemiprostrate dwarf shrub (Cassiope tetragona), 79. Hemiprostrate dwarf shrub (Cassiope 114. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Ledum decumbens, Vaccinium vitis-idaea), tussock Peninsula). prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix phlebophylla, Vaccinium tetragona), prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas Holowaychuk, N., J. Petro, H. R. Finney, R. S. Farnham, and Nodum II (Webber 1978); Sphaerophorus 20. Sedge (Carex aquatilis, Carex spp., 29. Sedge (Carex aquatilis, Eriophorum Laboratory Report. Hanover, New Hampshire. globosus-Luzula confusa comm. subtype sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum), moss (Sphagnum vitis-idaea, Pyrola grandiflora, Diapensia lapponica. integrifolia, Salix reticulata, S. arctica), sedge P. L. Gersper. 1966. Soils of Ogotoruk Creek watershed. Walker, D. A., and W. Acevedo. 1987. Vegetation and a Landsat- Salix rotundifolia, dry beach and river Eriophorum angustifolium), moss angustifolium, Carex spp.), moss spp., Hylocomium splendens, Aulacomnium 76. Low shrub (Betula nana, Salix pulchra, Ledum decumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum,), sedge (Carex scirpoidea), forb (Geum glaciale, Pages 221-273 in N. J. Wilimovsky and J. N. Wolfe, editors. terraces (Elias et al. 1996) (Barrow). (Drepanocladus spp., Sphagnum spp.). (Drepanocladus brevifolius, Scorpidium derived land cover map of the Beechey Point Quadrangle, turgidum, Dicranum spp.), lichen (Cladina spp., Salix glauca), moss (Pleurozium schreberi, (Carex microchaeta), grass (Hierochloe alpina), Pedicularis lanata, P. oederi, Parrya nudicaulis, Environment of the Cape Thompson Region, Alaska. U.S. Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. CRREL Report 87-5. U.S. Map 2, Unit 16, wet marshes (Komarkova & Webber scorpioides, Cinclidium latifolium, Meesia Hylocomium splendens). Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 2. Sedge (Carex aquatilis, 9. Sedge (Carex aquatilis), 1980) (Atqasuk). Cladonia amaurocraea, Cetraria spp., Peltigera moss (Hylocomium splendens, Aulacomnium Papaver macounii ssp. discolor, Silene acaulis, Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Wet sites triquetra, Catoscopium nigritum, 44-shrub lichen upland (Swanson and Schuman 1985); turgidum, Dicranum spp.), lichen (Flavocetraria Bistorta plumosa), moss (Rhytidium rugosum, Holowaychuk, N., and N. E. Smeck. 1979. Soils of the Chukchi- Eriophorum angustifolium), grass prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix aphthosa). Releve C-C (Raynolds et al. 2002) (Seward Peninsula). Hanover, New Hampshire. 20 (cont).Water sedge wet meadow (Racine and Distichium capillaceum). Sphagno-Eriophoretum vaginati, Betula nana and Salix pulchra cucullata, F. nivalis, Nephroma arcticum, Aulacomnium turgidum, Tomentypnum nitens, Imuruk area. Pages 114-192 in H. R. Melchior, editor. (Poa arctica, Dupontia fisheri), pulchra, S. reticulata, Dryas Anderson 1979); Map Unit 55- cottongrass-water Stand Type M2, wet calcareous meadows, ice-wedge subtypes, shrub-dominated tussock tundra (Walker & Walker Walker, D. A., E. Binnian, B. M. Evans, N. D. Lederer, E. polygon centers, lake margins (Walker 1985) Stereocaulon alpinum, Sphaerophorus globosus). Ptilidium ciliare), lichen (Flavocetraria Biological Survey of the Bering Land Bridge National Nordstrand, and P. J. Webber. 1989. Terrain, vegetation rush (Luzula arctica), prostrate integrifolia), moss sedge, low-centered polygons (Swanson & Schuman 1996) (Imnavait Creek). Carex microchaeta-Cassiope tetragona comm., early-melting 1985) (Seward Peninsula). (Prudhoe Bay). cucullata, F. nivalis, Cladonia amaurocaea, Monument. Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks dwarf- shrub (Salix rotundifolia), (Tomentypnum nitens, Snowbeds acidic snowbeds (Walker et al. 1994) (Imnavait Creek). Alaska. forb (Saxifraga cernua, S. Oncophorus wahlenbergii, Dactylina arctica). Range Foothills, Alaska. Holarctic Ecology 12: 238-261. 20 (cont).Vegetation Type wet tundra (Young 1971) 43. Erect dwarf shrub (Betula nana, Ledum Dryas integrifolia-Cassiope tetragona comm., early-melting Hulten, E. 1962. Flora and vegetation of Scammon Bay, hieraciifolia, S. hirculus, Campylium stellatum, (St. Lawrence Island). decumbens), prostrate dwarf-shrub (Rubus 63. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix rotundifolia). nonacidic snow beds (Walker et al. 1994) (Toolik Lake). Walker, D. A. and K. R. Everett. 1991. Loess ecosystems of Bering Sea coast, Alaska. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 56:36-50. northern Alaska: regional gradient and toposequence at Cardamine pratensis, Petasites Distichium capillaceum). chamaemorus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea), moss Salix rotundifolia-Saxifraga nivalis comm., late-melting snow Johnson, A. W., L. A. Viereck, R. E. Johnson, and H. Melchior. Type U12, moist calcareous coastal 80. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix rotundifolia), Prudhoe Bay. Ecological Monographs 61:437-464. frigidus, Ranunculus nivalis), 21. Hemiprostrate dwarf shrub (Cassiope 30. Hemiprostrate dwarf shrub (Cassiope (Sphagnum spp.). beds (Walker et al. 1989) (Imnavait Creek). 1966. Vegetation and flora (of the Ogotoruk Valley). Pages moss (Oncophorus wahlenbergii, meadows (Walker 1985) (Prudhoe Sphagno-Eriophoretum vaginati betuletosum nanae, dwarf shrub sedge (Carex aquatilis, Eriophorum Walker, D. A. and N. Barry. 1991. Toolik Lake permanent Bay). tetragona), forb (Boykinia richardsonii). tetragona), prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas 277-354 in N. J. Wilimovsky, editor. The Environment of Boykinia richardsonii-Cassiope tetragona comm. on palsas and high-centered polygons (Walker et al. 1994) 64. Hemiprostrate dwarf shrub (Cassiope tetragona, angustifolium ssp. triste), horsetail (Equisetum vegetation plots: site factors, soil physical and chemical Sarmenthypnum sarmentosum, integrifolia, Salix reticulata), sedge (Carex the Cape Thompson Region, Alaska. U.S. Atomic Energy Aulacomnium turgidum). Map 2, Unit 11, early-melting snow beds (Komarkova scirpoidea), forb (Pedicularis capitata, (Imnavait Creek). Loiseleuria procumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum), scirpoides, E. variegatum), moss (Distichium properties, plant species cover, photographs, and soil and Webber 1980) (Atqasuk). Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Nodum IV (Webber 1978); Type 6 and forb, lichen (Alectoria nigricans, Sphaerophorus capillaceum, Ditrichum flexicaule). descriptions. Data Report 48, Department of Energy R4D Bistorta vivipara, Silene acaulis, Papaver 44. Low shrub (Betula nana, Salix pulchra), erect Jorgenson, J. C., P. E. Joria, T. R. McCabe, B. E. Reitz, M. K. 7, moist, fine-grained soils (Walker et al. macounii ssp. discolor), moss (Ditrichum globosus). Salix rotundifolia-Saxifraga nivalis comm., late-melting Program. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University 1977); Saxifraga cernua-Carex aquatilis dwarf-shrub (Ledum decumbens, Rubus Four-angled heather-blueberry type (Hanson 1953); Releve 2000- snow beds (Walker et al. 1989) (Toolik Lake). Raynolds, M. Emers, and M. A. Williams. 