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C3 Primitive Angiosperms Magnoliids & other Primitive Angiosperms Revised 5th of May 2015 Angiosperm, pl angiosperms; Angiospermae n (Greek anggeion (angeion), vessel, small container, & Greek σπέρµα, sperma, seed) A major division of the plant kingdom, commonly called flowering plants as their reproductive organs are in flowers, having seeds which develop in a closed ovary made of carpels, a very reduced gametophyte, & endosperm develop from a triple fusion nucleus; flowering plant producing seeds enclosed in a structure derived from the ovary; flowering plant, plants with ovules enclosed in ovary. A division of the seed plants (spermatophytes) that bear ovules & seeds in closed megaspores (carpels) in contrast to gymnosperms, which have exposed ovules & seeds, born “naked” on the megasporophylls. Angiosperms are distinguished by a unique process of sexual reproduction called “double fertilization”. According to the number of leaves (cotyledons) present in the embryo, two major groups are distinguished, the Monocotyledons & the Dicotyledons. Angiosperms are commonly referred to as “flowering plants: even though the reproductive organs of some gymnosperms are also borne in structures that fulfill the definition of a flower. Cf gymnosperm. Angiosperms have traditionally been split into monocotyledons & dicotyledons, or plants with one or two seed leaves respectively. One group of plants that have two seeds leaves was problematic, as it also had primitive flowers & some traits in common with monocots. This group is the Magnoliids, or primitive angiosperms. The remainder of the dicots are called Eudicots, the prefix eu-, from Greek ἐὐς, eus, good, meaning the good dicots. Magnoliids (Eumagnoliids?) About 8,500 (5,000-9,000) spp in 20 angiosperm families, of large trees, shrubs, vines, lianas, & herbs that are neither eudicotyledons nor monocotyledons, distributed in tropical & temperate areas. They are also referred to as primitive angiosperms, the primitiveness demonstrated by flowers that have fewer or less differentiated parts. Most spp have long, broad, net-veined leaves & large flowers, 3-merous, with numerous, spirally arranged tepals (perianth parts that are not differentiated into petals & sepals), stamens, & carpels, & pollen with a single pore (like the monocotyledons). Most have fused carpels, some also have leaf-like stamens & vesselless wood. Many have cells with ether-containing oils. The seeds have embryos with two cotyledons (like the eudicotyledons). The group is polyphyletic, or not sharing a common ancestor. They are sometimes split into woody magnoliids & paleoherbs. Woody magnoliids have large, often showy, bisexual flowers. Paleoherbs have small flowers with few parts, & they may be unisexual. Magnoliids include many spp of economic importance, including avocados (Persea americana), guanabana, sour sop, cherimoya, & sweet sop (Annona spp), black & white pepper (Piper nigrum), bay leaves (Laurus nigrus), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), ornamentals (Magnolia) & lumber (Liriodendron). Other spp are known for narcotic, hallucinogenic, & paralytic properties. The hallucinogenic compound myristicin comes from the spice NUTMEG. The Magnoliids include most, but not all, WATER LILIES. Like other intricate plants, WATER LILY nomenclature is the stuff of bad dreams. The families include the following: ANNONACEAE AL de Jussieu 1789 CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY, ARISTOLOCHIACEAE AL de Jussieu 1789 BIRTHWORT FAMILY, CABOMBACEAE A Richard 1828 WATER-SHIELD FAMILY, CALYCANTHACEAE Lindley 1819 SWEET-SHRUB FAMILY, ILLICIACEAE AC Smith 1947 STAR-ANISE FAMILY, LAURACEAE AL de Jussieu 1789 LAUREL FAMILY, MAGNOLIACEAE AL de Jussieu 1789 MAGNOLIA FAMILY, NYMPHAEACEAE RA Salisbury 1805 WATER-LILY FAMILY, PIPERACEAE CA Agardh 1824 PEPPER FAMILY, SCHISANDRACEAE Blume 1830 STAR-VINE FAMILY, & SAURURACEAE E Meyer 1827 LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY, TABLE OF CONTENTS PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS BACK TO TOP ANNONACEAE Asimina NYMPHAEACEAE Brasenia ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Asarum Castalia CABOMACEAE Brasenia Nelumbo LAURACEAE Lindera Nuphar Sassafras Nymphaea MAGNOLIACEAE Liriodendron SAURURACEAE Saururus Magnolia ANNONACEAE AL de Jussieu 1789 Custard-apple Family, Anonads A family of about 128 genera & about 2300 spp of trees, shrubs, & lianas, primarily tropical. Anonaceae in some older sources. The wood of Annona glabra fluoresces dull yellow under ultraviolet lights. ASIMINA Adanson 1763 Pawpaw Annonaceae Asimina (Assimina), Asiminum (a-SI-mi-na or asim’ina) The name for Asimina triloba, New Latin, from the North American Indian name assimin, or from the French- Indian name assiminier, from American French assimine papaw, modification of Illinois rassimina, from rassi divided lengthwise