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Excavations in the Hagios Charalambos Cave

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Excavations in the Hagios Charalambos Cave HESPERIA JJ (2OO8) EXCAVATIONSIN THE 539~6o5 Pages HAGIOS CHARALAMBOS CAVE A Preliminary Report ABSTRACT The cave of Hagios Charalambos is a Minoan secondary ossuary in the Lasithi plain in the mountains of east-centralCrete. It was excavatedin two campaigns(1976-1983 and 2002-2003). Artifacts include pottery,figurines, seals, stone tools, metal tools and weapons,jewelry, and other objects buried with the deceased.The originalburials range in date from Neolithic to Middle Minoan IIB, but the bones were all moved to the ossuarywithin a relatively short period in MM IIB. Some of the bones were partly sorted before their secondarydeposition. The skulls indicate many traumasand three sophisti- cated trephinations,the earliestthus far known in Greece. INTRODUCTION Philip P Betancourt,Costis Davaras, andEleni Stravopodi The Hagios Charalamboscave is locatedat the easternedge of the village of Hagios Charalambos(formerly named Gerontomouri) on the western side of the Lasithiplain in east-centralCrete (Figs. 1, 2).1The cavernhas no nameof its own, andit is knownonly by the nameof the village.It was discoveredduring road construction in 1976 when dynamiteblasts broke into the upperpart of the undergroundspaces, and Costis Davarascon- ductedrescue excavations there in 1976, 1982, and 1983.2More recently, the cavewas excavatedwith an Americanpermit under the directionof PhilipP. Betancourtand Costis Davarasin 2002 andwith the additionof 1. Thanks are due to many people Ephorate.Financial support was pro- follows Betancourt1985. Colors are for help with this project,especially vided by the Institute for Aegean Pre- recordedin the Munsell system (Koll- StavroulaApostolakou, Director of the history,Temple University,and the morgen InstrumentsCorporation 24th Ephorateof Prehistoricand Clas- Universityof Pennsylvania. 1992). The following abbreviations sical Antiquities, StephenTracy, former Unless otherwise credited,all of the of museums are employed:HM, Ar- Directorof the American School of photographsand drawingsreproduced chaeologicalMuseum, Herakleion; ClassicalStudies at Athens, Thomas here are from the projects archives. HNM, ArchaeologicalMuseum, Brogan,Director of the INSTAP Study The official photographerswere Erietta Hagios Nikolaos. Center for East Crete, and Alekos Attali and Chronis Papanikolopoulos. 2. Davaras1983, 1986, 1989a, Nikakis, Chief Conservator,24th In the catalogues,pottery nomenclature 1989b. © The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 54O PHILIP P. BETANCOURT ET AL. AtticaT1C>-7 Kl V >. \ O-j A Samos ) KythnosJ) fi ^ \» ?m* ss Seriphos^ ^ -nj. 4">\J"™s Siphnos^ Kos^^ ^ Melos ty* ft A Thera Anaphi Aegean Sea rt Sea of Crete Karpathos/7 LibyanSea ^^^^\T^W^Zt Lasithi Plain Figure 1. Map of the Aegean Eleni Stravopodi as a third codirector in 2003. James D. Muhly and Albert Leonard Jr. were field directors. The cave is especially important for several reasons. It is an extreme case of the Minoan funerarypractice that involved collecting, sorting, and redepositing human bones in new locations. The artifacts are of interest because they come from a remote part of Crete about which little is known, and they include both local objects and a surprising number of pieces that provideinformation