DOCSLIB.ORG

Paper ID: 31081 Oral 49Th IAA HISTORY OF

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paper ID: 31081 Oral 49Th IAA HISTORY OF Paper ID: 31081 oral 66th International Astronautical Congress 2015 49th IAA HISTORY OF ASTRONAUTICS SYMPOSIUM (E4) Memoirs & organisational histories (1) Author: Mr. Philippe Cosyn Belgium, [email protected] COSMONAUT PHAM THUAN AND VIETNAM'S ROAD TO SPACE Abstract Cosmonaut Pham Thuan and Vietnam's road to space By Philippe Cosyn and Vu Trong Thu Following a visit by Soviet cosmonaut German Titov in the early 1960s to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), Vietnamese leaders, including Ho Chi Minh, started to take an active interest in space issues. However, circumstances besetting the country did not allow further work in this area. In 1980, however the Soviet Union, in the framework of the Intercosmos program, offered to fly cosmonauts from friendly countries to fly aboard a Soyuz spacecraft and work alongside Soviet cosmonauts in the Salyut-6 space station. The candidates were selected among the top test pilots in the countries involved. Vietnam was among the countries invited to take part in this venture. Subsequently, candidates were selected among jet pilots in the Vietnamese air force. The pilot ultimately chosen was Pham Tuan, a Soviet-trained flight mechanic who, in the war-years, rose through the ranks to become a celebrated MiG-21 fighter pilot. On July 23, 1980 , Pham Tuan was launched into space aboard the Soyuz 37 commanded by Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Gorbatko, docking with the Salyut-6 space station, subsequently performing a number of scientific experiments. Following his mission, Pham Tuan was promoted to the rank of lieutenant- general responsible for the defense industry. He later was put in charge of civil aviation. He is still a popular figure in his country and an active businessman. Pham Tuan's flight was followed by the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Intercosmos program. However, based on the experience gained in those years, Vietnam in recent years started an active space program, benefitting from the down-to-earth applications of space technology , working with international partners. 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • California State University, Northridge Low Earth Orbit
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE LOW EARTH ORBIT BUSINESS CENTER A Project submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering by Dallas Gene Bienhoff May 1985 The Proj'ectof Dallas Gene Bienhoff is approved: Dr. B. J. Bluth Professor T1mothy Wm. Fox - Chair California State University, Northridge ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEHENTS I wish to express my gratitude to those who have helped me over the years to complete this thesis by providing encouragement, prodding and understanding: my advisor, Tim Fox, Chair of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering; Dr. B. J. Bluth for her excellent comments on human factors; Dr. B. J. Campbell for improving the clarity; Richard Swaim, design engineer at Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International for providing excellent engineering drawings of LEOBC; Mike Morrow, of the Advanced Engineering Department at Rockwell International who provided the Low Earth Orbit Business Center panel figures; Bob Bovill, a commercial artist, who did all the artistic drawings because of his interest in space commercialization; Linda Martin for her word processing skills; my wife, Yolanda, for egging me on without nagging; and finally Erik and Danielle for putting up with the excuse, "I have to v10rk on my paper," for too many years. iv 0 ' PREFACE The Low Earth Orbit Business Center (LEOBC) was initially conceived as a modular structure to be launched aboard the Space Shuttle, it evolved to its present configuration as a result of research, discussions and the desire to increase the efficiency of space utilization. Although the idea of placing space stations into Earth orbit is not new, as is discussed in the first chapter, and the configuration offers nothing new, LEOBC is unique in its application.
