UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SD0500021

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES ON MARINE AREA. CASE STUDY; PORT SUDAN COASTAL AREA

EIDA ALI HABIB ABD ALRAHMAN

A THESIS SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE MASTER DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR Dr. MOHAMMED AHMED KHADAM

2004 Fig (1) Location of Port-Sudan in Sudan I EGYPT

\ Sawikin tbara

Omdurman KHARTQU Al Fashir Wad Ma i! A) Ubayy!^ Nyala

ETHIOPIA

Juba

DEM. REP. 01" THE CONGO ! 0 300 km (Dedication

c/o the spirit o~fmy fovefy mot/wr in paradise

(To my-father, and^to ail my family. Acknowledgement

I would like to extend my gratitude and deep appreciation with recognition to my supervisor Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Khadam for his invaluable advice and guidance throughout this study. Mr. Fathi Al Rahaman Hassan Yassen, engineering Dept of power plant NEC Port Sudan, for his help and assistance during various stages of this study. Thanks are due to the staff of the Custom Police Laboratory for allowing me to use their laboratories. Thanks to Dr. Mohamed El Amin Hamza, Dean of the Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Red Sea University, and especially thanks to the staff of the laboratory and the library. My thanks are to the staff of civil engineer department, University of Khartoum. Thanks to The Regional Organization for the Conservation of The Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden for advice and references. Especial considerations and gratitude are extended to my sister Dr. Amel Ali Habib for her patience and help.

II ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the effect of the industrial wastes on marine environment in Port Sudan area. A very intensive study has been made to identify types of pollutions drained in seawater at study area of Red Sea coast. Samples were taken from three stations (1, 2and 3) at study area and the following analysis were made: Temperature, Salinity, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Dissolved oxygen, Biochemical oxygen demand, Nutrient, Oil and Grease. The laboratorial results revealed that wastes pollute the marine environment as the cooling water from studied industries which is drain into the seawater increases the degree of temperature approximately from 6 to 12 ° C above the allowed rate, the matter which was adverse effect on the environment and living marine creatures due to the sudden change of temperature degree. Also, it was found that the great amount of oil spills discharged into seawater due to many factors such as: cooling water, oil spills from ships and loading and discharging operations of crude oil ships. Accordingly these oils spills might have a deadly effect on living marine creatures, which have been mention in details through out this research. Hence, and to minimize this adverse effect of industrial wastes avid others on the marine environment, may recommend to the following:

• fYetreatment to the industrial wastes should be taking before its draining into the Red Sea coastal area.

a Surveillance all ships into the port and observing loading and discharging operations as well as those ships in the regional waters and implementing the international maritime laws.

• Enlightenment the industrial administrators and manpower working with them about the severity which will definitely cause the marine environmental deterioration as a result of industrial wastes.

Ill • To punish every one who violates the laws of environment protection. Thus, can be safeguarding the environment from pollutions and consequently develop the natural resources and proceed ahead in the industrial advancement.

• Enforcement international and local legislations which have been made to protect the environment of marine.

IV . J

ijja.1 j (1,2,3) ^U^-o Ji^ iic. A^ljil A»U\« ^

a

c^ \\.,', jiilj 4j!t ^=LJJ Lw l

j-ij*^ J O"^ diLiLic (JiLi. (j^j (jiiJI ^ya AJJI in^'1 djjJ_^il Jl ^ ^ • *—^1 ' '**'j j» '

La JfLj _>i.Ji ^i;1^1 «JJJ (J^ Lf ^' _>**-VI ^P-J' °L»-a J] ^_>—= (J^ AjC.l'

j i-Jjiillj ;j-> i^ll dUl-lt fl£l j f liLall (J=>-^ (jijJl

A-jfcll.^ill CjUUall A\u& jjill j^^iull JjAiill SjjiaiJ l$J (jjLljJlj 4jr,l'i. ^il CjijbVi ^JCjJ Q

lijLiJ lillij j 3'IJ<\l Q

A\Ac 'ojj^xi ^-JjJl Jc 4 M ^ nil i"ii... Jill 3jU ^11 j 4^11x11 (j^ljilt (3JfLj Q

V CONTTENTS Page No. Dedication I Acknowledgement II Abstract (English) Ill Abstract (Arabic) V List of Contents VI List of Tables VIII List of Figures IX List of Plates X

Chapter (1): Introduction

1.1 General 2

1.2 Objectives 5

Chapter (2): Literature Review

2.1 General 5

2.2 Industry in Port Sudan 6 2.3 Industrial waste 8 2.3.1 Definition 8 2.3.2 Types and classification of industrial waste 9 2.3.3 Industrial waste hazard 15 2.3.4 Industrial waste in Port Sudan 16 2.4 Threat to the environment of the Sudan Red Sea coast 18 2.5 Marine pollution 21 2.5.1 General 21 2.5.2 Types of marine pollution 22 2.5.3 EifTect of marine pollution 25

VI Chapter (3): Material and Methods

3.1 Red Sea 39 3.2 Red Sea State 40 3.3 Study Area 41 3.4 Methodology 42 3.5 Experimental Work 43 3.6 Analysis methodology 44 3.7 Selected Industries 45 3.7.1 International Manufacturing And Distribution Tyre Factory (ITMD) 46 3.7.2 Port Sudan Power Station 51

Chapter (4V. Analysis and Discussion

4.1 Industrial pollution 56 4.2 Data Analysis 57 4.3 Discussion 62

Chapter (5): Conclusion and

5.1 Conclusion 70 5.2 Recommendation 72 Reference 78 Appendices 82

VII LIST OF TABLES

Tables NO Page NO

1. Present factories, working& non- working at Red Sea State 7 2. Threats to the coastal and marine environment and resources 18 3. Effect of pHon fish and aquatic life 31 4. Effect; of temperature of dissolved oxygen level 33 5. Effect of dissolved oxygen level on fish 34 6. General information about studied industries and their final products 45 7. Studied industries water uses 46 8. Studied industries solid and gaseous wastes sources and types 48 9 Studied industries liquid wastes 49 10. Physic-chemical characteristics of liquid wastes in seawater at Tyre factory 50 11. Physic-chemical characteristics of liquid wastes in seawater at Power plant (A) 53 12. Pollutants profiles across the line of discharge at Power plant (A) 56 13. Pollutants profiles across the line of discharge at Tyre factory 57 14. Correlation coefficient between pollution parameters at Power plant (A) 58 1 5. Correlation coefficients between pollution parameters at Tyre factory 60

VIII LIST OF FIGURES:

Figures NO Page NO

1. Location of Port Sudan in Sudan 0 2. Flow diagram for treatment plant 15 3 Amount of oil arrives to the seas 26 4. Source of the oil pollution 26 5. The Sudan coast of the Red Sea 39 6. pollution and land reclamation in the vicinity of Port Sudan 40 7. Study area A&B 41 8. Cooling system in Power plant (A) 51 9. Effect of dissolved oxygen on pH at study area 63 10. Effect of oil and grease on pH of seawater at study area 63 1 1 Effect of water temperature on concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater at study area 64 12. Change of water temperature along the station at study area 64 13. Effect of oil and grease in seawater on water temperature at study area ' 65 14. Effect of oil and grease in seawater on organic matter at study area 65 15. Effect of oil and grease on concentration of dissolved oxygen at study area 66 16. Effect of amount of dissolved oxygen on organic matter at study area 66 17. Change the amount of dissolved oxygen along the stations at study area 67 18. Change of organic matter along the study area 68 19. Cooling tower 74 20. Cooling coil cover 75 21 Separation lagoon 76

IX LIST OF PLATES:

Plates NO Page NO

1. The constructed jetty of the Tyre factory- Poit Sudan 46 2. Discharge canal of Tyre factory -Port Sudan 49 3. Effect of oil pollution in shoreline from Power plant (A) 52 4. Discharge canal of Power plant (A)-Port Sudan 52 5. Solid wastes in shoreline from Power plant (A) 53 6. Solid wastes and oil spills in shoreline from Power plant (A) 54

X CHAPTER (1)

INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL:

The seas and oceans covering more than 70% from the world area surface and contained 97% from the water over the earth level (1); it seems impossible that pollution will take place in this big area of water. When man hardness's the environment for his needs, he is destroying it for other species. Most urban areas are over loaded; by industiy and its associated wastes at local and global levels. Being a component of the environment, man interacts with the environment and its living species and affects there by his various activities. Industry has the ability to enhance or degrade the environment; it extracts raw materials from the natural resource base and inserts both useful products and waste materials into the human environment. Industrial activities produce different types of waste in liquid, solid, gaseous forms with different characteriests that may create adverse environmental effects when released into the environment (e.g. marine environment). Therefore, adequate control measures are needed in order to reduce amount of pollutants produced, or render them harmless within the acceptable limit that can be relate by the environment. Pollution control can be explained as system of measurements, criteria, standards, laws and regulations that are directed the sources and causes of various forms of pollution and its effects in terms of control and prevention. Pollution control measures falls into two categories:

1. Those affecting the environment external to the plant (land, air, sea...) 2. Those affecting the working conditions within the plant boundaries. E.g. the control usually considered necessary for occupational safety and health. 1.2 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of industrial wastes on pollution Port-Sudan coastal areas.

Special objectives are to: Task (I): Identify general environmental problems in Port Sudan coastal area with emphasis on seawater chemical and thermal pollution.

Task (II): Investigate different ways of chemical and thermal pollution and their impact on the environment in the studies area.

Task (111): Determine pollution parameters.

Task (IV): Forecasting the correlation between pollution parameter.

Task (V): Review existing national and international Environmental legislation on marine pollution control. CHAPTER (2)

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GENERAL:

Industry in Sudan started, at last Century, when the expansion of cotton production was followed, by the construction of ginning factories. Industry for import substitution started as 1960, Sugar industry began at Elgunaid in 1961 and Elgirba 1963.The two plants have the same capacity. Then tannery in Khartoum was established; followed by five dispersed food- processing plants (2). The traditional handicraft industries, such as: wood products, leather and ivory, have been in existence since ancient times. Their success depends on small capital and the use of the local raw materials. 1956, the year of political independence, could be taken as the gate for real industrialization in Sudan. The development of ginning cotton can be marked as a second stage of industry .On the other hand the government has encouraged industry, by many ways. Thus the government policy has been to promote industry and agriculture expansion (3). Port Sudan was initiated in 1905 and since then started growing rapidly, as an alternative to Suakin old Port. The town lies at the Eastern border of the country (fig .1.), on the coastal zone line, at the interception of 19° 35^ N, 37° 13 East latitude and longitude respectively, and an altitude of 5 meters (fig.5.). The location of Port Sudan on the Red Sea coast; gave it a unique type of climate .The temperature ranges from 10-47 ° C, humidity 42-70%, average rain fall is 110mm. During June-august wind blows from all directions, with Easterly ones during September -October (4). The living resources include fishes, shrimps, spongs and shells. While the non-living resources are represented by salts, metal ferrous mud, lime corals, oil /gas, heavy minerals, fresh water from Arbaat, and the seawater as a cooling agent. In Port Sudan chronic shortages of the fresh water forced some industrial plants to construct, their own desalination units, such as the Tyre plant The power (electricity) shortage on the other hand is temporarily solved by using private generators. The Red Sea is an isolated zone and fewer studies dealing with Red Sea pollution are mentioned below as examples: Gibson and Grica (1980) on large institute container for pollution and experimental marine research, Hashwa, (1980) on phosphate pollution in Gulf of Agaba, Ormond (1980) on management and conservation of Red Sea habitats Abu-Gedeiri (1984) on the effect of heavy metals from mining waste in marine environment. Little attention was given to the Sudan Red Sea coastal pollution.

2.2 INDUSTRY IN PORT

In Port Sudan compares various types of industries can be found ranging from handicraft, warehouses to heavy industrial plants such as the Tyre plant and the petroleum refinery, see table( 1) New joint venture Company, the Greater Nile Petroleum, Operating Company (GNPOC), has been formed to manage a pipeline, which will transport crude oil 1500 km from the Heglig, and Adariel oil field to the Port Sudan for export. The site for the new Bashayir oil terminal is Gezirat Abd Alia, about 24km south of Port Sudan. CJezirat Abd Alia is in the present anchorage area between the shoreline and Towartit Reef. Table (1) the present factories,; working & non-working,at,the.Red.Sea state according to different sections

No. of No. of No. of Ratio of Ratio of non- NO Section f acton working j nom- working working factory working factory factory factory

1 Textile, Insulation and 100 Cloths

2 icc&Mineral 71 29 water

3 Oil 10 20 80

4 : Soap 3 33 66

5 ' Sweets 6 2 4 16 84 J. ... Juices& food 6 processing 1 1 50 50 plants

Mills 33 8 Screens 12 11 91 9 1 9 Tires 1 1 100 -

10 Ginning 2 1 -I 50 50

Gypsum. Lime 11 and Lime Kiln 12 9 3 75 25

12 Tile 13 O 5 61 39 . _ ._ J _ Tannery i 1 1 100

14 Salt- Cellars ! 11 7 4 63 37

15 Press 13 13 100 -

Different < 16 manufactures 7 3 4 42 58

Total 107 67 40 62.6 37.3 Source: Ministry of Finance .Economic and Manpower - Industry Administration -Red Sea State - 2002 2.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTE; 2.3.1 DEFINITION: The term of industrial waste is not simple to define, because of what considered as waste in one plant, may be useful, and recognized as raw material in others. This is why we find satellite factories clustering around big ones to make use of what may be considered as wastes in them, e.g.: molasses in sugar industry. But in general wastes can be defined as unwanted material release by man activities into air, land and sea, v/hich cause negative impact on environment. Pollution, defined as "the introduction by man of waste matter or surpluses energy into the environment which directly or indirectly causes undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our air, land and water. The natural processes of self-purification are unable to keep pace with the increase of pollutants and then serious problems arise, which are usually on a local scale. If untreated wastewater is allowed to accumulate, the decomposition of the organic materials it produce bad odors gases. In addition, untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic or disease causing microorganisms that dwell in the human intestinal tract or that may be present in certain industrial wastes. It also contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants, and it may contain toxic compounds. Free removal of wastewater from its source of generation, followed by treatment and disposal is not only desirable but also necessary in an industrialized society. 2.3.2 TYPES AW CLAISSiPCtfl^^ Universally industrial wastes can be classified in one or all of the following forms (i) Liquid wastes, (ii) Solid wastes (iii) Gaseous wastes. However, industrial wastes can be fermentable or non-fermentable, which are greatly affected by the source and characteristics of the industrial activity. . As pollution source industrial wastes depends on: (i) The type and size of industry, (ii) The nature and characteristics of raw materials used, type of the process and plant efficiency. (iii) The regulations governing the effluents (iv) Plant location. (v) Others. 2.3.2.1 INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES: It varies in amount and quality, and is greatly affected by: (i) Type of industry, raw material and products, (ii) Reuse at the source, (iii) The state of the market. (iv) Development within the industry, especially packing industry, (v) The over ruling governmental decision. Due to the fact that too often removal and disposal of industrial solid wastes, the available habitats will be destroyed; by accumulation and harboring of rats, flies, cats.... etc so treatment is needed. Solid wastes are heterogeneous in nature and it is very difficult to have a uniform approach to the problems they cause. Generally, in addition to the unsightliness and aesthetical effect, improper collection and disposal of solid waste creates a number of problems. Theses effects, which can be summarized in the following (5): 1- Contamination of ground and surface water: Improper disposal of industrial solid wastes may bring about water pollution. When rain passes through the waste the leachate may carry dissolved chemicals and microorganism to water source. Also toxic waste, when dumped in sea, may kill aquatic life and may render the water useless for many purposes.