1994. User's Moist comm. (Elias et al. 1996) (Barrow). flexicaule, Sanionia uncinata, of Colorado, Boulder. chamaemorus), grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), CC (Raynolds et al. 2002) (Seward Peninsula). guide for the land-cover map of the coastal plain of the Walker, D. A. and M. D. Walker. 1996. Terrain and vegetation sites Tomentypnum nitens), lichen (Cetraria moss (Aulacomnium turgidum, Hylocomium 81. Dwarf shrub (Salix reticulata, S. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. US Dept. of the Interior, 3. Rush (Luzula confusa, L. cucullata, Masonhalea richardsonii, C. richardsonii), horsetail (Equisetum arvense), of the Imnavait Creek Watershed. Pages 73-108 in J. F. splendens). US Fish and Wildlife Service Region 7, Anchorage, AK. Reynolds and J. D. Tenhunen, editors. Landscape Function: arctica), grass (Poa arctica), forb nivalis, Peltigera canina). Sphagno-Eriophoretum vaginati betuletosum nanae, shrub tundra moss (Tomenthypnum nitens). Jorgenson, M.T. 2000. Hierarchical organization of ecosystems Snowbeds Stand Type U6 ; Stand type Cassiope tetragona- Implications for Ecosystem Disturbance, a Case Study in (Potentilla hyparctica, in warmer mesoclimatic oases along water tracks and in basins Early-melting snowbeds, Releve 2000-C-D (Raynolds et at multiple spatial scales on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Dryas integrifolia, early melting nonacidic snowbeds (Walker et al. 1994) (Imnavait Creek). al. 2002) (Seward Peninsula). Arctic Tundra. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pedicularis lanata), lichen on pingos(Walker 1990) (Prudhoe Bay). Moist Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (Alectoria nigricans, Walker, D. A., N. A. Auerbach,T. K. Nettleton, A. Gallant, 44 (cont). Vegetation Type low-medium shrub thicket (Racine 65. Low shrub (Salix pulchra, Betula nana), erect 82. Forb (Castilleja caudata, Epilobium 32(3):221-239. and S. M. Murphy. 1997. Happy Valley permanent Sphaerophorus globosus, 31. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix sites and Anderson 1979); shrub hillside, Map Unit 35 (Swanson and Jorgenson, M.T. 2001. Ecological Subsections of Bering Schuman 1985); Releves C3, C16, QC3, C-C (Raynolds et al. dwarf shrub, sedge (Eriophorum angustifolium, latifolium, Hedysarum alpinum, Eurybia vegetation plots. Arctic System Science Flux Study Data Dactylina arctica, Cladonia spp., rotundifolia), sedge (Carex aquatilis, Carex membranacea), forb (Valeriana capitata, sibirica), low shrub (). Land Bridge National Preserve. Prepared for U.S. National Ochrolechia frigida), moss 2002) (Seward Peninsula). Report. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University Eriophorum angustifolium ssp. triste), Map unit 9 (Talbot et al. 1985); Map Unit M13 (Tande and Anemone richardsonii, Polemonium acutiflorum, Epilobio latifolii-Salicetum alaxensis ass., active floodplains Park Service, Anchorage, Alaska by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, of Colorado, Boulder. (Polytrichastrum alpinum, (Schickhoff et al. 2002) (Toolik Lake). horsetail (Equisetum scirpoides, E. Jennings 1986) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Dodecatheon frigidum), moss (Hylocomium Alaska. 76 pp. (http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ Walker, D. A., N. A. Auerbach, J. G. Bockheim, F. S. I. Chapin, Polytrichum strictum, variegatum), moss (Distichium AKRO/Documents/Eco_Subsections/PDF%20Reports/B splendens, Tomentypnum nitens, Sphagnum spp., 83. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas integrifolia, W. Eugster, J. Y. King, J. P. McFadden, G. J. Michaelson, Sarmenthypnum sarmentosum). capillaceum, Ditrichum flexicaule). 45. Low shrub (Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa, Salix Sanionia uncinatus, Aulacomnium palustre, ELA_Subs_final.pdf) Nodum 1 (Webber 1978); Type 5, mesic Stand Type U7 (Walker 1985) ; Facies Salix richardsonii, Spiraea stevenii), erect dwarf shrub Arctous rubra, Salix reticulata), erect dwarf F. E. Nelson, W. C. Oechel, C. L. Ping, W. S. Reeburg, S. Paludella squarrosa). Jorgenson, M. T., D. K. Swanson and M. Macander. 2001. Regli, N. I. Shiklomanov, and G. L. Vourlitis. 1998. Energy high-centered polygons, zonal rotundifolia-Eriophorum triste, late-melting nonacidic (Vaccinium uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Pyrola shrub (Salix richardsonii, Vaccinium Ecological Subsections of Noatak National Preserve. vegetation(Walker et al. 1977); snowbeds (Walker 1990) (Prudhoe Bay). Valeriano-Salicetum planifoliae ass. nov. (Schickhoff et al. uliginosum, Rhododendron lapponicum), forb and trace-gas fluxes across a soil pH boundary in the Arctic. Sphaerophorus globosus-Luzula confusa grandiflora), grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), 2002); Eriophorum angustifolium-Salix pulchra comm., acidic Prepared for U.S. National Park Service, Anchorage, Alaska horsetail (Equisetum arvense), forb (Boschniakia to circumneutral water tracks, streamsides (Walker et al. 1994) (Anemone parviflora, Bistorta vivipara, Nature 394:469-472. comm. subtype Saxifraga foliolosa, Elias 22. Low shrub (Salix alaxensis, S. 32. Forb (Epilobium latifolium, Artemisia by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 73 pp. (http://www. Walker, D. A., J. G. Bockheim, F. S. I. Chapin, W. Eugster, F. et al. 1996) (Barrow). rossica, Valeriana capitata), moss (Climacium (Imnavait Creek). Castilleja caudata, Lupinus arcticus, Oxytropis nature.nps.gov/im/units/AKRO/Documents/Eco_Subsect richardsonii, S. glauca, S. pulchra), forb arctica, A. borealis, Papaver ‘lapponicum’, campestris, O. borealis, Pedicularis capitata), E. Nelson, and C. L. Ping. 2001. Calcium-rich tundra, (Eurybia sibirica, alpinus, Polemonium boreale, Astragalus alpinus, dendroides, Hylocomium splendens, Thuidium 66. Tall shrub (Salix alaxensis, S. richardsonii, S. ions/PDF%20Reports/BELA_Subs_final.pdf) 4. Sedge (Eriophorum 10. Sedge (Carex aquatilis, philibertii, Timmia austriaca). sedge (Carex scirpoidea, C. rupestris), horsetail wildlife, and the "Mammoth Steppe". Quaternary Science Tanacetum bipinnatum, Bistorta vivipara, Wilhelmsia physodes, Parrya nudicaulis, glauca), prostrate shrub (Dryas integrifolia, Arctous Karlstrom, T. N. V., and others. 1964. Surficial Geology of Reviews 20:149-163. angustifolium, Carex aquatilis), Eriophorum angustifolium), Climacium dendroides-Alnus viridis comm., open alder shrub (Equisetum variegatum), moss (Rhytidium Alaska. in US Department of Interior, US Geological Pedicularis capitata, Equisetum Castilleja caudata, Hedysarum alpinum, in warmer mesoclimatic oases of the foothills (Walker et al. rubra), forb (Hedysarum alpinum, Tofieldia pusilla, Walker, M. D. 1990. Vegetation and floristics of pingos, Central grass (Dupontia fisheri, grass (Dupontia fisheri), moss rugosum, Hylocomium splendens, Tomentypnum Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations. Arctophila fulva), moss (Drepanocladus brevifolius). variegatum, E. arvense). H. mackenziei), dwarf shrub (Salix 1997) (Happy Valley). Parnassia kotzebuei), horsetail (Equisetum arvense), nitens), lichen (Flavocetraria cucullata, F. Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. Dissertationes Botanicae, Map 2 Unit 17, Decidious scrub, sandy floodplains alaxensis). moss (Ditrichum flexicaule, Tomentypnum nitens, Klein, D. R. 1959. Saint Matthew Island reindeer-range study. 149. J. Cramer, Stuttgart. 283 pp. Wet sites (Sarmenthypnum sarmentosum, Type M10 , wet calcareous coastal (Komarkova and Webber 1980) (Atqasuk). nivalis, Cladonia pocillum, Dactylina arctica, meadows (Walker 1985) (Prudhoe Stand Type B4, active floodplains (Walker 1985) 46. Tussock sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum), grass Distichium capillaceum). Special Scientific Report, Wildlife No. 43. U.S. Fish and Walker, M. D., D.A. Walker, and N. A. Auerbach. 1994. Plant Limprichtia revolvens). (Prudhoe Bay); Epilobio-Salicetum alaxensis Masonhalea richardsonii, Peltigera canina, Bay). (Calamagrostis canadensis, Arctagrostis latifolia), Salicetum glauco-richardsonii ass. prov., willow shrublands on Wildlife Serv., Wash. DC. 48 pp. communities of a tussock tundra landscape in the Brooks Noda V and VI (Webber 1978); Types 9, 23. Low shrub (Salix pulchra), moss (Schickhoff et al. 2002) (Sagavanirktok River). forb (Epilobium latifolium, Tephroseris congesta), stable floodplains (Schickhoff et al. 2002) (Imnavait Creek). Thamnolia subuliformis). Komarkova, V., and P. J. Weber. 1980. Two Low Arctic 10, 12 and 13 (Walker et al. 1977); (Hylocomium splendens), lichen (Cetraria Dryas integrifolia-Lupinus arcticus comm., dry river Range Foothills, Alaska. Journal of Vegetation Science Eriophorum angustifolium-Carex aquatilis bryophyte (Marchantia polymorpha, Ceratodon vegetation maps near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine islandica, Cladina spp.). 33. Low shrub (Salix richardonii, S. 67. Tall shrub (Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa, Salix terraces (Walker et al. 1997) (Toolik Lake); Dryas terrace 5:843-866. comm., wet sites without standing water purpureus). Riparian comm. (J.C. Jorgenson, 2005 pers. com.) (Arctic NWR). Research 12:447-472. Webber, P. J. 1978. Spatial and temporal variation in the (Elias et al. 1996) (Barrow). Low-medium willow shrub thicket (Racine and alaxensis, S. glauca), sedge (Carex Resprouting tussocks with colonizing liverworts and on richardsonii), erect dwarf shrub (Vaccinium Lawson, D. E., J. Brown, K. R. Everett, A. W. Johnson, V. Anderson 1979); Map unit 34- low shrub - floodplain burned tussock tundra (Racine 1987) (Seward Peninsula). areas vegetation and its productivity, Barrow, Alaska. Pages 37- (Swanson and Schuman 1985) (Seward Peninsula). aquatilis, Eriophorum angustifolium), forb uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Pyrola grandiflora), grass 84. Tall shrub (Salix alaxensis, S. richardsonii, Komarkova, B. M. Murray, D. F. Murray, and P. J. Webber. 5. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Salix 11. No data. Probably similar Polemonium acutiflorum,Cardamine (Calamagrostis canadensis), horsetail (Equisetum S. glauca), prostrate shrub (Dryas integrifolia, 112 in L. L.Tieszen, editor. Vegetation and Production rotundifolia), lichen (Cetrariella to snowbeds in Subzone D. 1978. Tundra disturbances and recovery following the Ecology of an Alaskan Arctic Tundra. Springer-Verlag, microphylla ssp. blaisdellii, Pedicularis 47. Sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum), erect dwarf arvense), forb (Boschniakia rossica, Valeriana Arctous rubra), forb (Hedysarum alpinum, 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, northern Alaska. delisei). Riparian shrub (Ledum