    [Show full text]
  • VII Congress
    Association of Space Explorers 7th Planetary Congress Berlin, Germany 1991 Commemorative Poster Signature Key Viktor Afanasyev Vladimir Aksyonov Alexander Alexandrov (Bul.) Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-2 Soyuz TM-5 Joe Allen Alexander Balandin John-David Bartoe STS 5, STS 51A Soyuz TM-9 STS 51F Patrick Baudry Gerald Carr Robert Cenker STS 51G Skylab IV 7 STS 61C Jean-Loup Chretien Charles Conrad, Jr. Samuel Durrance Soyuz T-6, Soyuz TM-7 Gemini 5, Gemini 11 STS 35 Apollo 12, Skylab II Lev Dyomin John Fabian Bertalan Farkas Soyuz 15 STS 7, STS 51G Soyuz 36 Reinhard Furrer Drew Gaffney Viktor Gorbatko STS 61A STS 40 Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37 Georgi Grechko Miroslaw Hermaszewski Alexander Ivanchenkov Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26 Soyuz 30 Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6 Soyuz T-14 Georgi Ivanov Yevgeni Khrunov Vladimir Kovolyonok Soyuz 33 Soyuz 5 Soyuz 25, Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-4 Alexei Leonov Don Lind James Lovell, Jr. Voskhod 2, Apollo-Soyuz STS 51B Gemini 7, Gemini 12 Apollo 8, Apollo 13 Vladimir Lyakhov Oleg Makarov Gennadi Manakov Soyuz 32, Soyuz T-9 Soyuz 12, Soyuz 27, Soyuz T-3 Soyuz TM-10 Soyuz TM-6 Musa Manarov Jon McBride Bruce McCandless II Soyuz TM-4, Soyuz TM-11 STS 41G STS 41B, STS 31 Ernst Messerschmid William Nelson Wubbo Ockels STS 61A STS 61C STS 61A Donald Peterson Leonid Popov Dumitru Prunariu STS 6 Soyuz 35, Soyuz 40, Soyuz T-7 Soyuz 40 Vladimir Remek Stuart Roosa Rusty Schweickart Soyuz 28 Apollo 14 Apollo 9 Vitali Sevastyonov Thomas Stafford Gennadi Strekalov Soyuz 9, Soyuz 18 Gemini 6, Gemini 9, Apollo 10 Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8 Apollo-Soyuz Soyuz TM-11 Valentina Tereshkova Lodewijk van den Berg Igor Volk Vostok 6 STS 51B Soyuz T-12 Charles Walker Donald Williams Boris Yegorov STS 41D, STS 51D, STS 61B STS 51D, STS 34 Voskhod 1 Vyacheslav Zhudov Soyuz 23 This poster commemorates the 7th Planetary Congress of the Association of Space Explorers (ASE).
    [Show full text]
  • Part 2 Almaz, Salyut, And
    Part 2 Almaz/Salyut/Mir largely concerned with assembly in 12, 1964, Chelomei called upon his Part 2 Earth orbit of a vehicle for circumlu- staff to develop a military station for Almaz, Salyut, nar flight, but also described a small two to three cosmonauts, with a station made up of independently design life of 1 to 2 years. They and Mir launched modules. Three cosmo- designed an integrated system: a nauts were to reach the station single-launch space station dubbed aboard a manned transport spacecraft Almaz (“diamond”) and a Transport called Siber (or Sever) (“north”), Logistics Spacecraft (Russian 2.1 Overview shown in figure 2-2. They would acronym TKS) for reaching it (see live in a habitation module and section 3.3). Chelomei’s three-stage Figure 2-1 is a space station family observe Earth from a “science- Proton booster would launch them tree depicting the evolutionary package” module. Korolev’s Vostok both. Almaz was to be equipped relationships described in this rocket (a converted ICBM) was with a crew capsule, radar remote- section. tapped to launch both Siber and the sensing apparatus for imaging the station modules. In 1965, Korolev Earth’s surface, cameras, two reentry 2.1.1 Early Concepts (1903, proposed a 90-ton space station to be capsules for returning data to Earth, 1962) launched by the N-1 rocket. It was and an antiaircraft cannon to defend to have had a docking module with against American attack.5 An ports for four Soyuz spacecraft.2, 3 interdepartmental commission The space station concept is very old approved the system in 1967.
