Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 16 (8): 1123-1133, 2013 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.16.08.11870

The Unitary Maghreb Thought and the Algerian Revolution

Lamia Bougrioua

Department of History, Faculty of Humain and Social Sciences, University of Batna, Algeria

Abstract: The Algerian revolution of 1954-1962 has inspired its ideology primarily from the intellectual currents of the Algerian national movement, from the Maghreb National Independence Movements and as well thanks to the ideas of the leaders of the Maghreb national movements who have contributed with a significant role in the crystallization of the Maghreb unitary national consciousness, which is in the thoughts of several leaders who played a crucial role in unifying the common struggle against the French colonisation. For the sake of studying the ideas of the leaders of the National Movement in the Maghreb and their unitary Maghreb thought we relied on three main personalities that contributed by a significant role in the concretisation of this thought on the ground. "They are: Messali-Haj,Abdul Aziz Thaalabi and Abd El-Krim El-Khattabi". The people of the Maghreb; Moroco, Tunisia, Libya, has supported and welcomed the Algerian revolution since 1954, with the aim to unify the Maghreb fight and to reflect that uniformity in the revolutionary struggle in support of the Maghreb and the support of the Algerian revolution in several aspects. What are the manifestations of the impact and resonance of the revolution at the Maghreb and what was the position of the Maghreb countries toward the Algerian revolution?

Key words: Maghreb and the unity of struggle The leaders of the National Movement of the Maghreb The outbreak of the Algerian revolution The echo of the Algerian revolution towards the Maghreb The position of the Maghreb countries towards the Algerian revolution

INTRODUCTION unionist work since the beginning of the 20th century until the advent of the independence liberation movements in North African countries were under the domination the Arab Maghreb countries, where the region has of the European colonization during the 19th century, witnessed during that period a bitter political militancy especially those which were exposed to the French against the French colonial policy through national colonization like Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. movements and the appearance of territorial national The colonial political forces associated in these countries awareness. Many political figures and leaders of North in one policy aiming at cancelling civil rights of every African national parties emerged in whom the idea of North African country in addition to the domination and unionist work in North African militancy against the taking hold of the land and its economic potentialities and common colonization was formed. striping the autochthons of their property. And this is what made North African unity in these First: The Dimension and the Ideological Effect of the circumstances not a historical demand based on religious Algerian Revolution passions, civilization inclinations, social ties and The unitary Maghreb thought and the Algerian geographical complementarities, but it is an inevitable liberation Revolution: The Algerian revolution has determinism as it is the effective means to resist the inspired its ideology primarily from the intellectual common colonization and foil its plans and programmes. currents of the Algerian national movement, from the On that basis, this study came as an attempt on our part Maghreb National Independence Movements and as well to highlight the main historical halts for North African thanks to the ideas of the leaders of the Maghreb national

Corresponding Author: Lamia Bougrioua, Department of History, Faculty of Humain and Social Sciences, University of Batna, Algeria.

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Res., 16 (8): 1123-1133, 2013 movements who have contributed with a significant role of Tunisia, after the despotic colonization has reached its in the crystallization of the Maghreb unitary national apex, only in the frame of unifying its destiny with the one consciousness, which is in the thoughts of several of its brothers in Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Mauritania leaders who played a crucial role in unifying the common and unifying the Arab Maghreb from the ocean to the struggle against the French colonialism. borders of Egypt and from the Mediterranean Sea to the For the sake of studying the ideas of the leaders of depths of Sahara [3]. national Movement in the Maghreb and their unitary The work of Thaalibi was not limited to the narrow Maghreb thought we relied on three main personalities Tunisian national work but its ideas were various as far as that contributed by a significant role in the concretisation the invitation to the Arabic renaissance was concerned. of this thought on the ground. They are Messali –Haj, A He consolidated it and made people adopt it as it was the Abdul Aziz Thaalabi and Abd El-Krim El-Khattabi. biggest support for the movement of the national liberation because it was the biggest departure for Islamic Massali Al Haj and His Role in the Crystallization of unity. Thaalibi addresses the nation “… The Arabic North African Unionist Thinking: Massali Al Haj is nation has in its past the motivating factor, its wonderful considered as one of the pioneers of the unionist political glory and excellent natural location a great standing….” thinking and one of the leaders of the independence Thaalibi addressed the Tunisian young people “If we national movement in the Arab Maghreb countries. want to return the East to it first position of progress, we He claimed since 1927 the independence of the Arab have to take from the West all what is new we dream of Maghreb countries and the unification of the militancy and we get rid of all what is old fashioned…” against the French colonization and claiming self Harmony and North African cooperation appeared determination of peoples and the condemnation of between brothers in Tunisia and Algeria to support the the colonization in the region of the North of Africa. current of the Tunisian national movement. The Algerians The conference of Brussels, which was held on February took part in helping the party of the Tunisian constitution, 10th to 15 th , 1927 against. especially emigrants who were in Tunisia and among the Colonization was attended by the representatives of figures who had a prominent place in the constitutional African peoples. Algeria and Morocco were represented party from Algerians were “Salah Benyahia” who gave a by Massali Al Haj and Tunisia was represented by Kheir big part of his own wealth to the constitutional party and ALLAH. Massali Al Haj presented the demands of from the inhabitants of Mizab, we had: Baali Salah Algeria and Morocco which consisted in claiming the Benbaali and Atfiche Brahim Benmohammed Benbrahim” independence and national sovereignty and Chadli who were the invigilators of the Algerian pupils in the presented the demands of Tunisia [1]. Coranic Peace School in Tunisia [4]. The unionist national thinking of the Arab Maghreb Thaalibi’s ideas were well received on the part of the continued with the evolution of the Algerian national intellectual elite among the Maghreb young people either movement either in the thoughts, principles and claims of in Tunisia, Morocco or Algeria and the best proof was the Algerian people’s party or in the movement of the about that the crystallization of the idea of the future victory of democratic liberties. unionist work and the unification of the common militancy against the French colonization. Abdelaziz Athaalibi and His Role in the Crystallization of North African Unionist Thinking: Cheikh Abdelaziz Abdelkrim Al Khattabi and His Role in the Athaalibi is considered as one of the pioneers of the Crystallization of the Awareness and North African Tunisian national movement and the founder of the party Unionist Thinking: The North African militant Abdelkrim of the young Tunisia and the Tunisian constitution party Al Khattabi the chief of the revolution of the countryside 1920 which were political, reformative, social and religious in the Great Maghreb had contributed greatly to party. Athaalibi is considered as one of the first militants sensitizing the peoples of the Arab Maghreb concerning who bore the idea of the Islamic league and he was jailed, militancy and unifying the common military and tortured for his principle[2]. political work against the French and Spanish Cheikh Abdelaziz Athaalibi claimed the idea of colonization. He addressed an appeal in 1925 dated on unifying militancy in the Arab Maghreb countries since Moharam 26th , 1344 H to the peoples of the Arab Maghreb twenties of the 20th century. He condemned the French in Algeria and Tunisia inciting them to unity and common policy of despotism applied to Tunisia and he reached the militancy. He says in this appeal “ … From the prince conviction that it is not possible to figure out the security Abdelkrim Al KhattabiI to the Algerian and Tunisian