II- Disease transmission: Many disease carriers fly, rats, rodents find solid waste an excellent living and reproduction environment. So improper discharge of solid waste which contain food materials permit them to persist in dumping places and migrate to human dwelling in the vicinity, resulting in transmission of many diseases to human like Malaria, Typhus, Rat fever... etc. Solid wastes handling involves collection, storage, transfer and transport. Processing and final disposal or recycling on the other hand includes composting, separation, treatment and energy conversion. The known major methods of solid wastes disposal and treatment are: 1. Open dump, which is too common, but when wastes spread; they harbor insects, odor nuisance, occur, smoke and fire hazards may occur. 2. Sea disposal, which is costive and source of pollution. 3. Grinding; common fast method. 4. Compositing, (better in warm environments) 5. Garbage reduction (cooking under pressure). 6. Incineration. 7. Sanitary land fills. 8. Pyrollization (experimental.)

10 2.3.2.2 INDUSTRIAL GASEOUS WASTES: The atmosphere is the most valuable resource, which is affected by industrial malodorous gases such as SOx, COx, NOx and particulates, which are emitted from the industrial activities and power generation units. Thus certain gases concentrate over cities disturbing their natural balances and polluting a resource of no alternative. Air pollution sources and types are different from industry to industry, and within the same plant from time to time pollutants can be primary or secondary. Could be classified as gaseous or particulate. A- Gaseous pollutants. All process involving poisonous gases which escape to the atmosphere are sources of air pollution. • Primary pollutants: Those are emits directly in to the atmosphere. (a) Oxides of sulfur: Sulfur is an impurity in coal and fuel oil. Through combustion it enters an atmosphere as SO2, SO3, H2S, H2 SO4 and various. (b) Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2): CO—odour less, colour less and lethal gas results from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. CO 2— heavy, colorless and odorless gas not considered as an air pollutant. Increased levels of CO2 produce the so-called greenhouse effect, which raises the temperature in cities. (c) Hydrocarbons (HCS): Originate from combustion of gasoline, coal, oil, natural gas and wood also from evaporation of gasoline and industrial solvents. Hydrocarbons react with NO to produced photochemical smog.

(d) Oxides of nitrogen (NOX):

11 Nitric oxides (NO) are a relatively harmless gas but turns to harmful gas when oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (N2O). Originates from fertilizer and explosives industrials also from automobiles, trucks and buses. a Secondary pollutants: Those are forming by reaction in the atmosphere eg: (a) Bill glum mist. (b) Photochemical smog.

(B) Solid particles or liquid drops: E.g.: grits, dust, fume, smoke, mist, fog...etc.

There are certain effects associated with air pollution: (1) Agricultural damage: Some plant species are as sensitive to specific pollutants as to be useful in monitoring air quality. Curtailed value results from various type of leave damage, stunting of growth, decreased size and yield of fruits, and destruction of flowers. (2) Physiological defects: On man domestic animals fluorosis in cattle exposed to fluoride containing, ducts have been proved related to emission from certain industrial operations. Psychosomatic illnesses are possibly related to in adequate knowledge of publicized threat. Little effort has been directed toward evaluation of such impacts in relation to general mental health of effected group or determination of their role in individual neurosis. Air pollution can be controlled by certain technology applications of control procedures and devices is more effective when supported by public information, production and process revision, installation of proper air cleaning equipment regulatory persuasion, and if necessary, legal action (6).

12 The method adopted of course on the nature of the material to be removed .Gas absorption in liquid is widely used on such gases as hydrochloric acid vapor, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, which from an appreciable part of the gas stream. While adsorptions on a solid is more common with small quantities or traces of gases such as water vapor on silica gel, carbon dioxide on time or organic vapor on activated carbon. The basic mechanisms that can be employed are: (1) Gravity separation. (2) Inertial impaction (3) Brownian diffusion (4) Thermal precipitation. (5) Brownian agglomeration. (6) Turbulent deposition. (7) Others. Removal particulate depends on nature and properties of particulate material, the mechanism of particle collection.

2.3.2.3 INDUSTRIAL LIQUIDE WASTES: The wastes depend on various physical and chemical characteristics: (1) Suspended organic matter ;(Do deplete). (2) Inert suspended solid, causes turbidity and bottom deposits. (3) Toxic substances and heavy metal ions. (4) Oil and floating materials (fats others) (5) Dissolved salts, particularly nutrients such as (N, P salts) In order to minimize problems and risks of industrial wastes, treatment is needed (7). Processes are usually carried out upgrade waste quality in order to reduce its effect on man and his environment. The economy of wastewater treatment processes is based on: (1) Separation of solids from liquid phase. (2) Oxidation of organic, and oxygen demanding material.

13 (3) Charge neutralization. (4) Removal of poisonous substances. (5) Residue disposal. According to waste characteristics three methods of treatment were developed: (1) Physical treatments to eliminate solids by (screening, flotation and gravitation.... etc) (2) Chemical treatment, which traditionally involves coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation. (3) Biological treatment It is secondary method, which can be done in many ways: (0 Trickling filtration. (ii) Activated sludge process. (iii) Rotating discs (bio-discs) (iv) Stabilization ponds (v) Oxidation ditches (vi) Sludge digestion (vii) Others

According to Hammer (1977), there are three possibilities of wastewater disposal (8): (1) Effluents disposal to the municipal treatment plant for complete treatment. (2) Pre-treatment at the site, then discharged to municipal sewage system. (3) Separate treatment in the industrial plant prior to discharge in watercourse.

14 These processes are summarized in (fig .4.).

}, '"L) ilov of waste water .trc

.... stream or . primary treatment Tertiary-treatment Actuated Ammonia carbon stripping absorption Aeration tank , (Activated sludge) • clarifier- Raw sewage sedimentation tank „. MM____^,;fl|^~£^i^rtff,,.|

Lanuifill

soil conditioner iViiCrOSOtl lilUStratlOOarrd fill

When be disposed of; by four alternatives: (i) Return to source or origin (fiver or stream) (ii) Irrigation (iii) Land disposal and evaporation, (iv) Recycling either for industrial or domestic use.

2.3.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTE HAZARD: The improper handling of industrial wastes can result in health hazards, where wastes containing pathogens such as slaughter houses and similar materials can make harm (9). So industrial wastes have many and various effects that can be summarized as follows: (1) Environmental effects, such as stresses on habitats. (2) Water pollution, whether surface or ground.

15 (3) Air pollution (4) Health hazards such as allergy and chest diseases (5) Property damage

2.3.4 INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN EORT SUD^T;

In Port Sudan many types and kinds of industrial activities are present; range from small enterprises to factories. These consequently dispose off various kinds of pollutants, which include variable amount and kinds of pollutants, such as oils, chemicals, cooling waters rubbish and other routine pollutants (fig. 6.). Some spoilt goods and asphalt can be seen in the port area. The humid environment of the town is affected by malodorous gases with the particulates .The gases are emitted by the large number of private power generators, in addition to the great amounts of industrial liquid and solid wastes. Human health and behavior could also be affected by pollution. Which is more clear and limited vicinity (4) the absence of any sewage network or treatment facilities in Port Sudan town, encouraged the individual waste disposal approach. Thus the disposal of the industrial effluents is the responsibility of each industry. This resulted in many uncontrolled methods of disposal, mainly out doors. Some industrial plants dispose into the sea and the majority emit gases directly into the open atmosphere very few industries use soak away pits for their liquid wastes. The Port zone has no sewerage network, but use pit latrine with soak away and septic tanks. This practice is found to be adequate. In the case of storm water open drainage through ditches within sufficient slopes, and irregular sections. This resulted in inadequate flow and accumulation of wastes in the industrial area. In addition to the industrial pollution, Schroeder (1982): reported the effects of shipping, tourism, port constructions and traffic, are affecting the environment. The port adds to the load of wastes, through workshops,

16 goods, oils and chemicals, which may reach the environment by careless handling (4). In 1982 there was a leakage of pesticide (organophospherous) that resulted in killing about 450 tons offish and some human losses. This by no means is an isolated accident, and it is one of three in short period of time. The excessive amount of industrial wastes in Port Sudan represents the low level of awareness towards environmental issues. It has been reported by El Hassan (1977) "it is high time that to treat the environmental pollution before it is too late." (7).

17 2.4 THREAT TO THE ENVHUU^pTC^^ COAST: The marine ecosystems are much more sensitive to pollution than terrestrial ecosystems because of easer physical and biological transport of pollutants from one place to another. Pollution of the Sudan Red Sea coast seems to insignificant even though we can not tell since there is no regular monitoring. The following are the potential sources of pollution (table (2)).

TABL( (5 ) THREATS OF COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT

SyriiptiVms f iiniiieclialc UlXll l.\tCMlt impact •-..-. . Marine Localized marine Discharge from Inadequate on Throughout Moderate vessel and beach ships board treatment, the area. sewage pollution lack of port ! reception facilities. I Ship Solid waste on Discharge of solid Inadequate disposal Throughout Moderate discliargc of shoreline, in waste from ships. facilities, the area. solid \\ 'sic . mangrove areas inadequate I and coral reefs. surveillance and enforcement, lack of port reception facilities. Small oil Beach Tanker cleaning, Lack, of reception Localised Moderate spills co 11 Uui li na lion. discharge of bulla-sl facilities at ports. throughout (<20mt) damage to coastal and bilge water, inadequate the area. and marine biota. discharge of waste control, lack of oil, bunker oil spill. enforcement.

Medium oil Beach Discharge from Inadequate control Localized Moderate to spills (2G con lamina tion. terminals, smaH and monitoring of throughout severe 1 OOml) damage to coastal accidents at sesi procedures, the area. and marine biota. equipment and personnel, inadequate training.

Potential large I>estruclion of Rupture of oi 1 Insufficient tanker Localized Severe oil spills and coastal and tanks in collision or safety throughout disasters marine habitats wreckage. specifications, poor the area. (>li.K>ml) and biota, devastation of navigation beaches aids.

Industrial Decline in water Chronic release of Lack of f A>calized, Currently pollution. quality. pollutions. enforcement emerging moderate inadequate issue in free technology. zone. Waste oil Soil and ground Improper disposal I^ick of proper oil I .oca li zed Currently disposal water pollution. of used motor oi]. disposal and low to recovery moderate operations, lack of effective regulations and enforcement.

Discharge of Oround -water Lacks of sweage, Inadequate Localised Moderate to un treated or impacts. treatment plants pollution control urban urea severe insufficiently eutrophi cation lack of regulations. Ueuted and alteration of maintenance of monitoring and sewage. marine existing plants. enforcement. environment. threats to public health. I5isi>osal of Damage to coastal Improper garbage Utckto Adequate I .ocalizxxl Low to solid waste. and marine life. disposal waste disposal moderate deterioration of regulations and aesthetics. tinforccmenl, lack ofa waate management system inadequate public awareness •PERSGA, COUNRTV REPORT, WASHINGTON, U.S.A (12)

18 2.4.1 NAVIGATION AND MARITIME RISKS: The extensive coral reef systems of the Sudan Red Sea coast pose severe problems to navigation. These complex navigational hazards, combined with heavy maritime traffic and limited navigational devices, result in constant risks of ship collisions and groundling. Problems are particularly severe near the ports of Port Sudan and Suakin, both of which have to be approached through channels among large reef complexes. Marine vessel sewage and discharge of solid waste pose additional threats. In the absence of waste reception facilities at the ports, ships dispose of their waste offshore. Passenger ferries are reported to throw large plastic bags with garbage over board once they reach international waters. The plastic bags float over coral reefs and are washed ashore on the coast and offshore islands. Once they break, they release their contents in to the marine environment (10).

2.4.2 PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPORT: Oil leaks on a regular basis from the oil terminal and tankers in Port Sudan harbor, which is already seriously polluted by oil .The oil film, may extend as far as the edge of Wingate reef. Oil pollution seriously affects productivity and fauna in the harbor area and at some sites inertial biota have disappeared completely (10).

2.4.3 INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES: Industry, which is mainly located in the vicinity of Port Sudan (figure .3). The chronic release of industry pollutants results in a decline in water quality. In Port Sudan power plant and ship yard, for example, discharge their waste oil directly into the sea, Tyre factory and power plant use seawater to cool their engines and return hot water to the sea causing thermal pollution. Outdated, inadequate technology and alack of existing regulations are the main reasons for this alarming situation (10).

19 2.4.4 URBAN DEVELOPMENT: A limit sources of fresh water with inadequate concern for water conservation and insufficient maintenance of distribution systems affects surface and ground water .The discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated sewage results in ground water impacts and alteration in the marine environment The solid waste from human activities in port Sudan is dumped on the shore and in to the sea, causing damage to coastal and marine life and a deterioration in aesthetic quality. The main cause of the problem is alack of efficient waste collection and disposal systems, aggravated by a general lack of awareness (10).

2.4.5 HABITAT DEGRADATION AND DESTRUCTION: Habitat destruction as a result of coastal development is still localized .The extension of the two ports, Port Sudan and Swakin, including the construction of new port facilities involving dredging and filling resulted in severe pressure on coral reefs. Physical damage to coral reefs, resulting in loss of coral habitat and decline of reef-associated fauna, is caused by anchorage Wingate and Towartit reefs are still the main anchorage areas for large vessels waiting to enter the port for unloading and loading. Finishing vessels and tourist boats are also damaging reefs with anchors and fishing nets. Mangrove habitats are deteriorating rapidly along much of the Sudan coast, resulting in reduced water quality and a decline in fish and shrimp catches as well as bird populations. (10)

2.4.6 LIVING MARINE RESOURCE: Shrimps forms may result in irreversible conversion of coastal habitats, destruction of valuable mangrove habitats and declining water quality. Daily effluents from all shrimp's farms between Marsa Halot and Marsa Ashat would be on the order 4.5 to 6 million cubic meters per day. The mass discharge of nutrients will have a serious impact on several mangrove areas and on fringing reefs. The construction of channels to divert

20 seasonal freshwater run-off from the mountains to protect the ponds will adversely impact coastal habitats (10).

