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Sudan Handbook SudanThe & vitalSouth guide Sudan to Digital edition 2012 (www.riftvalley.net). The Sudan handbook Edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors and Jok Madut Jok (www.riftvalley.net). The Sudan Handbook EditEd by John RylE, Justin Willis, suliman baldo, Jok madut Jok The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors (www.riftvalley.net). Digital edition of The Sudan Handbook published 2012 by the Rift Valley Institute. Rift Valley Institute (RVI), 1 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1DF, UK. Print edition of The Sudan Handbook published in 2011 in the UK and US by James Currey an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd, PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk, IP12 3DF, UK and 668 Mount Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620-2731, USA. RVI EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Ryle RVI PROGRAMME DIRECTOR: Christopher Kidner DIGITAL DESIGN: Lindsay Nash MAPS: Kate Kirkwood COVER IMAGE: Islam Kamil www.islamkamil.com ISBN 978 1 84701 030 8 RIGHTS: Copyright © The Rift Valley Institute and Contributors Digital edition of The Sudan Handbook published under Creative Commons license Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0 Available for free download at www.riftvalley.net Print edition available from www.boydellandbrewer.com / www.jamescurrey.com The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors Contents (www.riftvalley.net). List of Maps, Figures & Tables 5 Notes on Contributors 7 Acknowledgements 13 Glossary 15 1. Introduction: Many Sudans 27 John RylE & Justin Willis 2. Land & Water 40 Justin Willis, omER EGEmi & PhiliP WintER 3. Early States on the Nile 58 AbdElRahman ali mohammEd & Derek WElsby 4. Peoples & Cultures of Two Sudans 70 John RylE 5. Religious Practice & Belief 88 WEndy JamEs 6. The Ambitions of the State 106 Justin Willis 7. From the Country to the Town 120 Munzoul a.m. assal 8. From Slaves to Oil 130 LauRa JamEs 9. Sudan’s Fragile State, 1956–1989 149 PEtER WoodWaRd 10. Islamism & the State 164 AbdEl salam sidahmEd 11. Traditional Authority, Local Government & Justice 185 ChERRy lEonaRdi & musa abdul Jalil The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors 12. Twentieth-Century Civil Wars 207 Douglas H. JoHnson (www.riftvalley.net). 13. The War in the West 223 Jérôme Tubiana 14. A Short History of Sudanese Popular Music 242 aHmaD sikainga 15. Sudan’s Regional Relations 254 gérarD Prunier 16. The International Presence in Sudan 272 Daniel large 17. The Past & Future of Peace 293 eDwarD THomas 18. Epilogue: The Next Sudan 307 Jok maDuT Jok & JoHn ryle Chronology 313 Key Figures in Sudanese History, Culture & Politics 326 The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors List of Maps, Figures & Tables (www.riftvalley.net). Maps 1.1 Sudan 23 1.2 North-South border area 24-25 2.1 Terrain 41 2.2 Population density 44 2.3 Rainfall 45 2.4 Temperature 46 3.1 Ancient Nubia 64 4.1 Principal ethnic and ethnolinguistic groups in Sudan and 71 approximate home territories 6.1 State formation and changing boundaries 107 8.1 Agricultural schemes 132 8.2 Oil concessions 139 Figures & Tables 8.1 Sudan’s GDP growth rates 1980–2009 137 8.2 Sudan’s fiscal deficits 1999–2009 144 8.3 Sudan’s current account deficit 1998–2008 146 12.1 Anyanya and SPLM/SPLA: a comparison 216–17 The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors 5 (www.riftvalley.net). The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors Notes on Contributors (www.riftvalley.net). AbdElRahman Ali MohamEd is Director of the Sudan National Museum and co-editor of its Catalogue. He has twenty years experience conducting archaeological fieldwork in Sudan. He is author and co- author of numerous articles about Sudan’s archaeology, cultural heritage and museums. He obtained his PhD in 2006 from the University of Lille III in France. AbdEl Salam SidahmEd is Associate Professor, Political Science Department, University of Windsor, Canada. He teaches international human rights, Islamic and Middle Eastern politics, and politics of the developing world. His research interests include contemporary Islamism, Sudanese affairs, and contemporary application ofsharia laws in Muslim countries. Before joining the University of Windsor, he worked as a researcher and Middle East Programme Director at the International Secretariat of Amnesty International. His publications include: Sudan (2005), Politics and Islam in Contemporary Sudan (1997) and Islamic Funda- mentalism (1996). Ahmad SikainGa is a Professor in the Department of History and the Department of African and African American Studies at Ohio