decumbens, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, capitata), moss (Climacium dendroides, Hylocomium New York. Salix rotundifolia-Cetraria delisei comm., albolabiata. Tofieldia pusilla, Parnassia kotzebuei), horsetail CRREL Report 78-28, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research Stand Type U8, moist streamsides on fine grained Rubus chamaemorus), (Cladina rangiferina, splendens, Thuidium philibertii, Timmia austriaca). (Equisetum arvense), moss (Ditrichum Webber, P. J., P. C. Miller, F. S. Chapin, III, and B. H. McCown. early-melting snow beds (Elias et al. 1996) areas and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire. 1980. The vegetation: pattern and succession. Pages 186- (Barrow). soils (Walker 1985) (Prudhoe Bay); Anemeno- C. mitis, C. arbuscula, Flavocetraria cucullata, Climaceum dendroides-Alnus viridis comm., alder shrublands flexicaule, Tomentypnum nitens, Distichium Markon, C. J. and S. Wesser. 1997. The Bering Land Bridge Salicetum richardsonii (Schickhoff et al. 2002) Cetraria islandica), moss (Sphagnum spp.). floodplains (Walker et al. 1997) (Happy Valley). 218 in J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen, and F. L. Snow- (Sagavanirktok River). capillaceum). National Preserve land cover map and its comparability 6. Grass (Phippsia algida, Map Unit 60 lichen tussock tundra (Swanson and Schuman 1985) Salicetum glauco-richardsonii ass. prov., willow shrubland with 1995 field conditions. Open File Report 97-103. Bunnell, editors. An Arctic Ecosystem: the coastal tundra beds (Seward Peninsula). at Barrow, Alaska. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Alopecurus alpinus), forb 34. Prostrate dwarf shrub (Dryas 68. Low shrub (Salix pulchra), moss (Hylocomium on stable floodplains (Schickhoff et al. 2002) (Toolik Lake). USGS/EROS Alaska Field Office, Anchorage, AK. 27pp. (Cochlearia groenlandica, splendens), lichen (Cetraria islandica, Cladina McCaffery, B. J. and C. M. Harwood. 1997. Results of the Stroudsburg, PA. integrifolia, Arctous rubra, Salix 48. Erect dwarf shrub (Betula nana, Ledum 85. Tall shrub (Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa, Salix Wibbenmeyer, M., J. Grunblatt and L. Shea. 1982. User's Ranunculus pygmaeus, Stellaria reticulata), erect dwarf shrub (Salix decumbens, Empetrum nigrum, Loiseleuria spp.). 1996 avifaunal inventory, Cape Romanzof Long Range humifusa, Saxifraga rivularis). Map unit 34-low shrub - floodplain (Swanson and Schuman richardsonii), erect dwarf shrub (Vaccinium guide for the Bristol Bay land cover maps. Bristol Bay richardsonii, Vaccinium uliginosum), forb procumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum), lichen (Cladina uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Pyrola grandiflora), Radar Site, Alaska. Final report for Department of Defense Nodum VIII (Webber 1978); Type 15, 1985) (Seward Peninsula). Legacy Project No. 9510096, prepared by U.S. Fish and Cooperative Management Plan. State of Alaska and U.S. late-melting snow beds (Walker et al. (Anemone parviflora, Bistorta vivipara, rangiferina, C. stygia, Stereocaulon tomentosum), grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), horsetail Wildlife Service Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. Dept. of Interior. 120pp. 1977) (Barrow). Castilleja caudata, Lupinus arcticus, moss (Sphagnum spp., Dicranum spp.). 69. Low or tall shrub (Salix alaxensis, S. (Equisetum arvense), forb (Boschniakia rossica, Williams, J. R., W. F. Yeend, L. D. Carter, and T. D. Hamilton. Oxytropis campestris, Pedicularis Vegetation type dwarf birch-heath-lichens (Hanson 1953); Meyer, K.G., and P. Spencer. 