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Plant Resources of South-East Asia

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Plant Resources of South-East Asia Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 18 Plants producing exudates E. Boer and A.B. Ella (Editors) Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2000 (b03<-/<-/ f E. BOER graduated in 1985 as a tropical forester from Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands. From 1986-1989 he worked in Burkina Faso in the 'Village Forestry Project' focusing on small-scale plantation establishment and nursery planning and management. In this work, training the foresters of the Forest Service was a major component, as was the planning, monitoring and evaluation of all project activities at provincial level. From 1990-1992 he worked as an agroforestry expert in a forestry research project in East Kaliman­ tan, Indonesia, where the land use practices of forest settlers and their adoption of agroforestry techniques were studied. The training ofloca l foresters and agro- foresters was again an important issue. Since 1993 Boer has been involved in the Prosea Programme as a staff member of the Publication Office. He was asso­ ciate editor for PROSEA 5(2): Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers (1995), Prosea 5(3): Timber trees: Lesser-known timbers (1998), focusing on silvicul­ ture, wood anatomy and wood properties, and for Prosea 12(1): Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. He has also contributed to other Prosea Handbook volumes. He is responsible for developing the electronic publications of Prosea. A.B. ELLA obtained his degrees - Bachelor of Science in Forestry, major in For­ est Resources Management and Master of Science in Forestry, major in Wood Anatomy - from the University of the Philippines Los Banos in 1973 and 1983, respectively, and has served the Forest Products Research and Development In­ stitute for over 26 years. A prolific writer, he has authored and co-authored many research and technical papers published in various local and internation­ al journals. He is actively involved with Research and Development work and technology generation. These technologies, which were presented through radio and television interviews and also at local and international conferences and symposia, have been adopted in practice. He is frequently invited as an expert and trainer/lecturer on topics such as tapping of almaciga (Agathis philippinen- sis Warb.) and Canarium trees for resin production and in wood identification. His expertise in wood anatomy and wood identification as well as his publica­ tions on non-wood forest products - e.g. scientific tapping and utilization of gums and resin, debarking techniques of bast fibres, identification and germplasm collection of potential dye-yielding plants, and utilization of bam­ boos, rattans, and woody vines - have contributed much to the development of the agroforestry discipline in the Philippines. ISBN 90-5782-072-2 NUGI 835 Design: Frits StoepmanbNO. ©Prose a Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 2000. Nopar t ofthi s publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electric or electromagnetic record without written permis­ sion from the copyright holder, Prosea Foundation, c/o Publication Office, P.O.Bo x 341, 6700A HWageningen , the Netherlands. Printed in the Netherlands byVeenma n drukkers, Ede. Published and distributed for the Prosea Foundation by Backhuys Publishers, P.O.Bo x 321, 2300A HLeiden , the Netherlands. Contents Editors and contributors 7 Prosea Board ofTrustee s and Personnel 9 Foreword 12 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Definition and selection of species 13 1.1.1 Definitions 13 1.1.2 Selection of species lb 1.2 Role of exudates 16 1.2.1 History 16 1.2.2 Uses 18 1.2.3 Socio-economic aspects 20 1.2.4 Trade and markets 20 1.3 Properties 22 1.3.1 Physical properties 22 1.3.2 Chemical properties 25 1.4 Botany 26 1.4.1 Taxonomy 26 1.4.2 Anatomy 29 1.5 Management 32 1.5.1 Production systems 32 1.5.2 Harvesting 34 1.6 Processing 38 1.7 Genetic resources and breeding 41 1.8 Research and development 42 1.9 Prospects 44 2 Alphabetical treatment of genera and species 47 Agathis : kauri (Manila copal) 49 Canarium :elem i tree 55 Dipterocarpus :keruin g (gurjun balsam) 60 Dyera :jeluton g 65 Ficus elastica :Indi a rubber tree 69 Hevea brasiliensis :par a rubber tree 73 Hymenaea courbaril :Wes t Indian locust (South American copal) 82 Madhuca :ketia u 85 Palaquium :gutta-perch a tree 88 Palaquium gutta :gutta-perch a tree 92 Payena leerii :gutta-perch a tree 95 Pinus :pin e (turpentine, rosin) 98 Shoreajavanica :dama r tree (damar mata kucing) 105 Sindora :sepeti r 109 