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Ericales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales

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Amborellales Ericales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Acorales G Eenzaadlobbigen G Alismatales Ericales Petrosaviales Pandanales De orde Ericales is gebaseerd op Dioscoreales ongeveer 20 families. Er zijn vee Liliales de Theales (Tetrameristaceae, M Asparagales Diapensiaceae, Sladeniaceae, Pe Arecales Styracaceae en Sarraceniaceae), G Commeliniden G Dasypogonales Geraniales (Balsaminaceae), Vio Poales Commelinales (Polemoniaceae), Lecythidales (L Zingiberales (Symplocaceae), Primulales (Prim Enkele families zijn van andere Ceratophyllales Byblidaceae, en de Mitrastemon Chloranthales Er zijn 2 kleine families verplaat naar de Cornales en de Byblidac Canellales Piperales Meestal worden de Cornales als G Magnoliiden G Magnoliales Asteriden gezien, maar een and Laurales aan als zustergroep. Ranunculales De meeste Ericales zijn houtige Sabiales bladeren. De bloemen zijn erg v Proteales vergroeidbladig en regelmatig. Trochodendrales Buxales veel meeldraden. Sapotaceae, L een belangrijk onderdeel van d Gunnerales Berberidopsidales Dilleniales Ericales Caryophyllales The order Ericales is based on mole Santalales 20 families. Many families have bee Saxifragales Theales (Tetrameristaceae, Marcgra G Geavanceerde tweezaadlobbigen G Vitales Sladeniaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Eb Crossosomatales and some from other orders, such a Geraniales (Fouquieriaceae), Solanales (Polemo Myrtales Cornales (Symplocaceae), Primulales Zygophyllales Celastrales Malpighiales Balsaminaceae G Fabiden G Oxalidales Tetrameristace Fabales Marcgraviacea Rosales Fouquieriacea Cucurbitales Polemoniacea Fagales Lecythidaceae Sladeniaceae Brassicales Pentaphylacac G G Malviden Malvales Ebenaceae Sapindales Primulaceae Sapotaceae Cornales Theaceae Ericales Symplocaceae G Asteriden G Styracaceae Garryales Diapensiaceae G Lamiiden G Gentianales Actinidiaceae Solanales Roridulaceae Lamiales Sarraceniacea Clethraceae Aquifoliales Cyrillaceae G Campanuliden G Apiales Ericaceae Dipsacales Mitrastemona 20 Asterales borellales Ericales mphaeales strobaileyales orales smatales Ericales rosaviales ndanales De orde Ericales is gebaseerd op moleculaire kenmerken en omvat oscoreales ongeveer 20 families. Er zijn veel families bijgekomen, de meeste uit ales de Theales (Tetrameristaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Theaceae, paragales Diapensiaceae, Sladeniaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Ebenaceae, ecales Styracaceae en Sarraceniaceae), en enkele uit andere ordes, zoals de sypogonales Geraniales (Balsaminaceae), Violales (Fouquieriaceae), Solanales ales mmelinales (Polemoniaceae), Lecythidales (Lecythidaceae), Cornales giberales (Symplocaceae), Primulales (Primulaceae) en Sapotales (Sapotaceae). Enkele families zijn van andere afgesplitst: de Roridulaceae van de atophyllales Byblidaceae, en de Mitrastemonaceae van de Rafflesiaceae. Im oranthales Er zijn 2 kleine families verplaatst naar andere ordes: de Grubbiaceae I naar de Cornales en de Byblidaceae naar de Lamiales. Tetrameris nellales Meestal worden de Cornales als zustergroep van de rest van de Dit is een klein erales struiken uit tro gnoliales Asteriden gezien, maar een andere moleculaire studie wijst de Ericales bladsteel en g urales aan als zustergroep. vrucht is droog nunculales De meeste Ericales zijn houtige planten met verspreide, enkelvoudige veel bijwortels biales bladeren. De bloemen zijn erg variabel, maar de meeste zijn teales vergroeidbladig en regelmatig. Enkele families hebben bloemen met chodendrales veel meeldraden. Sapotaceae, Lecythidaceae en Ebenaceae vormen xales I een belangrijk onderdeel van de struiklaag in tropisch regenwoud. Vlambloem nnerales De Vlambloem beridopsidales 400 soorten va eniales Ericales uit gematigde yophyllales The order Ericales is based on molecular characters, and contains about Halfrond en w ntalales 20 families. Many families have been added, most of them from the order soms een onaa ifragales Theales (Tetrameristaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Theaceae, Diapensiaceae, vaak tegenove ales Sladeniaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Ebenaceae, Styracaceae, and Sarraceniaceae), meer, de kroo ossosomatales and some from other orders, such as Geraniales (Balsaminaceae), Violales vergroeid. De raniales (Fouquieriaceae), Solanales (Polemoniaceae), Lecythidales (Lecythidaceae), doosvrucht. In rtales Cornales (Symplocaceae), Primulales (Primulaceae), and Sapotales (Sapotaceae). (Polemonium c Cobaea en Gil gophyllales Roridulaceae has been taken out of astrales Byblidaceae, and Mitrastemonaceae lpighiales Balsaminaceae of Rafflesiaceae. Two small families alidales Tetrameristaceae have been moved to another order: I bales Marcgraviaceae Grubbiaceae to Cornales and Dadelpruim sales Fouquieriaceae Deze familie o curbitales Polemoniaceae Byblidaceae