2.5 MARINE POLLUTIONS 2.5.1 GENERAL:

Marine pollution means the introduction by man directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the maritime area, which results or is likely to result in hazards to human heaUh, harm to living resources and marine ecosystem, damage to amenities or interference with other legitimate uses of the sea. Direct pollution can occur through deliberate disposal an accidental loss of substances at sea whilst indirect pollution can result from land-based activities The aquatic environment is greatly polluted and threat by industrial wastes, mining wastes and cooling waters .In the more industrially developed countries some water bodies are polluted to an extent that fishery resources are ruined .The total volume of material being dumped in the oceans as reported by Kelly (1974)."Is increasing five times more rapidly than the general population (11). The ecological and economical damage, caused by the untreated oil spills from industry and power generation units into the sea, can result in many losses such as: a. Shellfish disease (e.g. shell corrosion). b. Marine and aquatic environment pollution. c. Shore contamination, which discourages recreation, fishing and swimming. In the study area, various types and kinds of wastes are disposed of without any kind of treatment. Nasir (1981); in an unpublished report said that:'50% of the industries discharge cooling water, so the reefs are threated by the variety of effects, ranging from industrial discharges and waste disposal to individual human activities (1.2).

21 The major seawater pollutants are chemical, biological or physical materials that degrade seawater quality. Pollutants can be classed into eight categories, each of which presents set of hazards.

2.5.2.1 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS: Oil and chemicals derived from oil are used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes. Theses petroleum products get into seawater mainly by means of accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelines, and leaky underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products are poisonous if ingested by animals, and spilled oil damages the feathers of birds or the fur of animals, often causing death. In addition spilled oil may be contaminated with other harmful substances, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

2.5.2.2 HAZARDOUS WASTES: Hazardous wastes are chemical wastes that are either toxic (poisonous), reactive (capable of producing explosive or toxic gases). Corrosive (capable of corroding steel), or ignitable (flammable). If improperly treated or stored hazardous wastes can pollute water supplies. PCBs, a class of chemicals once widely used in electrical equipment such as transformers, can get in to the environment through oil spills and can reach toxic levels as organisms eat one another.

2.5.2.3 HEAVY METALS: Heavy metals such as: copper, lead, mercury, and selenium get into seawater from many sources, including industries, automobile exhaust, mines, and even natural soil. Like pesticides, heavy metals become more concentrated in animals. When they reach high levels in the body, heavy metals can be immediately poisonous, or can result in long -term health problems similar to those caused by pesticides and

22 herbicides (for example, cadmium in fertilizer derived from sewage sludge can be absorbed by crops.)

2.5.2.4 PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES: Chemical used to kill unwanted animals and plants, for instance on farms or in suburban yards, may be collected by rainwater runoff and carried into streams, especially if these substances are applied too lavishly. Some of these chemicals are biodegradable and quickly decay into harmless or less harmful forms, while others are no biodegradable and remain dangerous for a long time. When animals consume plants that have been treated with certain no degradable chemicals, such as chlordane and chlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), these chemicals are absorbed into the tissues or organs of the animals. When other animals feed on these contaminated animals, the pollutant increases. In one studied levels in ospreys (family of fish-eating birds) were found to be 10- 50 times higher than in the water. Animals at the top of food chains may, as a result of these chemical concentrations, suffer cancers, respective problems and death.

2.5.2.5 EXCESS ORGANIC MATTER: Fertilizers and other nutrients used to promote plant growth on farms and in gardens may find their way into water. At first, these nutrients encourage the growth of plants and algae in water. However, when the plant matter and algae die and settle underwater, microorganisms decompose them In the process of decomposition, these microorganisms consume oxygen that oxygen-dependent animals in the water, such as fish, die. This process of depleting oxygen to deadly levels is called eutrophication.

23 2.5.2.6 SEDIMENT: Sediment, soil particles carried to a streambed, lake or ocean, can also be a pollutant if it is present in large enough amounts. Soil erosion produced by the removal of soil-trapping trees near waterways, or carried by rainwater and floodwater from croplands, strip mines, and roads can damage a stream or lake by introducing too much nutrient matter. This leading to eutrophication. Sedimentation can also cover streambed gravel in which many fish, such as salmon and trout, Uiy their eggs.

2.5.2.7 THERMAL POLLUTION: Water is often drav/n from rivers; lakes, seas or the ocean for use as coolant in factories and power plants .The water is usually returned to the source warmer than when it was taken. Even small temperature changes in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that were originally present and attract other species in place of them. Thermal pollution can accelerate biological processes in plants and animals or deplete oxygen levels in water. The result may be fish and other wildlife deaths near the discharge source. 2.5.2.8 INFECTIOUS ORGANISM: Many disease-causing organisms that are present in small numbers in most natural waters are considered pollutants.

24 The sea has long been thought of as sink for undesirable by -products, as to simply dilute and disappears. But that the sea has a limited capacity to absorb such waste and it is beginning to take a heavy toll on coastal ecosystem. The effects of pollution are a varied on the marine life. 2.5.3.1OU Pollution: 2.5.3.1. lGenerai: Oil constitutes one of the liquid elements most dangerous of the planet, not by its nature, but by the catastrophic use of human beings. On the other hand around 0.1- 0.2 % of the world production is dumped to the sea. The percentage seems very little but it means around 3 million ton per year provoking enormous damage to the marine ecosystem. Most of the oil is used far away from the point of extraction which implied the need of transportation by oil vessel or oil pipes through many kilometers, which can provoke spectacular accidents, which are the most known way of contamination and create the biggest environmental repercussions. Another way contamination comes from land, from domestic waste, cars, petrol stations, refineries, industries, etc. It is not easy to calculate the amount of origin of the oil that arrives to the sea therefore the available data is little accurate, see estimated amounts on Fig. (3). According to fig (4), the oil contamination can be manifested in many ways. As show tanker accidents and vessel operation together are the most significant sources for oil pollution in seawater. fig(3) and (4) show the variety of oil pollution sources and give expert estimates of the scales of distribution and impact of each of these sources on the marine environment (13) .

25 24OOOOO Q 1973 200000 E3 1979 a 1981 • 1983 36COOOO 47OOOOO ta 1985/1989

Fig (3) illustrates the general trend of declining total input of oil pollution in to the world ocean over the years. The global situation reflected in this table certainly may differ at the regional level. This depends on natural conditions, degree of coastal urbanization, density of population, industrial development, navigation, oil and gas production and other activities. For example, in the North Sea, off shore production input reached up to 28% of the input of oil pollution in 1987 instead of a 'modest' 2% on the world scale shown in fig (4).

f-IG(4) OIL POLLUTION SOURCES AND RATIO

El Exploration/production

• Tanker accidents 9% 2% 37% D Vessel operations

• Atmosphere

33% • Industrial discharge and urban Run-off El Natural sources

This equaled the annual input of more than 23,000 tons of oil products at the background of their general changeable flow of 120.000 - 200.000 tons a year in the North Sea .One can expect similar situations in other regions of intensive off shore oil and gas developments for example, in the gulf of Mexico, Red sea, Prison Gulf, or Caspian sea, in any case, the input of oil hydrocarbons from natural sources in to the Gulf of Mexico is larger than in many others area. Traditional shipping and oil transportation routes are more exposed to the impacts of oil-polluted discharges from tankers and other vessels than other

26 areas. In the Bay of Bensal and the Arabian sea, oil pollution inputs from tanker and other ship discharges equal, respectively, 400.000 tons and 5 million tons of oil a year (14). The most intense tanker traffic exists in the Atlantic Ocean and its seas, which account it's for 38% of international maritime oil transportation. Laws, (1981) stated that the concentration of oil in the coolant water and waste water must be less than 20 ppm and the discharge value may well be lower than 0.2 million metric ton per year (14). Also the economic damage done by oil pollution is greatest when it land on the beaches of seaside share (15).There is a constant threat of oil spills. Oil leaks occur on a regular base from the oil terminal and bankers in Port Sudan harbor, and the Port is already heavily polluted by oil. The oil film extends as far as the edge of Wingate reef, Affected the productivity and the fauna in the harbor area. With the gradually measuring volume of shipping using Port-Sudan, and the development of the new oil terminal at Bashayir, a National Oil Spill contingency Plan for Sudan has been prepared by PERSGA and Submitted to the Government of Sudan. A new joint venture company, the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (G.N.P.O.C), has been formed to manage pipeline, which will transport crude oil 1500 km from the Hegliag and Adariel oil fields to the Sudan cost for export.The site for the new Bashayir oil terminal is Gezirat Abd Alia, about 24km South of Port-Sudan. Gezirat Abd AJla is in the present anchorage area between the shoreline and Towartit Reef. A major Source of oil Pollution is the power station and Tyre factory (ITMD), which are in the innermost port of Port Sudan harbor. 2.5.3.1.2 The Effect of oil Pollution on Marine environment: The effect of an oil spill of marine life depends on a number of physical and biological factors. Firstly, the amount, characteristics and distribution of oil spilled during the accident. The distribution of the oil spill will be affected by currents and wind, factors which are partially impossible to control but which one should be aware of when considering a clean-up effort .In addition, the amount of oil spilled will determine the eventual geographic boundaries of the impact area.

27 The physical and chemical properties of the oil will determine the behavior of the slick, in terms of its thickness and rate of spreading. Secondly, environmental conditions such as: • Salinity. • Water temperature. • Type and slope of shoreline. Will determine habitat effects and clean-up procedure. * Finally, biological characteristics of the organisms affected will determine the severity of impact. These characteristics include: • Type of species. • Life stage (larval, juvenile or adult) • Size. Oil is extremely toxic to phytoplankton, especially in bay area where concentrations of both oil and plankton tend to accumulate. Benthic marine algae are usually less sensitive to oil pollution than plankton. Oil trapped in sediments may be released slowly over a number of years, resulting in chronic effects on the local benthic organisms. Adult fish are usually able to avoid large oil spills; however spawning grounds could suffer severe damage. There are many environmental and economic consequences that some time can be catastrophic. The oil in contact with water tends to float which implies: • Rejection of the Sun Ray. • Difficulties of water evaporation. Which produce a change in the microclimate • Impedes the renovation of the oxygen in the water. • Death to oiled sea birds and other aquatic marine organisms • Local contamination of the sea bed by sinking heavy fractions of oil, causing adverse impacts to fish spawning areas, resulting in reduction in fish stocks, consequently, economic losses to the fishing industry; « Economic losses for the tourism industry and local

28 Communities, and thus the state, because of oil- contaminated beaches; High costs associated with the clean up of shorelines and beaches. 2.5.3.2 THERMAL POLLUTION: 2.5.3.2.1 GENERAL: The thermal properties of water and the attending relationships are doubtless the most important factors in maintaining the fitness of water as an environment. The relationships between temperature and the dissociation, solubility, and stability of pollutants, and the metabolic rates of organisms have important bearings on the impact of pollution.Respiratory rates of tropical marine organism are higher, on the average, than those of comparable organisms from colder regions when all rates are measured at the normal environmental temperatures of the organisms concerned; although respiratory adaptation to latitudinal temperature differences exists. (16) A dissolved pollutant, which concentrates in the biota, should do so more rapidly, at a given concentration, in tropical waters. Increase pollutant uptake rates at higher temperatures has been observed in temperature aquatic organisms. The solubility of gases that do not react with seawater to a significant degree decreases with increasing temperature.

Oxygen is accordingly less soluble in warm water (sea water of 36 ° /oo salinity saturated with air will contain 6.56 ml O2/I at 28 °C and only 4.32

ml O2/I, or 35 "/co less, at 30 °C. Oxygen solubility is also slightly reduced in tropical waters because of their greater average salinity .In addition, the chemical or biological oxygen demand of an oxygen-consuming pollutant, such as domestic sewage, will be fulfilled more rapidly at higher temperature. Therefore, in warmer waters (a) there will be less oxygen present to start with ;( b) the rate of oxygen removal will be greater thus, oxygen level will drop faster and further at a given concentration of oxygen consum;ng pollutants ;( c) the oxygen demand of the pollutant will decrease more rapidly with

29 distance from the source; and (d) the oxygen demand of the pollutant will decrease more rapidly with time. 2.5.3.2.2 EFFECT OF THERMAL POLLUTION: Thermal pollution truly is a global problem. Use water as a cooling agent in power plants and other industrial facilities. After water has absorbed the excess heat it is returned to the environment (usually river, sea.) at 6-12 °C degrees warmer temperature. By increasing the waters temperature we affect many other aspects of the ecosystem. Most importantly, the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water is decreased. Also, the rates of photosynthesis and plant growth may seem to be a good thing at first .It is not! More live plants means more deed plants later on. The pile up of dead plants leads to an increase of bacteria, bacteria that consume oxygen along with dead plants. There in lies the problem. There is now less oxygen and greater demand for it. The warmer water also increases the metabolic rate of fish, which leads to a sharp decrease in the life expectancy of aquatic insects. The fish has an increasing need for oxygen due to rise in their metabolism and population. Also affected by thermal pollution is animal's sensitivity to toxic waste, parasites, and other diseases. Diverse studies in Florida, Guam and Hawaii, show temperature of 2° C above ambient temperature causing sub-lethal effects and some mortalities, while 4-6 ° C rises causing severe damage or total destruction of natural communities (17). So during any month of the year waste heat added to flowing water should not increase more than 5 C above the natural level (18). 2.5.3.3 Hydrogen-Ion Concentration (pH): pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in water measurements above 7 are basic and below 7 are acidic A (pH) value between (7 to 8) is optimal for supporting a diver's aquatic ecosystem. The level of facility of the seawater is important to the plant and animal life there. Most animals are adapted to living in natural conditions. Changes in pH endanger the lives of organisms in the seawater.

30 The pH of seawater (Salt) is not as vulnerable as fresh water's pH to a cid wastes. This is because the different salts in seawater tend to buffer the water with AJka-Seltzer-like ingredients. Normal pH values in seawater are about 8.1 at the surface area and decrease to about 7.7 in deep water. Many shellfish and algae are moving sensitive than fish to large change in pH, so they need the sea's relatively stable pH environment to survive. 2.5.3.3.1 Affect of Abnormal Change of pH: Abnormal changes of pH in Marine biological cells affected the activity rate of enzymes controlling vital physiological processes (19) (table 3) show the effects of pH on fish and aquatic life.

Table (3) Effect of pH on fish and aquatic life limiting pH values

Minimum Maximum Effect of some scientific studies

3.8 10 Fish eggs could be hatched, but deformed young were often produced.

4 10.1 Limit for the most resistant fish species.

4.] 9.5 Range tolerated by trout.

4.3 0 Carp died in five days.

4.5 9 Trout eggs and larvae develop normally.

4.6 9.5 Limits for perch.

5 0 Limits for stickleback fish. :

5 9 Tolerable range for most fish. \

0 8.7 Upper limit for good fishing waters.

5.4 11.4 Fish avoided waters beyond theses limits.

6 7.2 Optimum range for fish eggs. j

1 0 Mosquito larvae were destroyed at this pH value. | 9 3.3 4.7 Mosquito larvae lived within this range. ;| \ 7.5 8.4 Best range for the growth of algae. j 1 Source: * Water Quality Criteria, CALIFORNIA Water Quality Control Board, (1963) \

31 2.5.3.4 Salinity: The amount of salts dissolved in water is called salinity.

