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Of Costa Rica Guía De Los Áfidos Alados (Homoptera) De Costa Rica

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Of Costa Rica Guía De Los Áfidos Alados (Homoptera) De Costa Rica Rev. Biol. Trop. 51(2): 001-214, 2003 www.ucr.ac.cr www.ots.ac.cr www.ots.duke.edu A guide to the winged aphids (Homoptera) of Costa Rica Guía de los áfidos alados (Homoptera) de Costa Rica Authors / Autores David Voegtlin1, William Villalobos2, Marco Vinicio Sánchez2, Guido Saborío-R.2, Carmen Rivera2,3 1 Center for Economic Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody, Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970, U.S.A.; [email protected] 2 Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica; [email protected] 3 Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica; [email protected] Scientific editors / Editores científicos David Voegtlin and Carmen Rivera Received 26-IV-2002. Corrected 20-IX-2002. Accepted 11-X-2002. Abstract: This guide is a compilation of limited morphological and biological information on the winged morphs of 60 species of aphids that have been collected in Costa Rica. It should not be viewed as a definitive taxonomic treatise on the aphids of Costa Rica, rather it is a tool that can be used to assist in research on the biol- ogy, host plant relationships, taxonomy, and virus transmission capabilities of aphids. Each species is covered in an identical manner. Morphological and biological information is provided in both Spanish and English as well as photographs of slide mounted specimens. Keys are provided to help the user in identifying the species. Most of the specimens examined were taken in traps associated with epidemiological studies. Limited field collecting has generated host records and these have been added to a list of the aphids of Central America that was com- piled by Pamela Anderson and appended in the guide with her permission. The authors hope that this book will be useful to entomologists in Costa Rica and Central America. Key Words: Aphididae, Hemiptera, Costa Rica, Central America, taxonomy, aphid host plants. Resumen: Esta guía es una recopilación de información morfológica y biológica limitada de las formas aladas de 60 especies de áfidos que han sido recolectadas en Costa Rica. No debe ser tomada como un tratado taxó- nomico definitivo de los áfidos de Costa Rica, sino más bien, como una herramienta que puede ser usada para ayudar en la investigación de la biología, de las relaciones planta hospedera, de la taxonomía y de la capacidad de transmisión de virus de los áfidos. Cada especie fue cubierta en forma idéntica. La información morfológica y biológica se presenta tanto en español como en inglés, así como fotografías de los especímenes montados en láminas de vidrio. También se presentan claves para ayudar al usuario en la identificación de las especies. La mayoría de los especímenes examinados fueron tomados de trampas relacionadas con estudios epidemiológicos. Limitadas recolectas en campo han generado registros de hospederas. Estos registros han sido agregados a la lista de los áfidos de Centroamérica recopilada por Pamela Anderson, la cual aparece con su permiso, como un apéndice en esta guía. Los autores esperan que este libro pueda ser de gran utilidad para los entomólogos en Costa Rica y América Central. 2 REVISTA DE BIOLOGÍA TROPICAL INTRODUCTION INTRODUCCIÓN Although aphids make up only a minute A pesar de que los áfidos representan tan fraction of the insects in Costa Rica, their solo una mínima fracción de los insectos de Cos- impact is significant. The detrimental influence ta Rica, su impacto es significativo. La influen- of large populations on their hosts and the abi- cia nociva de grandes poblaciones sobre sus lity to vector plant viruses, gives them an eco- plantas hospederas y su habilidad para transmi- nomic importance that far outweighs their tir virus de plantas les otorga una importancia diversity. To date, work on aphids in Costa Rica económica que sobrepasa, en gran manera su di- has been primarily focused on aphids as direct versidad. Hasta la fecha, el trabajo sobre áfidos crop pests, or as vectors of plant viruses. en Costa Rica se ha enfocado principalmente en Epidemiological studies using traps to collect los áfidos como plagas directas de los cultivos o aphids have provided the bulk of the material on como vectores de virus de plantas. La mayor par- which this guide is based. These studies were te del material sobre el que se basa esta guía pro- performed mainly in crops of economic or nutri- viene de estudios epidemiológicos que utilizan tional importance, such as potato, cantaloupe, trampas para recolectar áfidos. Estos estudios citrus, sugarcane, corn and beans. This is by no fueron realizados principalmennte en cultivos de means a comprehensive list, but limited basic importancia económica o nutricional, tales como, information is provided for over 60 species. It is papa, melón, cítricos, caña de azúcar, maíz y fri- expected that future collecting efforts will jol. No se trata de una lista completa; pero se reveal additional species, both