    [Show full text]
  • XIV Congress
    Association of Space Explorers 14th Planetary Congress Brussels, Belgium 1998 Commemorative Poster Signature Key Loren Acton Toyohiro Akiyama Alexander Alexandrov (Bul.) STS 51F Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-5 Oleg Atkov Toktar Aubakirov Yuri Baturin Soyuz T-10 Soyuz TM-13 Soyuz TM-28 Anatoli Berezovoi Karol Bobko Nikolai Budarin Soyuz T-5 STS 6, STS 51D, STS 51J STS 71, Soyuz TM-27 Valeri Bykovsky Kenneth Cameron Robert Cenker Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, Soyuz 31 STS 37, STS 56, STS 74 STS 61C Roger Crouch Samuel Durrance Reinhold Ewald STS 83, STS 94 STS 35, STS 67 Soyuz TM-25 John Fabian Mohammed Faris Bertalan Farkas STS 7, STS 51G Soyuz TM-3 Soyuz 36 Anatoli Filipchenko Dirk Frimout Owen Garriott Soyuz 7, Soyuz 16 STS 45 Skylab III, STS 9 Viktor Gorbatko Georgi Grechko Alexei Gubarev Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37 Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26 Soyuz 17, Soyuz 28 Soyuz T-14 Jugderdemidyn Gurragchaa Henry Hartsfield, Jr. Terence Henricks Soyuz 39 STS 4, STS 41D, STS 61A STS 44, STS 55, STS 70 STS 78 Miroslaw Hermaszewski Richard Hieb Millie Hughes-Fulford Soyuz 30 STS 39, STS 49, STS 65 STS 40 Alexander Ivanchenkov Georgi Ivanov Sigmund Jahn Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6 Soyuz 33 Soyuz 31 Alexander Kaleri Valeri Korzun Valeri Kubasov Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-26 Soyuz TM-24 Soyuz 6, Apollo-Soyuz Soyuz 36 Alexander Lazutkin Alexei Leonov Byron Lichtenberg Soyuz TM-25 Voskhod 2, Apollo-Soyuz STS 9, STS 45 Vladimir Lyakhov Oleg Makarov Musa Manarov Soyuz 32, Soyuz T-9 Soyuz 12, Soyuz 27, Soyuz T-3 Soyuz TM-4, Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-6 Jon McBride Ulf Merbold Ernst Messerschmid STS 41G
    [Show full text]
  • Spaceflight Now Current Space Demographic Data
    Spaceflight Now Current Space Demographics Updated through STS-101 Spaceflight Now Current Space Demographic Data Post STS-101 Data Rank Nation No. Records Days Flights Total Fliers 393 1 U.S. 245 Avdeyev 748 3 Men 357 2 USSR 72 V. Polyakov 679 2 Women 36 3 CIS 21 A. Solovyov 652 5 Total Tickets 840 4 Germany 9 Afanasayev 546 3 5 France 8 Manarov 541 2 United States 245 5 Canada 8 Viktorenko 489 4 US Men 217 6 Japan 5 Krikalev 484 4 US Women 28 7 Italy 3 Romanenko 430 3 Soviet Union 72 8 Bulgaria 2 Volkov 392 3 USSR Men 70 Afghanistan 1 V. Titov 387 4 USSR Women 2 Austria 1 Usachev 386 3 CIS 21 Belgium 1 Tsibliev 383 2 CIS Men 20 Britain 1 Kizim 375 3 CIS Women 1 Cuba 1 Serebrov 374 4 Others 55 Czechoslovakia 1 Ryumin 372 4 Other Men 50 East Germany 1 Solovyev 362 2 Other Women 5 Hungary 1 Kaleri 343 2 India 1 Musabayev 334 2 Men with 6 flights 5 Mexico 1 Women with 6 flights 0 Mongolia 1 YEARS 23 55 Men with 5 flights 10 Netherlands 1 Women with 5 flights 4 North Vietnam 1 U.S. Data Days Flights Men with 4 flights 37 Poland 1 Women with 4 flights 3 Romania 1 S. Lucid 188 5 Men with 3 flights 67 Saudi Arabia 1 Skylab 4 84 1 Women with 3 flights 9 Spain 1 S. Musgrave 54 6 All with 2 flights 94 Switzerland 1 John Young 35 6 Page 1 Spaceflight Now Current Space Demographics Updated through STS-101 All with 1 flight 164 Syria 1 Phase One 977 7 Slovakia 1 TOTAL 393 TOTALS 29 393 YEARS 3.67 13 