Salinity is measured in g per 1000 ml and a special symbol is used: ° /o0 by weight. Open ocean water has an average salinity of about 35 ° /oo (equivalent to 3.5%, if one were to use units of one hundred instead of one thousand for the amount of water. Salinities near shore vary due to the addition of fresh water by rivers and rainfall. An estuary is a semi-enclosed body of water where incoming seawater is diluted with fresh water coming from the land. Salinities vary in different bodies of water. For example:

Red Sea = 40 ° /00

2.5.3.5DissoIved Oxygen (DO): Oxygen is important to all life. We breathe air that contains about 20% oxygen. Green plants manufacture virtually all the oxygen we breathe. A total of three fourths of the earth's oxygen supply is produced by phytoplankton in the oceans oxygen, in water, is measured as dissolved oxygen. DO in water vary as follow: i) Inversely with salinity. ii) Directly with pressure. iii) Inversely with temperature. If more oxygen is consumed that is produced dissolved oxygen levels decline and some sensitive animals may move away, weaken, or die. Weather, temperature and salinity affect amounts of dissolved oxygen (DO). If water is too warmed, there may not be enough oxygen in it. When there are too many bacteria or aquatic animal in the area, they may over populate, using DO in great amounts. Respiration by aquatic animals, decomposition, and various other chemical reactions consume oxygen. DO levels fluctuate seasonally and over 24-hour period. They vary with water temperature and altitude. Cold water holds more oxygen than warm water (see table 4) and water holds less oxygen at higher altitudes.

32 Table (4) Effect of temperature on dissolved oxygen*

TEMPERTURE | DO (mg/1) TEMPERTURE DO (mg/l) i 0 ; 14.6 j 23 8.56 1419 1 .1 8.4 i 2 • 13.81 8.24 i t * 3 | 13.44 26 8.09 4 : 13.09 ' " 27 - 7.95 j 5 : 12.75 28 7.81 | 6 12.43 r 29 7.67 j 7 I 12.12 30 7.54 | j 8 11.83 31 7.41 !

9 11.55 32 7.28

JO 11.27 33 7.16

11 11.01 34 7.16

12 10.76 35 6.93

13 10.52 ; 36 6.82 I

14 10.29 37 6.71

15 10.07 38 6.61

16 9.85 39 6.51

17 9.65 40 6.41 |

18 9.45 41 6.41 | 19 9.26 -|— -42 ~- 6.22 20 9.07 43 6.13 21 8.9 T 44 6.04 22 8.72 45 5.95

Source: * from Water Quality Criteria, the Resources Agency of California, state ware Quality board, 1963 Publication No. 3-A.

33 Thermal Discharges, Such as water use to cool machinery in a manufacturing plant or a pov/er plant, raise the temperature of water and lower its oxygen content. The (table-5) in this section shows some representative comparisons.

Table (5) Effect of dissolved oxygen JeveJ on fish"

Species of j The lowest DO level in (mg/1) The lowest DO level in (mg/1) fish at which fish survive for 24 at which fish survive for 48 hours(summer) hours(winter)

Northern 3.1 Pike

Black 5.5 4.7 Bass

Common 4.2 1.4 Sunfish

Yellow 4.2 4.7 Perch

Black 3.3 1.1 Bullhead

Source: * from Water Quality Criteria, the Resources Agency of California, state ware Quality board, 1963 Publication No. 3-A.

Marcos (1970) stated that, a water sample at 22°C and 40.5 ° /«, salinity would have 4.86 mlo2/L if it has been taken from Red Sea, while a sample of the some composition from Arctic region will have 8111I02/L (20). Abu Gediri, (1983) reported that above the pyenocline oxygen concentration are found to be between 4.2 - 4.8 111I02/L in the Red Sea, while at some stations below the oxygen maximum micro-Layers diminished due to high Nitrate concentration (21). Dafalla (1976), found that DO concentration in port Sudan harbor water is

about 4.7 mlo2/L institute of oceanography (Unpublished data, 1981-recorded that DO measured along port - Sudan harbor from power station (A) to harbor mouth up to 4km offshore are between 4-7 mg/L.

34 2.5.3.6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5):: BOD5 is the amounts of DO consumed by chemical, microbiological and organic matter action when a sample of water is incubated for 5day at 20 °C. Wastewater with BOD5 below 3 mg/L is considered as unpolluted, while waste with 12 mg/L BOD5 is grossly polluted source. And the maximum allowable concentration of BOD5 must be 30 mg/L (18). Abu Gediri, (1983) commented that trace metals has been in surface water in the same manner as dissolved nutrients through the water column, due to complication with sinking organic debris or uptake by plankton through assimilation or storage of unassirnilated Food constituents followed by vertical transport of sinking of faecal material and migration of phytoplankton and 300 plankton (21).

2.5.3.7 Nutrient: Nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorous, are essential for the growth of tiny plants in the seawater, called (phytoplankton) - Nutrients act naturally as fertilizer in the sea. This is called 'eutrophication'. However, when large quantities of nutrients are present, there is too much 'Fertilizer' and a 'hypertrophic' environment is created, over loading the system. Sewage, fertilizers and industrial effluent all add extra nutrients to the sea. Nutrients are used by plants and animals in a complicated cycle, returned to the environment and then reused. At certain times of the year, extra nutrients can lead to too much phytoplankton in the water (Abnormal algal blooms). Scientific studies have shown that too much nutrient in the sea and abnormal algal blooms can upset the balance of plants and animals on and near the scabbed. Antipollution laws have increasely restricted discharge of toxic substances into coastal waters. While this effort has greatly reduced point - source pollution of toxic materials, oxygen-consuming organic materials

35 (BOD), and to some extent phosphorous (P) from industrial and municipal effluent pipes, no comparable attempt has been made to restrict the input of nitrogen (N) from municipal effluent, nor to control, the flows dispersed or non point sources such as agricultural and urban run-off or windborne deposits. As a sequance, inputs of non-point pollutants, particularly N, have increased dramatically. Nutrient pollution is also called nutrient -over enrichment because both (N) and (P) are vital to plant growth. Wide rang of problems plaguing near- shore waters world wide, from fish kills to some coral reef destruction, can be linked directly or indirectly to excessive nutrient inputs .In the United State, for example, more than 60 percent of coastal Rivers and bays are moderately to severely degraded by nutrient pollution.

2.5.3.7.1 Sources of nutrients to coastal ecosystems: • Human activities profoundly influence the global cycling of nutrient, epically movement of nutrients to estuaries and other coastal waters. • Waste water vs. non point sources of nutrient: Point -source wastewater flows can some times be the major source of (N) to an estuary when the watershed is heavily populated and small relative to the size of the estuary itself. Even in some estuaries fed by runoff from large watersheds, sewage wastewater can be the largest source of (N) if the watershed is heavily populated. • Agriculture as a source of nutrients: For P, agriculture is one of the largest sources of non point pollution .For N, both agriculture and burning of fossil fuels contribute significantly to non point flows to estuaries and coastal waters .N from these sources can be reach the water either by direct leach or runoff from fields or indirectly, through the atmosphere. Some of (N) is leached directly from agricultural fields to ground water and surface waters. The problem of non-point runoff of manure nutrients into watersheds and ultimately, coastal water. Animal waste also contribute greatly to ammonia inputs to the atmosphere, and when this N is deposited

36 back into the landscape, it can be a significant source of (N) to surface and ground waters that flow into coastal marine ecosystem.

2S.2 '2 EFFECT OF NVTKLEST ES COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEM:

the make up of the algal community are detrimental to the health of coral reefs and the diversity of animal life supported by sea-grass and kelp communities.

a Nutrient over-enrichment of coastal ecosystems generally triggers ecological changes that decrease the biological diversity of bays and estuaries.

• While moderate N enrichment of some coastal waters may increase fish production, over-enrichment generally degrades the marine food web that supports commercially valuable fish.

• The marked increase in nutrient pollution of coastal waters has been accompanied by an increase in harmful algal blooms, and in at least some cases, pollution has triggered these blooms.

37 CHAPTER (3)

MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 RED SEA: The movement of planets in the earth's surface created the Red Sea about 30 million years ago; it's located between Asia and Africa. The Red Sea holds beneath the crystal blue surface an oasis of living creatures, reefs, and coral formation. The Red Sea is very famous for its beautiful coral reefs, especially the Sudan Red Sea where the coral reefs are still virgin and very much undisturbed by human activity. Its use as a highway between East and West has attracted man since the beginning of time.

,36* 4C*

H

The Red Sea represents a complex and unique tropical marine ecosystem extraordinary biological diversity and remarkable high degree of endemism. That the Red Sea coast is about 750km long with an annual rainfall of 111 millimeter. It has clear water and extremely transparent to some meter deep surface temperature rang (26.5-30.5 °C) and (24-26 °C) down to 150 m deep; and salinity is rather high (39-41 ° /oo) being due to the high evaporation rate and the rew ifesnwater inlets in this ana area (11;. Port Sudan harbor is a semi-enclosed inlet extending for about 5.2 Km long and about 1.2 Km at its maximum width. The entrance channel opens to substantial natural harbor basin averaging some 30 meters in depth with a dead

39 muddy-sandy bottom .The depth of water is about 190 meters (4), at its mouth and decreasing gradually inland until it reaches about 4 meters at its end. The environment of Red Sea is still in largely pristine state. However, with the present growth rates of the coastal population, marine transport and industrial development, threats are increasing rapidly (see table (2)).

3.2 RED SEA STATE: The Red Sea state ot Sudan borders the entire coastline and has a total area of 221,000 square kilometers. According to the 1993 census, its population is about 685,000 people; with an average. The difference in household size between rural and urban areas is minor. Port Sudan is the largest coastal city with a population of about 390,000. The Red Sea state is a home to complex ethnic blend of people .The state is well endowed with natural resources, but its inhabitants are comparatively poor, the backbone of the local economy is maritime transport, with the national shipping company, Sudan line, of major economic importance. There are fourteen large industrial plants in the state all of which are located at Port Sudan (11).

U: . Li TouriM boats, vocals. 4. Khor Kllat ry 9 T*mn*:ry: 10 Abu H»«hish 15 Wlijlijiis.0 Iftifuka; 16 and I7. OiUliaQo dump*.

40 muddy-sandy bottom The depth of water is about 190 meters (4), at its mouth and decreasing gradually inland until it reaches about 4 meters at its end. The environment of Red Sea is still in largely pristine state. However, with the present growth rates of the coastal population, marine transport and industrial development, threats are increasing rapidly (see table (2)).

3.2 RED'SEA .STATE: The Red Sea state ot Sudan borders the entire coastline and has a total area of 221,000 square kilometers. According to the 1993 census, its population is about 685,000 people; with an average. The difference in household size between rural and urban areas is minor. Port Sudan is the largest coastal city with a population of about 390,000. The Red Sea state is a home to complex ethnic blend of people .The state is well endowed with natural resources, but its inhabitants are comparatively poor, the backbone of the local economy is maritime transport, with the national shipping company, Sudan line, of major economic importance. There are fourteen large industrial plants in the state all of which are located at Port Sudan (11).

idiit. '£ BoulyorUi; a. ToutiM boats, yocnts; 4. KHof KMab nni», S. Kt*cr Ktl.it> o:ii:(j ,11.14. 7. PovMir fiUtol. O. Tiru factory. 9 T«mm»ry. 10. Abu H**t>l«h dAm: 11.. »mi 12. Oil HHInp«. tU

40 Study area: The study area in Port Sudan is distributed along two sites A and (Fig 7). In area (A) at West of the harbors, which is the old industrial ^a. It's about lkm2 in area and extends in narrow strip west of the main market. In area (B) at northern Port Sudan harbor, the major large Industrial plants and storage facilities are found. This area lies on the sea line Closest to the port and extends westwards covering an area of about 2km2

41 ! VMETHDOLOGY: This study has been carried out on 2002/2003 to investigate :!ustrial wastes. Industrial wastes from selected heavy industrial plants. Special mphasis was give to the liquid wastes (cooling water & oil), which is discharged J considerable amounts. The study focuses on the following: 1. Baseline information. 2. Experimental work. 3. Analysis of data using statistical approach. 4. On-site observation.

3,5 Baseline Information: Information was collected from different sources. Most of it is unpublished report such as those of Port Sudan municipality council department of survey; some published reports are obtained from ministry of industry, institute of environmental studies, faculty of marine sciences and fisheries, Internet. The stations for sampling of effluents from certain industries were selected and classified according to their location as follow: 1. West of the harbor: Power station (A). 2. North Port Sudan harbor: Tyre factory.

These stations were selected and visited regularly every week within the period July/August 2003 and nineteen liquid samples were collected. On each station three locations are identified and samples are collected for analysis as following: (i) Out let of waste from the contaminant sources to the seawater (station (1)). (ii) In shore, twenty meters offshore from inlet point (station (2)). (iii) Offshore, lkm offshore (station (3)).

42 Seawater for physical-chemical analysis has been obtained by immersing a water sampler at 20 cm vertically, at the same time the temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured. The water sample was transferred into a one-liter glass bottle and 250 ml brown bottles with glass stopper for treatment.

3.6 Procedure used in all these determination or analyses were in accordance with the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, and manual methods for detection, measurement of monitoring of water pollution (FAO, 1975) (22). The water quality of seawater is determined by chemical, physical and biological characteristics. The chemical variable that influence water qualities include dissolved gaseous, nutrients, salinity, and pH. Its complex interaction between theses chemical, physical and biological factors which affects water quality. Experimental work was carried out by the following equipment:

1. TEMPERATURE: Surface temperature was recorded to the first decimal point using ordinary thermometer.

2. HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION (pH): Estimated by using the pH-meter E-50

3. SALINITY (S °/00): Salinity was estimated by using portable refract meter.

4. DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO): DO was estimated by using dissolve meter.

43 5. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD): Zoometric method (Azide modification) was used for determination of DO before and an after incubation of 250 ml seawater for five days at 20 x in brown BOD bottles.

Calculation:

BOD5 (mg/1) = d (a-b) Where: d.... decimal fraction of sample used (4) a.... DO (initial dissolved oxygen) b... DO5 (dissolved oxygen after five days incubation.

6. NUTRIENT: Includes: nitrate, phosphate and silicate. It was estimated by using spectrophotometer Ana-72 type UFB-8.

7. OIL AND GREASE: Dissolved or emulsified oil and grease is extracted from water by intimate contact with extract Freon. Oil and grease may therefore be said to include hydrocarbons, fatty acids, soaps, fats, waxes, oils and any others materials that is extracted by the solvent from an acidified sample and that is not volatilized during the manipulation of the test.

•3.7 ANALYSIS METHODOLQ^ There were two hypotheses to be tested. Firstly is tested by used standard deviation for determination of pollutants profiles across the sea, secondly is tested by use of correlation analyze (r).

44 3.8 SELECTED INDUSTRIES; In this study two industrial enterprise, were selected: (1) Tyre factory. (2) Power plant (A) General information regarding these two industries is summarized in (Table.6.).

Table (6) General information about the study area

Commission Location Final Industrial units Date Area area Products (m2)

International j Manufacturing And '; Distribution 1980 90011 B Tyre, tube Tyre Factory (ITMD). and flaps

Port Sudan Power Plant T (A). 1945 7000 Electricity

Source: Factory information

Each of the selected factories was taken independently to reflect the quantity and quality of its generated wastes.

