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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives What factors contributed to the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, 1972 Dawit Yemane Tekle [Master’s Degree Thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies, History Track] UNIVERSITY OF OSLO [30 October, 2015] Preface May 2008, it was my first journey outside my home country Eritrea to Khartoum, Sudan. I lived in Sudan for 3 and half years as a refugee before I came to Norway. After staying 3 months in Khartoum as a refugee, I had the opportunity to work in Khartoum as a teacher. Sudan is the largest country in Africa and because of its natural resources the country was given the name “Mother of Africa”. Indeed the people of Sudan have been kind, helpful and hospitable to the Eritreans’ refugees who lived in Sudan for a long time. But it was my daily question why this country had suffered of civil war, starvation and corruption while the country is endowed with natural wealth. I was in Sudan when the long and bloody civil war between North and South Sudan came to an end after the referendum in 2011, in which the South Sudan became the newest African state in the world. However, still a lot of questions remained unresolved between the two nations, consequently, there were continuous confrontation over the ownership of the oil resource over the Abyei region. Therefore, it was my personal interest to study and write at an academic research on the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, 1972. And I believe that the current problem between the North and South Sudan was the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement. Moreover, the people of South Sudan and Eritrea had a similar political development under the colonial rule during the 1970s, in which both countries were given a self autonomous status while majority of their population were in favour of independence. II Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank and give glory to the almighty God for His kind guidance and constant love throughout my life, without His help definitely I could not be able to finish this paper in due time. Therefore, it is my duty to give Him praise, worship and thanks now and forever, Amen. Thanks are due to Anders Breidlid for all his comments, encouragement, and supporting throughout my entire work. Moreover, he provided me with additional materials related to the history of Southern Sudan. And I am very grateful for his feedback and he drew my attention to generate new ideas and concepts regarding the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement (1972). Also, thanks to Eivind Myre from the Department of History UiO for his academic contribution on this research. And my friend Wilson has also contributed much on revising and giving comments to the paper during its final stage. My warmest gratitude goes to my beloved father and my wife Rahel for their spiritual, financial and moral encouragements right from the beginning of this paper until the final phase. Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge my friends and brothers (Pastor Abiel, Pastor Tewelde, Bereket, Bisrat, Fessehay, Dawit, Luam, Josief and Simret), who have contributed directly and indirectly for this research paper and really their moral support gave me the strength to complete this research in due time. III Executive Summary In 1972, representatives of the Northern Sudan and the Southern Sudan reached a historic agreement to end the first bloody civil war in Sudan by way of negotiations, in which the third party mediator (Ethiopia) had participated in the peace process. However, the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement had faced serious challenges for its implementation and as a result in 1983 it failed to bring sustainable peace between the two peoples. This thesis attempts to answer the research question: why the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement did fail? It thoroughly goes through the dominant conflict resolution theories and it uses a contemporary theory based on power-sharing and negotiation theory. The thesis will partly highlight the root causes of the war as the main cause for the beginning of the first civil war in Sudan. The thesis concludes with the final failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement by stating all the important factors: the social, economic, security and political dimensions. IV Organization of the Thesis This research thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction and provides a general introduction, presents the research design, methodology and the methodology underpinning the collection of sources and limitation of the research. Chapter two discusses the root causes of the civil war between North and South Sudan, a brief presentation of the first civil war from 1955 to 1972 and the military and political shifts prior to the formation of Anya Nya movement. The chapter three provides a theoretical analysis to research paper. Under this topic I will discuss the theory of power-sharing and negotiation in light of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement. Chapter four discusses the historical development of the Round Table Conference, the genesis of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, the legal terms of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, the implementation of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreements and the politics of Southern Sudan during the peace agreement. Chapter five will advance my hypothesis as to why the AAPA was a failure and reasons why the new civil war started in 1983. Finally, the research thesis gives the conclusion part. V © Author: Dawit Yemane Tekle Year: 2015 Title: What Factors contributed to the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, 1972 http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo VI Table of Contents Preface……………………………………………………………………………...II Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………...III Executive Summary………………………………………………………………..IV Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………….…………...V Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………...VII Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………...IX Chapter I: Introduction…………………………………………………………….1 1.1. The aim of the Research……………………………………...………… 8 1.2. Research Question……………………………………………………… 9 1.3. Sources and Methods…………………………………………………… 10 1.4. Limitation and Delimitation of the Research…………………………… 11 Chapter II: Background Information……………………………………………. 12 2.1. The Root causes of the Civil War………………………………………. 12 2.2. The first Civil War (1955-72)…………………………………………... 14 2.3. The military and political developments prior to the formation of the Anya-Nya movement………………………………………………............... 17 Chapter III: Theory of the Research…………………………………………...... 23 3.1. Prelude………………………………………………………………….. 23 3.2. The Power Sharing Theory……………………………………………... 24 3.3. Negotiation Theory……………………………………………………... 26 Chapter IV: The Addis Ababa Peace Agreement……………………………….. 30 4.1. The Round Table Conference…………………………………………... 30 4.2. The Genesis of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement………………….… 36 4.2.1. The Legal Terms of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement……………………………………………………............ 39 VII 4.3. The Implementation of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement…................ 41 4.4. The Politics of the Southern Sudan during the Peace Agreement……………………………………………………….................... 45 4.4.1. The First regional government (1974-1978) …………………..45 4.4.2. The Second regional government (1978-1980)……………….. 46 4.4.3. The Third regional government (1980-1983)…………………. 47 Chapter V: Factors for the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement………………………………………………………………………….. 51 5.1. Prelude………………………………………………………………….. 51 5.2. Security Issues……………………… …………………………………. 53 5.3. Economic aspects……………………………………………………….. 58 5.4. The Adoption of Shar'a…………………………………………………. 60 5.5. The discovery of Oil……………………………………………………. 64 5.5.1The End of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, 1983…………. 69 Conclusion…………………………………….…………………………………… 73 Political Map of Sudan……………………………………………………………. 78 Bibliography………………………………………………………….……………. 80 VIII Abbreviations AACC (All African Council of Churches) AAPA (Addis Ababa Peace Agreement) CPA (Comprehensive Peace Agreement) OCRO (Oxfam Catholic Relief Organization) DRC’S (Democratic Republic of Congo) DUP (Democratic Unionist Party) EU (European Union) GOS (Government of Sudan) HEC (High-Executive Council) ICF (Islamic Charter Front) IMF (International Monetary Fund) KDC (Kuwait’s Development Contribution) LP (Liberal Party) MSA (Missionary Societies Act) NCA (Norwegian Church Aid) NMF (National Military Forces) NUP (National Unionist Party) OAU (Organization of African Union) PAF (People’s Armed Forces) PDP (People’s Democratic Party) PRA (People’s Regional Assembly) RTC (Round Table Conference) SAC (Sudan Administration Conference) SANU (Sudan African National Union) IX SCA (Sudan Christian Association) SOA (Sudan Open Archive) SPLA (South People’s Liberation Army) SRA (Southern Regional Administration) SRSGA (Southern Regional Self-Government Act) SSANU (Southern Sudan African Nationalist Union) SSF (Southern Sudan Front) SSLM (Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement) UN (United Nations) UNHCR (United Nation High Commission for Refugee) USAID (The US Agency for International Development) USNA (The United Southern National Army) WCC (World Council of Churches) X Chapter I: Introduction As the largest country in Africa, Sudan is characterized by geographical diversity, which is reflected in its multicultural, multiethnic and multilingual populations. By the end of the 20th century, the country was failing to deal with complex religious and political tensions that threatened its territorial integrity.
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