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Proceedings No FRIM Proceedings No. 14 PROCEEDINGS Seminar on Reclamation, Rehabilitation and Restoration of Disturbed Sites: Planting of National and IUCN Red List Species 15 – 17 August 2017 Kuala Lumpur Organised by: Forest Research Institute Malaysia Supported by: Korea Forest Service Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions PROCEEDINGS SEMINAR ON RECLAMATION, REHABILITATION AND RESTORATION OF DISTURBED SITES: PLANTING OF NATIONAL AND IUCN RED LIST SPECIES 15 – 17 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur Editors WM Ho V Jeyanny HS Sik CT Lee 2017 © Forest Research Institute Malaysia 2017 All enquiries should be forwarded to: Director General Forest Research Institute Malaysia 52109 Kepong Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia Tel: 603-6279 7000 Fax: 603-6273 1314 http://www.frim.gov.my Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data SEMINAR ON RECLAMATION, REHABILITATION AND RESTORATION OF DISTURBED SITES: PLANTING OF NATIONAL AND IUCN RED LIST SPECIES (2017 : Kuala Lumpur) PROCEEDINGS SEMINAR ON RECLAMATION, REHABILITATION AND RESTORATION OF DISTURBED SITES: PLANTING OF NATIONAL AND IUCN RED LIST SPECIES, 15-17 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur / Editors WM Ho, V Jeyanny, HS Sik, CT Lee. (FRIM PROCEEDINGS NO. 14) ISBN 978-967-2149-08-8 1. Forest restoration--Congresses. 2. Forest and forestry--Congresses. 3. Government publications--Malaysia. I. Ho, WM. II. V Jeyanny. III. Sik, HS. IV. Lee, CT. V. Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia. VI. Title. 634.9095 MS ISO 9001:2015 Certified CONTENTS Page KEYNOTE ADDRESSES Principle of Restoring Tropical Forest Ecosystems and Opportunities 1 for Conserving Endemic, Endangered and Threatened Tree Species S Elliott, K Hardwick D Blakesley & S Chairuangsri Successful Greening Models of Some Disturbed Sites in Peninsular Malaysia 6 LH Ang ORAL Forest Plantation Characteristics on Ex-coal Mined Land in Indonesia: 15 A Case Study in East Kalimantan T Butarbutar Tigor, HH Siringoringo, CA Siregar & IWS Darmawan Rehabilitation Efforts of Disturbed Areas Using Endemic Species in Zambales 20 Diversified Metals Corporation (ZDMC), Northern Zambales, Philippines LS Salac Plant Species Diversity, Vegetation Structure and Aboveground Biomass in 24 Natural Regeneration Forest and Acacia mangium Willd. Plantation in an Ex-tin Mine at Phang-Nga Forestry Research Station, Thailand W Jundang, M Jamroenprucksa, P Duengkae, N Leksungnoen & S Maelim Are Threatened Species Suitable for Rehabilitation Programmes? 29 LSL Chua Variability of Landfill Soils at Tree Planting Areas of Sungai Melaka Recreation and 33 Beautification Sites K Wan Rasidah & I Mohamad Fakhri Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Using Acacia mangium in Rahman Hydraulic Tin 38 (RHT) Tailings V Jeyanny, Y Ahmad Zuhaidi, MI Fakhri & G Syaliny Cultivation and Management Practices of Aquilaria for Agarwood in Malaysia 44 EH Lok & Y Ahmad Zuhaidi Effects of Different Soil Amendments on Growth of Bambusa vulgaris in 50 Ex-mining Land in Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia K Amir Saaiffudin, O Abd Razak, I Dasrul & N Zawiah Identifying Framework Tree Species for Restoring Forest 56 K Sobon, S Elliott, S Thea & H Chanthoeun Status and Conservation of Threatened Tree Species in Vietnam 61 TT Nguyen Population of Threatened Dipterocarp Species in the Forests under Various Past 66 Disturbances in the Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve, Southern Vietnam LD Tran, TT Nguyen, TH Do, TS Hoang, NB Trinh, VK Ninh, QT Pham, DT Phung Dinh, HQ Tran & TTP Nguyen The Five Cs of the Aquatic Plant Conservation Outreach Programme of Lake Chini 72 Cause, Choice, Capacity, Communication and Continuity MY Chew, R Sarah-Nabila & AR Ummul-Nazrah Ex-situ Conservation of Dipterocarp Species in Peninsular Malaysia 80 MS Ahmad Fauzi, A Mohd Zaki, M Suhaida, K Amir Saaiffudin & ZH Faizan Germination and Storage Studies of Dryobalanops aromatica Seeds 85 H Nor Asmah, A Noraliza, NA Nashatul Zaimah & N Nadiah Salmi POSTER Restoration of Marginal Sites Using Leguminous Tree Species, Pterocarpus 90 indicus: Practices and Challenges EH Lok & D Bernie Biochar: A New Frontier in Establishment of Forests on Marginal Soils 96 V Jeyanny, K Wan Rasidah, I Mohamad Fakhri, A Rozita, AH Nurhafiza & G Syaliny Growth Evaluation of Bamboos Planted in Lake Chini 99 O Abd Razak & K Amir Saaifudin Increasing Tree Diversity Index through Planting of 30 Indigenous Rainforest 102 Tree Species on a 5-ha Slime Tailings LH Ang, WM Ho, LK Tang & SO Hazarimmah Survival and Vegetative Growths of Some Selected Rainforest Tree Species 107 Inter-planted under Hopea odorata Stand at Slime Tailings in Peninsular Malaysia LH Ang, WM Ho, LK Tang, HS Kang & DK Lee Domestication of Ten Endemic, Endangered and Threatened Tree Species 114 in a Degraded Terrestrial Ecosystem in Peninsular Malaysia LH Ang, WM Ho & LK Tang Can Ex-tin Mine Be a Depository for Indigenous and Red List Species? 