UN Photo by Staton Winter ~ Contents ~ PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... 3 HISTORICAL NOTE ........................................................................................................ 3 BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND GENERAL REFERENCES .................................................... 5 ETHNOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS ................................................................ 7 RELIGION ....................................................................................................................... 11 GEOGRAPHY AND MAPS ............................................................................................ 12 HISTORY ......................................................................................................................... 14 LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS ............................................................................... 22 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT ................................................................................. 23 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 38 SELECTED INTERNET SOURCES .............................................................................. 45 SOUTH SUDAN POLITICAL EPHEMERA .................................................................. 46 INDEX .............................................................................................................................. 62 2 Preface This finding aid on the new nation South Sudan was proposed and coordinated by Marieta Harper, Area Specialist, African Section, African & Middle Eastern Division for the 2013 Library of Congress Junior Fellows Summer Intern Program. Yearly, this 10 week program offers its undergraduate and graduate students insights into the environment, culture and collections of the world's largest and most comprehensive repository of human knowledge. South Sudan material in this compilation includes cataloged and un-cataloged materials from the Library’s vast collections. Within each subject the entries are arranged alphabetically by personal or corporate author or title. LC call numbers are provided when available and the work includes an index to the contents. Historical Note South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country located in East-Central Africa. Some 619,745 km2 in area, the Republic of South Sudan shares borders with Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west. A publication with historic details on Sudan’s borders is African boundaries : a legal and diplomatic encyclopaedia / by Ian Brownlie ; with the assistance of Ian R. Burns. [London : C. Hurst ; Berkeley : University of California Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, c1979.] pp. 110-120, 133-140, 597-601, 617-639, 682- 685, , 917-921, 1002-1016. This finding aid on the new nation South Sudan was proposed and coordinated by Marieta Harper, Area Specialist, African Section, African & Middle Eastern Division for the 2013 Library of Congress Junior Fellows Summer Intern Program. Yearly, this 10 week program offers its undergraduate and graduate students insights into the environment, culture and collections of the world's largest and most comprehensive repository of human knowledge. South Sudan material in this compilation includes cataloged and un-cataloged materials from the Library’s vast collections. Within each subject the entries are arranged alphabetically by personal or corporate author or title. LC call numbers are provided when available and the work includes an index to the contents. South Sudan has had a turbulent history, one linked fundamentally to its northern neighbor, the Republic of Sudan. Historically, the relationship between the two nations has been defined by the religious and ethnic differences that characterize the Sudanese populations, for the Northern Sudan is home to Islamized Arabs while the Southern Sudan is home to Black African Christian and animist populations. These distinctions crystallized under joint Anglo-Egyptian rule (1899-1956). Within this colonial framework, the southern region of Sudan featured marginally in metropolitan strategic and economic calculations and, as the North modernized under the Condominium regime, the South grew proportionately underdeveloped in comparison. This push to the 3 periphery culminated in the Southern Policy. Designed by the British to safeguard the Southern Black African provinces from exploitation by the Northern Arabs, the policy erected social, economic, and political barriers behind which the South’s underdevelopment ossified. At the end of the Second World War, Great Britain was no longer able to maintain its position as a global power. With decolonization and independence looming, the British in 1947 abrogated the Southern Policy. In doing so, they removed all economic, social, and political barriers between the Northern and Southern Sudan and implemented a plan to rapidly develop the South and bring it to parity with the North. This program failed, and at independence in 1956 a modern Northern Sudan was united with a comparatively underdeveloped Southern Sudan. Decades of marginalization and a historic concern over exploitation created circumstances that exploded in 1955. That year, the late-colonial Sudanese state erupted into the first of two enduring civil wars. The Addis Ababa Peace Agreement of 1972, which guaranteed the South’s regional autonomy within the framework of a unified Sudanese state, brought the First Sudanese Civil War to an end. The government’s decision in 1983 to impose shari’a law on Sudan sundered the peace agreement and re- ignited the North-South conflict, which that same year escalated into the Second Sudanese Civil War. This war lasted over two decades and came to an end with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (C.P.A.) in 2005.1 The C.P.A. gave the people of the South the right to decide by referendum whether to remain in a United Sudan or become independent. A referendum was held the week of January 9, 2011, during which the majority of Southerners voted to de-link the South from the North.2 In accord with these results, the South became the independent South Sudan on July 9, 2011. Joseph M. Snyder Summer Intern, Library of Congress 2013 Junior Fellows Program African Section African and Middle Eastern Division Library of Congress July 2013 1 The Comprehensive Peace Agreement is a series of six agreements reached between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the political organ of the South during the Second Civil War, between 2002 and 2004. In chronological order, the Agreements are: the Protocol of Machakos, July 20, 2002; the Protocol of security arrangements, September 25, 2003; the Protocol of Wealth-sharing, January 7, 2004; the Protocol of the resolution of conflict in southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile States, May 26, 2004; and the Protocol on the resolution of conflict in Abyie, May 26, 2004. 2 According to the South Sudan Referendum Commission (S.S.R.C.), 98.8% of the votes cast were in favor of independence. 4 ~ Bibliographies and General References ~ Ahmed, Osman Hassan. Sudan & Sudanese: A Bibliography of American and Canadian Dissertations and Theses on the Sudan. Washington, D.C.: Embassy of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, 1982. 153 p. Z3665 .A38 1982 “September 1982.” Ayoub, Amal. Anthropology & Sociology: Bibliography of Studies in the Sudan. Khartoum: National Council for Research, Economic & Social Research Council, 1974. 161 leaves. Z5113 .A96 1974 Includes index. El Nasri, Abdel Rahman (ed.). Theses on the Sudan. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1974. 63 p. Z3665 .K49 1974 “In 1966, Theses on the Sudan and by Sudanese Accepted for Higher Degrees, compiled by Maymouna Mighani Hamza [appeared]; … revising that list I have added 285 new items … completely rearranged by subject.” Hamza, Maymouna Mirghani. Theses on the Sudan, and by Sudanese, Accepted for Higher Degrees. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Library, 1966. 63 p. Z664.K5 A3 no. 2 Ibrahim-Hilmy, Prince. The Literature of Egypt and the Soudan, from the Earliest Times to the Year 1885 inclusive: A Bibliography, Comprised of Printed Books, Periodical Writings and Papers of Learned Societies, Maps and Charts; Ancient Papyri, Manuscripts, Drawings, &tc. Mansfield Center: Martino Publishing, 2008. v. 1. Z3651 .I14 2008 DT46 Complete in two volumes. Includes bibliography. Khartum. University. Library. Theses on the Sudan. Khartoum, 1971. 96 leaves. Z3665 .K49 1971 Edition for 1966, by M.M. Hamza, published under the title: Theses on the Sudan and by Sudanese Accepted for Higher Degrees. Kramer, Robert S. et al. Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2012. In process. Sorbo, Gunnar M. Sudan Sources. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1973. v. Z3665 .S63 5 Vidergar, John J. Bibliography on Afghanistan, the Sudan, and Tunisia. Monticello: Vance Bibliographies, 1978. 7 p. Z3013 .V52 DS44 Zahlan, A.B. Agricultural Bibliography of Sudan, 1974-1983. London: Ithaca Press, 1984. 325 p. Z5075.S78 Z33 1984 Includes index. 6 ~ Ethnography and Social Customs ~ Ahmad, Abdel Ghaffar Muhammad. Anthropology and Development Planning in the Sudan: The Case of the Jonglei Project. Executive Organ for the Development Projects in the Jonglei