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Cyperaceae of Alberta

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Cyperaceae of Alberta AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE CYPERACEAE OF ALBERTA Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw and Lorna Allen April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using information primarily from and the Flora North America Association (2008), Douglas et al. (1998), and Packer and Gould (2017). Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). The main references are listed at the end of the key. Please try the key this summer and let us know if there are ways in which it can be improved. Over the winter, we hope to add illustrations for most of the entries. The 2015 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript ( S1; S2;SU) after the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotic species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). CYPERACEAE SedgeFamily Key to Genera 1b 01a Flowers either ♂ or ♀; ovaries/achenes enclosed in a sac-like or scale-like structure 1a (perigynium) .....................Carex 01b Flowers with both ♂ and ♀ parts (sometimes some either ♂ or ♀); ovaries/achenes not in a perigynium .........................02 02a Spikelets somewhat fattened, with keeled scales in 2 vertical rows, grouped in ± umbrella- shaped clusters; fower bristles (perianth) 2a absent ....................... Cyperus 02b Spikelets round to cylindrical, with scales 2b spirally attached, variously arranged; fower bristles usually present . 03 03a Achenes tipped with a rounded protuberance (enlarged style-base; tubercle) . 04 03b Achenes without a tubercle (achenes 3a 3b often beaked, but without an enlarged protuberence) .......................05 04a Spikelets single; stems leafess . .Eleocharis 04b Spikelets in 1-2 heads of 1-10 fowers each; stems with slender, bristle-like leaves; w of Edmonton and n of Athabasca . Rhynchospora capillacea S2 5a;6a 05a Bristles silky, ≥10-15X longer than the achene at maturity .......................... 06 05b Bristles 1-8, not much elongated at maturity . 4b ..................................07 4a 06a Achenes 3-sided, with 10-25 minutely barbed 5b hairs; styles 3; leaves ≤400x6 mm . ......................... Eriophorum 06b Achenes 2-sided, with 6 smooth hairs; styles 2; leaves <20x1 mm Trichophorum (in part) 6b 07a Involucral bracts absent or single at the base of a clearly terminal spike, not leaf-like . 08 07b Involucral bracts 1-many, leaf-like or resembling an extension of the stem with a side spike . 09 7a 08a Spikelets 5-8, in 2 vertical rows, crowded in a terminal spike ±1-2 cm long; achenes stalked, long-beaked; leaves in 2 vertical rows, 20-120 8a x 1-3 mm, reduced to scales at the stem base; Wood Buffalo s to Clearwater River . Blysmopsis rufa S2 [Blysmus rufus] 08b Spikelets single, ≤7 mm long, spirally arranged in compact spikes; achenes ±stalkless, 7b beakless or short-beaked; leaves <10 x 1 mm 8b . Trichophorum (in part) 3 09a Involucral bracts single, appearing as an extension of a leafess stem; fower cluster(s) appearing to grow from the side of the stem; 9a stems cylindrical or 3-angled/sided. .10 10a 09b Involucral bracts ≥2, fat and spreading; fower cluster(s) clearly growing from the stem tip; stems 3-angled ...................... 12 10a Stems stout, cylindrical; spikelets many, 9b usually in umbrella-shaped clusters . .Schoenoplectus (in part) 10b Stems slender, 3-angled/sided; spikelets generally 1-5, stalkless . 11 11a Leaves stiffy erect; ligules edged with hairs; stems not sharply angled; achenes broadly rounded at the tip, covered with a network of raised veins (reticulate). 11b . Amphiscirpus nevadensis [Scirpus nevadensis] 11b Leaves often spreading; ligules not edged with hairs; stems sharply angled; achenes tipped with a short, abrupt point (apiculate), smooth sided . Schoenoplectus pungens [Scirpus pungens] 12a Spikelets >10 mm long, 2-12 in a head-like 11a or umbrella-shaped cluster; rootstocks with swollen joints; ligules absent . ...................... Bolboschoenus 12b Spikelets <8 mm long, numerous, in dense or repeatedly branched umbrella-shaped clusters; rootstocks without swollen joints; ligules present. Scirpus 12a 12b - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - BOLBOSCHOENUS Tuber-bulrush 01a Spikelets all or mostly stalkless; styles 2-branched; achenes 2-sided, 2.3-4.1 mm long, buoyant; stems 30-70 cm tall . Bolboschoenus maritimus [Schoenoplectus maritimus; Scirpus paludosus] 01b Spikelets all or mostly stalked; styles 3-branched; achene 3-sided, 3.8-5.5 mm long, 1a 1b not buoyant; stems mostly 100-150 cm tall; cAB . Bolboschoenus fuviatilis S1 [Schoenoplectus fuviatilis; Scirpus fuviatilis] 4 CAREX Sedge 01a Achenes enclosed in a scale-like perigynium open along 1 side; fowers with at least one group of 1 ♀ plus 1-3 ♂ fowers in the axil of 1 1a scale ..............................02 1b 01b Achenes enclosed in a sac-like perigynium with an opening at the tip through which the stigmas protrudes; fowers 1 per scale . 