45 3.8.1 INTERNATIONAL TYRE FACTORY (ITMD): The Tyre factory is located about six-kilometers north of the harbour entrance (fig 7); it is the only Tyre factory in Sudan. It has been operation since 1980 using 42450 m3 /d of seawater for cooling purposes (plate 1) & (table.7.).

Table (7) Water uses at study area

i Sources of inlet Industrial units \ water Uses Flow m3/day

International Manufacturing And Sea water Cooling& boiler 42450 Distribution ; Tyre Factory (ITMD).

Power Plant (A) : Sea water Cooling& boiler 9120

Source: Factory information

46 i he out let of cooling system opens directly to the nearby shore through a canal of about 50 meters in length and 3 m in width (plate 2). The raw materials used are natural and synthetic rubber and chemicals; the factory works 350 d/y, on the basis of three working shifts. 3.3.1.1 PRODUCTION PROCESS: The steps of industrialization technical can be summarized as: • Preparation of raw material and lending of rubber. • Rolling and releasing of rubber (using chemical) and bumbering (mixing). • Then pooling and nylon calendaring to form tyre trade. • Topping by rubber. Then winding up and bias cutting. • Bucketing in the different size (circular from) • Building of the tyre case. • Vulcanization to curie Tyre and inflation by air flow as a last step.

47 3.8.1.2 FACTORY WASTES: The amount and the sources of Solid and gaseous wastes are discharged in seawater shown in table (8).

Table (8) Solid and gaseous wastes from two factories | Solid wastes Gaseous wastes NO Industrial units j Type Source Type Source

i 60% rubber Clipping, Steam, dust Burned oil, ! j International j 35% carbon cutting particles of rubber, 1 manufacturing j 1.5% sulfur blowing, carbon burned and : 3.5% talc black black, talc blown, dust, , distributing various carbon participles, boilers, Tyre plant. organic dust, SO2, acids, power r compounds, offices solvent generation, 1 I raw cleaning materials. liquids & I material processing. chemicals. i dust, papers 1 Rods, i pistons, Cleaning CO, SO2, Incomplete I ; wires, office, SOx, C, N, combustion 1 2 Port-Sudan ; barrels tins, spare parts, s, cooling | power plant : stoppers, using fuel Compounds process, | (A). '< wasted and dust, soot, boiler, power 1 clothes, lubrication vapor load, generation, papers, workshop. H2O. temperatures. ' metals rods, : bars, soil particles, plastic covers. Source: Factory information

48 The waste discharge from this plant was estimated as more 2*108 kg/y containing a high percentage of BOD and (O&G). The cooling water used goes directly to the sea (plate 2) without treatment and varying temperatures

The characteristics and sources of the liquid wastes generated can be found in table (9, 10).

Table (9) sources and types of liquid waste from two factories industrial units j Origin of major wastes International Manufacturing And Impurities of natural rubber, carbon Distribution black and talc dust, desalination unit, Tyre Factory (1TMD). cooling system, chemicals used, bunker oil and lubrication oil dumps.

Port Sudan Power plant (A) Cooling water, spills of fuel fill tanks, salts from using seawater, tankers | spillage, and wash down waters. Sources: factory information.

49 ; Table (10) Physic-chemical characteristics of liquid wastes in seawater at Tyre factory.

Station 1 2 3

parameters max min mean mas min mean max min mean

Water 40.6 34.5 37.83 36.3 31.3 33.3 31 28 29.8 temperature(c)

pH 8.74 7.2 8.16 8.48 7.71 8.26 8.6 8.2 8.33

40 Salinity ° /00 , 39.99 39.997 41 40 40.33 39.65 39.08 39.31 !

D0(mg/l) 4.4 3.23 3.7 5.93 4.06 4.81 7.6 5.93 6.56

• • •

B0D(mg/l) 8.4 4.04 6 18 6.12 3.8 4.72 2.24 1.03 1.46 j r" -~

PO4 (mol/1) 16.8 10.8 13.9 8.4 11.6 .21 .19 . -203 I

1 • • •• ! 15.6 I NO:(mol/l) Oil 0 .007 0 .0122 1.34 .04 .86 !• .0367 \

SrO4(ni0l/l) 7 1.5 3.83 3 1 2.17 2.6 2.46 2.53 \

I

i O&G % 15.5 ; 12.7 14 6.7 2.9 i 5 1.2 .43 .81 1 \ Sources: lab analysis I

50 3.3.2 IORT SUDAN POWER STATION:

The station is a public corporation .It uses fuel as a raw material (table 7). The unit works all the year round, on three shifts basis per day. There are three stations (1, 2 and 3) in the town For this study the central station (A) was considered (fig (7)) The station includes three sets of large generators, having a maximum capacity of 7 MW. The station uses a closed system of fresh cooling water, at 38000gal/hr/engine. The generators are also cooled, by an open system of circulating seawater (fig 8).

51 3.7.2.1 STATION WASTE MATERIALS: The engines consume 4.4 t/week burned oil the large amount of used oil are dumped on beach (plate 3).

The cooling water enters the sea (plate 4) with temperature variation of 3 to 7 ° C from ambient temperature.

The liquid wastes characteristics and types can be seen in (table (9, 11)). The solid wastes (plate (5)) with the gaseous wastes generated by the station are reflected in table (8).

52 Table(ll) Physic-chemical characteriestics of liquid wastes in seawater at Power plant (A)

Stations : '1 I \ |2 P

Parameters Max Min Mean | Max Mean

Water ' ! tempcrature(C ; 41.5 ; 35.2 | 38.6 j 34.4 pH 8.79 ! 6.81 | 8.04 j 8.46

Salinity ° i'oo 40 .31 ; 35.67 ; 41

DO (mg/1.) 5.67 i 4.03 ; 4.8 \ 5.34

I ""

: DOD5(mg/l) 12.2 11.88 12.03 10.2 i PO, (inol/1) 29 ! 10.3 21.4 13.7 i

!

NO:(niol/t) : .092 j 0 .031 ! .0183 .0183 .0183 ! I i

SfO.,(mol/l) 5.4 j .0125 3.06 1.1

O&G% 20.4 : 17.9 | 19 13.1 5.8 Source: lab analysis

53 They are disposed off on land and air directly without any treatment, plate (6).

54 CHAPTER (4)

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION:

The chronic release of industrial pollutants results in decline of seawater quality The wastes vary greatly in their physical and chemical characterizes are in table (10, 11), which shows maximum, minimum, mer.i obtained from the sample taken from selected stations. Where the Tyre factory and power plant (A) discharge large amount of hazardous wastes into the sea. The effect of pollution was obtained from the lab, test carried on the industrial wastewaters discharge. The large amounts effects are very high. Actually variation and fluctuation are shown in table (12, 13) for all pollutants, but higher dispersion and variation occur at the point of waste inlet into sea and it is smaller with distance.

Table (12) pollution profiles across the line of discharge at Tyre factory

I Station 1 3 I I Parameters Max Min Mean I S.dv Max Min Mean S.dv Max Min f Mean S.dv i Water temperarure(c : 40.6 i 34.5 , 37.83 j 2.52 36.3 31.3 33.3 1.95 31 28 29.8 .1296

i 8.75 ! 7.2 8.16 .634 8.48 7.71 8.26 .369 8.6 8/33 .191

Salinitv ° /0o ! 40 j 39.99 ! 39.99 .005 41 40 40.33 .471 39.65 39.08 39.31" .245

DO (mg/1) 4.4 ! 3.23 3.7 .505 5.93 4.06 4.81 .806 7.6 5.93 6.56 .741

BOD5(mg/l) : 8.4 j 4.04 6.18 1.78 6.12 3.8 U.72 1.01 2.24 1.03 f 1.46 .555

PO4(mol/l) ; 16.8 10.8 13.9 2.45 15.6 8.4 11.6 3.75 .21 .19 .203" .009 I i ! .007 .012T.037 012 .017 I 1.34 ~ [".04 [~86 ' .583 NO2(mol/iy : .011 I 0 "" V 2.32 3 SIO_,(mol/ir 7 " "'":' ].5 3.83 2.17 .849 2.6 2.46 2.53" .058 I I ! i .8] 3.31 I i O&G% ; 15.5 fl27 14 ! 1.15 6.7 'FT 1.58 1.2 ".43 ~ I Sources: data analysis

56 j Table (13) pollution profiles across the line of discharge at power plant (A) r Station 3 i i Parameters Max! Min ! Mean [ S.dv Mas Min Mean S.dv Max Min Mean S.dv r [Water temperature(c) j 41.5 j 35.2 j 38.6 2.596 34.4 31.2 32.5 1.38 30.4 29.5 29.97 .369

! 8.79 6.81 8.04 .875 8.46 8.13 8.32 .138 8.36 8.3 .126 n salinity' '• 40 ' 4.03 | 35.67 j T§9~ 40 .817 39.15 38.9 "39~06 .087

"!"5'.67"f'4'.03~r4X" .673 5.34 5.05 5.02 .274 7.5 5.6 6743" .787

BOD5(mg/l) 12.2; 11.88 | 12.03 Tl32 10.2 9.8 .566 1.3 .95 1.13 "1435 I | PO4(mol/l) 29""; \0'i j"2L4~ 13.7 11.53 2.39 .26 .12 I .2 .658 j .764 ; NO (mol/l) .092 0 .031 .043 .018 .0183 .01831 0 1.78" T.09 2 I "775 rSIO "(mol/i) 5.4 125 3^06 2.19 I 1.1 .075 .59 | .419 4.01 .3 I 2792" 4 l T" 2.26 O&G % 20.4 17.9 19 1.04 13.1 10.3 12 1.27 8.7 3.2 5.8 i Sources: data analysis

As a result of variation and high dispersion of the pollutants the dissolved oxygen concentration is changed and fluctuated along the seawater.

4.2 Data Analysis:

Physical and chemical parameters have been measured at three sites (1,2, and 3) along the study area. The relationship between pollutants parameter were tested by use of standard deviation (S.dv), correlation analysis(r)

57 a Power Plant (A) The correlation matrix between the different parameters measured (table 14) showed:

: s Table (14) Correlation coefficients between pollution parameters at Power plant (A)

i Water pH Salinity DO BOD5 PO, NO2 SKX, O&G

1 PARAMETERS I temperature(c) ' oo (Mg/1) (Mg/1) (Mol/1) (Mol/1) (Mol/1) %

Water "I ; [ temperature(' 1 -.998 1 -.879 -.806 .84558 .9669 -.7196 .28108 .9802 c) 1

-1.996 : 1 i .8479 .8409 -.8769 -.9808 -.7699 -.2244 -.9905

Salinity

'oo -.879 ; .8479 1 .4264 -.48867 -.7284 .30133 -.7046 -.7671

DO (Mg/1) -.80604 i .8409 : .4264 I 1 -.99758 -.9303 .9910 .34147 -.9074

~BOD5 (Mg/1) .84558 -.8769 -.4887 -.9976 .95373 -.9792 -.2748 .9346

"PO, (Mol/1) .9669 -.9808 -.7284 -.9303 .95373 -.8729 .02645 i .9983

"NO, (mol/1) -.71958 -.7609 j .3013 .991 -.97918 -.8729 .46422 -.8429

.28108 -.2214 -.7046 .341 -.27477 .02645 i .46422 1 -.0854 6&.c % .9802 i -.9905 -.7671 -.907 .9346 .9983 -.8429 -.0854 Source: Data analysis.

58 Strong reversible relation between:

I. DO, Temp(r = -.80604) that means increase of water temperature, decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in seawater (gas solubility decrease with temperature).

II. DO, BOD5 (r = -.9975) which agree with the suggestion stated that, increase of organic matter, reduce the amount of oxygen content in seawater. III. Temp, pH and salinity (r = -.998, -.879) so salinity and alkalinity can reduce the thermal effect by hot water discharge.

IV. DO, PO4, O&G and salinity (r = -.9303, -.9074) so O&G reduce the amount of oxygen in seawater, and excessive of PO4; decrease of dissolved oxygen in seawater too.

Strong direct correlations were between:

1 Temp, BOD5, O&G, PO4 (r=. 84558, .9802, .9669).

II. PO4, BOD5, O&G (r=. 9573, .9983). III. BOD5, O&G (r=.9346)

59 D Tvre Factory

The correlation matrix between the different parameters measured at the sites (table 15) Showed:

-Table (15) Correlation coefficients between pollution parameters at Tyre Factory s Water PH i Salinity DO BODj VO4 NO2 SIO4 O&G I

"; •••arameters temperature(c '00 (Mg/1) (Mg/1) (Mol/1) (Mol/1) (Mol/1) % |

| Water 1 ! -.9996 ! .603158 -.9796 .95807 .90421 -.8297 .7916 .9911 | ,viemperaturc( Iw I -.9996 1 ! -.58086 .97365 -.9498 -.8926 .81400 -.8082 -.9944

§ Salinity 1

'• .603158 -.5809 I -I -.7512 .80641 .8855 -.9457 l.OE-04 .4915 |

• (mg/1) -97959 . .97365 -.7512 1 -.9961 -.9719 .92499 -.65269 -.944 | i |; BOD. I (mg/1) .95807 -.9498 : .80641 -.9961 I .98884 -.9549 .58335 .9114 |

I (mol/J) .90421 -.8926 i .8855 -.9719 .98884 1 -.9884 .45596 .8399 j

|-NO2 (mol/1) i | j 1 -.82968 j .81400 | -.9457 .92499 -.9549 -.9884 1 -.31575 -.747 j i

; SIO4 (mol/1) i : | i .7916 I -.8082 I l.OE-04 -.6527 .58335 .45596 -.3158 1 .866 i ! 0&G% i i I .9911 : -.9944 1 .4915 -.944 .9114 .8399 -.747 .866 1 1 1 Source: Data analysis. 1

60 A strong reversible correlation were present between:

I. DO, Temp(r = -.97959) that means increase of water temperature decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in seawater (gas solubility decrease with temperature).

II. DO, BOD5 (r = -.9975) which agree with the suggestion stated that, increase of organic matter; reduce the amount of oxygen content in seawater.

III. Temp, PH r = -.998, -.879) alkalinity can reduce the thermal effect by hot water discharge.

IV DO, PO4, 0&G(r= -.97191, -.9441); so O&G reduce the amount of oxygen in seawater, and excessive of PO4, decrease of dissolved oxygen in seawater too.

Strong direct correlations were between:

I. Temp, BOD5, O&G, PO4 (r =,).

II. PO4, BOD5, O&G (r = .9884, .8399).

III. BOD5, 0&G(r=.91I4).

61 4.3 DISCUSSION:

Shargawi (1976) has said: there are very few industrial plants, which practice some kind of treatment (e.g.: Refinery, uses parallel plate interceptors and a lagoon) (23). The Tyre factory, Power plant (A) have no flow gauges to record quantity of effluent, the plants have no pretreatment plant The study area hasn't municipal treatment plant there is no garbage collection system, nor storm drainage facilities. The pollutants discharged from the two plants with high concentration. Theses wastes discharged directly into the sea at point extended less than 5m inshore and not more than 10m offshore, while the allowable distance for waste discharged is more than 1000m offshore (24). Thus local damage in marine life by this amount of waste may be great, if the waste rate by these plants continues therefore, the environment would possibly by affected adversely The study area lacks the presence of specified order or standards to control, the waste disposal into sea, land or air.

