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Towards a Representative Network of Marine Protected Areas in Libya INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE IUCN-MED Parque Tecnológico de Andalucia Marie Curie, 22 29590 - Campanillas (Malaga) [email protected] Tel +34 95 202 84 30 Fax +34 95 202 81 45 www.iucn.org/mediterranean Core support to the IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation is provided by: ABOUT IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGO’s, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org Towards a Representative Network of Marine Protected Areas in Libya July 2011 This report was prepared by Abdelmaula Hamza, Chedly Raïs and Alain Jeudy de Grissac (IUCN) with the support of Renaud Dupuy de la Grandrive, Mar Otero, Deborah Jouno Bernardon, Jill Harry and François-Xavier Bouillon 1 4 7 2 5 3 6 8 9 Cover pictures: 1 Oblada melanura (1877), Vincent Fossat (1822-1891). Coll. Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Nice. 2 Sterna bengalensis. © RDG / RAC-SPA. 3 Vermeted trottoir near Aïn Ghazala. © MF / RAC-SPA. 4 Gulf of Sirte. © RDG / RAC-SPA. 5 Rocky seabed of Barda island. Gulf of Bumba. © MF / RAC-SPA. 6 Posidonia oceanica meadows along sandy and rocky coast in western Tripoli. © RDG / RAC-SPA. 7 Posidonia oceanica meadow near the UNESCO World Heritage site of Sabratha. © RDG / RAC-SPA. 8 Satellite image (MODIS) of massive sandstorm covering most of Libya and the Central Mediterranean. © NASA www.visibleearth.nasa.gov 9 Fishermen in their flouka. Gulf of Bumba. © RDG / RAC-SPA. Photos (except as may be stated otherwise): Renaud Dupuy de la Grandrive © RDG / RAC-SPA, Mathieu Foulquié © MF / RAC-SPA. www.miair-mieau.com The designation of geographical entities in this book, Reproduction of this publication for educational or Produced by: and the presentation of the material, do not imply the other non-commercial purposes is authorized without IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of prior written permission from the copyright holder IUCN, the Environment General Authority of Libya, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Available from: the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation Development (AECID), the Mava Foundation or the Total Reproduction of this publication for resale or other C/ Marie Curie 22 Foundation concerning the legal status of any country, commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written 29590 Campanillas, Malaga, Spain territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the permission of the copyright holder. Tel: +34 952 028430 delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Fax: +34 952 028145 http://www.iucn.org/mediterranean The views expressed in this publication do not Citation: necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the Environmental IUCN (2011). Towards a Representative Network of Or General Authority of Libya, the Spanish Agency for Marine Protected Areas in Libya. Gland, Switzerland International Development Cooperation (AECID), the and Málaga, Spain: IUCN. 68 pages. IUCN Mava Foundation or the Total Foundation. (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Service This publication has been made possible in part by Editing and layout: Rue Mauverney 28 funding from the Spanish Agency for International François-Xavier Bouillon, F-06800 Cagnes-sur-Mer 1196 Gland, Switzerland Development Cooperation (AECID), the Mava Tel: +41 22 999 0000 Foundation and the Total Foundation. Rereading and corrections: Fax: +41 22 999 0020 Deadline SARL, F-06570 Saint-Paul-de-Vence [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications Printing: Caractère SA, F-15002 Aurillac A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available at: Published by: http://iucn.org/publications IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Málaga, Spain. Copyright: © 2011 International Union for Conservation ISBN: of Nature and Natural Resources. 978-2-8317-1386-1 FOREWORD This report was prepared within the framework of the MedRAS The Libyan report contains a compilation of information from national Project (Mediterranean Representative Areas and Species), and international experts and from documentation available on financed by the MAVA and TOTAL Foundations, the Spanish marine and coastal biodiversity in Libya. It proposes and describes Agency for International Cooperation (AECID), and coordinated by sites of conservation interest along the Libyan coast. the IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation (Malaga, Spain). A draft version of the report was prepared by Abdulmaula Hamza The MedRAS project was implemented in its pilot phase in two (General Environment Authority, Libya) and Chedly Rais (Okianos, sites, the Libyan coastline and the Alboran Sea. The reports for Tunisia). It was presented and reviewed during a consultation Libya and the Alboran Sea will be produced separately, but follow workshop convened by the General Environment Authority of Libya the same methodology. In 2011 and 2012, the methodology (EGA) in Tripoli on June 15th and 16th, 2010, involving national developed for MedRAS will be implemented in other sites in the experts and representatives of the IUCN Med, WWF MedPO and Mediterranean, within the framework of a new project funded by UNDP Libya. The final version was prepared at the end of 2010 the MAVA foundation and called NEREUS. by Abdulmaula Hamza, Chedly Rais and Alain Jeudy de Grissac. Additions and corrections were provided in the final stages by Renaud Dupuy de la GrandRive, Mar Otero, Deborah Jouno The strong coordination and cooperation between the Environment Bernardon, Jill Harry and François-Xavier Bouillon. General Authority of Libya (EGA), the United Nations Development Programme office in Libya (UNDP-Libya), the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas of the Mediterranean Action Plan (RAC/SPA-MAP-UNEP), the World Wide Fund for Nature Mediterranean Project Office (WWF-MedPO) and the Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN-Med) have been the key to the success of this project. When closing the last technical meeting in June 2010, the head of EGA has recommended that this document serve as the basis for development of marine and coastal conservation in Libya for all present and future partners, including in particular the Agreement for the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Mediterranean and Black Seas (ACCOBAMS), the Mediterranean Wetland Initiative (MedWet) and the Network of Managers of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean (MedPAN). 5 LIST of acronYMS AECID Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development EGA Environment General Authority of Libya FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GECOL General Electricity Company RAC/SPA Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MAP Mediterranean Action Plan MedPAN Network of Managers of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean MedRAS Mediterranean Representative Areas and Species SMW Secretariat of Marine Wealth UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WWF-MedPO World Wide Fund for Nature – Mediterranean Project Office Contents Introduction .......................................................................9 2.4. Main biodiversitY elements The MedRAS Project ...........................................................9 in the marine and coastal environment of LibYA ..........................................................................25 1. The socio-economic context of the marine and coastal environment 3. Pressures and threats in Libya ...................................................... 11 to the marine and coastal environment and biodiversity..........................................28 1.1. Fishing and Fisheries ..................................................12 1.2. Oil exploration and production ............................13 3.1. Overfishing ..................................................................28 1.3. Agriculture .................................................................16 3.2. Invasive species ...........................................................29 1.4. IndustrY ........................................................................ 17 3.3. Habitat alteration, pollution and land use .......30 1.5. ElectricitY and Water Desalination....................... 17 3.4. LacK of awareness 1.6. Tourism .........................................................................18 of conservation priorities ......................................30 3.5. Climate change ..........................................................31 3.6. Drought and desertification..................................31 2. General overview of the marine and coastal environment in Libya ...................................................... 19 4. Legal and institutional aspects related to biodiversity and marine and coastal 2.1.
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