about relationswith other parts of Crete as well as with overseas locations. The skeletal material constitutes the largest preserved corpus of human bones from the Cretan periods before Middle Minoan (MM) III. Although the settlement that used the cave is not known with certainty,a surface survey of the Lasithi plain has documented habitation from the Late Bronze Age on the hill adjacent to the ossuary.3 The cavewas used as an ossuaryduring the Minoan period.The earliest pottery found was from the Final Neolithic (FN), with the possibility of a sherd or two of Late Neolithic date. Except for a few sherds from Late Minoan (LM) I- III (fewer than five), the finds seem to have all been placed in the ossuary within a relatively short period in MM IIB. In addition to human bones, the ossuary contained sherds and complete examples of Minoan pottery, animal bones, stone vases, stone tools, figurines, seals, beads and other pieces of jewelry, copper and bronze tools, six examples of 3.Watrousl982,p.65. the musical instrument called the sistrum,4and other items that had been 4. For a more complete preliminary from deposited with the original burials before the remains were moved reporton the sistra,see Betancourtand their earlier place of deposition to this cave. Muhly 2006. EXCAVATIONS IN THE HAGIOS CHARALAMBOS CAVE 541 o to^/^vr-i f/ 0 rkm n <J ^ HerakletoTOC) // r f r^T v> » \ MahaSL 1*1 W C Mt.,SELENA V. fJ ,TsoulitoMnema7 Vv-* /^^ \ /*-^"V r ^*\ /^S~^~\ \ r\) ^%C^~>J~^^ r \ Q y ^vtoHagios 'Cs^h^™°ms/ Marmaketo\^Vs I / ^ •(/ T]p J fo/; v\^ y^ ,f/ q ' //(rat0Met0Chi KAMPOS \A ^C^\ CharalambosCave /y ^t^Hagios JJjv \i^II^^sa L^sit^ Charalambos ^^-^^ ^^Hagios ^^^^^ ^w *lResavS^ ° Lasithaki ^J3 y / KEPHALA(J^D /<?iagios ( ^ /^ nAati Ha9ios^_^;^nstantinos to > 7 1 J / SKALIA ^^^^^ Georgjos.^^^,.^^ Katharo/ XEROKAMPOS <-^v^T^-v^^^ ^?vyChr° \ \^((i c^ /%r^v/v/s^o/^v\ ^ , C^n^N^.^ ^ .• ChavgasGorgeoN \ \J ^^s-O^. ^-~^ ZvJ^\\ ^^Magoulas ^ ^ ^^s^jKoudoumalia JZ^ /^\l)) } Figure2. Map of the Lasithiplain The cave is relativelysmall. It had an original length of ca. 9 m north- south by 10 m east-west (Fig. 3). The original entrance was at 834.95 m above sea level (masl), above room 1. The cavern had seven underground spaces, but the front two rooms were removed in 1982 because the bedrock there was so cracked from the dynamite explosions that uncovered the ossuary that conditions were unsafe for entering the cave until after their removal.5Rooms 1, 2, 3, and 4 were excavated by Davaras and his team. Room 6, a passagewayat the west not used by the Minoans, became blocked with sediment in 1982. The lower spaces (rooms 5 and 7 and the room 4/5 entrance) were left untouched by the early campaign. In the new project in 2002 and 2003, rooms 3 and 4 were cleaned, trenches outside the cave were opened, and room 5 (Fig. 4) and the room 4/5 entrance were excavated. Room 7, not used by the Minoans, was cleaned to remove material that had washed into this space from room 5. The position of the finds inside the cavern leaves no doubt that the human bones were deposited after they were disarticulated.Near the bot- tom of the deposit in room 5, which was over a meter high, some of the long bones were arrangedin a grid to form a sort of platform (Fig. 5). This carefulplacement of bones proves that the deposit was not disturbedafter it was laid in place. Above the grid was a mass of disarticulatedhuman bones mixed with pottery and other artifacts.The top of the deposit in every room 5. Davaras1989a, p. 387. consisted of a layer of human skulls and complete vases (additional proof 542 PHILIP P. BETANCOURT ET AL. * * . \8.22-.76 • . ." fi ozZ.87 ROOM7 ^ 826.45^s^ •'•jj\ ^_^ ^ ^"S^ ' 82*07 ROOM5 A f^\-' ^^ A ) \ • * ' J ^ w^*^ ' • ' • '•/ 826.28 X • # T**f?