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nation greeting you the noble nation on behalf of Rif As far as The prince Abdelkrim Al Khattabi is people who militated for freedom and fought to raise the concerned, he was asking for the unification of the word of Allah and backing up Muslims… common military and political fighting of the O! Algerian and Tunisian brothers, it’s high time we countries and the Arab Maghreb’s peoples through got rid of the well of the French colonization, we promise the office of the Arab Maghreb in Cairo and through each other to get back our glory and independence. the project of the Arab Maghreb liberation army Religion is assistance and paradise is under the shadows which he founded and was the owner of the idea of of swords. We stop fighting each other and killing a its establishment. brother his brother defending enemies. Let our sons turn arms in their hands against our enemies killing them with The Outbreak of the Algerian Revolution and the their arms. Let’s be one league to defeat enemies so as we Attitude of the Maghreb Countries 1954/1956: The form a big republic whose corners will be the whole Algerian revolution 1954/1962 is considered as one of the country of North Africa [5-8]…” greatest revolutions in the African continents and the After the Second World War, the prince Abdelkrim Arab World in the history of the 20th century and this is Al Khattabi* in his exile in Cairo contributed greatly to the because of its force, repercussion and effect at the unification of North African militancy and putting it in internal level in the rows of the Algerian people and at the concrete form on the field. The hero of Rif revolution had external level on the African Arab peoples and all the gathered the leaders of the Arab Maghreb in Cairo about peoples of the third world. It had a great effect on the the project of the common fighting in the framework of the Maghreb neighbouring peoples. office of the Arab Maghreb and the committee of the What are the aspects of the effect and repercussion liberation the Arab Maghreb in 1949 and interacted with of the revolution at the Maghreb level and what are the the events and the causes of Maghreb and embraced the attitudes of North African countries towards the revolutionary orientation of the front of the liberation of revolution? the country. After the outbreak of the Algerian revolution on Algeria had in the project of the revolution of Al November 1st , 1954, this revolution started extending Khattabi an important place. It was known that it was the gradually at the internal level of Algeria. After almost ten centre of colonization in the Arab Maghreb and its months from its outbreak, it outbroke again in the events militants had determined to resist in the battle. Al Khattabi of August 20th , 1955 which covered the towns and villages possessed alone the committee of the liberation of the of the north of Constantine. It managed to keep silent Arab Maghreb since 1951 and had chosen for it the direct through these events the French propaganda lies that revolutionary path, getting interested in coalition with the these events had been undertaken by the outlawed and revolutionary elements and putting in concrete form his fellaga [10]. military plan and charged his brother Ahmed of the As far as the external level is concerned, the Algerian defense committee supervising the meeting of the revolution had confirmed its political and ideological Moroccan officers and the preparation of the global orientation under North African framework and the upheaval in the Arab Maghreb [9]. African North. The declaration of November 1st , 1954 In the end, we deduce that Massali Al Haj, Abdelaziz insisted on the Maghreb dimension of the Algerian Al ThaalibiI and Abdelkrim Al Khattabi participated in the revolution and the affection of Algeria of what is crystallization of the national awareness of the idea of the happening to the neighbours Morocco and Tunisia: unity of militancy in Arab Maghreb countries. “The events of Morocco and Tunisia have their meaning as they represent deeply the stages the liberation fighting Massali AL Haj had asked for unifying the political in the North of Africa. What might be noticed in this field work of North African countries in a one common is that is that for a long time, we were the first who asked political current which was the North African Star for the unity in the work [11]”. which was asking for the independence of North The Maghreb peoples- Morocco- Tunisia- Libya African countries. have consolidated the Algerian Revolution and helped it As for Abdelaziz Al Taalibi was asking for the unity since its outbreak 1954 in order to unify the Maghreb of Maghreb common militancy under the flag of the fighting and this unification was put in concrete form Islamic Arab World to unify it through fighting through North African revolutionary militancy and against the European colonization and liberating the supporting the Algerian Revolution in many aspects Islamic Arab peoples. which lie in the following:

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The Attitude of Tunisia Towards the Algerian The Moroccan militant Abdelkrim Al Khattabi* Revolution: Tunisia is considered as one of the Maghreb addressed an appeal to North African peoples on the peoples who supported the Algerian revolution politically occasion of the outbreak of the revolution of November through the party of the New Tunisian constitution and 1st , 1954 in Algeria. It contained the following: this was thanks to the appeals and speeches of its leader Salah Benyoucef who blessed the Algerian revolution and “… O! You the Algerian brothers, all of us didn’t wish insisted on the unification of the Maghreb, revolutionary that one day the situation in the North of Africa would and military militancy against colonization. reach this bloody stage, but the willing of the bribed from Tunisia supported the Algerian revolution military. the French to spread discord is the reason which made Those who were in charge of the revolution in the east you and us explode. You decided to defend this blessed and the west of the country were in a permanent contact defense...Be united and one row and your hearts will be with their Tunisian brother to profit from armament, renewed before your bodies. Make of these movements of supply and concentration. In the east Mustapha liberation a collective fight [15]… Benboulaid and Baji Mokhtar had close ties with the men As for the leader of the party of Moroccan of Tunisian resistance and many of them put in concrete independence Allal Al Fassi, he replied to the declaration form the principles of the common fighting through of November 1st , 1954 in a notice that he addressed from solidarity, cooperation and Tunisian and Algerian military Cairo to the Algerian people in which he says, “From this resistance in the rows of a united army and they peaceful country, dear Egypt and on behalf of Marrakech represented a strong pillar for the Algerian revolution [12]. and its great movements of independence, I send you Moncef Al Marzougui narrated from his father, “Do you best greetings and salutations. I express to you my great know that it’s the outbreak of the revolution in Algeria admiration and delight that we felt because a shining which made our pretended independence take place with flame was sent out of you to enlighten the horizon in Arab that relative easiness because the French colonization Maghreb and we congratulate you on the great attitudes was not really ready in Tunisia and even Morocco to keep and huge adventures you are carrying out defending your Algeria…”. right and freedom and backing up your religion and you Before the outbreak of the Algerian liberation Arabity, it is a great upheaval….. and the Arab Maghreb revolution, France was not ready to respond to the will never be free unless the movement of fighting extends claims of Tunisia as it is confirmed by the general in it and the contract of Jihad becomes organized in it. “Bouadi De Lanor” in Tunisia “… France will remain Congratulations on your attitude [16]…” in Tunisia even if it refuses its abundant propositions It’s through the idea of North African militancy, the [13]”. But the outbreak of the Algerian revolution Algerian militants and the Moroccan resistants had the hastened the negotiations between Tunisia and France willing to coordinate more in order to bring weapons. because of the pressure of the Algerian revolution on In Cairo, the foreign delegation of the front agreed with France. ALLAL AL FARISSI at the beginning of 1955 on unifying the Moroccan and Algerian fighting and establishing a The Attitude of Morocco Towards the Algerian solid cooperation between the front of the Moroccan Revolution: After the declaration of the outbreak of the countryside and Oran in Algeria which started a common Algerian revolution on November 1st , 1954 North African military work on October 2nd , 1955. The army of the militant Abdelkrim Al Khattabi the first who supported liberation of the Arab Maghreb was founded and the military and politically the Algerian revolution because he region of the countryside under the Spanish domination was asking for the unity of the Maghreb battle was taken as a departure and a place to supply the throughout the office of the Arab Maghreb situated in fighters with weapons coming from Egypt through the Cairo since its foundation of the committee of the Egyptian [17] boats and receiving the recruited and liberation of the Arab Maghreb which was approved in volunteers of young people from the Arab Maghreb to 1949 with representatives from Algeria, Morocco and join the Algerian revolution who made of the region of Tunisia. They were coordinating with the prince Nadour a station of transit of arms and the recruited and ABDELKRIM AL KHATTABI who was preparing for the then the distribution of arms among the Algerian and common armed work. A common commandment for the Moroccan fighters and sending part of it to Algeria liberation of the Arab Maghreb was founded in August through the Algerian Oranian western borders. This is 1954 whose principal task was the preparation for field what gave force to the Algerian revolution and developed common North African fight [14]. it military against the French colonization and its army.