native and exot- ofrece información básica, limitada, acerca de ic, and expand the existing knowledge of host- más de 60 especies. Es de esperar que las futuras plant relationships for many of the species. recolectas revelen un incremento de especies, This book has been assembled in response tanto nativas como exóticas, y que se amplíe el to the need for a working key to alate aphids in conocimiento existente de las relaciones planta- Costa Rica, and hopefully will be useful for hospedera para muchas de las especies. most of Central America. It is a beginning Este libro fue elaborado como respuesta a la reference, a tool that biologists can use for fur- necesidad de contar con una clave de trabajo para ther studies of the aphid fauna of Costa Rica. los áfidos alados en Costa Rica, y esperamos que Unfortunately, as is the case virtually sea útil para el resto de Centroamérica. Es una re- world wide, many of the most common species ferencia inicial que los biólogos pueden usar en fu- are cosmopolitan in distribution and have long turos estudios de la fauna de áfidos de Costa Rica. been known as direct pests and vectors. It is Desafortunadamente, como sucede alrede- expected that there will be a continual influx of dor del mundo, muchas de las especies más co- cosmopolitan species into Costa Rica and munes son de distribución cosmopolita y se les Central America. Exotic immigrant species, that ha conocido durante mucho tiempo como pla- feed on plants used in commerce or in food gas directas y vectores. Es de esperar que habrá production, will undoubtedly become pests, un continuo flujo de especies cosmopolitas ha- while other exotic species will become estab- cia Costa Rica y América Central. Algunas es- lished, but will have little or no economic pecies exóticas inmigrantes que se alimentan impact. The relatively recent invasion of de plantas utilizadas en el comercio o en la pro- Toxoptera citricidus, the brown citrus aphid, is ducción de alimentos, indudablemente se con- an example of the potential of these immigrants. vertirán en plagas, mientras que otras se esta- blecerán permanentemente, pero tendrán poco o ningún impacto económico. Las invasiones relativamente recientes de Toxoptera citricidus, el áfido café de los cítricos, constituyen un ejemplo del potencial de estos inmigrantes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 3 A BRIEF LOOK BREVE RESEÑA SOBRE AT THE BIOLOGY OF APHIDS LA BIOLOGÍA DE LOS ÁFIDOS What makes an aphid an aphid? Que caracteriza a un áfido? Aphids are small, soft bodied insects in Los áfidos son insectos pequeños de cuer- the order Hemiptera that live by sucking sap po suave del orden Hemiptera, que se alimen- from the phloem of plants. Characters that dis- tan del floema de las plantas. Las característi- tinguish aphids are: paired siphunculi, the ros- cas que distinguen a los áfidos son: un par de trum appears to originate between the fore sifúnculos; el rostro parece originarse entre las coxae; the ultimate antennal segment is divid- coxas anteriores; el último segmento antenal ed into a basal and narrower distal part (termi- está dividido en una parte basal y una parte dis- nal process); two tarsal segments; forewings tal más angosta, o processus terminalis; dos with only one strongly developed longitudinal segmentos tarsales; las alas anteriores vein, and compound eyes each with a three- presentan una sola vena longitudinal bien de- faceted ocular tubercle. sarrollada, y ojos compuestos, cada uno con un tubérculo ocular de tres facetas. Aphid life cycles Ciclos de vida de los áfidos Aphids are most abundant in temperate regions and have evolved some very complex Los áfidos son más abundantes en regio- life cycles, to insure survival through harsh nes templadas y han desarrollado algunos ci- conditions, such as cold winters, and to take clos de vida muy complejos, con el fin de ase- advantage of seasonal changes in host plant gurar la supervivencia durante condiciones se- availability. However, in tropical climates, veras, tales como el invierno, y para aprove- extended cold periods do not exist except at char los cambios estacionales con la disponibi- high altitudes, and green plants are available lidad de plantas hospederas. Sin embargo, en el throughout the year. This allows aphids to exist trópico no se producen períodos extendidos de with a very simple life cycle, which is simply temperaturas frías, excepto a grandes altitudes, the continuous reproduction of females giving y las plantas verdes se encuentran disponibles live birth to more females (parthenogenesis) durante todo el año. Estas condiciones permi- and never undergoing sexual reproduction. ten que los áfidos existan con un ciclo de vida Many species found in Costa Rica are of muy simple, el cual consiste en la reproduc- temperate origin and, although they have a ción vivípara continua de las hembras, para dar more complicated life cycle in temperate origen a más hembras, sin que ocurra nunca la regions, they live without sexual reproduction reproducción sexual, en un proceso llamado (anholocycly) in this tropical climate.
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