Astronaut/Cosmonaut 1 Flight 2 Flights 3 Flights 4 Flights 5 Flights 6 Flights Name Flts Sex-Nation 164 94 76 40 14 5 Acton, Loren 1 M-US STS-51F Adamson, James 2 M-US STS-28 STS-44 Afanasyev, Viktor 3 M-USSR TM-11 TM-18 TM-29 Akers, Thomas 4 M-US STS-41 STS-49 STS-61 STS-79 Akiyama, Toyohiro 1 M-Japan TM-11 Aksenov, Vladimir 2 M-USSR Soyuz 22 Soyuz T2 Aldrin, Edwin 2 M-US Gemini 12 Apollo 11 Alexandrov, Alexander 2 M-USSR Soyuz T9 TM-3 Alexandrov, Alexander 1 M-Bulgaria TM-5 Allen, Andrew 3 M-US STS-46 STS-62 STS-75 Allen, Joseph 2 M-US STS-5 STS-51A AlSaud, Sultan 1 M-S.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Spaceflights (Overview)
    Human Spaceflights (Overview) No. Nation Mission Time Main tasks 1961 1 Vostok 12.04.1961 First human spaceflight 2 Vostok 2 06.08.1961 - 07.08.1961 Second human spaceflight 1962 3 Mercury 6 20.02.1962 First American in orbit 4 Mercury 7 24.05.1962 "Repeat" of Mercury 6 mission 5 Vostok 3 11.08.1962 - 15.08.1962 Rendezvous flight with Vostok 4 6 Vostok 4 12.08.1962 - 15.08.1962 Rendezvous flight with Vostok 3 7 Mercury 8 03.10.1962 Several test needed for longer, more complex flights 1963 8 Mercury 9 15.05.1963 - 16.05.1963 Final mission of the Mercury program 9 Vostok 5 14.06.1963 - 19.06.1963 Further study of the effect of various spaceflight factors in the human organism 10 Vostok 6 16.06.1963 - 19.06.1963 First woman in space 1964 11 Voskhod 12.10.1964 - 13.10.1964 First time a spacecraft with three crewmembers 1965 12 Voskhod 2 18.03.1965 - 19.03.1965 First EVA 13 Gemini 3 23.03.1965 Test of the new Gemini capsule 14 Gemini 4 03.06.1965 - 07.06.1965 First EVA of an U.S. astronaut 15 Gemini 5 21.08.1965 - 29.08.1965 New flight duration record 16 Gemini 7 04.12.1965 - 18.12.1965 Rendezvous with Gemini 6A 17 Gemini 6A 15.12.1965 - 16.12.1965 Rendezvous with Gemini 7 1966 18 Gemini 8 16.03.1966 - 17.03.1966 First orbital docking 19 Gemini 9A 03.06.1966 - 06.06.1966 Rendezvous with Augmented Target Docking Adapter (ATDA) 20 Gemini 10 18.07.1966 - 21.07.1966 Docking with GATV-10 21 Gemini 11 12.09.1966 - 15.09.1966 Docking with an Agena target vehicle 22 Gemini 12 11.11.1966 - 15.11.1966 Docking with GATV-12 1967 23 Soyuz 1 23.04.1967 -
    [Show full text]
  • Other Soviet and Russian Cosmonaut Selections
    Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center Rex D. Hall, David J. Shayler and Bert Vis Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Rex D. Hall, MBE David J. Shayler Bert Vis Education Consultant Astronautical Historian Firefighter, Dutch Fire Service Chairman of the BIS Astro Info Service Den Haag London Halesowen The Netherlands UK West Midlands UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 0-387-21894-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media (springeronline.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2005922814 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Copyright, 2005 Praxis Publishing Ltd. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: BookEns Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK Printed in Germany on acid-free paper This book is dedicated to the staff of the Cosmonaut Training Centre named for Yuri Gagarin who, over the last 40 years, have created a facility that has enabled science fiction to be turned into science fact.