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The Attitude of the Libyan Kingdom Towards the French colonialism which tried to contain the national Outbreak of the Algerian Revolution 1954: The Libyan movements and political parties in Morocco and Tunisia. kingdom is considered as one of the Arab states which However, the starting of the Algerian armed revolution supported and consolidated the Algerian revolution since had renewed and revived the idea of the common armed its beginning until the independence and the proof about work of the Arab Maghreb countries in the name of the it was the role of the king Id Al Senoussi in the support of Arab Maghreb liberation army. the Algerian revolution since its outbreak. It was the rear The command of the Arab Maghreb liberation army, base to pass weapons by land through Egypt, Libya and which was issued from the commission of the Arab Tunisia or the Algerian Libyan borders (Oued Souf). Maghreb liberation in Tripoli, was established by the two officers the Tunisian Azzedine Azzouz and the Moroccan The king Idris Al Senoussi mentioned during his Hammadi Al Aziz and the Algerian Ahmed Benbella and meeting with the Algerian delegation the following: this commission reached many decisions. The most important ones are establishing: Jihad in Algeria is not an Algerian jihad, but it is a general Islamic jihad and the one who was able to Tunisia liberation army participate and did not, he betrayed God and his Algeria liberation army prophet. Morocco liberation army. Libya king, government and people does not only support the fighting to liberate Algeria, but it The command is in charge of the general coordination participates soul and heart and if your revolution between the local commands of each country [20]. opened its doors to accept volunteers, you would The leaders of the Tunisian free constitutional party see the men of Libya in a number in the liberation attached to the revolutionary option displayed their army that would accede the number of the Algerians. reticence concerning giving back arms and they were not Consider the government of Libya your own at ease as far as the disassociation of the problem of government and what you ask for as an aid will be Tunisia and they opposed the Tunisian French promptly fulfilled with all our force with an order on negotiations carried out by Bourguiba. After the starting my part; if you want us to act as a mediator to buy of the Algerian revolution, the revolutionary spirit had weapons or any other political or diplomatic been renewed anew within the Tunisian national militants objective, we respond promptly [18]. who had believed in the unity of battles in the commission of the liberation of the Arab Maghreb and many Tunisian The king Idris Senoussi had contributed greatly to politicians and militants took part in reviving the common the consolidation of the Algerian revolution. He put his Maghreb armed work. The most important militant was Al country including its four directions at the disposal of all Salah Benyoucef, one of the leaders of the Tunisian new those who work for the liberation of Algeria both party of constitution who criticized the policy of politically and military (commanders and soldiers). It was Bourguiba because of being in favour of negotiations a region for passing arms and a place for collecting with France and departing from the armed fighting. money, gifts and alms. After that, its task extended to Al Salah Benyoucef did his utmost to revive the establish centers to accommodate the sons and daughters Maghreb armed work through getting in touch via letters of the martyrs [19]. and messages addressed to the representatives of FLN The Libyan kingdom had participated during the party in Cairo through Algeria. Many correspondences liberation revolution in supporting the Algerian revolution and contacts took place between Al Salah Benyoucef and diplomatically, military, socially, culturally and Mohammed Kheidher the representatives FLN in Cairo. economically and we will deal with this subject in detail in Mohammed Kheidher sent from Cairo a letter dated on the next sections. October 21st , 1955 to Al Salah Benyoucef thanking him for his militancy for claiming the liberation of the Arab The Algerian Revolution Military Impact on the Arab Maghreb countries and working for liberating North Maghreb Countries 1954/1956 African peoples. The Algerian Revolution Military Impacts on Tunisia The militant Al Salah Benyoucef played an important 1954/1956: The Algerian revolution had contributed, role to unify the Maghreb militancy either through after it’s starting in 1954, to the determination of the idea diplomatic work or armed military one. In the diplomatic of the Maghreb revolutionary militancy against the domain, Benyoucef had many contacts with the Algerian

