Insects on Palms
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Insects on Palms i Insects on Palms F.W. Howard, D. Moore, R.M. Giblin-Davis and R.G. Abad CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 (212) 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 (212) 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2001. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insects on palms / by Forrest W. Howard … [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-326-5 (alk. paper) 1. Palms--Diseases and pests. 2. Insect pests. 3. Insect pests--Control. I. Howard, F. W. SB608.P22 I57 2001 634.9’74--dc21 00-057965 ISBN 0 85199 326 5 Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn Contents List of Boxes vii Authors and Contributors viii Acknowledgements x Preface xiii 1 The Animal Class Insecta and the Plant Family Palmae 1 Forrest W. Howard 2 Defoliators of Palms 33 Lepidoptera 34 Forrest W. Howard and Reynaldo G. Abad Coleoptera 81 Forrest W. Howard and Reynaldo G. Abad Orthoptera 104 Dave Moore and Forrest W. Howard Phasmida and Hymenoptera 106 Forrest W. Howard 3 Sap-feeders on Palms 109 Forrest W. Howard Hemiptera: Heteroptera 115 Forrest W. Howard Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha 128 Forrest W. Howard and Michael R. Wilson Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha 161 Forrest W. Howard Thysanoptera 227 Forrest W. Howard Acari 228 Dave Moore and Forrest W. Howard v vi Contents 4 Insects of Palm Flowers and Fruits 233 Dave Moore 5 Borers of Palms 267 Robin M. Giblin-Davis 6 Population Regulation of Palm Pests 305 Dave Moore 7 Principles of Insect Pest Control on Palms 315 Forrest W. Howard 8 Field Techniques for Studies of Palm Insects 322 Forrest W. Howard References 333 Index 381 List of Boxes All boxes by Forrest W. Howard unless otherwise noted Box 1.1. The regions of perpetual summer: a primer on tropical and near-tropical climates. 8 Box 1.2. Varietal names of palms. 26 Box 1.3. A use for every day of the year. 29 Box 2.1. The winged weapons from Elephant Stone: classical biological control of the Levuana moth. 56 Box 2.2. Right on target: classical biological control of a coconut leaf-miner in Fiji. 94 Box 3.1. How palm diseases are named. 116 Box 3.2. Probing the unseen world: how phytoplasmas are detected in plants. 139 Box 3.3. A whitefly on coconut palms in the time of Wordsworth. 170 Box 3.4. Dwellers in the secret garden: mites of the superfamily Eriophyoidea on palms. 230 James Amrine and Forrest W. Howard Box 4.1. Keeping coconut varieties pure: applied pollination biology. 243 Eric H. Erickson and Forrest W. Howard Box 5.1. Palms and entomophagy. 274 Robin M. Giblin-Davis Box 5.2. Red-ring disease. 276 Robin M. Giblin-Davis Box 5.3. Semiochemicals for management of borers. 279 Robin M. Giblin-Davis Box 8.1. On top of the world. 327 vii Authors and Contributors Nowher so bisy a man as he ther n’as, And yet he semed bisier than he was. … But all be that he was a philosophre, Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre. (Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400), English poet. The Canterbury Tales) The Authors agricultural pests in many tropical countries. Forrest W. Howard (Figs 8.3 and 8.5) is an Robin M. Giblin-Davis (Fig. 8.7) is a Associate Professor of Entomology at the Professor of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida’s Fort Lauderdale with the University of Florida at the Fort Research and Education Center. He Lauderdale Research and Education graduated with a BSc from the State Center. He received his BSc and PhD in University of New York College of entomology from the University of Environmental Sciences and Forestry, California, Davis. His research focuses on and received his MSc and PhD in ento- the chemical ecology of palm weevils mology from Louisiana State University. and their role as vectors of red-ring dis- His main research interest is in the bio- ease of coconut palms. nomics of Hemiptera of palms and other Reynaldo G. Abad (Fig. 8.4) was with the tropical plants. Photographs, SEM scans Philippine Coconut Authority from and drawings in this book are by this 1970 to 1999, serving as Scientist and author unless otherwise noted. Division Chief. His research focused on Dave Moore (Fig. 7.1) has been a biological rhinoceros beetles and nettle caterpillars control specialist with CABI Biosciences of coconut palms. He is currently an since 1984. He received his BSc in biol- entomologist with Dole Food Company, ogy from Portsmouth Polytechnic (now Inc. He studied at the University of the the University of Portsmouth) and his Philippines, Los Baños, receiving