    [Show full text]
  • XIII Congress
    Association of Space Explorers 13th Planetary Congress San José, Costa Rica 1997 Commemorative Poster Signature Key Loren Acton Viktor Afanasyev Alexander Alexandrov (Bul.) STS 51F Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-5 Joseph Allen Alexander Balandin Anatoli Berezovoi STS 5, STS 51A Soyuz TM-9 Soyuz T-5 Karol Bobko Scott Carpenter Samuel Durrance STS 6, STS 51D, STS 51J Mercury 7 STS 35, STS 67 Reinhold Ewald John Fabian Mohammed Faris Soyuz TM-25 STS 7, STS 51G Soyuz TM-3 Bertalan Farkas Dirk Frimout Owen Garriott Soyuz 36 STS 45 Skylab III, STS 9 Viktor Gorbatko Miroslaw Hermaszewski Alexander Ivanchenkov Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37 Soyuz 30 Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6 Byron Lichtenberg Alexei Leonov Vladimir Lyakhov STS 9, STS 45 Voskhod 2, Apollo-Soyuz Soyuz 32, Soyuz T-9 Soyuz TM-6 Oleg Makarov Gennadi Manakov Jon McBride Soyuz 12, Soyuz 27, Soyuz T-3 Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-16 STS 41G Ulf Merbold Andrian Nikolaev Ronald Parise STS 9, STS 42 Vostok 3, Soyuz 9 STS 35, STS 67 Donald Peterson Alexander Poleshchuk Dumitru Prunariu STS 6 Soyuz TM-16 Soyuz 40 Kenneth Reightler, Jr. Viktor Savinykh Vladimir Shatalov STS 48, STS 60 Soyuz T-4, Soyuz TM-5 Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10 Soyuz T-13 Vladimir Solovyev Robert Springer Gennadi Strekalov Soyuz T-10, Soyuz T-15 STS 29, STS 38 Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8 STS 71 Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz T-11, Soyuz TM-21 Vladimir Vasyutin Franz Viehböck Charles Walker Soyuz TM-14 Soyuz TM-13 STS 41D, STS 51D, STS 61B This poster commemorates the 13th Planetary Congress of the Association of Space Explorers (ASE).
    [Show full text]
  • Aerospace Facts and Figures 1981/82
    ~€RO)P,LJC€ F,LJG) ,LiND FIGUR€) 1981/BQ i , Published by Aviation Week & Space Technology A MCGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 997·3289 $ 7.95 Per Copy Copyright, July 1981 by Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog No. 46·25007 Compiled by Economic Data Service Aerospace Research Center Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. 1725 DeSales Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 347·2315 Director Allen H. Skaggs Chief Statistician Janet Martinusen Editorial Consultant James J. Haggerty Acknowledgments Civil Aeronautics Board Council of Economic Advisers Export-Import Bank of the United States Exxon International Company Federal Trade Commission General Aviation Manufacturers Association International Civil Aviation Organization McGraw·HIII Publications Company National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Office of Management and Budget U.S. Departments of Commerce (Bureau of the Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis) Defense (Comptroller; Directorate for Information, Operations and Reports; Army, Navy, Air Force) Labor (Bureau of Labor Statistics) Transportation (Federal Aviation Administration) CONTE: NT~ 6 ~€WOID 8 AE:ROOACE: S'UMMARV 30 AIRCRAFT PRODUCTiai 47 MIS'S'ILE: PROGRAMS' 57 WAC€ PROGRAMS' 73 AIR TRANS'~TATiai 90 HE:LICOPTE:R TRANS'~TATiai 99 Re:S'E:ARCH AND DE:\IE:la>ME:NT 110 FORE:IGN TRAD€ 124 E:MPLOVM€NT 'i;., 134 FINANCE: 145 GLOOARV 152 INDE:X For the U.S. aerospace industry, 1980 was a year of solid growth in virtually all categories of activity. Sales reached a new record level, which-even allowing for the high rate of in­ flation-reflected an excellent year overall.