1127 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 16 (8): 1123-1133, 2013 and Moroccan leaders of militancy resistance. He had been established on the Tunisians land, for example in the contacted Mr. Youcef Rouissi the representative of the region of Eades, three military canters had been made Arab Moroccan office in Damascus in August 1955 to under the supervision and collaboration of Tunisians who support the revolution in the countries of north of Africa supplied these centers with arms, provision and logistics for independence and to explain to the Arab leaders that [25]. The sources of the arms and provision that the the Tunisian problem has not yet finished and most of Algerian revolutionists had been provided with through The Tunisian militants will not accept the conventions the Tunisian and Algerian borders were different and they that had been signed in Tunisia and that the Western were divided into three sources: countries know only the arm of force and militancy in Tunisia is going on so as to liberate the Arab The first source from Tunisia: Maghreb and the only solution is to unify the revolution The second source from Libya by land: in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia [21]. The Tunisian The third source through the sea boarders: militant Al Salah Benyoucef continued his contact with the representatives of the FLN in Cairo and Algeria. The gulf of Gabes is considered a region of In one of his letters, Kheidher wrote and declared the separation between the Libyan sea borders and the following: Tunisian ones and this gulf is characterized by its “ … Concerning our relation with the Tunisians, it is strategic situation relating the two countries and what is excellent and we are in a permanent contact with Al Salah between Italy and the Isle of Malta to the north and this and lately with Tahar Al Assouad, the latter has more is what makes it a transition region for arms during the confidence in us than his confidence in anyone in him. liberation revolution in both Tunisia and Algeria and the Besides, his reputation had increased too much because best example about was what we found in a document of of his support to our political objectives of north the French security services about the entry of arms Africa….”[22]. through the gulf of Gabes. At the night of the eighteenth At the military level, the new Tunisian party of and the nineteenth of May 1956, six sacs containing arms constitution, with the leadership of the militant Al Salah and supplies coming from the Libyan region called Al Benyoucef, had played a great role in establishing offices Zaoura to the region of Jerba in Tunisia through the boat and commissions of enlistment in the rights of Maghreb belonging to Mr. Haj Salem from Jerba [26]. liberation army. An office of enlistment had been Through these sources and different ways, established in Tunis on the “Road of Chadilia” for the thousands of tons of arms entered the land of Tunisia sake of the Arab Maghreb liberation army on the part of directed to the Algerian borders in order to supply the the new Tunisian party of constitution [23]. national liberation army with provision and military After the establishment of many offices and logistics coming from different regions and Arab commissions of enlistment throughout the Tunisian countries such as Libya, Egypt, Middle East and territory, the Algerian and Tunisian contact started with European countries like Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia…. which the old Tunisian revolutionists and the Algerian fighters. made of the region of Tunisia a center for supplying the The militants of the old revolutionists of the region of Algerian revolution with military arms. Touz among whom there were the militants Tahar Al Assouad and Sassi Chaib had presented aids and military The Establishment of the Army of the Arab Maghreb logistics of arms and explosives to the Algerian Liberation in Tunisia: In January 1956, the Tunisian revolutionists with the help of Mr. Ali Laabidi who militant Al Salah Benyoucef established the army of the contributed greatly to the establishment of cells for the Arab Maghreb liberation in Tunisia and divided this army Tunisian revolutionists, Chaib Sassi and Laabidi who into five regions and three units on the Algerian Tunisian worked to enlist Tunisian draftees for the Algerian borders- north- centre- south. revolution whose activity was concentrated between the The Algerians supervise the frontier forces and frontier region Bakaria and Tala21 [24]. manage the Algerian and Tunisian mixed military groups. After the starting of the Algerian revolution, the There were more than 1000 draftees through the Algerian military Tunisian aids began reaching the Algerian boarders consisting of groups of 50 to 60 to 100 persons revolutionists supplying them with arms and provision carrying French, American and English arms and hunting through many regions and centres established particularly guns and some automatic arms Mitraillette and explosives. to supply the Algerian revolutionists with arms through These arms had been entered gradually through the the borders. Many centers for the armed Algerians had boarders which were brought from Libya Tripoli by land.

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Many resistance leaders appeared in the framework number to guarantee the secret from the officers whose of the army of the Arab Maghreb liberation, including training was supervised by the prince in war academies in Tunisians and Algerians carrying the Maghreb solidarity Egypt, Syria and Iraq and this is what had been decided emblem and they took part in common battles against the in this conference: enemy. Among these leaders, there were Tahar Al Assouad, Al Hadi AL Assouad, Houcine Benabdelhafid, Constituting an institution for the Arab Maghreb Tayeb AZ Zelleg, Al Haj Anouri Al Bassoussi, Abdellah liberation army. Al Bouamran, Ali Derghal, Tahar Benlakhdar Al Gharbi, Organizing an institution for a civil armed resistance Mohammed Karfa, Nacer Loucif, Sadek Benalkamel in the Arab Maghreb countries in the name of the Benbrahim, Mahmoud Benhassouna Zidi, Abdellah Zohir, Arab Maghreb liberation league. Ali Said, Mohammed Berbiche, Mohammed Benmesbah Establishing the organizational frame of the Arab Nifer, Houcine Benabdelhafid…[27]. Maghreb liberation army and making its internal In the end, we deduce that the Algerian revolution regulation. had contributed greatly to the military impact on the Establishing the general plan of the Arab Maghreb Tunisian people through reviving the national spirit for liberation army. the revolutionary work like continuing the Tunisian militancy against the French colonization. The Algerian The decisions taken by the conference started with a revolution worked to renew the idea of unifying the support from the command of the Egyptian revolution Maghreb militancy and resistance in the framework of the which brought arms and material, trained fighters and Arab Maghreb liberation army which was re-formed from made special revolutionary camps which reached 5 camps Algerians and Tunisians during the period from 1955 to and the work continued bringing militants from Algeria, 1956, but the French policy and the appearance of Morocco and Tunisia, training and organizing them until Tunisian opponents of the idea of the Arab Maghreb the revolution in Tunisia and Morocco started in 1952. liberation army had speed up and contributed to the [28] After that the revolution in Algeria started as well on abortion of this Maghreb unifying project which had a November 1st , 1954. negative effect on the revolutionary unified militancy in The Algerian revolution took part in reviving the the framework of the countries of north Africa and had revolutionary spirit and the armed fighting in the Arab contributed to the appearance of the political militancy in Maghreb countries in order to unify militancy and the framework of countries. common fighting against the French colonialism and this was due to many helping factors to renew the idea of the The Military Impacts of the Algerian Revolution on Maghreb fighting unity which consisted in the need of Morocco 1954/1956: The military Moroccan Algerian both Morocco and Algeria for arms coming from Egypt relations go back to 1948 when the Arab Maghreb and some European countries to supply fighters. To treat liberation commission was established on January 5th , by this problem and guarantee the obtainment of arms, the the Maghreb parties representatives such as: the command of the Algerian revolution had charged both Maghreb independence party, the national reform party, Mohammed Boudiaf and Al Arbi Benmehidi to study the the Maghreb unity party, the Algerian people’s party and possibility of getting war material from Moroccan east the Tunisian party of constitution under the supervision side, opening a fighting front along Rif mountains and of prince Abdelkrim Al Khatabi in order to prepare the north Atlas, coordinating with the fifth province which revolution in the countries of the Arab Maghreb. was in need of arms. In the early 1952, prince Abdelkrim Al Khatabi sent Mohammed Boudiaf took the responsibility of the two officers Al Hachemi Tod and Mohammed supervising the security and diverted a boat loaded with Hammadi Abdelaziz to the three Arab Maghreb countries arms from Egypt to the shores of Nadhour in Rif “ Dina to see the opinion of the national parties leaders about the Boat” which anchored on the shores of Nadhour on project of armed Maghreb revolution and because of the March 30th ,1955. There were on this boat a group of encouragement of prince Abdelkrim Al Khatabi, the Algerian militants who had their military training in conference of the Maghreb officers was organized in Egyptian barracks like Mohammed Boukherouba “Houari Cairo with the participation of a chosen elite of a limited Boumediene”.

