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Women's(Participation(In(The(Literary(Public(Sphere WOMEN’S(PARTICIPATION(IN(THE(LITERARY(PUBLIC(SPHERE(( ( THROUGH(ESSAYISTIC(WRITING((177091830)( ( ( ( ( ( ( By( ( Jessica(Leigh(Riviere( ( Dissertation( Submitted(to(the(Faculty(of(the( Graduate(School(of(Vanderbilt(University( in(partial(fulfillment(of(the(requirements( for(the(degree(of( DOCTOR(OF(PHILOSOPHY( in( German( May,(2014( Nashville,(Tennessee( ( ( Approved:( Professor(John(A.(McCarthy( Professor(Meike(Werner( Professor(Barbara(Hahn( Professor(Dahlia(Porter( ( ( ( ( Dedicated( ( To(Adrian(Milton(Riviere( and(in(Memory(of(C.(Benton(Kline( ( who(instilled(in(their(granddaughter(( a(love(of(all(things(German(( ( ( ( and(to(Marty(Riviere( and(in(Memory(of(Chris(Kline( ( who(never(let(me(forget(( their(pride(in(my(accomplishments ( ii( ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS( ( ( This(work(would(not(have(been(possible(without(the(generous(support(of(the( German(Department(at(Vanderbilt(University.(I(owe(a(particular(debt(of(gratitude(to( my(committee(members:(To(my(adviser(John(A.(McCarthy,(who(refused(to(let(me( settle(for(“good(enough,”(even(if(it(meant(commenting(on(the(same(error(every(time( it(appeared(and(reading(numerous(rambling(drafts;(to(Meike(Werner,(who(has( followed(my(academic(progress(from(day(one(at(Vanderbilt,(and(whose(historical( prompting(was(invaluable;(to(Barbara(Hahn,(whose(probing(consideration(of(the( approach(to(topic,(authors,(and(structure(challenged(me(to(Question(my( assumptions;(to(Dahlia(Porter,(whose(outside(input(enriched(the(scope(of(my( project.(My(dissertation(is(so(much(stronger(because(of(all(of(you.(( ( I(would(also(like(to(thank(the(Graduate(School(at(Vanderbilt(University(for( support(in(the(form(of(Summer(Research(Awards,(which(allowed(me(to(travel(to(the( Deutsches(Literaturarchiv(Marbach,(the(Universitäts9(und(Staatsbibliothek( Göttingen,(the(Wiener(Stadtbibliothek(and(the(Österreichische(Nationalbibliothek(in( the(summers(of(2010(and(2011,(whose(staff(and(collections(helped(me(enormously.( At(the(Jean(and(Alexander(Heard(Library,(Sue(Widmer’s(subject(expertise(was(an( incredible(asset(in(writing(the(dissertation(as(it(has(been(over(the(course(of(my( graduate(career.(Many(thanks(to(the(Inter9Library(Loan(staff(who(patiently(let(me( renew(materials(from(around(the(country(and(the(world.(I(also(want(to(thank(other( scholars(for(their(enriching(conversations:(Andrea(Hahn,(Magdalene(Heuser,(Astrid( Weigert,(and(Mary(Helen(Dupree.(Feedback(on(my(research(presented(at( conferences(of(Women(in(German,(the(Southeastern(Society(for(Eighteenth(Century( ( iii( Studies(and(the(German(Studies(Association(helped(me(refine(my(research(question( and(be(encouraged(to(keep(up(the(progress(I(was(making.(( ( Over(the(past(years(I(have(become(acutely(aware(of(what(a(collaborative( effort(any(writing(project(this(large(must(be.(I(would(like(to(thank(my(colleagues(at( the(Center(for(Teaching(over(the(past(two(years(for(checking(in(on(my(progress( every(week,(and(to(the(Center(for(Second(Language(Studies(for(giving(me(a(space(to( imagine(the(ways(to(take(this(project(forward(as(a(digital(humanities(undertaking.(I( would(not(have(gotten(this(dissertation(completed(without(the(support(of(the( Writing(Studio.(I(can(remember(specific(conversations(with(Donna(Giver9Johnston,( Jen(Holt,(and(Katherine(Fusco(that(showed(me(my(writing(process(in(an(entirely(new( light.(I(also(could(not(have(done(it(without(the(moral(support(of(Beatrix(Brockman,( Kathryn(McEwen,(and(Brett(Sterling,(who(read(draft(after(draft(over(cups(of(coffee.(I( also(received(enormous(assistance(from(Ted(Dawson(while(completing(translations( of(German(quotes(in(the(text.(( ( Finally,(I(want(to(thank(my(friends(and(family:(My(Nashville(book(club(friends( who(let(me(geek(out(every(month.((Noël(Folts,(Claire(Willey9Sthapit,(and(Aleisa( Myles,(who(consistently(reflected(my(best(self(back(to(me.(My(brother,(Alex,(who(is( an(inspiration(in(perseverance(and(discipline.(My(parents,(Kenneth(and(Mary( Martha(Riviere,(who(spent(countless(hours(listening(to(ideas(over(the(phone,(at( every(holiday(and(on(“vacation.”(And(my(final(and(most(important(thanks(goes(to( my(husband(Sten(Heinze,(who(has(trudged(through(the(deepest(troughs(of(the( writing(journey(with(me.(I’m(sorry(for(all(the(sharp(tones(and(ignored(questions.(I( love(you.(Thank(you.(( ( iv( TABLE&OF&CONTENTS& & Page& & DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. ii& ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... iii& Chapter& I.&INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1& ( II.&WOMEN&AND&THE&PUBLIC&SPHERE ............................................................................12& ( The$Public$Sphere$Around$1800$............................................................................................