his PhD in agricultural entomology from BSc in Agriculture and his MSc in plant Reading University. He has conducted pathology from that institution. His PhD research on the coconut mite in the in entomology is from Virginia West Indies and has been involved in Polytechnic Institute and State the development of biological control of University in the USA. viii Authors and Contributors ix The Contributors Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona. James W. Amrine, Jr, is a Professor of Michael R. Wilson is a taxonomist on the Entomology at the University of West staff of the National Museum of Virginia, Morgantown. His speciality is Wales, Cardiff. His speciality is Auch- eriophyid mites. enorrhyncha, and he has been par- Eric H. Erickson, Jr, is an apiculturist at ticularly active in studies of the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, auchenorrhynchous species associated Agricultural Research Service, US with palms. Acknowledgements We thank our colleagues in entomology, Sergipe, Brazil; Dr Jack Fisher, Fairchild botany, horticulture, plant pathology and Tropical Garden (FTG), Miami; Dr Imre other sciences who have helped us Foldi, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, improve this book by sharing their knowl- Paris; Dr Adalgisa Guglielmino, edge and ideas with us. Many of them gen- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, erously provided us with photographs to Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Dr help illustrate our discussions. Penny J. Gullan, Australian National Scientists who helped us improve our University, Canberra; Dr Susan Halbert, book by reviewing sections of the manu- Florida Department of Agriculture and script include: Dr Abdulaziz Al-Ajlan, King Consumer Services (FDACS), Gainesville; Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia; Dr Mr Hugh Harries, Centro de Investigación Emanuel D. Aterrado, Philippine Coconut Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida, Authority (PCA), Davao; Dr Richard Mexico; Dr Nigel Harrison, UF, Fort Baranowski, University of Florida (UF), Lauderdale; Dr James Howell, University of Homestead; Dr Bradley C. Bennett, Florida Georgia, Tifton; Dr Dennis Johnson, International University, Miami; Dr Carlos Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr Phil Jones, Rothamsted Chinchilla, ASD de Costa Rica, San José; Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK; Dr Dr Michel Dollet, Centre de Coopération Jean-François Julia, CIRAD, Montpellier, Internationale en Recherche Agronomique France; Dr Meir Klein, Agricultural pour le Développement (CIRAD), Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel; Dr Montpellier, France; Dr Joseph Eger, Dow Dominique Mariau, CIRAD, Montpellier, AgroSciences, Tampa, Florida; Dr Marc France; Dr Douglass R. Miller, Systematic E. Epstein, Smithsonian Institution, Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Washington, DC; Dr Priyanthie Fernando, Research Service, US Department of Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Agriculture (ARS, USDA), Beltsville, Lunuwila; Ms Joana María Santos Maryland; Ing. Agron. Sigifredo Mora, Ferreira, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA), Aracajú, Dr Charles W. O’Brien, Florida A & M x Acknowledgements xi University, Tallahassee; Dr René Philippe, and Ms Martha Howard, Fort Lauderdale; CIRAD, Montpellier, France; Dr John Mr Richard Illingworth, Hacienda Victoria, Randles, University of Adelaide, Australia; Costa Rica; Dr Moshe Kehat, Volcani Dr Rudolf Scheffrahn, UF, Fort Lauderdale; Research Centre, Israel; Dr Paris Lambdin, Ms Jane Slane, UF, Fort Lauderdale; Dr J.J. University of Kentucky; Dr W.H. Lange, Solomon, Central Plantation Crops Research University of California, Davis; Dr J. LaSalle, Institute (CPCRI), Kayangulam, Kerala, CABI Biosciences; Ms A.A. Loyola, PCA, India; Dr Philip Stansly, UF, Immokalee; Dr Davao, Philippines; Ms Katherine Maidman, Christof Stumpf, University of Tennessee, FTG, Miami; Dr Eric Matthews, South Knoxville; Dr Gillian Watson, CAB Australian Museum, Adelaide; Ms Dorothy Biosciences, c/o The Natural History Miller and Aramco World, Houston, Texas; Museum, London; Dr W. Calvin Welbourn, Dr Lois O’Brien, Florida A & M University, FDACS, Gainesville. Tallahassee; Drs Carlos Oropeza and Roger The following generously provided infor- Orellana, CICY, Mérida, México; Ms Ester mation, drawings or photographs: Mr Edwin Pacumbaba, PCA, Albay, Philippines; Ing. Abreu, University of Puerto Rico; Mr E.R. Agron. Eduardo Peña, Instituto Colombiano Asokan, CPCRI, Kayangulam, Kerala, India; Agropecuario, Tumaco, Colombia;