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The military material and arms were distributed among Morocco to face the French colonialism and exerting the Moroccan liberation movement and the Algerian pressure on it through military operations and smuggling liberation army [29]. By means of this contact, the arms to which many militants, Moroccan revolutionists Moroccan and Algerian common collaboration and and Algerians contributed greatly and the best example activity appeared and continued for the armed revolution about that what was mentioned in some of the reports of against the French colonialism and this through appeals, the police and the French secret services about the reports and speeches of the leaders of the Moroccan activity the Algerian and Moroccan revolutionists in the national movement and the leader of Rif the prince frontier region. Mohammed Abdelkrim Al Khetabi. The military activity between Algeria and Morocco Many Maghreb students also joined the rows of the was centred in the region of Nadhour and the Spanish Rif Moroccan liberation army. In a document dated on May which is considered as a centre for smuggling and 7th , 1955 a group of Maghreb students who were studying receiving arms coming from abroad. in Al Azhar Mosque in Cairo and who went back to the Both the leaders of the Algerian national movement region of Nadhour in the Spanish Morocco like Mr. FLN and the Moroccan one of the independence party Mohammed Benlaziz from Titwan with a group which took part in unifying the Maghreb militancy through the consisted of 25 students and who were trained and common cooperation to face the French colonialism. drafted as officers by Egyptian officers and sent to the Both the Moroccan and Algerian peoples through region of Titwan in order to enter them into Algeria the militants participated in supporting the Algerian through the borders and send them to the Aures region revolution and supplying it with arms throughout the [30]. boarders. Ahmed Benbella is considered as one of the leaders Morocco was considered as a back military basis of of the national liberation front abroad and one of the the Algerian revolution in the west front because founders of the cells of smuggling arms and taking them Morocco was supplying the Algerian revolution with to the north of Morocco in order to enter them into provision and receiving patients, injured and refugees. Algeria. The region of Nadhour and the Moroccan Rif All these results helped to strengthen the Algerian which was under the domination of Spain was a transition revolution in the period of 54/55 to continue militancy for region for arms towards the Algerian boarders and many the independence from the French colonialism and this Algerians and Moroccans took part in receiving these thanks to the aids of the neighbouring Maghreb peoples arms and sending them to the Algerian boarders among and states. whom there were Mr. Kadiri Houcine son of Mohammed born in 1919 in the region of Maghnia and who was Military Impacts of the Algerian Revolution on Libya sentenced to 4 years’ imprisonment because of his 1954/1956: The Algerian and Libyan military and political activity in the people’s party and who escaped political relations go back the second World War in which and joined Morocco and was designed by Ahmed millions of the Algerians took part with France in the Benbella as a responsible for the training of the Maghreb second World WAR and some of them were taken to militants and the Algerians existing in the region of the front of fighting the Germans and the Italians in Libya Nadour [31]. 42-45. Ahmed Benbellla and Mohammed Boudiaf From political point of view, there was a close relation contributed to the establishment of many cells to smuggle between the king of Libya Idris Senoussi and the Algerian weapons in the region of Rif and Nadhour and this was political parties like the movement of victory of democratic with the help Moroccans and a group of Egyptian liberations and the league of oulema and some of the officers. shuyoukh of shrines such as the shrine of Senoussia in Thus, we deduce that the leaders of the Moroccan Mostaghanem. political parties either the independence party or the After the declaration of the independence of Libya in leaders of the region of Rif like Abdelkrim Al Khatabi and 1947, the members of the political office of the movement the leaders of the national liberation front like Ahmed of the victory of the democratic liberations sent a letter to Benbella and Mohammed Boufiaf who worked to unify the the prince Idris Senoussi congratulating him on the revolutionary military fighting front between Algeria and independence of Libya [32].