Styrax :benzoi n tree 112 3 Minor species producing exudates 120 4 Plants producing exudates, but with other primary use 138 Literature 152 Acknowledgments 156 Acronyms of organizations 157 Glossary 158 Sources of illustrations 168 Index of scientific plant names 170 Index ofvernacula r plant names 181 The Prosea Foundation 184 Editors and contributors General editors of the Prosea Handbook P.C.M. Jansen, E. Westphal and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto Editorial staff of this volume - Editors: E. Boer and A.B. Ella - Associate editors: J.J.W. Coppen and P.C.M. Jansen (botanical aspects) - Illustrators: P.Verheij-Hayes , Iskak Syamsudin and Achmad Satiri Nurhaman - Language corrector: J. Burrough-Boenisch Contributors - S. Aggarwal, Department of Forestry, PNG University of Technology, Pri­ vate Mail Bag, Lae, Papua New Guinea (Palaquium) - N.0. Aguilar, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031, the Philip­ pines (Hymenaea courbaril, Palaquium gutta) - E.G. Aragones Jr, Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI), Department of Science and Technology, College, Laguna 4031, the Philippines (Dipterocarpus) - E. Boer, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wagenin­ gen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (edi­ tor, introduction, Dyera, Payena leerii, Shoreajavanica, minor exudates) - J.J.W. Coppen, 12 Devon Close, Rainham, Kent ME8 7LG, United Kingdom (associate editor, introduction) - A.B. Ella, Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI), De­ partment of Science and Technology, College, Laguna 4031, the Philippines (editor, introduction, Agathis, Dipterocarpus) - E.C. Fernandez, Department of Forest Products and Paper Science, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031,th e Philippines (Canarium) - H. de Foresta, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Ecole Na­ tionale du Génie Rural et des Eaux et Forêts (ENGREF), B.P. 5093, 34033 Montpellier, Cedex 01, France (Shoreajavanica) - Mohd Noor A. Ghani, Golden Hope Plantation Berhad, Oil Palm Research Station, P.O. Box 207, 42700 Banting, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia (He­ vea brasiliensis) - D.S.H. Hoesen, Treub Laboratory, Research and Development Center for Bi­ ology - LIPI, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 22, Bogor 16122, Indonesia (Styrax) 8 PLANTS PRODUCING EXUDATES Isa Ipor, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia (Madhuca) P.C.M. Jansen, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Sciences, Wa­ geningen University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (associate editor, minor exudates) E.P. Militante, Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031,th e Philip­ pines (Pinus) H.C. Ong, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Sindora) Cheksum Tawan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia (Ficus elastica) M. Wessel, Arnhemseweg 78, 6711 HG Ede, the Netherlands {Hevea bra- siliensis) Prosea Board ofTrustee s and Personnel (September 2000) Board of Trustees Aprilani Soegiarto (LIPI, Indonesia), chairman C.M. Karssen (WU, the Netherlands), vice-chairman Abdul Razak Mohd. Ali (FRIM, Malaysia) P. Siaguru (UNITECH, Papua New Guinea) P.S. Faylon (PCARRD, the Philippines) Kesha Lawanyawatna (TISTR, Thailand) Vu Quang Con (IEBR, Vietnam) J.M. Schippers (PUDOC-DLO) J. Robinson (DIDC) Soekiman Atmosoedaryo (à titre personnel) Sampurno Kadarsan (à titre personnel) Personnel Indonesia A. Budiman, Programme Leader Hadi Sutarno, Country Officer Hernowo, Assistant Country Officer S. Rochani, Assistant Country Officer Z. Chairani, Assistant Country Officer Malaysia Abdul Razak Mohd. Ali, Programme Leader Elizabeth Philip, Country Officer Mohd. Rizal bin Mohd. Kassim, Assistant Country Officer Papua New Guinea P. Siaguru, Programme Leader T. Brookings, Acting Country Officer 10 PLANTS PRODUCING EXUDATES The Philippines P.S. Faylon, Programme Leader J.T. Batalon, Country Officer J.L. Solivas, Assistant Country Officer L. Melegrito, Assistant Country Officer M. Viado, Assistant Country Officer Thailand Soonthorn Duriyaprapan, Programme Leader Taksin Artchawakom, Country Officer Sayan Tanpanich, Assistant Country Officer C. Niwaspragit, Assistant Country Officer P. Shonsungnern, Assistant Country Officer Vietnam Nguyen Tien Ban, Programme Leader Dzuong Due Huyen, Country Officer La Dinh Moi, Assistant Country Officer Nguyen Van Dzu, Assistant Country Officer Network Office, Bogor, Indonesia B.P. del Rosario, Head Darlina, Secretary I. Afandi, Photfile Coordinator S. Brotonegoro, Scientific Officer S. Danimihardja, Regional Data Bank Officer F. Indi, Production Assistant J.
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