State University, specializing in African economic social history with a focus on slavery, emancipation, labour, and urban history. His current research examines the role of slavery, ethnicity, and identity in the development of popular culture in contemporary Sudan. His publications include: Slaves into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan (1996), and City of Steel and Fire: A Social History of Atbara, Sudan’s Railway Town, 1906–1984 (2002). The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors 7 8 thE sudan handbook ChERRy LEonaRdi is a Lecturer in African History at Durham University. Her research and publications since 2001 have focused on (www.riftvalley.net). the historical and contemporary role of chiefs in southern Sudan, and related issues of governance, state-society relations and political and judicial cultures. She was lead researcher and author of Local Justice in Southern Sudan, a report for the Rift Valley Institute and the US Institute of Peace (2010). She was Director of Studies of the RVI Sudan Course 2009–2010. DaniEl LaRGE is Research Director of the Africa Asia Centre at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. He was the founding Director of the Sudan Open Archive (www.sudanarchive.net), a digital library established by the Rift Valley Institute in 2005 to provide open access to contemporary and historical knowledge about Sudan, and Deputy Director of the RVI Sudan Course 2005–2010. DEREk WElsby has been directing archaeological excavations in central and northern Sudan since 1982. In 1991 he joined the Depart- ment of Egyptian Antiquities – now the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan – at the British Museum, with special responsibility for the Sudanese and Nubian collections. He is Honorary Secretary of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society and until recently was President of the International Society for Nubian Studies. DouGlas H. Johnson is a specialist in the history of North East Africa. He has served as Assistant Director for archives in the Southern Regional Government (1980–3), as a resource person in the negotia- tions over the Three Areas (Abyei, the Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile) during the IGAD-sponsored peace talks (2003), as a member of the Abyei Boundary Commission (2005), and as adviser to GoSS on the north- south boundary (2007). His works include Nuer Prophets (1994) and The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars (2003; revised edition 2011). His Where Boundaries Become Borders, a report on the north-south borderlands and The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Rift Jok. © 2011 Valley Institute and contributors notEs on ContRibutoRs 9 the international boundaries of southern Sudan, was published by the Rift Valley Institute in 2010. (www.riftvalley.net). EdWaRd Thomas worked in Sudan and Egypt for twelve years as a teacher, human rights worker and researcher. He completed a PhD at Edinburgh University in 1998 on the history of the Republican movement, a Sufi-inspired group that called for the reform of Islamic law and civil rights for all Sudanese. He is the author of Islam’s Perfect Stranger: The Life of Mahmud Muhammad Taha (2010). He was Director of the RVI Sudan Course 2009–2010. GéRaRd PRuniER is a former researcher at the Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and has worked on East African modern history and politics for the past 20 years. He is the author of The Rwanda Crisis (1959–1994): History of a Genocide (1995), Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide (2005) and Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (2009). He is currently an independent consultant on African affairs. JéRômE Tubiana is a researcher specializing on Darfur and Chad. He has travelled extensively in both countries as a consultant for the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the AU-UN Joint Mediation Support Team (JMST) for the Darfur peace process, and various NGOs. He is the author of the book Chroniques du Darfour (Glénat, 2010), a number of reports on Darfur and Chad for the Small Arms Survey and ‘Darfur: a war for land?’ in Alex de Waal (ed.), War in Darfur and the Search for Peace (2007). He holds a PhD in African Studies from the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris. John RylE is Legrand Ramsey Professor of Anthropology at Bard College, New York, and Director of the Rift Valley Institute. He has worked in Sudan as an anthropologist, writer, film-maker and human rights researcher and is the author of Warriors of the White Nile (1984), a book about the Agar Dinka of Lakes State.
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