The three station (1, 2 and 3) differs from each other even in the watercolor if comparison to the open seawater, because the presence of H2S (25). Which produced from the reduction of sluphar (s) in the (S) salts when the oxygen (O) is absent due to the presence of the bacteria .H2S when it react with water give a week acid that reduces the pH-value it may reach (8.79 •6.81). May change gradually the alkalinity of seawater and disturb the tolerable environment, since any change in the pH of biological cell effect the rate enzyme controlling physiological processes (19).

62 The strong direct relation ship between DO, pH (r = .97365, .840952) at the Tyre Factory and Power Plant (A) respectively, indicate that variation in pH has no effect concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater fig (9).

IRG(9) Effect of dissolved oxygen on pH at study area

- POWER PLANT(A) TYRE FACTORY

But pH has strong reversible correlation with oil and grease (r = -.9944, -.9905) Tyre, Power (A) respectively, which implied that alkalinity can be dimished or shifted when oil and grease is increase fig (10).

Fig (10 ) Effect of oil and grease on pH of seawater at study

The salinity of the water also differs from the open sea it is about (31-41 ° /,„) in the

station while it is (39-31 ° /oo) in the open sea. Tidal current drove the wastes and winds to more than 60 Km on shore along Port Sudan town coast and from visible thin layers on the sea surface probably affecting in physically and chemically. Port- Sudan located in the arid zone of a subtropical region so during any month of the year hot and warm liquid waste or coolant water added to seawater should not increase the temperature more than (2-5 °C) above the temperature (26°C). This is

63 because many organisms live only below 30°C while at 35°C many may not survive more than 24 hr (18). More than 52 * 103 nvVday combined coolant water were discharged from studies industries Tyre, power plant (A) with temperature higher than ambient temperature by (6 —12 °C) these deviation in ambient temperature may approach a thermal death point for submerged algae. Complete damage and destruction of natural marine communities may arise as a result of this rise in ambient temperature (17). The temperature effect in the shallow water is so clear which helps in the evaporation the moisture concentration and the concentration reduction of the dissolved oxygen, which interpretative the presence of pollutants in comparison to the other areas (fig(ll)).

Fig (11 ) Effect of water temperature on dissolved oxygen at

\ ' „"• J \ "• -li'i'.V,'* »i3?

JP*—f T»HC FACTORV ^ -•—POWgRPUW

£ *i*'ysfWteS*itt *s

30 35 Water tmvMin

Temperature measurement along the study area showed higher value at power (A), but decreased linearly from the point of waste and coolant water inlet (fig (12)).

41 39 *'•?* ",*«• 37 Water 35 temperature 33 31 • ••, ,..... 29

-, -." 27 J- t

25 — ' ' ' 'f"" ' ' - Ti ' • T 2 Stations

64 Strong direct correlation was found between temperature rise and amount of oil and grease in seawater (r =. 9911, .9802) at Tyre, Power (A) respectively, which with the statement that increase of oil and grease discharged will rise water temperature fig (13)

Fig (13 ) Effect of oil and grease on water temperature at study ".-.•i- »,:».^V „.,!/ ; -1

^td.^1^

40 -, WATER TEMPoc 35

^ POWER PLANT(A) 30

25

And hence increase the BOD in seawater (r = .9114, .9346) at fig (14).

FK2 (14 ) Effect of oil and greas« on oilganlc matter at study area v -',>

14

12 '---••^ 10 - 4 sis 8 'yf^- ^SP^RSW(A)' .• - BOD (mg/l)"

2 _

0 - 0 2 4 8 S 10 12 14 16 18 20 O&G%

AH pollutants introduced in the seawater has a negative impact in the concentration of dissolved oxygen (fig (15) since the waste contains great amount of oil and grease finely divided substances and oxidizable solutes,

65 Fig (15) Effect of oil and grease on study area

6.5

6

55 DO(mgA)

45

4

35

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 O&G%

The available oxygen can be consumed which contribute to the chemical and biological oxygen demand change in dissolved oxygen concentration by the pollutive substances increased with increase in organic waste discharged. This relationship decreased linearly as we move from source of waste up to offshore (fig 16).

F•|G< 16>_EFFECT OF DlS^Ol-YEPJJXlGIRmP^S^iNia^lKHE ISIURY^BEAj

14 -,

12 -

10 -

-7-^—TTRE FACTORT 3OD (mg/l) a l^-«^-POWER PU«NT(A) '

4 -

2

0 - 3 4 5 6 7 DO (mg/l)

There are many reasons for the reduction of the oxygen percentage as: the bacteria, which oxidize organic matter to give H2S, (Plankton respiration operation). The dissolved oxygen inversely proportional to the salinity, the temperature and directly proportional to the pressure. The concentration of the dissolved oxygen in comparison to past concentration of the same area gives an idea about the pollution that the concentration in the polluted area is less than the other areas, which means that there is no treatment for the thermal pollution. The living creatures as warms which live in shells can be live in an aerobic environment (26). On the other hand the bacteria can live in a concentration less than

66 .34mg/l. Direct relationship was found between DO, B0D5, temperature and oil and grease (r - -0.99609, -0.9759, -0.9441) at Tyre factory and (r = -0.99758, -0.80604, - 0.9074) at Power plant (A) respectively see table (18), which agree with statement that the high temperature more is rapid bacteria action that decompose the waste and consequently the demand for oxygen is greet (27). The measurements of dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater along the study area showed the maximum value recorded as we move from source of waste up to offshore while the minimum value was found at the inlet of the waste see table (12,13) and fig (17).

Fig (17) Change

7 1

6.5

6 DO (mgtffc ^-TYRE FACTORY 5 '"-*— POWER PLANT

4

3.5

3

Stations

The biological life decrease once the oxygen amount decreased. Unless the anaerobic creatures present in the absence of the enemies. In the absence of the oxygen the anaerobic digestion take place, which gives the toxic H2S that give rise to 3 mg/1 BOD5 (19). The allowable BOD5 is 30mg/l (18). The BOD5 measures show that it is so high in 1, 2 stations in comparison to three station, fig (18)

67 Fig (18 ) Change of organic: matter along the study area j^',,' ~

14

12

10

BOD (m£/l 6 4 2 0

Stations

The BOD5 concentration is decreasing in station 1 with linear function with distance from the pollution area (thermal effect), for decrease of oxygen in this station and the increase biological epically the amount for the machine cooling. The concentration of the nutrients in 1, 2and 3 stations is for phosphate, NO2, SIO4, cause quality. The high concentration of PO4 in station 1 is due to digestion of the organic matters and the digestion of the solid wastes, which differ from the open sea. As a clear in table (12, 13) studies factories are blamed for discharging large amounts of oils in their effluents and this could affect the sea life. Measurement of the oil pollution along the study area showed that high concentration in excess of 19-14 % of oil and grease at inlet wastes of Power plant (A) and Tyre factory and minimum value were 5.8-3.31% at offshore site that means the percentage oil and grease decreased linearly from source of waste up to offshore. This concentration of oil and grease measured along the study area were above the allowable and permissible limit (14). The strong relationship between oil and grease, pH and dissolved oxygen (r = -.9944, -.9441) Tyre factory, (r ==-.9905, -.9074) at Power plant (A) respectively see fig (10, 15), implied that when oil and grease increase in surface seawater pH, DO might be reduced. Strong direct correlation was found between temperature rise and the amount of O&G in seawater (r = .9911, .9802) at Tyre, Power (A) respectively which with the statement, that increase of O&G discharged will rise water temperature fig (13) and hence increase the BOD5 in seawater fig (14).

68 CHAPTER (5)

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSIONS

1. The study area lacks the presence of specified order or standards to control, the waste disposal into sea, land or air.

2. The mismanagement of wastes handling, collection, treatment, and disposal in Port Sudan area is evident.

3. The wastes discharged from study area directly into sea at point extended less than 5m inshore and 10 m offshore, while the allowable distance is more than 1000m offshore.

4. The relationship between the pollutants parameters were reducing linearly from contaminant sources up to offshore.

5. All pollutants introduced in the seawater have negative impact in the concentration of dissolved oxygen.

6. Hot water effluent (sizable about 52* 103 m3/day) from study area was considered as the main source of thermal pollution and it's was found above the ambient seawater temperature by (6 —12 °c). Complete damage and destruction of natural marine communities may rise as a result of rise in ambient temperature.

7. The concentrated amount of BOD in power plant (A) wastewater had an immediate effect (BOD==12.03 mg/1) than the BOD concentrated from Tyre factory (BOD=6.18 mg/1).

70 8. Oil pollution is the most widely spreading pollutant close to the contaminant sources especially at power plant (A). Measurement of oil pollution showed high concentration in excess of 20.4% O&G at power plant (A) while the minimum value was .43% at Tyre factory.

9. The uncontrolled discharge from Industrie!;, ships, and base- land destroys the beautiful beaches, also the indication of the effect of pollution visibly shown in the damaged shells and reefs collected along the beaches.

10. Municipalities and local organization for the conservation of the environment have passed laws to try to combat marine pollution thus acknowledging the fact that marine pollution is, indeed, a serious issue. But those alone cannot solve the entire problem. Therefore, must become familiar with them and learn about ways for disposing harmful industrial wastes.

11. The technology that currently exists; the years of local environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.

12. Numbers of international conservations have been drafted to protect marine, estuary, fresh surface and ground waters from the discharge of certain dangerous substances;

It also appears that more help is required from the scientific community on the effect of pollutions on the environment .In fact, it can be said that if there were appositive effect of a serious waste it would be the furthering of scientific knowledge research.

71 RECOMMENDATION

In order to avoid negative impacts of industrial wastes in characteristics of seawater, at marine environment, the following recommendations should be taken:

1. Local environmental legislations are needed for control industrial pollutants.

2. The municipalities and local organization for the conservation of the environment must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion.

3. The corrective technical action must be improve to minimize the damage arise from hazardous substances and oil pollution.

4. Awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent marine pollution.

5. To draw the attention of factories mangers and waste disposal laborers about waste effects on environment; special marine environment.

6. Thermal pollution along the coast of Port Sudan town resulted by effluent of hot water from the Tyre Factory and Power Plant (A) mentioned before, can be minimized by the following alternative: Firstly: cooling towers must be used to remove the excess heat before discharge into seawater (fig 19).

Secondly: warm water can be discharged more than a mile offshore and discharged into bottom, thus fewer

72 immediate effects on aquatic life. Thirdly: cooling coil covers the discharge line (fig 20).

When the leakage oil discharge with cooling water must be use water pumped to oil/water separators, lagoon (fig 21). But in case of oil pollution coming out in leakage from ships or from any other ways in big quantities, must follow take against that the following steps: 11 Spades or buckets. • Chemical gelling agents like (chocolate mousse agents). • Control of mosquito breading sites in Port Sudan town. • Microbial degradation.

There must be significant attention paid by factories management and concerned parties to protect environment to stop pollution by adding reasonable processing units and control instead of closing down factories. Such additional units should be complying with environmental legislations and regulations in order to achieve optimum industrial development followed with safe and clean environment.

73 FIG( 19 ) COOLING TOWER

air in

sprays of hot water Ss

74 TMm

75 76 REFERENCE 1- Bishop, PL (1983) "Marine pollution and its control" MC Graw Hill Company. 2- Suilman, A. A. (1975) "Issue in the economic development of the Sudan" Khartoum University Press, Sudan. 3- Nimeri, S. M. (1976) "Industry in Sudan" An introduction to the Sudan Economy. ELHASSAN, ALI MOHAMED (Editor), Khartoum University Press, Democratic Republic of the Sudan. 4- Schroeder, J. H. (1982) " Aspects of the coastal zone management at the Sudanese Red Sea, characteristics and Resources, pollution. Environmental Research" UK, IES, Khartoum. 5- WHO Report Committee, (1971) "Solid Waste Disposal and Control" WHO technical Reports Series No.484, Geneva. 6- Salvato, HA. (1977). "Environmental engineering and sanitation." 2nd ed. Wiley interscience-London. 7- El Hassan, B. M. (1977). "Impact of industrial waste on the environment" Industry and Development. No. 11 Industrial Research and Consultancy Institute. Khartoum, Sudan. 8- Clark, J. W. , Warren, V. Jr. and Mark J. Hammer (1977) " Water supply and pollution control" 3rd ed. IEP-Dun Donnelley, Harper and Row, New York, U.S.A. 9- WHO Report Committee, (1971) "Proposal Quality Standards For Raw Water" WHO Report of 1971 series, Geneva.

10- PERSGA, (2001) "Country Report" Strategic Action Programmer For the Red Sea and Gulf OF Aden. Washington, U.S.A. 11- Kelly, S. T. (1974) "Research For The Study Of Ocean Waste Disposal" Charless F. MC Farlane, Marine Technology Society Proceedings (10th Conference 23-25 Sep) Washington, U.S.A. 12- Nasir, D. (1981) "Unpublished Annual Report On Marine Pollution" Port Sudan, Sudan. 13- http://www.Isn.auc.dk env_mgt/7sem/Minin%20proiects/Mini%20pro)ect%20group%2039.

78 14- Laws, E.A. (1981) "Aquatic Pollution" John Willey and Sons, New York. 15- Smith, A. Nelson (1973) "Oil Pollution And Marine Ecology" Department of Zoology University college of Swansea Elek Science, London. 16- Johannes, R. E. and Wood, E. J. F. q975VTropical Marine Pollution" series, 12,Elsevier scientific company, New York 17- Zeirnan, J. C. (1975) "Tropical Sea Grass Ecosystem and Pollution" Tropical Marine Pollution, Elsevier scientific Publishing Company, New York. 18- Hammer, M. J, and Mackichan, K. A. (1981) "Hydrology And Quality Of Water Resources" John Willey and Sons, New York. 19- Dix, H. M. (1981) "Environmental Pollution" John Willey and Sons, Toronto. 20- Marcos, S. A. (1970) "Oceanography and Marine Biology" in physical and chemical oceanography of Red Sea, George Allen and UNWTN Ltd., London. 21- Abu Giddier, Y. B. (1983) " Present Standing and Future Projection" RSC-Environmental Programmer, Jeddah. 22- FAO, (1975)"Manual of Methods in Aquatic Environment Research" Part I, Paper No. 137, FAO Fishers Department, Rome. 23- Shargawi, F. (1976) "A report on the Industrial Wastes in the Sudan" WHO-EMRO Publications. 24- Losankiy, V. R. and Ladyighenskiy, V. W. (1981) "Institutional and Technical Measures for Protecting Water against Pollution" in UNEP Training Course USSR. 25- Bashir, A. A. (1990) " Pollution of Solid Waste in Port Sudan harbour" Msc, Institute of Environmental Studies, U of K, Khartoum., Sudan. 26- Richard, A. and Davis, Jr. (1971) "Principals of Oceanography" Wesley Company.