119 WM Ho, LH Ang, LK Tang & MI Siti Zaharah Rehabilitation Technique Developed for Disturbed Firefly Habitat at the 124 Riverbank of Sungai Selangor LK Tang, LH Ang, WM Ho & MR Junaidi Potential Wood Resources from Hopea odorata Grown on Tin Tailings 130 HS Sik & WM Ho Effect of Different Planting Methods to the Growth Performance of Nypa fruticans 135 A Mohd Zaki, W Nor Fadilah, N Mohamad Lokmal, MS Ahmad Fauzi & MA Farah Fazwa Edible Fruits from the Forest and Their Characteristics 138 N Zawiah & WM Ho Desiccation Sensitivity and Storage of Hopea subalata Seeds A Critically 141 Endangered Species of Peninsular Malaysia NA Nashatul Zaimah, H Nor Asmah, N Nadiah Salmi & A Noraliza Germination of Shorea roxburghii G. Don Seeds for Future Ex-situ Conservation 146 and Reforestation Programmes MA Farah Fazwa, W Nor Fadilah, A Mohd Zaki, N Mohd Lokmal, MS Ahmad Fauzi, A Noraliza, SB Syafiqah Nabilah, S Norhayati & L Mohd Asri Desiccation and Storage Studies of Shorea roxburghii G. Don Seeds 151 A Noraliza, MA Farah Fazwa, H Nor Asmah, A Mohd Zaki, N Mohd Lokmal, W Nor Fadilah, NA Nashatul Zaimah & N Nadiah Salmi Keynote Address PRINCIPLES OF RESTORING TROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONSERVING ENDEMIC, ENDANGERED AND THREATENED TREE SPECIES S Elliott1*, K Hardwick2, D Blakesley3 & S Chairuangsri1 1 Forest Restoration Research Unit, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 50200 2Millennium Seed Bank Partnership, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, 3Wildlife Landscapes, UK *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Restoring tropical forest ecosystems involves manipulating natural regeneration to achieve the maximum biomass, structure, biodiversity and ecological functioning that are possible within climatic and edaphic limitations. A nearby remnant of least-disturbed forest should be selected as the “target forest ecosystem” to set restoration goals and to provide a seed source. In the seasonally dry tropics, a regenerant1 density of 3,086/ha is needed to initiate canopy closure within two years. If regenerants are present at higher densities and they are not suppressed by weeds, protection alone can achieve restoration. However, if herbaceous weeds suppress regenerants, protection must be complemented with weeding and/or fertilizer application (assisted natural regeneration, ANR). Where regenerant density < 3,086/ha, protection and ANR must be complemented with tree planting. Where incoming seed dispersal from remnant forest remains possible, only a few “framework tree species” need be planted i.e. representative species of the target forest type that i) survive and grow well on deforested sites, ii) have dense, spreading crowns to shade out weeds and iii) attract seed- dispersing wildlife. Where such seed dispersal is not possible, all tree species of the target forest ecosystem must be planted (maximum diversity methods). Where top soil is lacking, planting “nurse” trees to improve soil structure and nutrient levels (e.g. Ficus & legumes) must precede other restoration procedures. Re-introduction of endemic, endangered or threatened tree species can be included in all of the above techniques. Focusing only on red listed tree species is not particularly useful, since such lists are incomplete and fail to recognize local rarity. Restorationists should ensure that the rarest tree species in the target forest recolonize restoration sites, usually by tree planting. The greatest barrier to the use of rare species in forest restoration is low seed availability. Partnerships between restorationists and botanical gardens and/or seed banks may be crucial to ensure rare species are represented in restoration projects. 1 INTRODUCTION Defining Forest Restoration Tropical forest ecosystem restoration is “directing and accelerating ecological succession towards an indigenous target forest ecosystem of the maximum biomass, structural complexity, biodiversity and ecological functioning that are self-sustainable within climatic and soil limitations”. The definition clearly excludes exotic or domesticated species. It explicitly states four measurable indicators of restoration success. Limits imposed by climate change are implicit. Restoration involves overcoming natural and artificial barriers to succession and driving succession forwards more rapidly than would occur without intervention. The target forest ecosystem should be the nearest remnant of least-disturbed forest, growing under similar topographical and climatic conditions. It is used to set restoration goals, particularly species composition (Elliott et al. 2013). Ensuring that the rarest species, in the target forest, re-colonize restoration sites is one of the
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