03 02a Spikes simple, linear, 2-3 mm wide; leaves of previous year reduced to bladeless sheaths at fowering time . Carex myosuroides [Kobresia myosuroides] 02b Spikes compound, more egg-shaped, (2)3- 8 mm wide; leaves of the previous year with conspicuous dried blades at fowering time . .Carex simpliciuscula 2a 2b [Kobresia simpliciuscula] 03a Spikelets 1 ....................Group 1 03b Spikelets >1 (sometimes densely clustered in a head) ............................04 04a Stigmas 2; achenes 2-sided (lens-shaped to 3b 3a planoconvex) . .Group 2 04b Stigmas 3(4); achenes 3(4)-angled/sided (mixed with 2-stigma/2-sided achenes in Carex petricosa) . Group 3 4b 4a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GROUP 1 Single spikes 01a Spikes with ♂ fowers only . .02 01b Spikes with at least 1 ♀ fower . .03 02a Plant bases yellow to brown or black, arising singly or 2-3 together from long, thread-like 2b rootstocks; leaves inrolled, 0.3-0.7 mm wide . Carex gynocrates (in part) 1a 02b Plant bases reddish or purplish, tufted from short rootstocks; leaves fat or ± channelled, 2a 1-3 mm wide . Carex scirpoidea (in part) 03a Stigmas 2; achenes 2-sided . .04 03b Stigmas 3(4); achenes 3-sided (rarely mixed with 2-stigma/2-sided achenes) . .08 4b; 5b 04a Spikes ♂ or ♀ (or nearly so; often with 1 ♀ fower at the base of a ♂ spike); scales of 3a ♀ fowers pointed; plants with long slender 3b rootstocks . Carex gynocrates (in part) 4a 04b Spikes with ♂ above ♀ fowers (androgynous); scales of ♀ fowers blunt-tipped; plants tufted or with short rootstocks . 05 05a Mature perigynia erect to ascending; plants with conspicuous, long-persistent, fbrous leaf bases . Carex nardina (in part) 05b Mature perigynia (at least the lowest) spreading or bent back; plants without conspicuous leaf 5a bases .............................06 5 06a Mature perigynia ±glossy, without veins, 3-4(5) x 1-1.3 mm, stalked; stem bases without red . Carex micropoda [Carex pyrenaica] (in part) 06b Mature perigynia dull, with a few veins on the 7a outer/lower side, 2-4 x 1.5-1.8 mm, not stalked; stem bases reddish. .07 07a Spikes 5-6 mm long, the ♂ part prominent; perigynia 2-4 mm long with a gradually tapered 7b beak ≤0.5 mm long . Carex capitata 07b Spikes usually <5 mm long, the ♂ part not 6a prominent; perigynia ±2 mm long, abruptly tapered to a 0.75 mm beak; reported but unconfrmed . Carex arctogena SNA 08a Perigynia hairy, at least on the beak . 09 08b Perigynia hairless ....................10 09a Spikes with ♂ above ♀ fowers; leaves inrolled, 8a 8b 0.3-0.7 mm wide, with conspicuous brownish sheaths from the previous year; stem bases not red or purple; densely tufted plants of dry 9a plains and ridges. Carex flifolia 09b Spike all ♀ (usually); leaves widely V-shaped, mostly 1.5-2.5 mm wide; stem bases red or 10a purple; loosely clumped to spreading plants of 9b moist sites . Carex scirpoidea (in part) 10a Scales of lower ♀ fowers ≥1 cm long, leaf-like; lower edges of ♂ fower scales fused . 11 10b Scales of lower ♀ fowers <1 cm long, not leafy; lower edges of ♂ fower scales free .13 10b 11a Perigynia (4.8)5-6(6.6) mm long, gradually tapered to a 2-3 mm beak (measured from the 11a tip to the top of the achene), loosely enveloping the achene; woodlands in c AB and the c to s cordillera . Carex backii (in part) 11b Perigynia (3.2)4-5(5.4) mm long, abruptly tapered to a 0.5-1.5 mm beak (tip to top of achene), tightly wrapped around the achene; not in c AB or n of Kananaskis . .12 12b 12a Leaves dark green to whitish coated with pale, translucent edges, smooth or rough on lower edges and midribs; perigynia minutely pimpled on the upper 1/3, rough to touch on the beak; achenes 2.5–3 mm long; se AB, Cypress Hills S1 12a . Carex saximontana (in part) 12b Leaves dull green to yellowish green, without a whitish coating, green at the edges, densely minutely pimpled (papillose) on the lower edges and midribs; perigynia smooth on body and beak; achenes 2.8–3.5 mm long; Crows- nest Pass . Carex cordillerana S1 (in part) 13a ♀ scales shed before the perigynia mature; perigynia stalked, usually bent sharply back at maturity (at least the lowest ones) . .14 13b ♀ scales persistent; perigynia not bent sharply 13a 13b back at maturity .....................17 6 → 15a 14a Perigynia straw-coloured, ≥4-6X as long as 14a wide; styles continuous with the achene. .15 14b Perigynia dark-tinged, 1.5-4X as long as wide; styles jointed with the achene and soon shed; 15b alpine slopes ........................ 16 15a Perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm long (excluding bristle), with a stiff bristle (rachilla) (→) projecting from the opening at the tip and exceeding the style; stem leaves 4-8; scales of upper ♀ fowers 2.4-3 mm long; mountain wetlands .
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