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After the starting of the Algerian revolution, king Passing and Smuggling Arms Throughout the Libyan Idris Senoussi played a great role in embracing and Tunisian Algerian Boarders: In June 1957, a great supporting the Algerian revolution by declaring his number of arms was smuggled throughout the Algerian unlimited solidarity and support to the Algerian Tunisian Libyan boarder 250 rifles, 25 machine-guns and people and this was realized through material and moral 14 boxes of military munition ( cartridges) were entered. support. They were seized by the French forces near Telia Al Libya participated greatly in supporting the Algerian Ghazia about 10 Km south of Libyan Bzida on the revolution especially in the military field because Libya Tunisian boarders which were sent to the Algerian was influenced by the Algerian revolution and supported revolutionists existing near Katrana 25km away from the it military from its beginning through: Tunisian Gafsa [35].

CONCLUSION Allowing the Algerians to pass arms coming from Egypt throughout the Tunisian Libyan boarders. On the basis of our study of North African dimension Allowing the Algerians to establish military camps of the Algerian revolution and its effect and repercussion for training and logistics. on the countries of the Arab Maghreb from a political and Allowing and encouraging the Libyans to enlist in military point of view, we draw the following: the rows of the Algerian and Tunisian revolution and to prove that is the existence of French documents The origins s of the idea of political militancy in the related to the activity of the Algerian revolutionists countries of the Arab Maghreb goes back before the in Libya and the role of Libya to support and sustain Algerian revolution 1954. It goes back to the period the Algerian revolution and among the main military of the late forties when North African nation parties manifestations of the Algerian Libyan relations met and founded the committee of the liberation of during the beginning of the Algerian revolution 54/56 the Arab Maghreb on January 5th , 1948. consist in the following: The Algerian revolution of November 1st took part in resuscitating and reviving again the idea of militancy Establishing the Algerian Military Camps on the Libyan and the Maghreb common fighting. The revolution Territories: Many military camps were establish by the renewed the unity of military work with the peoples national liberation front on the Libyan territories which of the Arab Maghreb and this was put in concrete aimed at training the Algerian draftees and the Moroccan form through the foundation of the army of the and Arabs volunteers in the Algerian revolution and liberation of the Arab Maghreb. among the first training camps which were established in After its outbreak, the Algerian revolution Libya because of the increasing number of the Algerians contributed to the supply of the Arab Maghreb and Tunisians in Libya was the military camp in the region states with weapons: Tunisia and Morocco from of Zenzar by the end of April 1956 near Tripoli towards Egypt and some European countries. This helped the west 18 km and another camp in the region of Mezra Morocco and Tunisia to use these weapons in Boudelbig 15 Km away from Zaoura. This military camp their revolution against the French colonization. which was established to train fighters consisted of 5 big The region of the Spanish Morocco the north of the countryside was a base and centre to receive tents under the supervision of 4 guardians armed with weapons from abroad and then distributing these automatic arms and hunting guns. This camp was under weapons among the Algerian and Moroccan the supervision of Mr. Adim Afandi and his assistant Al revolutionaries and this is what affected negatively Sassi [33]. the French colonization. On September 24th , 1957 a training centre was Both Tunisia and Morocco exploited the Algerian established in the region of the south Fezan near Aouina revolution and their political leaders from the new and this group consisted of the Algerian Tunisian constitution party and the independence revolutionists 175 fighter soldiers among whom there party started exerting pressure on France and the were 4 Algerian fighters who had a military training in revolution obliged it to open the doors of negotiation Egypt in addition to the existence of 17 Libyan volunteers with the two parties to devote itself to the Algerian in this camp [34]. revolution.

