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Power and Proximity: the Politics of State Secession City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2016 Power and Proximity: The Politics of State Secession Elizabeth A. Nelson The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1396 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] POWER AND PROXIMITY: THE POLITICS OF STATE SECESSION by ELIZABETH A. NELSON A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 ELIZABETH A. NELSON All Rights Reserved ii Power and Proximity: The Politics of State Secession by Elizabeth A. Nelson This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________ ____________________________________ Date Susan L. Woodward Chair of Examining Committee ______________ ____________________________________ Date Alyson Cole Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Professor Susan L. Woodward Professor Peter Liberman Professor Bruce Cronin THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Power and Proximity: The Politics of State Secession by Elizabeth A. Nelson Advisor: Susan L. Woodward State secession is a rare occurrence in the international system. While a number of movements seek secession, the majority fail to achieve statehood. Of the exceptional successes, many have not had the strongest claims to statehood; some of these new states look far less like states than some that have failed. So what accounts for these secessions? I argue that the politics of regional actors drive the process. If a secessionist movement does not have the support of actors in the region, it will not achieve statehood. There are three mechanisms through which regional actors can determine outcomes: (1) they can provide tangible support to the secessionist movement; (2) they can provide diplomatic support to the movement by framing the conflict to the international community or acting as a gatekeeper between the movement and the international community; and (3) they can shape great power policy in the region. Through an analysis of six secessionist movements across three regions, I seek to demonstrate that regional actors hold the key to explaining variation in the recognition of secessionist states. iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank the members of my committee, Susan L. Woodward, Peter Liberman, and Bruce Cronin. I am particularly appreciative of my advisor Susan Woodward for her responsiveness, feedback, and support. I am also indebted to the dissertation writing group for reading and commenting on a number of drafts and keeping me honest with deadlines. Without the group I am sure this dissertation would have taken longer to write. A special thanks to Andre Guzzi and Aaron Shapiro for their friendship and humor throughout this process. Finally, I’d like to thank Aaron Javian for his patience, support, and irritatingly good feedback. v List of Figures Figure 1: The Awami League’s Six Point Demand .....................................................................109 List of Tables Table 1: Timeline of Events in Sudan, 1955-2011 ........................................................................48 vi Acronyms AMISON African Union Mission in Somalia ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union BSF Border Security Force (India) CDU Christian Democratic Union CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CSCE Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe CSU Christian Social Union DEMOS Democratic-United Opposition of Slovenia EC European Community ECMM European Community Military Monitors ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna EU European Union FTO Foreign Terrorist Organization GAL Group Antiterroriste de Liberation GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GONU Government of National Unity GoSS Government of South Sudan GPLF Gambela People’s Liberation Front HB Herri Batasuna ICU Islamic Courts Union IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IMF International Monetary Fund IPKF India Peace-Keeping Force IRA Irish Republican Army LRA Lord’s Resistance Army LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MNLV Basque National Liberation Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC National Congress NDA National Democratic Alliance NIF National Islamic Front OAU Organization of African Unity OLF Oromo Liberation Front PNV Basque Nationalist Party RAW Research and Analysis Wing (Indian Intelligence Agency) SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization vii SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SNM Somali National Movement SPD Social Democrat Party SPLM/A Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement / Army TDF Territorial Defense Force TNG Transitional National Government TFG Transitional Federal Government TULF Tamil United Liberation Front UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNITAF Unified Task Force UNMIS United Nations Mission in Sudan UNOSOM UN Operation in Somalia USC United Somali Congress YPA Yugoslav People’s Army viii Power and Proximity: The Politics of State Secession Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................vii Chapter One: State Secession .......................................................................................................1 Chapter Two: Why Regions? .....................................................................................................25 Chapter Three: Cases in the Horn of Africa ............................................................................46 South Sudan ................................................................................................................................48 Somaliland ..................................................................................................................................82 Chapter Four: Cases in South Asia .........................................................................................102 Bangladesh ...............................................................................................................................103 Tamil Eelam .............................................................................................................................136 Chapter Five: Cases in Europe ................................................................................................164 Slovenia ....................................................................................................................................165 The Basque Country .................................................................................................................197 Chapter Six: Conclusion ...........................................................................................................219 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................240 ix Chapter 1: State Secession “If there is one constant in history apart from the certainty of death and taxes, it is the reluctance of states to part with territory.” M. Hechter. I. Introduction and Research Question State sovereignty and its corollary, territorial integrity, form one of the foundational norms of the international system. Its significance is demonstrated by its articulation as a core principle in the United Nations (UN) Charter as well as the founding documents of most regional political organizations, including the African Union (AU), the European Union (EU), and the Arab League, among others. State secession violates territorial integrity in the most fundamental way and, perhaps not surprisingly, is a rare occurrence. While most secessionist movements fail, some exceptional movements succeed in achieving internationally recognized statehood. It is not immediately clear why these particular movements should achieve statehood. Some of these newly created states look far less like states than many that have not achieved recognition. For example, Somaliland has had a functioning government for over twenty years; it has free and fair elections, its own currency and flag, and even conducts limited foreign policy. Yet, despite its declaration of independence in 1991, the international community refuses to recognize it. South Sudan, on the other hand, emerged from Africa’s longest running civil war in 2005 as one of the least developed areas on the continent, with
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