    [Show full text]
  • XVII Congress
    Association of Space Explorers 17th Planetary Congress Almaty, Kazakhstan 2001 Commemorative Poster Signature Key Loren Acton Toyohiro Akiyama Vladimir Aksyonov STS 51F Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-2 Alexander Alexandrov (Bul.) Anatoli Artsebarsky Toktar Aubakirov Soyuz TM-5 Soyuz TM-12 Soyuz TM-13 Sergei Avdeev Karol Bobko John Fabian Soyuz TM-15, Soyuz TM-22, STS 6, STS 51D, STS 51J STS 7, STS 51G Soyuz TM-28 Bertalan Farkas Soyuz 36 Viktor Gorbatko Miroslaw Hermaszewski Alexander Ivanchenkov Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37 Soyuz 30 Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6 Georgi Ivanov Alexander Lazutkin Alexei Leonov Soyuz 33 Soyuz TM-25 Voskhod 2, Soyuz - Apollo Oleg Makarov Talgat Musabayev Dumitru Prunariu Soyuz 12, Soyuz 27, Soyuz T-3 Soyuz TM-19, Soyuz TM-27, Soyuz 40 Soyuz TM-32 Gennadi Strekalov Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8 Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz T-11, Soyuz TM-21 This poster commemorates the 17th Planetary Congress of the Association of Space Explorers (ASE). The Congress took place September 26 – October 2, 2001 in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Bearing the authentic signatures of the participating astronauts from 8 nations, it is part of a series of limited edition posters that have been produced and signed at each ASE Congress since the Association was founded in 1985; 200 of these posters were signed at the 17th Congress. The poster has two headings, the main heading in English at the top, with the Russian displayed at the bottom. Around the periphery are printed translations of “Association of Space Explorers” in the native languages of all individuals who have flown in space.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume One: 1957-2063
    SPACECRAFT of EARTH Volume One: 1957-2063 7TH EDITION 2380 Edited by Lieutenant General Scott A. Akers, SFMC The definitive reference guide to historical spacecraft SPACECRAFT OF EARTH Volume One: 1957-2063 By Lieutenant General Scott A. Akers, SFMC A joint project of The Jaxon Information Institute Panda Press Interstellar & the Defense Forces Institute Masthead CHIEF EDITOR / PUBLISHER Lieutenant General Scott A. Akers Chief Historian, Office of Fleet Historian TECHNICAL EDITOR Admiral Chris Wallace Chairman– Starfleet Advanced Starship Design Bureau PRODUCTION EDITORS Admiral Allyson M. W. Dyar Vice Admiral Kurt F. Roithinger Starfleet Command PROJECT COORDINATOR Major William M. Myers Office of Fleet Historian HISTORICAL CONSULTANTS Admiral Alex Rosenzweig Starfleet Command Copyright © 2380 by the Office of Fleet Historian, Starfleet Command, New Masada Facility General Robb J. Jackson Previous Editions: 2366, 2360, 2348, 2331, 2326, and 2302 Starfleet Marine Corps Historian LAYOUT CONSULTANT This document prepared and published by Jaxon Information Institute (Seattle Metroplex, Earth) for the Office of Colonel John Adcock Fleet Historian Starfleet Marine Corps Memory Alpha Cataloging Data: GRAPHICS UFPI ITP/SP 3632459346-3000/18 Commodore David Pipgras Office of Graphic Design This edition of Spacecraft of Earth is authorized for viewing only in member star systems of the United Federation SUPPORT STAFF of Planets, its territories and possessions, affiliated star systems, and select independent and neutral star sys- tems. Doctor Michael Okuda, PhD. Doctor Rick Sternbach, PhD. Special acknowledgements to Anthony Rowley, Don Willits, John Adcock, Chris Wallace, Alex Rosenzweig, Kurt Doctor Andreas Kitabatu al-'Qalb, PhD. Roithinger, Allyson Dyar, and Donna Francis without whose much needed assistance this project could not have been completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercosmos Program
    Intercosmos Program In September 1976, the representatives of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary. Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, Romania and the Soviet Union signed an intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in space exploration and usage of outer space for peaceful purposes. At the same time, the Soviet Union initiated the development of the Intercosmos program which includes participation of citizens of these countries in manned spaceflight on board Soviet space vehicles and space stations with Soviet cosmonauts. At the intergovernmental meeting on September 14, 1976, it was decided to implement these spaceflights between 1978 and 1982. It was decided to perform the spaceflights in two stages: the first three flights were planned for 1978 and the others for 1979-81 time frame. The Soyuz-28 mission was the first Intercosmos flight with Commander, Alexi Gubarev and Czechoslovakian Vladimir Remek launched on March 2, 1978 to the Salyut-6 space station. While the mission had a political purpose, experiments were carried out including one which monitored the growth of Chlorella seaweed in zero gravity, another which used the on-board Splav furnace to melt glass, lead, silver and copper chlorides and an experiment called Oxymeter which measured oxygen in human tissue. On March 10, 1978 after a flight of 7 days, 22 hours and 16 minutes, Soyuz-28 landed. The Soyuz-30 mission which was the second Intercosmos flight with Commander, Pyotr Klimuk and Polish, Miroslaw Hermaszewski was launched on June 27, 1978 to the Salyut-6 space station. Many experiments were carried out by Hermaszewski. One was a crystallization experiment which produced 47 grams of cadmium tellurium mercury semiconductors for use by infra-red detectors aboard the space station.
    [Show full text]