-"- . 82597 82*97-. ;' \i. "•• • ''{ 82858A •? ROOM4/5 ENTRANCE ^^^K *-J \ •' '. room3 Y . ;.j^<a.%y.....dbr 8^^-.-.T45 R00M4 ' I 82^ f • •'•;/ "^^^X t 82^47 } * ROOM6>fV'\ ..-* A __^ * 82^75 '• -• * : •** • *'-V 82762*' ^TTf^i) A * "J ^*^ 828.8Sh../ ^- rr**^s_ :•' .' ' * ENTRANCE v-:.:;--• .' '• - -\ '^^N^J-- •:>i >.-:•. ROOM 2 . ..'.I• I...- % ^ Approximate i\ .. %.**i _ Location of •". R00M1 ^^ '\\ x.^v^.v^ ,:;•: ' • • •"".'Kr*-i: :••'• "':• •• • ••-.• \s /-.;- •• " . .*#..v ^. ,* ' 0 1m '.•"'...*' Figure 3. Plan of the cave at Hagios T. McDermott that the deposithad not been disturbedsince the BronzeAge). Both FN Charalambos. and MM IIB sherdswere found on the surfaceof the depositas well as withinit andlying on the caves bedrockfloor at the baseof the depositin room 5. Most of the completevases were foundby the firstcampaign in the courseof excavatingrooms 1-4. The authorsof this preliminaryreport discuss both the discoveries fromthe 1976-1983 excavationsand those fromthe morerecent seasons. Followingthe introduction,the reportis dividedinto 11 sections:(1) Lo- cal and RegionalGeomorphology, (2) Earlyand Middle MinoanPottery, (3)The MetalArtifacts, (4) The GoldStrips, (5) Chippedand Ground Stone Implements,(6) The Stone Vessels,(7) The Human Figurines,(8) The NeritidShells, (9) The Sistra,(10) The HumanRemains, and (11) Discus- sion and Conclusions.An appendixis also included:Handling and Care of ExcavatedOsseous Material. EXCAVATIONS IN THE HAGIOS C H A RALAM B O S CAVE 543 ' / Area 3 ^^CnA ' Area 2 with Fallen r-^EntranceV rWESf^ ^5) / Rocks) \ to \ WA|A_ EASTWALL A' / _. \ 7 \~^P g I Area4 Area1 \ > () I p- x ^-V \ ) x ^ I (Coveredwith Fallen Rocks) ^ " "" / \ ! \ The 4/5 Entrance ' ' N^^^ V^ . • • - "^ :-... /'•••••••....... \ AREAS «75+ Room4 \^-O IN ROOM 5 -2408 ' -2404 Figure 4. Areas in room 5. T. McDermott Figure 5. Grid of long bones under the deposit of disarticulated human bones All of the pottery and other finds are being studied as a unit because they constitute a single deposit in the cave with numerousjoins between the sherds and bones uncovered during both campaigns. These joins between fragments found in different levels and in different rooms help demonstrate that the material was mixed before it was placed in the cavern.The study of the human bones and artifacts is not completed. Final publication is tentatively planned in five volumes: I. The Topography,Geology, and Small Finds, II. The Pottery, III. Discussionand Interpretation,IV. The Human Remains, and V. The Faunal Remains. 544 PHILIP P. BETANCOURT ET AL. Methodology Methodology in 1976-1983 The work carriedout between 1976 and 1983 was a rescue excavation con- ducted with very limited resources. In 1976, during road construction, the cave was opened by a dynamite blast that created a hole in the roof of room 1. The original entrance was not visible until later when, as noted above,the crackedupper part of the cavernwas removedwith power equip- ment in 1982 to eliminate the danger of falling stones from the unstable ceiling.
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