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The Algerian revolution had a great role in unifying 8. Hossein Berenjeian Tabrizi, Ali Abbasi and Hajar the cooperation and militancy between the peoples of Jahadian Sarvestani, 2013. Comparing the Static and the Arab Maghreb. Many Tunisian, Moroccan and Dynamic Balances and Their Relationship with the Libyan young people and even from other Arab Anthropometrical Characteristics in the Athletes of states joined in order to be recruited in the rows of Selected Sports, Middle-East Journal of Scientific the Algerian revolution which unified North African Research, 15(2): 216-221. peoples. 9. Abdellah Meguellati, The Maghreb Algerian Relation The Algerian revolution could unify the word of at the Beginning of the Liberation Revolution 54/62,a North African national parties and the solidarity with doctorate thesis unpublished, Constantine the revolution in front of the attempts of the French University, 2007/2008, under the Supervision of Dr. colonization to destroy it and divide the attitudes of Abdelkrim Bousafsaf, pp: 43: 44-45. North African parties against the Algerian revolution 10. Yahia Bouaziz, 1984. The Place of the Revolution of through encouraging peaceful solutions and November 1st , 1954- Between the World Revolutions negotiations to the detriment of the military and its Role in the Liberation of Algeria and Africa- resistance. A lecture presented in the Seminar of the Algerian Revolution and its Repercussion in the World In the end, we conclude this study, saying that the November 24th - 28 th , Dar of printing ENAL-gam, Algerian revolution is considered as one the greatest pp: 91. revolutions in the world and this because of its 11. Algiers, 1979. Publications of the ministry of dimension, repercussion and effect on peoples. information and culture November 1st , 1954, pp: 9. Thanks to the revolution of November 1st , both 12. Abdellah Meguellati, op.cit, pp: 27. Morocco and Tunisia could revive their national 13. Ali Ajgou and Dar A.L. Houda, 2006. The Effects of military resistance 54/56. Thanks to the Algerian the Revolution at Both Levels Internal and External. revolution, many African states under the French The Liberation Revolution Principles and Ethics. colonization could claim self determination and this is From the Product November 1st , pp: 105. what obliged France to open the doors of negotiations 14. Al Foudil, Al Ouartalani, Algeria the Rebel and Dar because of the military and political pressures exerted on Al Houda, 2007, pp: 185-186. it by the Algerian revolution. 15. Abdellah Meguellati, op.cit, pp: 31. 16. Zeki Mebarek, 2005. The Coordination Committee REFERENCE Between the Algerian Liberation Army and the Moroccan Liberation Army, Reasons of Foundation 1. Mohammed Kenanche and Mahfoud Keddache, and Objectives July 5th , 1955, a lecture presented in 1984. The Star of the North of Africa, UPO, Algeria, an international seminar in Algiers about The Origins pp: 46-47. and Evolution of the National Liberation Army, Al 2. Souss, 2002a. Youcef Menasria Ideological Fight in Aurassi, July 2ndrdth , 3 , 4 , pp: 167. the Tunisian National Movement 1934-1937, Dar Al 17. Abdellah Meguellati, op.cit, pp: 31. Maaraf of printing and publication, pp: 12. 18. Mohammed Kenanche and Mahfoud Keddache, 3. Ibid, pp: 28. 1984. The Star of the African North, UPO, Algiers and 4. Ibid, pp: 446. Youcef Menasria:op.cit, 12: 46-47. 5. Mohammed Fenatchi and Mahfoud Kerrache:op.cit, 19. Smail Mira, 2008. Al Moujahid Mohammed Salah pp: 28-29. Seddik Between the Silk of Pens and the Clatter of the 6. Sibghatullah Nasir, 2013. Microfinance in India Arm, Dar Houma, pp: 155. Contemporary Issues and Challenges. 20. Zeki Mebarek, 2005. The coordination commission Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, between the Algerian liberation army and the 15(2): 191-199. Moroccan liberation army, a lecture presented in a 7. Mueen Uddin, Asadullah Shah, Raed Alsaqour and seminar the establishment and development of the Jamshed Memon, 2013. Measuring Efficiency of Tier national liberation army July 2nd , 3 rd and 4 th , pp: 166. Level Data Centers to Implement Green Energy 21. The Archives of overseas, Aix en Provence, France Efficient Data Centers, Middle-East Journal of A.O.M – Box N° : G , G, A, 7 G / 1310 -1311 –political Scientific Research, 15(2): 200-207. situation in Tunisia, 1955, 1956.

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22. Mabrouk Belahcene, 2004. Correspondences 28. Hachemi Abdesselem Tod, 2005. The historical race between interior and exterior (Algeria, Cairo) of the liberation revolution in the Arab Maghreb and translation of Sadek Ammari the house of Al Kasba the role of the prince Mohammed Abdelkrim Al of edition, Algeries, pp: 143. Khatabi, the international seminar about the 23. A.O.M – AIX - Box N° : G , G, A, 7 G / 1310 -1311 le 9- establishment and development of the national 12-1955. liberation army July 2nd , 3 rd and 4 th , Algiers, pp: 41-42. 24. A.O.M. : AIX - Box N° : G, G, A, 7 G / 1310 -1311 le 11- 29. Zaki Mebarek op.cit, pp: 168-170. 12-1955. 30. A.O.M, ex en Provence – Op.CIT, on July 7th , 25. A.O.M.: AIX – Op.CIT – le 23-08-1955. 31. A.O.M, ex en Provence – Op.CIT, on June 6th , 1955. 26. A.O.M. : AIX – Op.CIT – le 18-05-1956. 32. A.O.M, ex en Provence – Boite N° : FM, 81 F 978, 27. Amira Alia Saghir, 2005. The Algerian national 1945, 1962, on November 3rd . liberation army in Tunisia, an international seminar 33. A.O.M-ex en Provence Op.CIT, on March 30th , 1956. about the establishment and development of the 34. A.O.M-ex en Provence Op.CIT, on September 13th , national liberation army, Algeria, July 2nd, 3rd and 4 th , 1957. pp: 181. 35. A.O.M-ex en Provence Op.CIT, on June 19th , 1957.

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