to Lamiales. met een zwart gales Lecythidaceae The order Cornales is usually Ze hebben gaa Sladeniaceae considered to be sister group to the De bloemen z ssicales Pentaphylacaceae rest of the Asterids, but one lvales Ebenaceae 4-tallig, de vru molecular study considers Ericales to pindales Primulaceae Het zwarte ho be sister to all other Asterids. Sapotaceae afkomstig van rnales Theaceae Most Ericales are woody plants with Diospyros eben cales Symplocaceae spirally arranged, simple leaves. enkele soorten Styracaceae The flowers are variable, but most rryales Diapensiaceae zoals bijvoorb ntianales Actinidiaceae are regular and sympetalous. kaki). De Dade anales Roridulaceae In some families a large number of (Diospyros lotu miales Sarraceniaceae stamens is present in each flower. Nederland we Clethraceae Sapotaceae, Lecythidaceae, and uifoliales Cyrillaceae Ebenaceae are an important part of ales Ericaceae psacales Mitrastemonaceae the understorey in tropical erales rainforests. I Balsemienfamilie (Balsaminaceae) Deze familie omvat 2 geslachten met 1000 soorten van vlezige, bijna altijd kale kruiden die voornamelijk in de tropen voorkomen. De bladeren hebben geen steunblaadjes en staan meestal verspreid. De bloemen zijn 2-zijdig symmetrisch, met een gespoorde kelk en 5 kroonbladen. De doosvrucht springt met kracht open. Hydrocera triflora, it de enige soort in dit geslacht, is een waterplant uit het Indomaleise gebied, met een bes als vrucht. In Nederland komen 5 soorten Springzaad (Impatiens) voor, waarvan e alleen het inheemse Groot Springzaad (I. noli-tangere) hier niet als tuinplant uit Azië of Amerika is ingevoerd. Het Vlijtig Liesje (I. walleriana) is een bekende kamer- en balkonplant uit tropisch Afrika. Primula ). minima Impatiens rivalis Guichelheil (Anag ae en Waterviolier (H I Tetrameristaceae kamerplanten, zo Dit is een kleine familie met 3 geslachten en 5 soorten van altijdgroene bomen en Van het Amerikaa struiken uit tropisch Amerika en het Maleise gebied. De bladeren hebben een korte en de vruchten al ales bladsteel en geen steunblaadjes, en staan in een spiraal. De bloemen zijn regelmatig, de vrucht is droog of een bes. Pelliciera rhizophorae is een boom van mangrovebossen, met ge veel bijwortels en een spitse leerachtige vrucht. I Sapotaceae De Sapotaceae is et en 11 soorten van T-vormige haren. I Vlambloemfamilie (Polemoniaceae) steunblaadjes. De De Vlambloemfamilie omvat 18 geslachten en bijna vaak een opvallen 400 soorten van kruiden, soms struiken of lianen, komen nogal wat uit gematigde gebieden van het Noordelijk Manilkara en Pou Halfrond en westelijk Zuid-Amerika. De plant heeft gutta-percha (Pal soms een onaangename geur. De bladeren zijn vaak tegenoverstaand. De kelkbladen zijn min of ae), meer, de kroonbladen helemaal met elkaar vergroeid. De stempel is 3-lobbig, de vrucht is een doosvrucht. In Nederland worden de Jakobsladder ae). (Polemonium caeruleum), Vlambloem (Phlox), t of Cobaea en Gilia als tuinplant gekweekt. ceae lies Cobaea scandens der: I Dadelpruimfamilie (Ebenaceae) Deze familie omvat ongeveer 4 geslachten met bijna 500 soorten van houtige planten met een zwarte schors en wortels. Het zijn meestal bomen die voorkomen in de tropen. Ze hebben gaafrandige bladeren in 2 rijen, vaak met donkere klieren aan de onderkant. the De bloemen zijn eenslachtig en 4-tallig, de vrucht is een bes. es to Het zwarte hout, ebbenhout, is vooral afkomstig van Euclea pseudebenus en Theestruik with Diospyros ebenum. De vruchten van enkele soorten Diospyros zijn eetbaar, I Storaxboomf ost zoals bijvoorbeeld de kaki (Diospyros Deze familie omv kaki). De Dadelpruim of Godenpeer struiken uit warm r of (Diospyros lotus) uit Azië wordt in tropen. Ze hebbe er. Nederland wel als sierboom geplant. bladeren in een s De kroonbladen z rt of een doosvrucht. D Storaxboom (Styr Diospyros malabarica enkele soorten ui I Sleutelbloemfamilie (Primulaceae) I Kiwifamilie en van Over de samenstelling van deze familie bestaan nog Deze kleine fam k in de steeds verschillende opvattingen. Hier omvat de van struiken en eunblaadjes Sleutelbloemfamilie ook de overwegend tropische voorkomen, voo dig Theophrastaceae, Myrsinaceae en Maesaceae, in totaal gezaagde blader bladen. bijna 60 geslachten en bijna 2600 soorten. Het zijn De kroon- en ke ra triflora, meestal kruiden, maar soms houtige planten, die bloemen hebben uit het overwegend op het Noordelijk Halfrond voorkomen. De bekendste pl ederland De bladeren staan verspreid, tegenover elkaar of in deliciosa), die in aarvan kransen. De kroon is vergroeidbladig, de meeldraden ngere) hier staan tegenover de kroonbladen. Het vruchtbeginsel is d. Het Vlijtig meestal bovenstandig. De vrucht is meestal een alkonplant doosvrucht, maar soms een steenvrucht. Primula In Nederland komen uit deze familie 8 geslachten en minima 15 soorten voor, namelijk Waterpunge
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  • Accounting for Variation of Substitution Rates Through Time in Bayesian Phylogeny Reconstruction of Sapotoideae (Sapotaceae)