79 27- Mines, L. G. (1973) "Environmental Issues" "Water Pollution" W.W. Norton and Companying, Inc, New York. 28- Mackay, D. W. (1976) "The Abatement of Oil Pollution" Coastal Pollution Control. WHO and DAN1DA, Geneva.

80 APPENDICES -:1999 l^-^lill ^ jl^JU ^i^di ^ jjl j^Uoll .l.i^niVi i jaliJI ^

^ ,- >^' \-> all 4jjL«_xdj 4 'n \\\ 4.jLa^j l^'i'il i. QJ 4j» iiV-.ll Jljlj all 4 i ^"i* i ^5 j"11 ii n (^j-^ ^ ' •"*' ^ **' " ^}'M (J^^ JJSJOU (^i. ojLall oiA jj>5 (Jj oj_kali . ( 59 ^j 6^- )

—.1975 A i.»l apLJl a

i _'.-% ^oj LiixJ! -,UJ! 4-1.1 ^ill (j'^7- " jA (j^jjlall IJI^J ^j OJL-U^I _jl

4 'i i ill 4 -. . ^> -,\^ i is"" ^>-ULX_AJIJ (_JILXJI%\ » • ~-^j) ; i^J I

Q AJJXX.oil t u 11' i ] 'a^njl ft ^ ll_i3_i~uJj_Ji>Qj) _^ 4j fi 11-~» /\ U l-\ a \ i ii 1) n ^ ji_i ^ ^ i ii /i j) « i ^-\ n * 1 < i' |

4JUJI j-aLi (j_9JUll IAA

^J-a J ^ ' -"** (_s-3 ^-JJ^ jl ^-liLoj jl 4 )l L /-1 dl jl£ i > (ji (JxIiiiJ jl )i^i) Lax j-> ul jl j' J^VI jl j—j\h~\ II jl LAJ—^'JJ o^Lall oAA ^-J^JJ (^ CJJJLX LaS . "(_J ji-VI (_>ialjC.^I ^ OUAII yLjiiVI (JLOJIIUJJI jl (jljJ ^Jl

_>^ L>4 4 1 s-\jLal\ A)-\ »^i)l 4J-i\vall (jj ilill aj) ^

jjjUill \li>> ' _ '7- j*; cij^L_all ruljill ^ OJJLJ! Ij .jjjjill Aiajjj 4'njll 4 -> . <-\

. lA Jaiiil 4_j j j jj-all dll p I ^»

4 -> 1 -Q (_p i,?-^-' (j_^^ *• • '> J' Sjiijl 4 iir. 1 ' i ....-I 1' La I^A j 4_i^.j>ij fij^l. ^.\l ^cj| ^111 j\ (jjpllll l!lfti L_13.JAJ OJ_)Lall dlLj j'l

A_i ^jl) (ji L '^ 1 La (_5i& Aia 4_pUill Sjaill ^ ! , >. ;l (J^lil (_J.ill ^Ijll ^J Jl (j a ^j \jj\

4^ • ^ 4 \-s I J_i£jLl) 1 6 ojLall Lgi LJJ-'J^ is^^ ^ -A'ni\l ^JC. 4 hM-Kill (Jj.'"' ^ JJ jjjlill ^ (Jlxloll r»LxJl 4^ . ^11 (jA^ 1 ;ijulllll 4 , ^,. ^-^-i^ll (jbJll (_JA^1 UjLucLl

32- ."IJ

» '1 • *-"^l ' 'V-^ ' -^^ j CLlLiliiil. (J>-a (j^aLk!lll hi. '.a t _ \\-s'\ j (_g j~> ill Ji .(1987 'J A_<5 i_jj Ju_l LajJ Jll^Jjj CJJJ>1LI dj_jlu! ft JJ )->-> (jl ll 1

CJ_JIUI ti Til7» i . (_J^.l uJl

j 4 ^-k , >.ll dyj>l Jj

?- 1 u .ill !-£_> (=>_^J ^jJjl i* I' l-il .^'ll j) '" 'I J I ^ •» » (j| 1 ^S (2) I \J ijZ^'y} ^ Jt¥~ J L_lSI^-ajl L_lj£_J '^^ ^'••rt ' ^. '* '"•'»' _JJ' "^"' ' 4_2>.L] u A_a \l!t> j 41 )->''.i Llll'nul (^ ^)jijj ^Loilj aJA a )'"'."' (Jillft Jj- .-ill \ (jjjl^ijl *> i Q "'"i p-^C-J ^ ^jlU/ill 4_ia|^yi]| 3J^.J aJlC.

LajJ L>SIJ-^J LjlJ_^jiJ jjj ^Vn >^ (^i (jlS uAl Jj ki^ill _JAJ II f 3 J A-a Jjii! UiLji LA£ IJIAJ (J,"_>i.Sil AJAL]1 CILSLLLAIIJ CLlXJ^iill j ^~- • -^1 t Qj' -^ dll—iLi-o I J.\ .^i^j I JJ ^ 1 I.I-\IA JLOJ Ifl IT -^ dlUK ^ill J (JLDLj^ill 4_^JljLaj )Of|-% 1 j3j)J-) La Jj ^.j »J C. CjLrjLx^i Jl ?r \*\-\J _y>y£\ I^Aj (jl Jjiull j^gi 'lij'i ill j 4j\-\LmJI 4 \\ ill Cj_jt] IjA—Laj J l-i-^

. 4_j '. o t—• ^ o 4 i /\l . i.^> 1 4 />..)! ^ q 4 T \ \... jl i\'-^ ij^iS i _>Li». (Jiuu 4 q l-i "i-all ^ U^ij AJ (^1 AJJA^JI Ajcljj SI djl^J__La]l ,jl (4)

^1 v ^ .Q \ £ *•* "^ (_5 ^' >£ J> *-&' VIJ dj\ i .ll jjj (_^1 (j qjlj Ll aluj tCi \J l^lj) JU_LxiJI (j^Q 1 K 0 \ 1 IN t " U 1 ^S

l ..,11 4M

IJLUII 4_jl3j S 1998 4'

J^J q l-i Q"' \ 1 4^) J) r i .i }l 4 S ulul ,-Jl 1 g 0 ' 'II (_J ft*^*"^ A*_J I ^ \Q| Uflul A.AJI ^ f\ ' " " 4 ) '^ ^i I)

4_pLiIi| 4.L..1..,iyg (^j (% 1 QQ4 Wiin 4,1 JAU

tlll£jjill ^^Ic (jl (jjjlall tlllj (j-a (4)13 0^1 JI •"' •

jVI (3aj 4-iLii!l CJLLUJI ^ (_5'LJ

:(Draft)2001 liiul'A iUtLiHuikU

i!il£ 'ill lg_LJ_j-a ^h ^j I^Li. A^jlA 4_iJiV ?-j^joix Aaiaaill oj ^jjl ^jj ill jj

i" il e ' Vi t a\'i jl -

jLLl'l tilliS J 4 ilia') CJLJI&C (_jl 4_UJ_JLO-

^ * '.'ij ^_Jj-^ jj j^ il ji _^-JJI jl _J"\_nl jl ^>ill

v 11^ '.] 4 \i-.a*i\l CiLiLajJl ^uujjLa-Q Ale i ^ ijU .i.^/l JjJaSlj 4_jlixjl ^ < ; -—• J -^ U p Ujl

• (jJH I Jjll I iJLljA^. VT- 4 . >-ij j^j j 4_:Q\ > ^-il j _J^)-ijJI 4_ILJL!!I] JLO JI^JIJ jl (jj-alj 0 Jll-g ii iJ^ 3J

jl 4 I ^""i ^ ^11 ^ i n 1 ll ^JLLAJ LJ-^I-S p-l j-SJ (j ^ • >Wi 4_JJ1 \J -»jj ij

J^1 ?' j ^

j jLaxJ xl O-Q]I il_iii.l Ai

J ) - '—»Q • f*_y*- - jz- j _J 4_JLiadl 4 >'\ i ill _jlii^l i -il » n • ,il ^ l_5all

. 4 MS . .^1 , Q V-il 'i /\U

(jj SJ (j! I >J=IJI q 4 \c.\ ^'--sl o 4 T- 1 'i. y-< 4_LOJJ djl A^.1 , _3 *_2 a>aJI ,'va ^ V °"i• nV I oLc.1 )—a liijA S

. • aV-il "^^i|1 i-Mr^ ,*•! L,\\y £, \*\\ 4_uijj , QV-ii*ioil t-M n i ** M-^ 11 ^i t**M^ ,I 'ii *i ^nj|

4_i2lijl (_jl f. AJ AJO jl (_JJA>-OJ (_jl TXJ « AJ &

ji ( base line study) AJ—JJJ 4J—^LJ 4—^ijj

lr,

4 Q 1-,'• r i ijL^.ljTLall CLJUILUJIJ JJ il-.ll J I'II M jj^. ll 9-\jj)I

* 4 , -^ ^ ^ r \\ i"" \\ * ^ 11 ' i^ 1 ; uf~^ - Q *\. ^-*i ^ 4 i ^1 ,".\ , g <\ r. \~i 4 U^ 4 )—11 >"?i) 4_ijj JUA^O p J j (] \ 3

l ) ' • '-> J- j^3j 4 -^ ^lS/>jj L I'I^" 4_ii_lSj 4 .-i"";-^ ^11 -,L_o3 2 IJ -A_JAJ O J 9jIwJl dll '»> "VI

. I j ^jj Ufc -^-^J P^y [j^ J J-jjHui Aijli (j jS (jl j c t_s-J-lJ

Ai& i * il Vi\ *\-\ \ j| (_JJLLUJ ^1 ^-N'I. ,il t_jjj^.j is" ^ "*• '^ ^ "^ O^1 0 uiuull S-iLajl ' " ' • •-''

j^i (Jjiia. jl oJ )LLi jl 4_j^j^jjij jliil CJJJL^. I i')7>*n <" \\-\ \ 4_Jlj^JJp| CJL^._^II-

, f I • >>j . '--ill jj 4_j »• c^.n^jl Ji^JI jjl ••>' a^c- SL&l^o A-xj t JjLull fl U-Vll 4j|j| j| '"'N

p. WL.iLO (J^ix-J pLiaJ) AJC ajLall dilj (ja 4_ijLlll o^ii

LQ ^ ^ T -L Y _-—\ \ 1 I '.. J i, ' r, *\ s,\\ c) A.J.C-I ] Ul Q! ^ 1 n1'1'' / ^h' \ -O 11 1 t J-^ rt i ^"l"Y Q 1 H|) A , i M\_^.JL

OLLAII *-

-1 '• i r-i il ^^i 1 J j'r- i—ijLt!La]l (j^LJl (3^J ^g ''"> ij-^iiVill I_)J3 I^J ^JUoo aj J jl j CJLI__LQJ«JI

, 4 1 UiQ*^ II CljLlLaxJI *^r u Vn 4_^i_i3|lixi Q 4 ^ . >il Q

TCJI jj (jx (jnk'l (jjl 4_XJIILO AM j'wi'.a AjhVul CLlLjiLaj«jl (_)JJJLS^I cs__ic ^ £1

J.l.-ii i (J-JJLJ (_JV LUA^ jl Lulii. V j'l i n.a jj£jj ji^ ll ^j 4 l^-.'. ,1O|| AIJ

UaLi) 33-22 i

JJj ni I ijjj i i W < jl (_^JIAJ i I I) jlj.ii.

. 4_j j^. ill JJ 4_ij-ul

l j 4_jjr^ jl'i j 4jj^jJ| (JJC.1 j-oJI j i_ njUVI ia ;lr\ j (Jiill (JJLUJJ (JAxlj LJ-^^ lillJiS

-»°i j LJJ Ax- j.>ij^gjl Alj^all X-O (jtlalllj al Juaj-aV I j (jSlajlj ^-J_J "iJjl (j a

• 4'n ill LIJ JJJ dijA^ =Ac (jLajjJ U :1961 rii 961 f»lc

^ i ^IJ (j . ( 49 fSj t3^1o)

:2001 ^i iuil j% ilL ,>-Jolftil d- 1961 iJ^^ UJ r^J^ U

:,ol937 ^ ""I /i

cJI j i'uuJlj A^ajlxJ! oj^L-i^JiS. <•' ilil-v f, ^ya dilj __y£. i aj.^i AJ«_I1_^1 AJJ13 ^j

aa (20) SJUJI ^lii.1 i—ilLk (JAJ CjLji

j 1 orJ, >."t ^gj'^ 50 I 50 j>3j

-^1979 ; ^ ^ (22)

^lixaJl

•Jr • V->' L_iS^a jl 4 ni,,; j_J}( ?- Lajjill ;>-iC lp- 4jjQ]| l^j \ja2 ,^3 '" ' • ^"' LaS

4li r\\a ^pA aViA (>lj f.lii«jl aLl^ (^ l^-U ^JOUJ TT.^WII

' >-> La "' ^ Lilu_s.i^aj LgjliLjLQ djl \j.i [J^' (jl PLLUJLJ Jjjiu U,9 ^ '' '^'" U^ ''"-

.1. 'ij, .n^ll (j-a c. j^i. (_$! Lg\c jl JJ jl jl^al jl CjLjlii (_$i p. UaJ] (j« (jLJI dixA^ LaS i^ La JSj aLj-cilj jLL-:'' (*0l& iJlAil ji tjiJJI 5juljll Ifrjjii ^ (22) fljLoll CLujJI

' i7> ijl j jig -N (_•••. ;l ajJajij LLIDJ I Oji /-1j]| (_g JJ.MLO CLi^Il (jLuj^l L^_ijLi. ^jx "ij_g-u JJT-j V Ajl LT^ *-^Lajl '-^ o^9 *_)^V^^ ojiiijl du^aj

1974 4A. J u^ p t^ ^ 250jj^ V ^l>j Jj'^l sj-li ^J 4j -^ 100

( 51

>^ V^r "~ ^ jW-J '•^J ^] ~ 2000 ^L«J (JJ

^1 Ajjjllj Aa^ilaVI dibaLaj^l (jj;^'; JUJI AJ

1 ^ --. 11 »_^i \ jUiulLj 4 i j-x ill 4*i nil 4 il *-v I A^a^jKsi ^Ajljajl JlLkjIj ^jn • n j/1 • • -^JJ

lI <

j-J — SJLJI CJIJ ^ (5) SjJiall ^ji LoS — Vm»ill CLLOII Ij) 4_J

! jl ji JJii j! ^^UIJ oliJLall j^liJIj L^_i 'LL^laJI TJL^LJI J\ ^^LJI JajjJJI ji

' ^ \^'j Lji f-^-JJ jl lft>.\)^"n Ls^ll SjLuiJIj iAjk. tlljl£ La LJ]]

