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Dendroecology of the Dwarf Shrub Dryas Integrifolia Near Churchill, Manitoba

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Dendroecology of the Dwarf Shrub Dryas Integrifolia Near Churchill, Manitoba Dendroecology of the dwarf shrub Dryas integrifolia near Churchill, Manitoba Robert Au Supervisor: Jacques Tardif A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Honours Thesis Course (05.4111/6) Department of Biology The University of Winnipeg 2006 Abstract Shrubs have generally been overlooked in dendrochronology and little information exists on allometric relationships in dwarf shrubs. In this study, the dimensions (mat, stem and root) of the shrub, Dryas integrifolia M. Vahl., were measured and anatomical slides containing annual growth rings were prepared for each individual. The first objective was to compare allometric relationships among descriptors of shrub dimension and between these descriptors and shrub age in four populations of D. integrifolia. Secondary objectives included the documentation of maximum age and evaluation of a potential for cross-dating among individual shrubs. A strong, consistent allometric relationship between mat and stem diameter was observed in individuals among sites, although relationships with root length were more variable. Moreover, growth rates in individuals varied within and between sites and were much higher for the significantly younger D. integrifolia from site-A. Dryas integrifolia from Churchill, Manitoba could be cross- dated. The radial growth – climate association was found to be similar to that of white spruce, black spruce and tamarack regarding the impact of October climatic conditions. Snow accumulation and onset of the growing season appear to be the most important factors controlling D. integrifolia growth. These findings suggest that past climatic information can be obtained from the dwarf shrub, D. integrifolia, in areas where meteorological data are lacking such as in the Canadian arctic. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank F. Conciatori and J. Tardif for input of their extensive knowledge and expertise into the project and D. Ko Heinricks for his participation in the field and assistance. Thanks are also due to B. Jones who contributed to the project by microtoming cross-sections of Dryas integrifolia and B. Epp who provided technical support in various statistical packages. I also acknowledge R. Moodie and my committee members, G. Scott and R. Staniforth, who have provided me with help and encouragement. The various agencies that have provided funding for this project include the Canada Research Chair Program, NSERC, Churchill Northern Research Center, Northern Scientific Training Program and the University of Winnipeg. Finally, I’d like to give thanks to my family and friends for their enthusiasm. iii Table of Contents Abstract...............................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................iii Table of Contents..............................................................................................................iv List of Tables .....................................................................................................................vi List of Figures...................................................................................................................vii List of Appendices...........................................................................................................viii 1.0.Introduction..................................................................................................................1 1.1 Ecology of Dryas integrifolia .................................................................................4 1.2 Objectives................................................................................................................7 2.0 Material and Methods .................................................................................................8 2.1 Study area...............................................................................................................8 2.2 Sampling sites.......................................................................................................11 2.3 Field sampling ......................................................................................................12 2.4 Laboratory analyses.............................................................................................14 2.4.1 Image analysis ...................................................................................................14 2.4.2 Sectioning of Dryas integrifolia stems..............................................................14 2.4.3 Age determination and growth ring measurement........................................18 2.5 Statistical analyses ...............................................................................................18 2.5.1 Population comparisons and allometric relationships...................................18 2.5.2 Growth rates and their relationships with dimensions .................................20 2.5.3 Chronology development and its association with climate ...........................21 3.0 Results.........................................................................................................................23 iv 3.1 Cross-correlations among variables describing shrub dimensions.................23 3.2 Descriptive characteristics ..................................................................................23 3.3 Allometric relationships ......................................................................................25 3.4 Age related relationships.....................................................................................28 3.5 Dryas integrifolia chronology and its association with climate........................31 4.0 Discussion....................................................................................................................33 4.1 Allometric relationships ......................................................................................33 4.2 Shrub dimensions and age...................................................................................35 4.3 Dryas integrifolia chronology and its association with climate........................37 5.0 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................40 Literature Cited................................................................................................................41 v List of Tables Table 1. Descriptive statistics for each of the four disturbed and pooled undisturbed Dryas integrifolia populations...........................................................................................24 Table 2. Selected ratios calculated for disturbed and undisturbed sites and derived from the 124 sampled Dryas integrifolia....................................................................................26 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Map of the Churchill region, northeastern Manitoba, showing locations of sites where Dryas integrifolia were sampled in August 2004 .....................................................9 Figure 2. Lateral view of Dryas integrifolia indicating the general location where macrosections were taken ..................................................................................................16 Figure 3. A cross-section of a Dryas integrifolia stem showing annual growth increments ............................................................................................................................................19 Figure 4. Allometric relationships for Dryas integrifolia (A-E).......................................27 Figure 5. Relationships between age of Dryas integrifolia and MD1 (A), MSD (B), TRL (C) and Mean dieback (D) .................................................................................................29 Figure 6. A comparison of Dryas integrifolia with different MD1s in centimeters at site- D that were 18 years of age (A) and 30 years of age (B)...................................................30 Figure 7. Pearson correlation coefficients between the Dryas integrifolia residual chronology and climate variables for the period 1978-2004 (A-B). The residual chronology and reconstructed tree-ring index are also compared (C)...............................32 vii List of Appendices Appendix A. The distribution of the dwarf shrub, Dryas integrifolia in North America and Greenland....................................................................................................................47 Appendix B. A sketch of Dryas integrifolia.....................................................................47 Appendix C. Mean monthly total snowfall, total rainfall and daily temperature in Churchill, Manitoba from 1971 to 2000 ............................................................................48 Appendix D. The four disturbed sites where Dryas integrifolia were sampled ...............49 Appendix E. Number of Dryas integrifolia sampled in sites-A, -B, -C and -D according to diameter class.................................................................................................................50 Appendix F. Ecological variables measured for each Dryas integrifolia.........................51 Appendix G. Comparison of age determination of Dryas integrifolia by two people for the first (A) and second (B) trials.......................................................................................52 Appendix H. Pearson
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