    Accounting for Variation of Substitution Rates Through Time in Bayesian Phylogeny Reconstruction of Sapotoideae (Sapotaceae)

    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 (2006) 706–721 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Accounting for variation of substitution rates through time in Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction of Sapotoideae (Sapotaceae) Jenny E.E. Smedmark ¤, Ulf Swenson, Arne A. Anderberg Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Received 9 September 2005; revised 4 January 2006; accepted 12 January 2006 Available online 21 February 2006 Abstract We used Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 5 kb of chloroplast DNA data from 68 Sapotaceae species to clarify phylogenetic relation- ships within Sapotoideae, one of the two major clades within Sapotaceae. Variation in substitution rates through time was shown to be a very important aspect of molecular evolution for this data set. Relative rates tests indicated that changes in overall rate have taken place in several lineages during the history of the group and Bayes factors strongly supported a covarion model, which allows the rate of a site to vary over time, over commonly used models that only allow rates to vary across sites. Rate variation over time was actually found to be a more important model component than rate variation across sites. The covarion model was originally developed for coding gene sequences and has so far only been tested for this type of data. The fact that it performed so well with the present data set, consisting mainly of data from noncoding spacer regions, suggests that it deserves a wider consideration in model based phylogenetic inference. Repeatability of phylogenetic results was very diYcult to obtain with the more parameter rich models, and analyses with identical settings often supported diVerent topologies.
  • Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics: Polemoniaceae

    Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics: Polemoniaceae

    GUIDE TO THE GENERA OF LIANAS AND CLIMBING PLANTS IN THE NEOTROPICS POLEMONIACEAE By Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez (Jun 2020) Largely an extra-tropical family of herbs, shrubs or lianas, with 27 genera and about 350 species. Although the two largest genera are distributed across North America and temperate Asia, most genera are endemic to the New World, with highest diversity in North America-Mexico, with few genera extending to South America. Cobaea Cavanilles with 17 species is the only genus of climbers in the family and is distributed from Mexico to Bolivia through the mid- to high-elevation habitats of Central and South America. Diagnostics: Lianas and vines with compound, alternate leaves with distal leaflets modified into bifid tendrils; corollas funnel- Cobaea scandens, photo by P. Acevedo shaped or campanulate, greenish, purplish or yellow; stem cross sections simple, with large vessels and inconspicuous rays. Sometimes confused with Bignoniaceae due to the gamopetalous corolla, but easily distinguished by the alternate leaves and trilocular ovaries. General Characters 1. STEMS. Herbaceous to woody with moderate secondary growth, cylindrical (fig. 1a), up to 25 m in length and 1-2(3) cm in diam.; cross sections simple, with regular vascular anatomy, rather indistinctive, with numerous large vessels more or less radially disposed, inconspicuous medulla and inconspicuous rays (fig. 1a); bark smooth, greenish to beige. 2. EXUDATES. Watery or no visible exudates. 3. CLIMBING MECHANISMS. Distal leaflets modified into bifurcate tendrils. 4. LEAVES. Alternate, pari-pinnately compound, with 3-5 pairs of leaflets and distal portion (rachis and often more than one leaflet) modified into bifid tendrils (fig.