3 (JjLaJ isj\\ jjLuiiJl jl t 'ijlK'")!! jl jljjJa^l jl jjjJaJI IJlA (jLij

j (j-aLkj^VI Jlil 4.Aa& QiJ 252 SjLaJl (^3 p jjjLall -laJJ 1 aS

jJlal \S\ ual j^juJI .)li| J] ^oAJ ^_iLu>,l£ 4JJ^JJ| 4'PIH jlil x^o l_lj 2^ ^ !l Lj i^ l ^liiVI c^^" Aial_jAjl (jC JLJLUSI 4 IJ^ ill 4'mil jU^, i J^_J » . >>j iJxJ )'-ij"ii (jLaC-l ^ l_j-oJbLui (jjJJ . ( 52 ^j J^ ) (5) xn\\ - 253 D

:IO1975 d-L 4_IJLCJI (jJlLull jLaj'unI ^_l

L T^-jj. ^i""n V] AJJ J liiLuajl jl LgA'u.-i yl JJ~^ jl AjLtkj-o (_^l A. s\-\ jl aS 4 , ^-I""I-N ^11 . 4 f\n 1 Jill OJJJILJ jlj*JaVI jl 4'nil ^3 tljjXl CIJIA^.1 LjjLuJ (j-o (j_J^-J

4-1 j^. 'il 4*p MI (^j-lc 4 h^la^ajl" (jljjc. '' I-N'Ij p-jjjji^jl lAA (j-a 4_»_1jlli]| o^LaJI dl • ^-1''

'VMII JjLlLtC. J yJ^ajll J CLlLjliill (jx y^.K^li j 4_^.^Lajlj (3^-J Je-^1 (_jl

. j% MU (_3i)tlL

P _y ^i 4_JL

j\

J a VVV (jl i 'l^H iJlLa ^Jc. AjjUill UjJ^3 ^i dll^-jl j <_)jj£La jjjl ^ lc. (J_

j Ail i '^i b (_5_>i-l djLiwalj^i (_jl jl pLull jl oLiidl lilt .-»>^j jU_il (jc.

f. 1 'n 11 c] ft 1 1 • 1 "\ ^ 1) 0 i& ' /? 'T ' '' '' " _lj! tlo

^j U^ '"^ J (jllilalll diliiLj (jlj^iC '" '-^"' p JJ>AXL11 1A& (_J-« 12

^ 4ji p JJAJI lisi (j^ 13 ojL

jjij .1) AlDlj jjl>") V oAxJ (J->.M]IJ jl 4.jW i_ill 500

V si

jl (_Jjvil AlJLJ t ,;-,j\\ o^lc-Li 4-ilLk>ill AJJJLQ LSJ&J ^ij (3^.

^j s-ij. s-,\s\\ ••^cl^xj! j(_jj,(J_jC: iZU^ Uj;"- ' (jl (jj-^ 4ilLk_ajl (jc j^^JJ (jj-lll j )>^—>U (jc j'^ ij-."ill

/jl 4 ',lr. , j ^ aj—OLXQ oji» Uof^ 1 ^7 J\\~*. 1 jl >. ^1 iaj A ^N-v ^U < *" UQN uaS - 4 Q u ^ nil 3 \QQ11 ^ 1 A I \r.

(jl 1 4 i J^-oil djJii. LlS 4_bojLLo O-lo (_jV JlJj-al] ^r ' J • *-»*! jl Aj^^i.^ ^j| (^lLtJ jl

Jj^JI 4^. ji]| (jjj LS-^^ •Uiu) (J-L_3 (j « (jj jUill Ijl ft. ill! sJLi-Q j al ^^ a j k"'j .( 53

:1976 a

» 'il • ••->"H 4_al^L -j^ij-kjjll 4^h'i Jl ^K VI I5 UUil lj >l. >illl « ., .h j i>A ^jjjUill Ijl & (j a l_i_} gJ

.-il^allj djLuii'i 2 I 4_XJ_AJOIJ djul>uJa » , ^>j) j

Lj-13 aiivluaj (JLaC-l (_jl jl jiJjJlj (j^iull (jLaclj AJJL^J jj^iljC.^ pljjl (JllLlLaOj 4_AJLJ

_j\ ^X-l ). ^-1 _j! (_g jl 7.") p jjjJi-a (_>^l__>c-V _jl o ^ 7-"*'" cW-^ (_> j JJ'''" j (j.-s will • * A *' "i~-

iJT Jo '^ J LJ J^ '" J (-SJ^^ c_JsJjl (jLaclj a-9L.LLa.il (jLiC-lj tljLiLiJI (Jl -^r.

. (_g J^-il Aj'l^ ajl 4 ^ • ^-ill (JLa£-lj| 1 ^ ^S-x ^^3 l^aj ^jii^Lajlj J^-liaJI j l__

, ui ')k')\\ 9 1 ii wi^/l 4.ixLu a 4_)Ls Jl yu\Sj 9 . ).an uJI (']IJOIJ 4 •i\\. ^n'\

^j^JI jl ijLJl (j_^li!l ^-i^Lj US ijAoUl A^U Ajlijll jxi

JJ US . oLjuiiojl (._ IT>1 • si Ag ^l^o (^ 4 nun (_>iLxij laj i^. I'I'IJ jj ^ i^-«jl

] 4 _u.n j j 1 \\ • s-\ <\ \\ 4 -\ ' j j) 4 11 \ll 4 -. . .-i j ajl3 9 1 \y /j

JS p-^1^ Aj (jl LSJ^ ^AAijj]! oj (J-^VI djl . ^1 . ,Sy<\

JJ j Kill Jj y "" ;

A. }-»•*> ,VQ1 1 —3 diLiliu (JLii l-i)l j.^i j AJ| » >^j —4

j LilU». CLll.1iJ.all

=^j

jj ?ool ~7

_j A I. ^ill (")l> 4 Q)' < i-. 11 i " il n -*. \\ ijjj AJJ \Lo 9 Aoia_c JI • .1 *M 4 1 I

J ^=^Vil (_5jJjua-

. A j'n ill 7C-al .Lux, AJ ^ -12 iJ ~~ 1 3 ^ ..-. uAz. SJiiL^Jl ^J AJLI^I^J f\Ja\\ ^i ^g.Wnll c5a^il (JUUASI .i&L^n] J L

60 *3_J LS-^^ ) ^"^ ll>J-1-1^!'' j' ^IjJjul *J^J jjL^Iu V Ola] (j> mill j

P'II'QII IAA* ^Jl all AJlSl^Qj a J-A-V^I j-v Ail 4_JV

uu^ul A ll -\ ll LijLj AJJJJI 4 -V H-I /J ojli]] IJiAj t a \C* 33 a 2001/3/2o

u i i- \ -n *• i • \\ *• u i -: i \\ -i i \ c . A \\ M \\\

ti-)l -ll * t \l«* l"*«l" •• •* •* t """-"It"* \\ \ ' \\ il_UI i i 1 \ )) _3 C> L_LQJ) L 1 aJJ I \) n \

jl AAJI A -,. ^.1 ULJl 4ji^J]l (jljJc i-i^' 16

(jl^J c.U>-.C-i (JA (Liixll Ai-vllU (j^ui ^A

A-i >^i -i *>->") (__r^^ djLj JILULAII j 4^aUrJI (jn..nVI A-J-iaj lg ~1

4 1. ^° ^_3 (j^jlHl J)L^.I LaS t(_5_^VI f»L^-a JUdstJlj 4* u\l 4 -^ . ^i It 4 In^l ^ ^]l ^j ^ . >.'j

(j;l ' r. ^j ,-> T' T^JIJJ j \..i-->j (jl ^jjjjil JjL^J 4^.3 Lc- plS-. I (jljAc. I'I -**i l oJll

^^jjj^lllj (j-AJI _j>kll! 4^s Liu 3a

.(61 ^J (_3^ la j Lt_« (jilljLJI jl LIJIJIOJ 4IL)LJ (jc. AJ ")J V oA^J (jr> mil jl jljjj i all

:1970 diinlai^lUlJa

LjJ ijjjji (jLa dUil Laajj 4jl-^.b ULLO

i''l • ^" (j-^j j

ij jiicl tdliSj o-iLuJI oj gj

(jjjLall j Jj-^l U^^^ -^'j^ (_53j l^jlr.

-:1937 J-UJa

4 ij^ )il i')l••>'")^11 J^Jtliijjij >). ^.11 -.)UT)1 yjjLa]| 1 jut, i »

l i.ljlj) (j__a 3 ^-}l

-j ^IJ. ^>'ill jj^a LilLi. (.\ (50)

1937 kl Port Sudan Harbour 1937

Article (20)

1. No dirt ashes or other refuse shall be thrown into the barhour. It shall be obligatory for any ship when so directed by the Port Authority to make use of any service which may be provided by the Port Authority for the Collection and disposal of refuse from ships at the rates laid down in schedule 1.

2. No oil spirit or inflammable liquid shall be pumped or discharged or allowed to escape into the harbour.

3. When required by the Port Authority a ship's water closets and latrines shall closed while the ship is in the harbour and at no time shall any refuse of filth or excreta be discharged from any ship upon any part of a quay.

4. Exhaust steam, water and other discharges permitted from a vessel shall be led down the side of the vessel to below the level of the quay by a hose of other effective appliance and all water and steam pipes efficiently. (51)

>1979 4i

LLJI ^i 4ifclij 22-

j^^ (1) IJLLLJ U-la i _ '1W"I VMJ.I Lol j)l J J

7

i 1 • \V. • U' ^-«->'' j V^-J o

Tt (2) -U 7T A I il I (3)

—J 3 La , ^L« I ^ i ^—11 —^ I

^u (4) pJ jl ^ -v jl a (_g

»_:^-N H»' (5)

lj -v 11 ^ lc (3J

Laj 1974 5^

siii ^J^ Sj jj =J ^ .2 (52)

Q

.4 l^Jl (1) -ii -^

a (2)

jj SJ .7

(_ji

c' I'I 3 -> H A ~K->1 \\ • -il

.55 (1) VI j>->H I^A /"-^JJ V J <-a^-aJl (_ya JxXj A \\'i. ni j-v-> II

(2) TJ jj^ S| >-ill IJA 4j| jlj Lo ^1

La l j'1 • -^^ sll jl jl (56)

^1972 4i

( 32/ «-J ) S

p la ^ oJi£l ^1

i'

200J ^

lJ .54

^"v ill OLIA CLu^JJ (_J^:O»_LJJ (_^1 'r-

97 f JJ ^ ^ ji jl Ulr- AiJli^Jl <1U.

i V ^II ji

jjJ i all SA . V-.3

. 4 -v U » A uc.

j^W^ *—JJJ j' '^'^Jj^ ^^ j' ^^° t-ljLjljj-v

.9 jl 1 ^-> a 4j3l^aj pLaSJ] (I J

-16

J5 M ^" -''•*-"'•' 1 ink , J

. ^ I%.-Ul -^S's'l aj_)j (j-a Ljj^iij .2 -3 .4

4 , ^, --1A ""T^II jl -v III (_^As>l 1 fl -"J- •''"' ~^-v ' (

4. \ -y j ^, 1, ,,, i yip. I i*

c 4 h'.La^all 4JLL^I ^J aUs

. A mil 4 > i /i A

' J

l ?^« &Lj «

4 •-. II •» ^ vie jl 4_^jL»^a I'I'K ^l^jjji 1^13 t_l_jC.^ya ^}1C- 4 ir.l'i. ^ i*il iU ^

UkJ) A^ilt .16

LlLJl 4 Will ) LJ-^^J AJJJI 4^.,^! AJJVJ AiJ j—jj^ll yj

4n^ll 4-v . ^ ^k. 4 U,^ Lo ^j-oa_i LJ^ilA^M (jjJ j 4'ji'l 4 -\ i ^-i i L^lxJJ _)i.l (jjJ^S (_^l ^1 4 1-^^aj ojjL-iajl Ttjlj lJl

>^-i p^^' (j^l LI >i M (^JJI 4 '1-x ^11 JA\ j£ I j p^jl^jjjl o ^j_i_il tijl ^ i < M 4JUIJ © (' . ') Alull 4^ . ^ \r. 4U,a

? 17

jnM (jl jj>J

jSxSl . 18

ut-a (jjljjl :f1970 k

!iLj>a 12 Ai ji.<«•>.\ t^^isVI j^Jl -^ (5)

7T i^i_^a La£ ll -Li. (jx (Jjjl ill J sJl

(7) 1 (• ^ 11 , ^s, AJL42J

^j «1 (ti

(9)

(_y9 L>°Vlj 4^.^-111 J

s^UJI ^jk^ (10) iJ (jj Sj .1

1 no Mil

L$J (63) fSj Jai.

1937/6/15 ) f>1937 il

An ordinance to regulate marine jfisheries

3 No craft shall be employed for the purpose of fishing in territorial waters unless a valid license, hereinafter referred to as a fishing craft license, shall have been issued under this ordinance in respect of such craft. Provide that craft employed as aforesaid by persons fishing by way of sport only shall not be reason solely of such employment require a license as aforesaid. 4 No person shall engage in or be employed in fishing in territorial waters unless he is to holder of a valid permit hereinafter referred to as a fishing permit, issued under this ordinance for such purpose. 5 Fishing craft licenses and fishing permit under this ordinance shall be issued by the local authority on payment of the fees set out in Schedule II here to, and unless previously forfeited or otherwise determined shall expire on the 31st day of December next following. Provided that the local authority may in respect of any craft the owner of which does not live in the Sudan refuse at this discretion to issue a fishing craft license and in respect of any other craft or person may for good cause shown, refuse to issue a fishing craft license or fishing permit. Not with standing any thing contained in this section the local authority may at his discretion exempt any person from payment of license fees. • 6 The Governor General may, for the better consideration and development of fisheries, by order published in the Sudan Government Gazette, declare any part of territorial water to be a closed area. 7 a. No person shall fish in a closed area otherwise than for the sole purpose of sport unless he has previously obtained the permission in writing of the local authority, b. The local authority may grant such permission subject to such terms and conditions as he shall think fit and may refuse such permission at his discretion and without assigning,any reason. 8 Every Police officer, customs officer, or other person duly authorized in that behalf by the local authority may, for purpose of enforcing this ordinance or any regulation made hereunder: a) Board and search any craft found in territorial waters or any craft which he has purpose continuously from territorial water into the high seas and which he, on reasonable grounds, suspects to have been employed for the purpose of fishing in territorial waters; b) Required any person on board any such engaged in or employed in fishing in territorial waters or whom he, on reasonable grounds, suspects to have been so engaged or employed to exhibit his fishing permit, apparatus and catch; c) Where there is reasonable suspicion in the case of any such craft that on offence has been committed, take the alleged offender, the craft, apparatus, and catch without summons warrant or other process to the nearest or most convenient police station or post. The craft and apparatus may be detained pending trial and the catch may be sold and the proceeds of the sale impounded.

9 Any person who acts in contravention of or / to fails to / comply with any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be guilty of an offence against this ordinance and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding 50 pond or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three month or to both such fine and imprisonment. 2. The Court may also order the confiscation of any craft apparatus or catch employed in the commission of, derived from any offence under this ordinance and the cancellation of or suspension for such time as the Court thinks fit or endorsement of the date and nature of the offence on a fishing craft license issued in respect of any such craft or any fishing permit issued to any person guilty of any such offence as aforesaid.

\oo