$12$ The$Expansion$of$the$Publishing$Industry$.........................................................................27$ The$Periodical$Press$and$Essayistic$Writing$ ....................................................................33$ Women$and$Publishing$in$the$Eighteenth$Century$........................................................40$ Modes$of$Writing$ ..........................................................................................................................46$ In$Summary$$....................................................................................................................................56$ ( III.&THE&GERMAN&ESSAY:&THEORY,&HISTORY,&CHALLENGES&....................................... 58& & The$search$for$a$comprehensive$theory$of$the$essay......................................................59$ Essayistic$Writing$as$a$Communicative$Stance................................................................65$ Essay$and$Argumentation$Theory..........................................................................................74$ Essay,$Experiment,$and$Experience .......................................................................................80$ Essayistic$Writing$before$1800................................................................................................85$ Did$women$write$essays?............................................................................................................94$ In$Summary................................................................................................................................... 100$ & IV.&IMAGINED&NETWORKS:&FROM&POLITESSE&TO&POLITICAL.............................. 101& Sophie$von$La$Roche:$Pomona(für(Teutschlands(Töchter$(1783S84) ................ 105( Marianne$Ehrmann:$Amaliens(Erholungsstunden$(1790S92).............................. 128( Mapping$the$World$for$Women:$Essays$on$Geography ............................................. 144$ Dressing$the$Part:$Essays$on$Fashion ................................................................................ 153$ The$Reading$Public$for$Pomona$and$Amaliens(Erholungsstunden.................... 162$ In$Summary................................................................................................................................... 170$ V.&ACTUAL&NETWORKS:&FROM&PERSONAL&TO&PROFESSIONAL........................... 173& Personal$Introductions$to$Public$Personas ..................................................................... 176$ Networking$Between$Public$and$Private......................................................................... 184$ ( v( The$Experienced$Author:$Essays$on$Literature ............................................................. 190 Social$Experiments:$Essays$on$Gender .............................................................................. 205$ Editing$the$Self............................................................................................................................. 223$ In$Summary................................................................................................................................... 230$ $ VI.&LOOKING&BACK,&WRITING&FORWARD................................................................... 236& && APPENDIX:&BIBLIOGRAPHY&OF&WOMENS’&ESSAYISTIC&WRITING&& AROUND&1800& .................................................................................................................... 245& & WORKS&CITED...................................................................................................................... 254( & ( ( vi( CHAPTER!I! Introduction! ! The!research!on!women!as!authors!around!the!turn!of!the!nineteenth!century! has!never!been!richer.!The!field!has!moved!beyond!the!canon!wars!of!the!1980s!and! 90’s,! with! women! authors! firmly! ensconced! in! literary! histories! and! introductory! surveys.!It!is!rare!to!find!a!German!department!without!members!whose!research! addresses! women! authors,! rare! to! find! a! recommended! reading! list! that! does! not! make! reference! to! the! contributions! of! women! to! most! literary! periods.! Although! women!authors!from!the!twentieth!century!are!arguably!more!numerous!or!at!least! more! researched! than! women! in! earlier! periods,! there! is! consensus! that! women! authors!made!significant!literary!contributions!at!least!as!far!back!as!the!mid!point! of!the!eighteenth!century.!Women!authors!from!200!or!more!years!ago!may!have! been! seen! as! anomalous,! and! were! subJect! to! public! scrutiny! in! ways! that! seem! foreign!to!readers!today.!Still,!significant!research!has!been!done!to!reveal!the!ways!
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