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proof not for distribution2 Rural salvation markets Medieval memoria in Dutch village parishes Kees Kuiken Nederlands Agronomisch Historisch Instituut Groningen / Wageningen 2019 proof not for distribution3 Historia Agriculturae 49 Uitgegeven door / Published by Nederlands Agronomisch Historisch Instituut (NAHI) Oude Kijk in ’t Jatstraat 26, 9712 EK Groningen Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen Internet: https://www.rug.nl/research/nederlands-agronomisch-historisch- instituut E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-94-034-1748-6 NUR 695 © 2019 Nederlands Agronomisch Historisch Instituut © 2019 dr. C.J. Kuiken h/o Prosopo The moral rights of the author have been asserted. Niets in deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, of op enige andere manier zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de uitgever. No part of this book may be stored in a computerized system or reproduced in any form, by print, photo print, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher. Cover design: Frank de Wit Design and lay-out: Hanneke de Vries Series editors: Maarten Duijvendak, Piet van Cruyningen, Erwin Karel † External reviewers: Koen Goudriaan, Peter Hoppenbrouwers Printed in the Netherlands by Scholma Print & Media, Bedum Cover illustration: Villagers carrying candles to church for Candlemas on a miniature from a book of hours by Simon Beningh (fl. Bruges 1500-1562). The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 50. proof not for distribution4 proof not for distribution5 proof not for distribution6 i Table of contents List of figures iv List of graphs v List of tables vi Preface ix Part One. Survey 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Dimensions of diversity 7 1.2 How rural parishes were organised 11 1.3 Salvation markets and institutions 13 1.4 The memoria paradigm revisited 16 2 Local texts and contexts 19 2.1 Friesland 23 2.2 Gelderland 24 2.3 Groningen 24 2.4 Limburg 25 2.5 Noord-Brabant 25 2.6 Noord-Holland 26 2.7 Utrecht 26 2.8 Zuid-Holland 27 2.9 Concluding remarks 27 Part Two. Economy 29 3 Parishes, providers, patrons 31 3.1 Birth of the rural parish 31 3.2 Chantries and chapters 35 3.3 Fraternities and indulgences 37 3.4 Warmond and the Woudes 39 3.5 Warmond in its subregion 46 3.6 Concluding remarks 52 proof not for distribution7 ii 4 The commodification of memoria 54 4.1 Market factors 54 4.2 Market shares 61 4.3 Measuring inequalities 63 4.4 Concluding remarks 68 Part Three. Society 71 5 Local society 73 5.1 Identifications 74 5.2 Kith and kin 76 5.3 Stratifications 83 5.4 Concluding remarks 93 6 Translocalities 95 6.1 Absence and representation 96 6.2 Absentee parsons 98 6.3 Absentee lords 103 6.4 Absentee landowners 106 6.5 Chantries in context 112 6.6 Disease and other disasters 118 6.7 The penultimate translocality 121 Part Four. Culture 127 7 Material culture 129 7.1 Writing 130 7.2 Lighting 135 7.3 Other objects 137 7.4 Heraldry 141 7.5 Building 146 7.6 Stripping 147 7.7 Concluding remarks 151 proof not for distribution8 iii 8 Shared codes 153 8.1 Method 153 8.2 Meanings 155 8.3 Modernities 162 8.4 Concluding remarks 168 Part Five. Synthesis 171 9 The memoria perspective: theory and rural 173 practice Appendix 179 Archives and collections 267 Bibliography 270 Index of toponyms 295 About the author 299 Historia Agriculturae 301 proof not for distribution9 iv List of figures Fig. 1. St Nicholas’ and St Catherine’s at Swichum in 2017. Photo: Romke Hoekstra (WikiMedia). Fig. 2. Screenshot of Swichum on the MeMO database website. © 2019 Utrecht University. Fig. 3. Facsimile (1941) of Jacob van Deventer’s map of the county of Holland (c. 1545). Fig. 4. The calling of St Anthony, c. 1530. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, object nr. SK-A-1691. Fig. 5. Posthumous ‘portraits’ of Gysbert van Raephorst († 1502) and his spouse Lady Jacoba († 1525) of Warmond in a manuscript of 1660. Photo: Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD). Fig. 6. Parchment leaf with memoria services in Warmond nunnery. Photo: ELO, Leiden. Fig. 7. Brass of Mr Wilhelmus de Ga(e)l(l)en († 1539), parson of Dongen. Photo WikiMedia. Fig. 8. Chantries on a loose leaflet in the memoria calendar of Warmond church. Photo: ELO. Fig. 9. Illuminated obit for Pieter Oelez († Middelharnis 1466). After Braber, Middelharnis 14. Fig. 10. Woodcut by Albrecht Dürer in a printed edition of St Bridget’s Revelationes (Nuremberg 1500). The coats of arms in the portraits to the left and right of the saint have been left blank. Fig. 11. Villagers carrying candles to church for Candlemas on a miniature from a book of hours by Simon Beningh (fl. Bruges 1500-1562). The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 50. Fig. 12. Devotional portrait of Lollo van Ockingha († 1581) of Dronrijp. Photo: RKD. Fig. 13. Two pages of notes on an armorial tombstone, hatchments and windows in Warmond church in 1612 in a manuscript by Arnoldus Buchelius. Photo: Utrecht University Library. Fig. 14. Two pages of notes on armorial tombstones and other objects in Koudekerk church in 1613 by Buchelius. The castle on the left is Poelgeest Hall. Photo: Utrecht University Library). proof not for distribution10 v Fig. 15. Posthumous ‘portraits’ of Sir Jan van Duvenvoirde († 1543) and his spouse Lady Maria van Matenes († 1558) of Warmond, Woude, and Alkemade in a manuscript of 1660. Photo: RKD. Fig. 16. Warmond church in 1783 by Pieter Gerardus van Os. The medieval tower and chancel, but not the nave, survived destruction in 1573. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Fig. 17. Armorial tablet from Aytta Almshouse, now on churchyard gate at Swichum, with Dr. Viglius ab Aytta’s coat of arms. Photo: Romke Hoekstra (WikiMedia). Fig. 18. Map of the Low Countries with the 56 rural parishes List of graphs Graph 1. Chantry foundations in rural parishes, 1300-1599. Graph © 2018 Loes Hoogerbeets. Graph 2. New external Fraternity memberships, 1425-1599 Graph © 2018 Loes Hoogerbeets. Graph 3. Frequencies of prescribed numbers of candles. Graph © 2018 Loes Hoogerbeets. proof not for distribution11 vi List of tables Table 1 Cumulative numbers of memoria services in villages in our sample. Table 2 Chartered towns around 1500 within the present boundaries of the Netherlands. Table 3 Institutional landownership by type of foundation in five regions, 1450-1600. Table 4 Religious institutions as landowners in 25 villages in our sample (Friesland, Holland). Table 5 Obits and chantries in memoria registers from Warmond and Leiden. Table 6 Preserved last wills of persons from, and/or commemorated in villages in our sample. Table 7 Preserved memoria artifacts, datable before 1600, in villages in our sample. Table 8 Frisian villagers from our sample enlisted to appear in harness and gorget in 1552. Table 9 Frisian villagers from our sample taxed 5 guilders or more in 1578. Table 10 Ten villages in our sample in Geestelijk Kantoor accounts 1579- 1656. Table 11 Population and absentee landownership in ten villages in medieval Holland. Table 12 Clergy and laity commemorated in the Cistercian priory at Warmond. Table 13 Kinship of Van Poelgeest and Van Tol (Koudekerk) and Van den Woude (Warmond). Table 14 Competition indexes (HHI) of salvation markets in Leiden and 26 villages. Table 15 Entries with three or more conjugal families in local memoria registers in our sample. Table 16 Absentee parsons and vicars in ten parishes in the diocese of Liège. Table 17 Substititutions (‘officiations’) of priests in eight villages in our sample in Holland. Table 18 Kinship between some lords temporal of Breda, Schijndel, and Dongen. Table 19 Pedigree of some priests of the Alkemade chantry, Warmond. Table 20 Shared ancestry of chantry priests Johannes Persyn and Mr Gerardus Ramp. proof not for distribution12 vii Table 21 Advowson of two chantries founded in Sloten (1451) and Haarlem (1482). Table 22 Pedigree fragment of the Syardas of Franeker with their chantry foundations. Table 23 Fraternity records per decade from two rural and two urban parishes 1430-1599. proof not for distribution13 viii proof not for distribution14 ix Preface Swichum is a tiny village around a medieval church in the green pastures south of Leeuwarden, the provincial capital of Friesland in the Netherlands. (Fig. 1) In 1847 the walking distance between town and village was one hour and a half, but the latest extensions of the town are now only half an hour away. According to 16th-century administrative sources, late medieval Swichum was not only home to a dozen of farming families but also to a handful of institutions caring for their safe passage to heaven: a parish fund, a parson’s fund, and three private foundations, including an almshouse .1 Fig. 1. St Nicholas’ and St Catherine’s at Swichum in 2017. Photo: Romke Hoekstra (WikiMedia). This liturgic ‘care for the here and the hereafter’ and the late medieval material and spiritual cultures associated with it, especially in urban and monastic contexts, 1 Van der Aa, Woordenboek 10 (1847) 844-845; Mol, Aenbrengh 122-125; idem, Volkslegers 277; BB 146-154 . proof not for distribution15 x have been studied intensively during the past few decades by Dutch medievalists and art historians from different institutions, with the Faculty of Humanities at Utrecht University as their regular and central meeting point. When the author of the present study joined this network in 2009, he assigned himself to the comparative research of medieval liturgic remembrance practices ( memoria ) in a rural perspective.2 The role of competition in these practices was first addressed by Pierre Bourdieu (1974), who compared the ‘production, reproduction and division of […] salvation’ to an open symbolic market.