into equal parts & mina seeds. One source gives American Indian assimin through French asiminier, or a French-Canadian name asiminier, used by Adanson*. Eastern North American endemic genus of 8 spp of deciduous shrubs & small trees having aromatic alternate leaves & flowers with 3 to 15 stamens & carpels. Former genus names include Uvaria & Porcelia. The tropical papaya is Carica paypaya. Several spp of Asimina are larval hosts for the Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly. *Michel Adanson’s, a French botanist of Scottish descent, naming style gave rise to the term an ‘Adansonian name’, or a name that has an unknown basis or little basis relative to the plant described. Asimina spp. Photos & line drawing courtesy of the US Forest Service USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. Asimina triloba (Linnaeus) Dunal *NJ, NY COMMON PAW-PAW, aka ASIMINA, ACIMINIER, BANANA TREE, BANANGO, CUSTARD APPLE, DOG BANANA, DOG-BANANA, FALSE BANANA, FETID-SHRUB, HOOSIER BANANA, INDIAN-BANANA, INDIANA BANANA, KANSAS BANANA, KENTUCKY BANANA, MICHIGAN BANANA, MISSOURI BANANA, OZARK BANANA, PAPAU, PAPAW, PAW PAW, PAWPAW, PAWPAW APPLE, PAWPAWTREE, POSSUMHAW, PRAIRIE BANANA, POOR MAN'S BANANA, WEST VIRGINIA BANANA, (trilobus -a -um (tri-LO- bus) with three lobes, from Latin tri, prefix from tres, three, & Late Latin lobus, husk, pod noun from Greek λοβος, lobos, lobe of the ear, liver, or lung, also a capsule or pod of a legume, in reference to the calyx, the outer most flower whorl) The common name probably came from the Arawakan name of papaya (or alternately from Spanish papaya), for the similarity of the fruits. Habitat: Rich woods & alluvium, woods & thickets, wooded slopes, alluvial soils. Deciduous forests, on slopes of ravines, along streams, & floodplains. In the se USA, “Alluvial forests, other moist, nutrient-rich forests” (w12). In Michigan, deciduous forests, swamps, thickets along streams (rvw11). distribution/range: Native from western New York & southwest Ontario to Iowa, south to Florida & east Texas. Its northern range may have been extended by Native Americans. In most Illinois cos except in the northern tier & northwest. It is rumored to grow in some sheltered coves in the upper reaches of Bureau Creek. Culture: Propagation: By seed or bud graft. Fruit set is very low, 0.45%, compared to the number of flowers. Seeds usually 2-3 large, dark brown; remove from pulpy matrix. Delayed germination is caused by slowly permeable seedcoats & dormant embryos; seed from a southern source germinated 100% without cold treatment; three seed lots given 60 day cold stratification germinated 50, 62, & 82%; fall sowing untreated seed did not improve germination; dormant seeded seeds may germinate over a two year period; seedlings have a long taproot. Fruits ripen late summer to fall. Collect fruits when they turn from green to yellow green and the seed coats are light brown. The fruits can be ripened indoors in a paper bag, but the overripe fruit develop an unpleasant odor. Seeds have a pulpy skin that can be removed by soaking in a bucket of water for a week. Code B seeds will germinate upon shifting to 70ºF after 90 days of cold moist stratification at 40ºF, and G chemical inhibitors, & * seeds are hydrophilic, intolerant of dry storage. Outdoor-planted seeds are subject to small mammal granivory, best stratified in ziplock in a refrigerator. Cultivars are grafted onto seeding stock. Propagation from sed is the preferred method. (cu02) Seed must have 90-120 days cold moist stratification in moist sphagnum at 34-40ºF, overwinter filed planted seed. Germination is hypogeal, shoots emerge without cotyledons. Green house germination occurs in about 7 weeks, field planted seeds in following July or August. 10” taproot develops before shoots emerge. (crfg) “Fruit often drops from tree while still hard, green & sour. These fruits can be stored in single layers on trays until pulp begins to soften. Remove seeds & air dry before storing. Trees are easily grown from scarified/stratified seed. Follow scarification with a 60-90 day stratification at 41 degrees. Fall sow in a shady location. Some sources say seed is the only method of propagation while other say increase is possible by root cuttings or layering.” (lbj) Can be grown from seed sown in fall in a cold frame or in pots of sandy soil in a heated greenhouse in winter, as well as by layering or root cuttings; best in well-drained, loamy soil in a sunny sheltered location; not easy to transplant. Medium growth rate. Kew Royal Botanic Garden notes Storage Behaviour: Uncertain; Thousand Seed Weight: 810g; Dispersal: Animal; Oil content: 38.0%. Cultivation: Hard to transplant, due to fleshy, brittle roots with few fine root hairs. Transplant from container grown seedlings after bud break. Provide good drainage & keep well watered. Prefers moist,
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