1992. User's Guide: Nulato Hills Vegetation type birch dwarf-shrub tundra (Racine and Anderson richardsonii), forb (Epilobium latifolium), moss Valeriana capitata), moss (Climacium 1977. Preliminary Surficial Deposits Map of the National 7. Grass (Phippsia algida, 12. Forb (Epilobium capitata), sedge (Carex scirpoidea, C. (Sphagnum spp.), lichen (Thamnolia subuliformis). dendroides, Hylocomium splendens, Thuidium digital land cover and terrain data base. U.S. Bureau of 1979); Map Unit 32- mixed shrub tundra,44 - shrub lichen upland Land Management, Anchorage, AK. 141 pp. Petroleum Reserve - Alaska. Open-File Report 77-868. Alopecurus alpinus), forb latifolium, Artemisia arctica, rupestris), horsetail (Equisetum (Swanson and Schuman 1985); Releve C14 (Raynolds et al. Vegetation type tall willow thicket (Racine and Anderson 1979); philibertii, Timmia austriaca). (Cochlearia groenlandica, A. borealis, Papaver Muller, S. V., D. A. Walker, F. Nelson, N. Auerbach, J. Scale 1:500,000, 2 sheets. U.S. Geological Survey. variegatum), moss (Rhytidium rugosum), 2002) (Seward Peninsula). Map unit 82 - riverwash (Swanson and Schuman 1985) (Seward Climaceum dendroides-Alnus viridis comm., alder shrubland Young, S.B. 1971. The vascular flora of St. Lawrence Island Ranunculus pygmaeus, Stellaria ‘lapponicum’, Polemonium lichen (Flavocetraria cucullata, F. nivalis, Map Unit M11(Tande and Jennings 1986); Map Unit 71, lowland Peninsula). on floodplains (Walker et al. 1997) (Happy Valley). Bockheim, S. Guyer, and D. Sherba. 1998. Accuracy Riparian humifusa, Saxifraga rivularis). boreale, Astragalus alpinus, moist low scrub (Jorgenson 2000) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). assessment of a land-cover map of the Kuparuk River with special reference to floristic zonation in the arctic Cladonia pocillum, Dactylina arctica, 70. Tall shrub (Salix arbusculoides, S. alaxensis, regions. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium 201: 11- Nodum VIII (Webber 1978); Type 15, Wilhelmsia physodes, Parrya Masonhalea richardsonii, Peltigera canina, basin, Alaska: considerations for remote regions. areas unstable stream margins (Walker et al. nudicaulis). 49. Erect and prostrate dwarf shrub (Betula nana, Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa), low shrub (Salix Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 64:619- 115. 1977) (Barrow). Thamnolia subuliformis). Salix fuscescens, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium Young, S. B. 1973. Vegetation of the Noatak Valley. Pages 11- Epilobio latifolii-Salicetum alaxensis Dryas integrifolia-Lupinus arcticus comm., dry river pulchra), grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), moss 628. ass. prov., coastal active floodplains terraces (Walker et al. 1997) (Happy Valley). vitis-idaea), sedge (Carex bigelowii), lichen (Cladina (Climacium dendroides). Muller, S. V., A. E. Racoviteanu, and D. A. Walker. 1999. 24 in S. B. Young, editor. Biological Survey of the Noatak (Schickhoff et al. 2002) (North Dryas terrace comm. (Jorgenson pers.comm.) (Arctic rangiferina, C. arbuscula, Cetraria islandica). Map unit W2e (Tande and Jennings 1986); Site G5, 9, 12, 14; River Basin. The Center for Northern Studies, Wolcott, Slope). Site 63, 32 (Swanson et al. 1986) (Nunivak Island). MM6, 005, V3 (Talbot 1983) (Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta). Landsat MSS-derived land-cover map of northern Alaska: NWR). extrapolation methods and a comparison with photo- VT.

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